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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7" title="زلكوفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زلكوفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azata%C4%9Fac_me%C5%9F%C9%99si" title="Azatağac meşəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azatağac meşəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkoven" title="Zelkoven – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zelkoven" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkovo" title="Zelkovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zelkovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="درخت آزاد (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درخت آزاد (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbas" title="Terbas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terbas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзелква – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзелква" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="זלקובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זלקובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ძელქვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძელქვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirpstulas" title="Skirpstulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skirpstulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7" title="زلكوفا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زلكوفا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AD%E5%B1%9E" title="ケヤキ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケヤキ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzostownica" title="Brzostownica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brzostownica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзельква – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзельква" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkovat" title="Selkovat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkovat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дзельква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дзельква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" title="Zelkova – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zelkova" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A6%89%E5%B1%9E" title="榉属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="榉属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of trees</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Zelkova</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelkova_serrata6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zelkova_serrata6.jpg/220px-Zelkova_serrata6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zelkova_serrata6.jpg/330px-Zelkova_serrata6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Zelkova_serrata6.jpg/440px-Zelkova_serrata6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Zelkova serrata</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Zelkova" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Zelkova</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Spach" title="Édouard Spach">Spach</a></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Zelkova</b></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <i>dzelkva</i>, 'stone pillar') is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of six species of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> in the elm family <a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a>, native to southern Europe, and southwest and eastern Asia. They vary in size from <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> (<i>Z. sicula</i>) to large trees up to 35 m (115 ft) tall (<i>Z. carpinifolia</i>). The bark is smooth, dark brown. Unlike the elms, the <a href="/wiki/Branchlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchlet">branchlets</a> are never corky or winged. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternate, with <a href="/wiki/Serration" title="Serration">serrated</a> margins, and (unlike the related <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elms</a>) a symmetrical base to the leaf blade. The leaves are in two distinct rows; they have <a href="/wiki/Pinnation" title="Pinnation">pinnate</a> <a href="/wiki/Venation_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venation (botany)"> venation</a> and each vein extends to the leaf margin, where it terminates in a tooth. There are two <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a> at each node, though these are caducous (shed early), leaving a pair of scars at the leaf base. <i>Zelkova</i> is <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">polygamous</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Staminate</a> flowers are clustered in the lower leaf <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axils</a> of young branchlets; the <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> is <a href="/wiki/Campanulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulate">campanulate</a>, with four to six (to seven) <a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)"> lobes</a>, and the stamens are short. <a href="/wiki/Pistillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistillate">Pistillate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> flowers are solitary, or rarely in clusters of two to four, in the upper leaf axils of young branchlets. The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a dry, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> keel, produced singly in the leaf axils. The perianth and <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)"> stigma</a> are persistent. <sup id="cite_ref-andrews_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrews-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spoelberch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spoelberch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hunt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rushforth_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rushforth-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_and_distribution">Species and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Species and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_abelicea" title="Zelkova abelicea">Zelkova abelicea</a></i> – Cretan zelkova (<a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in Greece)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_carpinifolia" title="Zelkova carpinifolia">Zelkova carpinifolia</a></i> – Caucasian zelkova (Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_serrata" title="Zelkova serrata">Zelkova serrata</a></i> – Keyaki or Japanese zelkova (Japan, Korea, <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> in Russia, Taiwan, China) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova_serrata_var._serrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelkova serrata var. serrata (page does not exist)"><i>Zelkova serrata</i> var. <i>serrata</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova_serrata_var._tarokoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelkova serrata var. tarokoensis (page does not exist)"><i>Zelkova serrata</i> var. <i>tarokoensis</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_sicula" title="Zelkova sicula">Zelkova sicula</a></i> – Sicilian zelkova (Sicily, Italy in 2 locations: Bosco Pisano and Ciranna)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_sinica" title="Zelkova sinica">Zelkova sinica</a></i> – Chinese zelkova (China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_schneideriana" title="Zelkova schneideriana">Zelkova schneideriana</a></i> – Schneider's zelkova (China)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Hybrids</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_%C3%97_verschaffeltii" title="Zelkova × verschaffeltii">Zelkova × verschaffeltii</a></i> – Cut-leaf zelkova (<i>Z. carpinifolia</i> × <i>Z. serrata</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i>Zelkova</i> was common throughout northern Europe and North America as late as the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. However, extensive <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a> has confined the genus to its present range to the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> islands and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and in eastern Asia where only local glaciation occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fna_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of <i>Zelkova</i> were important elements of the vast forests that prevailed throughout the Northern Hemisphere during much of the Cenozoic Period. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fineschi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fineschi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township,_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/330px-2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/440px-2014-11-02_14_31_33_Zelkova_foliage_during_autumn_along_Woosamonsa_Road_in_Hopewell_Township%2C_New_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Autumn foliage</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the genus comprises six species with disjunct distribution patterns:<sup id="cite_ref-denk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three in eastern Asia [<i>Zelkova serrata</i> (Thunb.) Makino; <i>Zelkova schneideriana</i> Hand.-Mazz.; and <i>Zelkova sinica</i> C. K. Schneid.], one in southwestern Asia [<i>Zelkova carpinifolia</i> (Pall.) C. Koch] and two on the Mediterranean islands of Sicily (<i>Zelkova sicula</i> Di Pasq., Garfi & Quézel) and Crete [Z<i>elkova abelicea</i> (Lam.) Boiss.]. The oldest fossils attributed to <i>Zelkova</i> date from the early Eocene (55 million years ago) in western North America, where the genus is extinct today. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bulgaria, <i>Zelkova</i> fossils were found in Paleogene and Neogene layers in the following locations: <i>Zelkova ungeri</i> (Ett.) Kov. — Lozenets, Kurilo, Chukurovo in Sofia Region, Dospey in Samokov Region, Pernik, Pirin Mine in Blagoevgrad Region, Bobov Dol in Kyustendil Region; <i>Zelkova praelonga</i> Berger — Pirin Mine in Blagoevgrad Region. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Zelkova abelicea</i> is endemic to Crete (Greece); it has a fragmentary distribution in the four main mountain regions of Crete (Lefka Ori, Psiloritis, Dikti and Thrypti), between 900 and 1800 m above sea level, which corresponds to the upper timberline.<sup id="cite_ref-kozlowski_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kozlowski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It grows mainly on north-facing slopes or in and around rocky river-beds and gullies which remain moist during dry summers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Søndergaard_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Søndergaard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is highly endangered through <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> and destruction, overgrazing, fire and water stress.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Søndergaard_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Søndergaard-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kozlowski_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kozlowski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sicilian Zelkova <i>Z. sicula</i>, only discovered in 1991, is listed as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>. The two known populations close to <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> (Bosco Pisano and Ciranna) comprise a small number of low <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> suffering from severe <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>; the natural mature size of undamaged specimens is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst all the known <i>Zelkova</i> taxa are currently in cultivation and in botanic gardens or arboreta, relatively few collections are known to be from wild sourced material or known in the countries of their natural distribution. <i>Z. sicula</i> and <i>Z. abelicea</i> are the two taxa considered to be at most risk of extinction (Critically Endangered and Vulnerable). These two <i>Zelkova</i> species are the two with the most restricted natural distribution—both are small island endemics. The <i>Zelkova</i> with the widest natural distribution, <i>Z. serrata</i>, is also the most common <i>Zelkova</i> in botanic garden collections <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phylogeography, using chloroplast and mitochondrial markers, has mostly focused on the Quaternary and the influence of the cycles of glaciation on species distribution and structure. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phylogeography has, however, also been used to document more ancient patterns,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some of them presumably dating as far back as the early Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retrieval of ancient patterns may be specific to tree species, which are assumed to evolve more slowly than herbaceous plants and shrubs. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Zelkova</i> trees live for centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a good indication that ancient patterns might be recovered using molecular markers. </p><p>A few phylogenetic and biogeographical studies have been carried out on <i>Zelkova</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fineschi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fineschi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-denk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these studies had small sample sizes or weak representation of wild populations. A more comprehensive phylogeographical analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-christe_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christe-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on <i>trn</i>H–<i>psb</i>A, <i>trn</i>L and internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2), was the first to use a wide sampling of natural populations from nearly all the disjunct regions where <i>Z. abelicea</i>, <i>Z. carpinifolia</i> and <i>Z. sicula</i> presently grow. It aimed to assess the diversity within and among species using DNA from two cellular compartments that have different modes of inheritance and trace different histories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_uses">Cultivation and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultivation and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Zelkova serrata</i> and <i>Z. carpinifolia</i> are grown as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental trees</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-project_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-project-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> is hard, used for making furniture. <sup id="cite_ref-project_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-project-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, the wood of the keyaki, or <i>Z. serrata</i> is used for making drums, called <i><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">wadaiko</a></i>. The most desired drums are hollowed out of a trunk of a zelkova tree, but in many cases, the drum is fashioned from staves of keyaki wood, using the same method as when constructing a barrel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Zelkova</i> derives from the native name of <i>Z. carpinifolia</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a> – one of the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, as shown by the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> name, <i>dzelkva</i>, from the words <i>dzeli,</i> meaning 'bar' or 'pillar', and <i>kva</i> meaning 'rock' or 'stone' The tree was often used for making rock-hard and durable bars for building and furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-andrews-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrews_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews, S. (1994). Tree of the year: Zelkova. <i>Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook</i> 1993: 11-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spoelberch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spoelberch_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Spoelberch, P. (1994). Zelkova: More questions than answers. <i>Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook</i> 1993: 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunt-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hunt_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, D. (1994). Beware of the Zelkova. <i>Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook</i> 1993: 33–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rushforth-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rushforth_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rushforth, K. (1999). <i>Trees of Britain and Europe</i>. Collins. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-220013-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-220013-9">0-00-220013-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Follieri, M., Magri, D., & Sadori, L. (1986). Late Pleistocene Zelkova Extinction in Central Italy. <i>New Phytologist</i> 103 (1): 269–273 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2434636">Abstract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fna-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fna_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flora of North America: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fna.org/FNA/Volume/V01/Chapter03.shtml">History of North American Vegetation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMai1995" class="citation book cs1">Mai, D.H. (1995). <i>Tertiäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Methoden und Ergebnisse</i>. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terti%C3%A4re+Vegetationsgeschichte+Europas.+Methoden+und+Ergebnisse.&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Gustav+Fischer&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mai&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fineschi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fineschi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fineschi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineschiCozzolinoMigliaccioVendramin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fineschi, S.; Cozzolino, S.; Migliaccio, M.; Vendramin, G.G. (2004). "Genetic variation of relic tree species: the case of Mediterranean <i>Zelkova abelicea</i> (Lam.) Boissier and <i>Z. sicula</i> Di Pasquale, Garfi and Quézel (Ulmaceae)". <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i>. <b>197</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ForEM.197..273F">2004ForEM.197..273F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2004.05.018">10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Ecology+and+Management&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+of+relic+tree+species%3A+the+case+of+Mediterranean+Zelkova+abelicea+%28Lam.%29+Boissier+and+Z.+sicula+Di+Pasquale%2C+Garfi+and+Qu%C3%A9zel+%28Ulmaceae%29&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2004.05.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ForEM.197..273F&rft.aulast=Fineschi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Cozzolino%2C+S.&rft.au=Migliaccio%2C+M.&rft.au=Vendramin%2C+G.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, J.D. (2012). <i>GSA geologic time scale (v. 4.0)</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F2012.CTS004R3C">10.1130/2012.CTS004R3C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GSA+geologic+time+scale+%28v.+4.0%29.&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F2012.CTS004R3C&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denk_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denk_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenkGrimm2005" class="citation journal cs1">Denk, T.; Grimm, G.W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2005.00354.x">"Phylogeny and biogeography of <i>Zelkova</i> (Ulmaceae <i>sensu stricto</i>) as inferred from leaf morphology, ITS sequence data and the fossil record"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>147</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2005.00354.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00354.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+biogeography+of+Zelkova+%28Ulmaceae+sensu+stricto%29+as+inferred+from+leaf+morphology%2C+ITS+sequence+data+and+the+fossil+record&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2005.00354.x&rft.aulast=Denk&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Grimm%2C+G.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2005.00354.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1986" class="citation journal cs1">Burnham, R.J. (1986). "Foliar morphological analysis of the Ulmoideae (Ulmaceae) from the early Tertiary of western North America". <i>Palaeontographica Abteilung B</i>. <b>201</b>: <span class="nowrap">135–</span>167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontographica+Abteilung+B&rft.atitle=Foliar+morphological+analysis+of+the+Ulmoideae+%28Ulmaceae%29+from+the+early+Tertiary+of+western+North+America&rft.volume=201&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanov1966" class="citation book cs1">Jordanov, Daki, ed. (1966). <i>Flora of Bulgaria: Salicaceae до Amaranthaceae</i>. Vol. III. 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(1997). 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Boissier and <i>Z. sicula</i> Di Pasquale, Garfi & Quezél (Ulmaceae)". <i>Conservation Genetics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015222230887">10.1023/A:1015222230887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41755481">41755481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Genetics&rft.atitle=Molecular+markers+reveal+a+strong+genetic+differentiation+between+two+European+relic+tree+species%3A+Zelkova+abelicea+%28Lam.%29+Boissier+and+Z.+sicula+Di+Pasquale%2C+Garfi+%26+Quez%C3%A9l+%28Ulmaceae%29.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1015222230887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41755481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fineschi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Anzidei%2C+M.&rft.au=Cafasso%2C+D.&rft.au=Cozzolino%2C+S.&rft.au=Garfi%2C+G.&rft.au=Pastorelli%2C+R.&rft.au=Salvini%2C+D.&rft.au=Taurchini%2C+D.&rft.au=Vendramin%2C+G.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukatsuWatanabeNakadaIsoda2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fukatsu, E.; Watanabe, A.; Nakada, R.; Isoda, K.; Hirao, T.; Ubukata, M.; Koyama, Y.; Kodani, J.; Saito, M.; Miyamoto, N.; Takahashi, M. (2012). "Phylogeographical structure in <i>Zelkova serrata</i> in Japan and phylogeny in the genus <i>Zelkova</i> using the polymorphisms of chloroplast DNA". <i>Conservation Genetics</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1109–</span>1118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ConG...13.1109F">2012ConG...13.1109F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0358-6">10.1007/s10592-012-0358-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9935085">9935085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Genetics&rft.atitle=Phylogeographical+structure+in+Zelkova+serrata+in+Japan+and+phylogeny+in+the+genus+Zelkova+using+the+polymorphisms+of+chloroplast+DNA&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1109-%3C%2Fspan%3E1118&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9935085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10592-012-0358-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ConG...13.1109F&rft.aulast=Fukatsu&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+A.&rft.au=Nakada%2C+R.&rft.au=Isoda%2C+K.&rft.au=Hirao%2C+T.&rft.au=Ubukata%2C+M.&rft.au=Koyama%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kodani%2C+J.&rft.au=Saito%2C+M.&rft.au=Miyamoto%2C+N.&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christe-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christe_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristeKozlowskiFreyBétrisey2014" class="citation journal cs1">Christe, Camille; Kozlowski, Gregor; Frey, David; Bétrisey, Sébastien; Maharramova, Elmira; Garfi, Giuseppe; Pirintsos, Stergios; Naciri, Yamama (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/209898/files/koz_fpi.pdf">"Footprints of past intensive diversification and structuring in the genus <i>Zelkova</i> (Ulmaceae) in south-western Eurasia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Biogeography</i>. <b>41</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1081–</span>1093. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JBiog..41.1081C">2014JBiog..41.1081C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjbi.12276">10.1111/jbi.12276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22408936">22408936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Footprints+of+past+intensive+diversification+and+structuring+in+the+genus+Zelkova+%28Ulmaceae%29+in+south-western+Eurasia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1081-%3C%2Fspan%3E1093&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22408936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjbi.12276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JBiog..41.1081C&rft.aulast=Christe&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft.au=Kozlowski%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Frey%2C+David&rft.au=B%C3%A9trisey%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Maharramova%2C+Elmira&rft.au=Garfi%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Pirintsos%2C+Stergios&rft.au=Naciri%2C+Yamama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F209898%2Ffiles%2Fkoz_fpi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZelkova" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-project-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-project_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-project_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kozlowski, Gratzfeld et al., p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dennisyoung-kagu.blogspot.com/2011/02/zelkova-serrata.html">Furniture maker: Dennis Young</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://temperate.theferns.info/plant/Zelkova+serrata"><i>Zelkova serrata</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelkova&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zelkova" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zelkova">Zelkova</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ZelkovaActionPlan_smallest.pdf">Gregor Kozlowski, Joachim Gratzfeld et al. <i>Zelkova</i> – an ancient tree: Global status and conservation action</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3814" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3814" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Zelkova</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187454" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q187454">Q187454</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zelkova" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Zelkova">Zelkova</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=254676">254676</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63WXW">63WXW</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ZELG">1ZELG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=135278">135278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=135278">135278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2984531">2984531</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=13023">13023</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/129056">129056</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/332073-2">332073-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1025523">1025523</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500618">500618</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000465228">NHMSYS0000465228</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=45186">45186</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4cbfbb66-6e07-44fb-b85a-c7f9b0907b6b">4cbfbb66-6e07-44fb-b85a-c7f9b0907b6b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=762464">762464</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=56210">56210</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ZELKO8">ZELKO8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A332073-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332073-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40028279">40028279</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000041177">wfo-4000041177</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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