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id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Finance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market-rate_and_limited-equity_co-ops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market-rate_and_limited-equity_co-ops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Market-rate and limited-equity co-ops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market-rate_and_limited-equity_co-ops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_housing_cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_housing_cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research on housing cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_housing_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing_corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Housing corporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owner_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owner_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Owner association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owner_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.3</span> <span>Living cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Nordic countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_housing_cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_housing_cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11.1</span> <span>Student housing cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_housing_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_York_metropolitan_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_metropolitan_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12.1</span> <span>New York metropolitan area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_metropolitan_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_housing_cooperatives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_housing_cooperatives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12.2</span> <span>Student housing cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_housing_cooperatives_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Housing cooperative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التعاونية السكنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعاونية السكنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytov%C3%A9_dru%C5%BEstvo" title="Bytové družstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bytové družstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andelsboligforening" title="Andelsboligforening – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andelsboligforening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft" title="Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa_de_vivienda" title="Cooperativa de vivienda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cooperativa de vivienda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coop%C3%A9rative_d%27habitation" title="Coopérative d'habitation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coopérative d'habitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa_de_vivenda" title="Cooperativa de vivenda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cooperativa de vivenda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi_perumahan" title="Koperasi perumahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koperasi perumahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שיכון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיכון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woonco%C3%B6peratie" title="Wooncoöperatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wooncoöperatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borettslag" title="Borettslag – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borettslag" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustadsamvirket" title="Bustadsamvirket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bustadsamvirket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82dzielnia_mieszkaniowa" title="Spółdzielnia mieszkaniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółdzielnia mieszkaniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Объединение совладельцев многоквартирного дома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объединение совладельцев многоквартирного дома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Housing cooperative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunto-osuuskunta" title="Asunto-osuuskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asunto-osuuskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostadsr%C3%A4ttsf%C3%B6rening" title="Bostadsrättsförening – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bostadsrättsförening" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கூட்டுறவு வீட்டு வசதி சங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டுறவு வீட்டு வசதி சங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Об'єднання співвласників багатоквартирного будинку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'єднання співвласників багатоквартирного будинку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E6%88%BF%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="住房合作社 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="住房合作社" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q562166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of housing development that emphasizes self-governance and quasi-communal living</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building cooperative</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Housing society" redirects here. For the organizations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see <a href="/wiki/Housing_association" title="Housing association">Housing association</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg/325px-Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg/488px-Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg/650px-Central_Park_West_buildings_over_Lake_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2989" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Housing cooperatives on <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Park West">Central Park West</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/The_Majestic_(coop)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Majestic (coop)">the Majestic</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dakota" title="The Dakota">the Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Langham_(apartment_building)" title="The Langham (apartment building)">the Langham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_San_Remo" title="The San Remo">the San Remo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg/325px-999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg/488px-999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg/650px-999LakeShoreDriveChicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>999 N. Lake Shore Drive, a co-op–owned residential building in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>housing cooperative</b>, or <b>housing co-op</b>, is a legal entity which owns <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> consisting of one or more residential buildings. The entity is usually a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> and constitutes a form of <a href="/wiki/Housing_tenure" title="Housing tenure">housing tenure</a>. Typically housing cooperatives are owned by shareholders but in some cases they can be owned by a non-profit organization. They are a distinctive form of home ownership that have many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as <a href="/wiki/Single_family_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Single family home">single family home</a> ownership, <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominiums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">renting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cooperative is membership based, with membership granted by way of a share purchase in the cooperative. Each <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholder</a> in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit. A primary advantage of the housing cooperative is the pooling of the members' resources so that their buying power is leveraged; thus lowering the cost per member in all the services and products associated with home ownership. </p><p>Another key element in some forms of housing cooperatives is that the members, through their elected <a href="/wiki/Representation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation (politics)">representatives</a>, screen and select who may live in the cooperative, unlike any other form of home ownership. </p><p>Housing cooperatives fall into two general tenure categories: non-ownership (referred to as non-equity or continuing) and ownership (referred to as equity or strata). In non-equity cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted subject to an occupancy agreement, which is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">lease</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> cooperatives, occupancy rights are sometimes granted by way of the purchase agreements and legal instruments registered on the title. The corporation's articles of incorporation and bylaws as well as occupancy agreement specifies the cooperative's rules. </p><p>The word <i>cooperative</i> is also used to describe a non-share capital co-op model in which fee-paying members obtain the right to occupy a bedroom and share the communal resources of a house owned by a cooperative organization. Such is the case with <a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">student cooperatives</a> in some college and university communities across the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as a manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific upkeep tasks at which volunteers may hesitate or may not be skilled, such as electrical maintenance. </p><p>In non-equity cooperatives and in limited equity cooperatives,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a shareholder in a co-op does not own real estate, but a share of the legal entity that does own real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-operative ownership is quite distinct from <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominiums</a> where people own individual units and have little say in who moves into the other units.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, most jurisdictions have developed separate legislation, similar to laws that regulate companies, to regulate how co-ops are operated and the rights and obligations of shareholders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership">Ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></div> <p>Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative <a href="/wiki/Homeowner_association" title="Homeowner association">association</a>. In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in a rental setting. However, another hallmark of cooperative living is that it is <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a>, so that the work is done at cost, with no profit motive involved.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, the co-op follows <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a> where each <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholder</a> has only one vote. Most cooperatives are incorporated as <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">limited stock companies</a> where the number of votes an owner has is tied to the number of shares owned by the person. Whichever form of voting is employed it is necessary to conduct an election among shareholders to determine who will represent them on the board of directors (if one exists), the governing body of the co-operative. The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> is generally responsible for the business decisions including the financial requirements and sustainability of the co-operative. Although politics vary from co-op to co-op and depend largely on the wishes of its members, it is a general rule that a majority vote of the board is necessary to make business decisions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the <a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">annual general meeting</a>. In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the board. </p><p>A housing cooperative's board of directors is elected by the membership, providing a voice and representation in the governance of the property. Rules are determined by the board, providing a flexible means of addressing the issues that arise in a community to assure the members' peaceful possession of their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalcooperativelawcenter.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalcooperativelawcenter.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finance">Finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Housing_cooperative" title="Special:EditPage/Housing cooperative">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A housing cooperative is normally <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a>, since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in a formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset the cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.) </p><p>In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating surpluses; fees on the sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages. </p><p>There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>, for instance, lived in <a href="/wiki/The_Dakota" title="The Dakota">The Dakota</a>, a housing co-operative, and most apartments in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">condominium</a> arrangement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market-rate_and_limited-equity_co-ops">Market-rate and limited-equity co-ops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Market-rate and limited-equity co-ops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate, the share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage, resulting in a much higher monthly fee paid to the co-op than would be so in a condominium. The purchase price of a comparable unit in the co-op is typically much lower, however. </p><p>With limited equity, the co-op has rules regarding pricing of shares when sold. The idea behind limited equity is to maintain <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a>. A sub-set of the limited equity model is the no-equity model, which looks very much like renting, with a very low purchase price (comparable to a rental security deposit) and a monthly fee in lieu of rent. When selling, all that is re-couped is that very low purchase price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_housing_cooperatives">Research on housing cooperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research on housing cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research in Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organization in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title=""our study did not compare co-ops with other forms of housing tenure" (September 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Other research among older residents from the rural United States found that those living in housing cooperatives felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more privacy, were healthier and had things repaired faster.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian researchers found that cooperative housing built stronger social networks and support, as well as better relationships with neighbours compared to other forms of housing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They cost 14% less for residents and had lower rates of debt and vacancy. Other US research has found that housing cooperatives tended to have higher rates of building quality, building safety, feelings of security among residents, lower crime rates, stable access to housing and significantly lower costs compared to conventional housing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Housing co-operatives in Australia are primarily non-equity rental co-operatives, but there are some equity co-operatives as well. The rental co-operatives are generally a part of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">social housing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Community_housing_in_Australia" title="Community housing in Australia">community housing</a> sector and have been funded by various iterations of government funding programs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the largest co-operative housing organisations in Australia is Common Equity Housing Ltd (CEHL) in the state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>. CEHL is a registered housing association with its shares held by its 103-member co-operatives. As of 2023 CEHL co-operatives house 4,291 people in 2,101 homes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common Equity, in the state of <a href="/wiki/NSW" class="mw-redirect" title="NSW">NSW</a>, is also a registered housing provider and manages 500 properties in 31 member housing co-operatives <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Co-ops in Canada offer an affordable alternative to renting, but waiting lists for the units can be years-long.<sup id="cite_ref-CBCNewsCoopsCananda_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBCNewsCoopsCananda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the opening of <i>La Maison des Babayagas</i>, an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from the municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of <a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis">Montreuil</a> after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to the community /city and through mutual interaction, engaging in its political, cultural and social life in a spirit of participatory democracy; (4) ecological in all aspects of life, in conformity with the values and actions expressed in the Charter of Living of the House of Babayagas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generally, the association's activities are tied to the purpose above, in particular, the development of a popular entity called the University of Knowledge of the Elderly (UNISAVIE: Université du savoir des vieux), and the initiation of a movement to promote other living places that are organized into similar networks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The community charter sets out expectations for privacy. Each apartment is self-contained. Monthly meetings assure the optimal routines of the building and ensure that each person may participate fully and with complete liberty of expression. Plans set out the routine intervention of a mediator who could help get to the bottom of the causes of eventual conflicts in order to allow for their resolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The success of the Paris co-op inspired several Canadian grassroots groups to adopt similar values in senior housing initiatives; these values include autonomy and self-management, solidarity and mutual aid, civic engagement, and ecological responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Housing cooperatives, or "Wohnungsgenossenschaften" in German, are a type of housing association that provides affordable housing to its members. They are formed and run by a group of people who come together to pool their resources in order to purchase or build housing for their own use. </p><p>In Germany, housing cooperatives are typically organized as non-profit organizations, which means that any profits made from the sale or rental of the housing are reinvested in the cooperative rather than being distributed to shareholders. This allows housing cooperatives to offer lower prices for housing than would be possible for for-profit organizations. Members of a housing cooperative typically have the right to occupy a specific unit within the cooperative's housing complex, and they also have a say in the management and decision-making of the cooperative. This can include voting on issues related to the maintenance and operation of the housing complex, as well as electing a board of directors to oversee the cooperative's operations. </p><p>Housing cooperatives are a popular form of housing in Germany, particularly in urban areas, and they are often seen as a way to provide affordable, community-oriented housing options. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a> in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over two million apartments and over three million members in Germany. The public housing cooperatives are organised in the <a href="/wiki/GdW_Bundesverband_deutscher_Wohnungs-_und_Immobilienunternehmen" title="GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen">GdW Bundesverband deutscher Wohnungs- und Immobilienunternehmen</a> (Federal association of German housing and real estate enterprise registered associations).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg/220px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg/330px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg/440px-New_Borg_El_Arab_City_36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Housing cooperative in <a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a> city, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Housing cooperative project in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> aims to serve the low-income class, as it provides them with housing units consisting of two rooms, a hall or three rooms and a fully finished hall, with an area ranging from 75 to 90 square meters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, these units are offered at a cost price only, with direct support ranging from 5 to 25 thousand pounds. The beneficiary of this unit can pay its price over a period of 20 years, as 538,000 units have been implemented in all governorates and new cities until 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implemented by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Utilities_%26_Urban_Communities_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities (Egypt)">Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Housing society" redirects here. For the organizations in the United Kingdom and Ireland, see <a href="/wiki/Housing_association" title="Housing association">Housing association</a>.</div> <p>In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the building, its governing body and how flats within the building are transferred differ from state to state. </p><p>Certain buildings are organized as "Cooperative Housing Societies" where one actually owns a share in the Cooperative rather than the flat itself. This structure was very popular in the past but has become less common in recent times. Most states have separate laws governing Cooperative Housing Societies. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Cooperative_movement_in_India">§ Cooperative movement in India</a>, and <a href="#Housing_Societies">§ Housing Societies</a></div><p> for additional information. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg/220px-Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg/330px-Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg/440px-Eerste_Jacob_van_Campenstraat_VAK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Typical cheap late 19th century corporation housing in Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Netherlands there are three very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing_corporation">Housing corporation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Housing corporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>housing corporation</i> (<i>woningcorporatie</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in the second half of the 19th century as small cooperative associations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such association in the world, <i>VAK</i> ("association for the working class") was founded in 1852 in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Between 2.4 and 2.5 million apartments in the Netherlands are rented by the housing corporations, i.e. more than 30% of the total of <a href="/wiki/Dwelling" title="Dwelling">household dwellings</a> (apartments and houses). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Owner_association">Owner association</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Owner association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>(house) owners' association</i> (<i>Vereniging van Eigenaren</i>, VvE) is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a> in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Living_cooperation">Living cooperation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Living cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>living cooperation</i> (<i>wooncoöperatie</i>) is a construct in which residents jointly own an apartment building using a democratically controlled cooperative, and pay rent to their own organisation. They were prohibited after World War II and legalised in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Company-share" apartments operate in the <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_New_Zealand" title="Housing in New Zealand">New Zealand housing system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, a <i>tenant-owner's association</i> often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of the loan needed to buy a property. These loans will then be paid off during a fixed period of years (typically 20 to 30), and once this is done, the cooperative is dispersed and the flats are transformed into condominiums.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg/267px-Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg/401px-Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg/534px-Jamison_Street_Warminster_Heights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Warminster_Heights,_Pennsylvania" title="Warminster Heights, Pennsylvania">Warminster Heights, Pennsylvania</a> was built by the Federal government in the 1940s as housing for civilian workers; it became a housing cooperative in 1986</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nordic countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>tenant-owner's association</i> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i>bostadsrättsförening</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Borettslag" title="Borettslag">borettslag</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i>andelsboligforening</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal term">legal term</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>) for a type of <a href="/wiki/Housing_equity_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing equity partnership">joint ownership</a> of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents the <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartment</a>, and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children), the remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, by contrast to the Scandinavian countries, housing cooperatives in the strict sense are extremely rare; instead, Finnish tenant-owned housing properties are generally organized as <a href="/wiki/Limited_company" title="Limited company">limited companies</a> (Finnish <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">asunto-osakeyhtiö</i></span>) in a system peculiar to Finnish law. The Finnish arrangement is similar to a housing cooperative in that the property is owned by a non-profit corporation and the right to use each unit is tied to ownership of a certain set of shares. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Council_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Council housing">council housing</a> application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shelter_(charity)" title="Shelter (charity)">Shelter</a> website provides information on housing and has information specific to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </p><p>The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radical_Routes" title="Radical Routes">Radical Routes</a> offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_housing_cooperatives">Student housing cooperatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Student housing cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative#United_Kingdom" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing cooperative § United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through <a href="/wiki/North_American_Students_of_Cooperation" title="North American Students of Cooperation">North American Students of Cooperation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Student_Housing_Co-operative" title="Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative">Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Student_Housing_Co-operative" title="Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative">Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative</a> opened in 2014 and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Student_Housing_Co-operative" title="Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative">Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative</a> in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Cooperation" title="Students for Cooperation">Students for Cooperation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">LLCs</a> and are found in abundance in the area from <a href="/wiki/Madison_Community_Cooperative" title="Madison Community Cooperative">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>. There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle-class housing projects built by the US government between 1940 and 1942 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Ownership_Defense_Housing_Division" title="Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division">Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Works_Agency" title="Federal Works Agency">Federal Works Agency</a>. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and serves the Midwest region, covering <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident-owned or controlled housing, professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities.<sup id="cite_ref-nahc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership.<sup id="cite_ref-nahc_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nahc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASCO, or <a href="/wiki/North_American_Students_of_Cooperation" title="North American Students of Cooperation">North American Students of Cooperation</a>, is an organization founded in 1968 that has helped organized cooperative living for students. With a presence in over 100 towns and cities across North America, NASCO has provided tens of thousands of students with sustainable housing.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_metropolitan_area">New York metropolitan area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New York metropolitan area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cooperatives have a long history in <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">metropolitan New York</a> – in November 1882, <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i> describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and can be found throughout <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>, which borders the city to the north, and towns in northern <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> that are close to <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgewater,_New_Jersey" title="Edgewater, New Jersey">Edgewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_New_Jersey" title="Ramsey, New Jersey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passaic,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic, New Jersey">Passaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alku_and_Alku_Toinen" title="Alku and Alku Toinen">Alku and Alku Toinen</a>, apartment buildings built in 1916 by the Finnish American immigrant community in the <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, were the first nonprofit housing cooperatives in New York City. </p><p>Apartment buildings and multiple-family housing make up a more significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities as over 75% of apartment buildings in NYC are co-ops. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than condominiums in the New York City area are:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Kazan">Abraham Kazan</a>, cooperatives appeared at least as far back as the 1920s while a legal basis for condominium form of ownership was not available in New York State until 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-QA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passage of the Condominium Act then opened a wave of construction of condominium buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The cooperative form can be advantageous as a building mortgage can be carried by the cooperative corporation, leaving less financing to be obtained by each co-op owner. Under condominium ownership only the separate condo owners provide financing. Particularly when interest rates are high, a conversion sponsor may find unit buyers more easily under the cooperative arrangement as buyers will have less financing to arrange on their own; the apparent purchase price of a unit in a cooperative building holding an underlying mortgage is lower than a condo purchase. Cooperative unit buyers may not accurately weigh their share of the building's mortgage.<sup id="cite_ref-QA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Also, later in a building's life after conversion, major new investments required to repair or replace building systems can be raised by a new central mortgage in a cooperative, while in a condominium funds could only be raised by onerous assessments being required of each individual unit owner. However, New York's condominium law was amended in 1997 to allow <a href="/wiki/Condominium_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium association">condominium associations</a> to borrow money.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1974 creation and then subsequent influence on policy by the Urban Homesteading Assistance Board,<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a housing advocacy group, which enabled the conversion of over 1,600 foreclosed, city-held rentals into limited-equity, resident-controlled co-ops.</li> <li>A co-op building's board can exercise its own business discretion to impose restrictions on shareholders, and reject prospective purchasers without explanation, as long as the board does not violate federal and state housing or civil rights laws.<sup id="cite_ref-QA_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most of the housing cooperatives in the greater New York area were converted to that status during the 1980s; generally, they were large buildings built between the 1920s and 1950s that a single landlord or corporation owned and rented out that became unprofitable as rental properties. To encourage individual ownership of units, the initial buyers of units (buying from the owner of the entire building) did not have to be approved by a board. These units are known as sponsor units. Also, the rental tenants living in the building at the time of the conversion were usually given an option to buy at a discount. If the tenants were rent-controlled, the law usually protects them by allowing them to stay as renters and the unit may not be occupied by a purchaser until said tenant dies or moves out. Many of these buildings, especially in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, are actually quite luxurious and exclusive; many celebrities live in them and some famous people are even rejected by co-op boards. In the 1990s and 2000s some rental buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Florida_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="South Florida metropolitan area">Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach</a> areas went through a similar conversion process, though not to the degree of New York. </p><p>Many of the cooperatives originally built as co-ops were sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America</a>. One of the largest projects was <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Village" title="Cooperative Village">Cooperative Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Housing_Foundation" title="United Housing Foundation">United Housing Foundation</a> was set up in 1951 and built <a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Herman_Jessor" title="Herman Jessor">Herman Jessor</a>. One of the first subsidized, fixed-value cooperatives was <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Gardens" title="Morningside Gardens">Morningside Gardens</a> in Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Morningside Heights, Manhattan">Morningside Heights</a>. </p><p>Another dynamic also contributed to the large number of cooperatives established in the 1980s and 1990s in New York City – in this case by low- and moderate-income tenant groups. In the 1970s, many New York City private landlords were struggling to maintain their aging properties in the face of high interest rates, redlining, white flight and rising fuel costs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arsen_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arsen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period also saw some landlord-induced arson to obtain insurance proceeds and widespread non-payment of real estate taxes – over 20% of <a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">multi-family residential</a> properties were in arrears in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, the city passed <a href="/wiki/Local_Law_45_of_1976" title="Local Law 45 of 1976">Local Law #45</a>, which allowed the city to begin foreclosure proceedings after just one year of non-payment of taxes, not three, resulting in the takeover of thousands of buildings, many of them occupied, by the city of New York through a legal action known as an <i>in rem foreclosure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-arsen_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arsen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1978, the city's housing agency, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Housing_Preservation_and_Development" title="New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development">New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development</a> (HPD), created a series of new housing programs designed to give building residents and community groups control and eventual ownership of in rem buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HPD_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPD-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Urban_Homesteading_Assistance_Board" title="Urban Homesteading Assistance Board">Urban Homesteading Assistance Board</a> (UHAB), established in 1974, began to assist residents of these buildings to manage, rehabilitate and acquire their buildings, and form limited-equity housing co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with the city's housing agency, its existing loan programs and the power to dispose of abandoned property to non-profit organizations, as well as the state laws governing the establishment of co-operatives, UHAB was able to provide low-income people with the tools – seed money, legal advice, architectural plans, bookkeeping training – to build and run limited-equity housing co-operatives. Through a long-standing contract with the city to provide training and technical assistance to residents of buildings in the Tenant Interim Lease (TIL) Program, UHAB has worked with more than 1,600 coops, preserving over 30,000 units of affordable housing.<sup id="cite_ref-HPD_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPD-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cooperatives in New York City do not own the land upon which their building is situated. These <a href="/wiki/Ground_rent" title="Ground rent">'land-lease' buildings</a> often have significant drawbacks for cooperative owners. However, there have been cases where shareholders of a building have bought the surrounding land, such as 167 East 61st Street (formerly known as Trump Plaza), where residents gathered $183 million to buy the surrounding land.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Student_housing_cooperatives_2">Student housing cooperatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Student housing cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative#United_States" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing cooperative § United States</a></div> <p>Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Student_Cooperative" title="Berkeley Student Cooperative">Berkeley Student Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Student_Housing_Cooperative" title="Santa Barbara Student Housing Cooperative">Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Student_Cooperative_Association" title="Oberlin Student Cooperative Association">Oberlin Student Cooperative Association</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condop" title="Condop">Condop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Subsidized housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.robinhood.com/articles/68Hc7L6VXwCmTiy7UBLgRn/what-is-a-housing-cooperative/">"What is a housing cooperative"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Equity&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Common+Equity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonequity.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBCNewsCoopsCananda-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBCNewsCoopsCananda_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman2022" class="citation news cs1">Carman, Tara (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/co-op-housing-affordability-1.6374412">"Co-ops allow people of all incomes to live affordably in cities. So why aren't we building more?"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Housing co-operatives are not a new concept. They have existed in Canada for decades and represent something of a middle ground between renting and owning — security of tenure without the often prohibitive cost of a down payment. Because they operate on a break-even basis, co-ops are often much cheaper than market rentals. They also tend to be more stable, because most cannot be sold.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Co-ops+allow+people+of+all+incomes+to+live+affordably+in+cities.+So+why+aren%27t+we+building+more%3F&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fco-op-housing-affordability-1.6374412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/futurs/2014/02/02/les-babayagas-la-silver-solidarite-au-quotidien_977239/">"Les Babayagas, la silver solidarité au quotidien"</a>. 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Babayagas%2C+la+silver+solidarit%C3%A9+au+quotidien&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Ffuturs%2F2014%2F02%2F02%2Fles-babayagas-la-silver-solidarite-au-quotidien_977239%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173038/http://lamaisondesbabayagas.fr/">"Félicitations !"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamaisondesbabayagas.fr/">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%A9licitations+%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamaisondesbabayagas.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065847/http://lamaisondesbabayagas.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/unisavie_pdf.pdf">"Félicitations !"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamaisondesbabayagas.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/unisavie_pdf.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%A9licitations+%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamaisondesbabayagas.fr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2Funisavie_pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101192946/http://www.cbc.ca/thesundayedition/documentaries/2013/08/11/baba-yagas-house/">"Home – The Sunday Edition – CBC Radio"</a>. 11 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/thesundayedition/documentaries/2013/08/11/baba-yagas-house/">the original</a> on 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+The+Sunday+Edition+%E2%80%93+CBC+Radio&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fthesundayedition%2Fdocumentaries%2F2013%2F08%2F11%2Fbaba-yagas-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnertLeps2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). <i>Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit</i> (in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 33–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-17570-2_2">10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783658175696" title="Special:BookSources/9783658175696"><bdi>9783658175696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+Wohnungsgemeinn%C3%BCtzigkeit&rft.pages=33-56&rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-658-17570-2_2&rft.isbn=9783658175696&rft.aulast=Kuhnert&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Leps%2C+Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newcities.gov.eg/english/aboutUs/About_Authority/default.aspx">"About the Authority"</a>. <i>New Urban Communities Authority</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Urban+Communities+Authority&rft.atitle=About+the+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcities.gov.eg%2Fenglish%2FaboutUs%2FAbout_Authority%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhuc.gov.eg/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86">"الإسكان الإجتماعي"</a>. <i>Ministry of Housing, Utilities & Urban Communities</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Housing%2C+Utilities+%26+Urban+Communities&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmhuc.gov.eg%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25AC%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnertLeps2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017). <i>Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit</i> (in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 187–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-17570-2_7">10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783658175696" title="Special:BookSources/9783658175696"><bdi>9783658175696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neue+Wohnungsgemeinn%C3%BCtzigkeit&rft.pages=187-212&rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-658-17570-2_7&rft.isbn=9783658175696&rft.aulast=Kuhnert&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Leps%2C+Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woonbond.nl/beleid-belangen/zelfbeheer/wooncooperaties-en-wetgeving">"Wooncoöperaties en wetgeving"</a>. 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woonco%C3%B6peraties+en+wetgeving&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woonbond.nl%2Fbeleid-belangen%2Fzelfbeheer%2Fwooncooperaties-en-wetgeving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2013" class="citation web cs1">Tyler, Claire (9 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213515/https://www.raineycollins.co.nz/your-resources/articles/company-share-apartments-what-are-they-and-how-do-they-work.html">"Company Share apartments – what are they and how do they work?"</a>. Rainey Collins Lawyers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raineycollins.co.nz/your-resources/articles/company-share-apartments-what-are-they-and-how-do-they-work.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>Company share apartments are an ownership arrangement for apartments where a company owns the land and the building on the land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+Share+apartments+%E2%80%93+what+are+they+and+how+do+they+work%3F&rft.pub=Rainey+Collins+Lawyers&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raineycollins.co.nz%2Fyour-resources%2Farticles%2Fcompany-share-apartments-what-are-they-and-how-do-they-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtsson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bengtsson, Bo (22 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02673037.2024.2326156">"The changing role of cooperatives in the Swedish housing regime – a path dependence analysis"</a>. <i>Housing Studies</i>: 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02673037.2024.2326156">10.1080/02673037.2024.2326156</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Housing+Studies&rft.atitle=The+changing+role+of+cooperatives+in+the+Swedish+housing+regime+%E2%80%93+a+path+dependence+analysis&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02673037.2024.2326156&rft.aulast=Bengtsson&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F02673037.2024.2326156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Henrik Gutzon (21 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02673037.2024.2376679">"Property relations between state and market: a history of housing cooperatives in Denmark"</a>. <i>Housing Studies</i>: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02673037.2024.2376679">10.1080/02673037.2024.2376679</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Housing+Studies&rft.atitle=Property+relations+between+state+and+market%3A+a+history+of+housing+cooperatives+in+Denmark&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2024-07-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02673037.2024.2376679&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik+Gutzon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F02673037.2024.2376679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Hushallens-ekonomi/Inkomster-och-inkomstfordelning/Hushallens-boende/Aktuell-pong/378518/Behallare-for-Press/389205/">Halva befolkningen bor i småhus</a>, Statistics Sweden, 7 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131820/http://www.cch.coop/docus/coopcomm.html">"Development of the housing co-operative sector – CCH Confederation of Co-operative Housing"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Land+Deal+Pushes+Out+Some+at+Manhattan%27s+Trump+Plaza&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Barbanel&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fland-deal-pushes-out-some-at-manhattans-trump-plaza-1415846349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617054637/https://moulinos.com/legal-update-peter-moulinos-buying-land-lease-cooperative/">"Buying in a Land Lease Cooperative Building"</a>. 27 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moulinos.com/legal-update-peter-moulinos-buying-land-lease-cooperative/">the original</a> on 17 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buying+in+a+Land+Lease+Cooperative+Building&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moulinos.com%2Flegal-update-peter-moulinos-buying-land-lease-cooperative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHousing+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_cooperative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Accommodation" title="Template:Accommodation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Accommodation" title="Template talk:Accommodation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Ultimate_bungalow" title="Ultimate bungalow">Ultimate bungalow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_house" title="Calendar house">Calendar house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium" title="Condominium">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_barn" title="Converted barn">Converted barn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard_house" title="Courtyard house">Courtyard house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex (building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">Estate (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_home" title="Experimental home">Experimental home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fab_Tree_Hab" title="Fab Tree Hab">Fab Tree Hab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_residence" title="Habitual residence">Habitual residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-back_house" title="Back-to-back house">Back-to-back house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_house" title="Council house">Council house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gablefront_house" title="Gablefront house">Gablefront house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_home" title="Green home">Green home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_house" title="Hall house">Hall house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housebarn" title="Housebarn">Housebarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-house" title="I-house">I-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">Low-energy house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch-style_house" title="Ranch-style house">Ranch-style house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Single-family detached home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_cottage" title="Holiday cottage">Holiday cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houseboat" title="Houseboat">Houseboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodging" title="Lodging">Lodging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufactured_housing" title="Manufactured housing">Manufactured housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microapartment" title="Microapartment">Microapartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">Mobile home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio_home" title="Patio home">Patio home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_house" title="Plank house">Plank house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabricated_home" title="Prefabricated home">Prefabricated home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_island" title="Private island">Private island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_apartment" title="Railroad apartment">Railroad apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">Safe house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_box" title="Seattle box">Seattle box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-level_home" title="Split-level home">Split-level home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Subsidized housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse_(Great_Britain)" title="Townhouse (Great Britain)">Townhouse (Great Britain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arrangements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">Group home</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Housing cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasite_single" title="Parasite single">Parasite single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Recluse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roommate" title="Roommate">Roommate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roomsharing" title="Roomsharing">Roomsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lacking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_fixed_abode" title="No fixed abode">No fixed abode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_(dependent)" title="Runaway (dependent)">Runaway (dependent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">Street children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Co-operatives" title="Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Co-operatives" title="Template talk:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-owned_company" title="Agent-owned company">Agent-owned company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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