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<li id="toc-Equity_as_a_body_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equity_as_a_body_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Equity as a body of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equity_as_a_body_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_equity_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_equity_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origin of the equity jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_equity_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formative_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formative_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Formative period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formative_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_of_systemisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_systemisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Period of systemisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_of_systemisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_High_Court_of_Chancery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_High_Court_of_Chancery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The High Court of Chancery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_High_Court_of_Chancery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equity_and_Common_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equity_and_Common_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Equity and Common Law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equity_and_Common_Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equity and Common Law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equity_and_Common_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_merged_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_merged_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>A merged administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_merged_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_common_law_and_equity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_common_law_and_equity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relationship between common law and equity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_common_law_and_equity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclusive_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Exclusive jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concurrent_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Powers_of_courts_of_equity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_courts_of_equity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Powers of courts of equity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_courts_of_equity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_of_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_of_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Administration of justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_of_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_personal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Court authorized to apply principles of equity to cases</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln%27s_Inn._(old)_hall,_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd,_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lincoln%27s_Inn._%28old%29_hall%2C_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd%2C_1830.jpg/340px-Lincoln%27s_Inn._%28old%29_hall%2C_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd%2C_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lincoln%27s_Inn._%28old%29_hall%2C_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd%2C_1830.jpg/510px-Lincoln%27s_Inn._%28old%29_hall%2C_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd%2C_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lincoln%27s_Inn._%28old%29_hall%2C_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd%2C_1830.jpg/680px-Lincoln%27s_Inn._%28old%29_hall%2C_chapel_and_chancery_court_by_Thomas_Shepherd%2C_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> (old) hall, chapel and chancery court, 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>court of equity</b>, also known as an <b>equity court</b> or <b>chancery court</b>, is a court authorized to apply principles of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> rather than principles of law to cases brought before it. These courts originated from petitions to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor of England</a> and primarily heard claims for relief other than damages, such as <a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">specific performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_writ" title="Prerogative writ">extraordinary writs</a>. Over time, most equity courts merged with courts of law,<sup id="cite_ref-legdict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legdict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the adoption of various Acts granted courts combined jurisdiction to administer common law and equity concurrently. Courts of equity are now recognized for complementing the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> by addressing its shortcomings and promoting <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. </p><p>In the early years of the United States, some states followed the <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English tradition</a> of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others combined both types of jurisdiction in their courts, as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> did for <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">federal courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_bankruptcy_court" title="United States bankruptcy court">United States bankruptcy courts</a> serve as an example of a US federal court that operates as a court of equity. A few common law jurisdictions, such as the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, continue to preserve the distinctions between law and equity as well as between courts of law and courts of equity. In New Jersey, this distinction is upheld between the civil and general equity divisions of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court" title="New Jersey Superior Court">New Jersey Superior Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_equity_and_trusts" title="History of equity and trusts">History of equity and trusts</a></div> <p>The unique nature of courts of equity is a result of their historical evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This history has been crucial in shaping their application in <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>, reflecting the values that have developed the equitable jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transformation of these courts demonstrates the evolution of equity's doctrines and remedies, changes in its dominant nature and traits, and the influence of social and political environments on its operation and underlying issues in <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity_as_a_body_of_law">Equity as a body of law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Equity as a body of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equity is currently recognized as a distinct body of law, administered by various modern courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of procedures within courts of equity has guided the application of equitable principles. Originating from the diverse rules of the early <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Courts of Chancery</a>, today's courts can exercise equitable jurisdiction while maintaining their inherent discretionary abilities to address new forms of injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equity is not an independent body of law; rather, it is synonymous with corrective justice and complements common law to counterbalance its inflexible rules.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_equity_jurisdiction">Origin of the equity jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of the equity jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The historical emergence of equity occurred during three significant periods: the medieval period (13th–15th centuries), the formative period (16th–17th centuries), and the period of systematization (17th–19th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout these periods, equity developed progressively from the Chancellor providing equitable relief based on personal conscience to an established and organized body of law governed by courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg/245px-The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg/368px-The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg/491px-The_Court_of_Chancery_during_the_reign_of_George_I_by_Benjamin_Ferrers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">Chancery Division</a> was established in the 13th century by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a> after the separation of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Supreme Court of Judicature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Chancellor's authority, the "King's law" prevailed in local courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division did not handle actual cases but performed functions associated with the King's secretarial department.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Chancery Division did not function as a court, judicial activity was still present.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited discretionary power was provided, determining the validity of writs issued in courts and permitting only those in <a href="/wiki/Casu_consimili" title="Casu consimili"><i>consimili casu</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were enforced temporarily and could be overridden by the courts of law if deemed to conflict with the actual <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_land" title="Law of the land">law of the land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the administrative operations of the division expanded through its implicit control of the King's residual influence, the Chancellor became responsible for addressing "prayers" and "petitions",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including letters of remedy, relief, and grants on behalf of the King. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Chancery developed into an independent and extensive <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its formalized role involved issuing writs regarding <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> or property transfers, which served as the justice's authorization for initiating <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">claims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King's courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formative_period">Formative period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formative period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the 16th century, the modern system of equity and the Chancellor evolved into a body with recognized judicial features.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the jurisdiction within the courts experienced greater autonomy. This involved the Court of Chancery issuing decrees independently of the <a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">King's Council</a>, the Chancellors becoming proficient in law, and a more systematized role in resolving petitions. As it developed into a substantive judicial court with increased power, other common law courts became wary and defensive towards their jurisdiction. The court was one of specific jurisdiction with distinct procedures compared to common law courts,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the Court of Chancery issuing a common injunction rather than common law <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunctive relief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Scott%2C_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/238px-John_Scott%2C_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Scott%2C_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/358px-John_Scott%2C_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Scott%2C_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/477px-John_Scott%2C_1st_Earl_of_Eldon_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3089" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon</a>, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Period_of_systemisation">Period of systemisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Period of systemisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The systemisation of equity is often credited to <a href="/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">Lord Eldon</a> and the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Judicature_Acts" title="Judicature Acts">Judicature Acts</a> in 1873. He rationalized the rules and principles found in modern equity today, to provide enhanced consistency and certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, equity existed in conjunction with the common law. Prior to this, the Courts of Chancery experienced shortcomings and a "period of decline and stagnation" during the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such defects included jurisdictional delays, administrative complications, costly proceedings and burdensome processes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_High_Court_of_Chancery">The High Court of Chancery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The High Court of Chancery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1500s, a vast proportion of the court's workload was attributed to cases concerning equity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Searle_Holdsworth" title="William Searle Holdsworth">W.S. Holdsworth</a> believed that the principles of equity were developed by and through the Chancery, and recognised three factors that influenced the evolution of such jurisdiction: </p> <blockquote><p>antagonism to the rigidity of the common law; ideas about the function of conscience in determining equitable rules; and a procedure, distinct from that of common law, that allowed the chancellor to decide the most equitable course to take in each individual case.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equity_and_Common_Law">Equity and Common Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equity and Common Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_merged_administration">A merged administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: A merged administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg/335px-Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="335" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg/503px-Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg/670px-Royal_Courts_of_Justice_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4146" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> is based</figcaption></figure> <p>The passing of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">English Judicature Act 1873</a> established the new <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a> division to substitute the old Chancery, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Common Pleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Queen's Bench (England)">Queen's Bench</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Exchequer Courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, changes in the court's administration included the ability for separate divisions to obtain coexisting jurisdiction in relation to common law and equitable principles. As <a href="/wiki/William_Watson,_Baron_Watson" title="William Watson, Baron Watson">Lord Watson</a> stated, the main purpose of this Act was to provide parties to a litigation "all remedies to which they are entitled".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prevents the need to recourse to another court and reduces the unnecessary profusion of <a href="/wiki/Legal_proceeding" title="Legal proceeding">legal proceedings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_between_common_law_and_equity">Relationship between common law and equity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship between common law and equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the enactments of the Judicature Acts, equity courts occupied a discrete jurisdiction to the common law. It was prohibited to transfer an action, and if proceedings were initiated in the incorrect court, the entire case must be brought again from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative inefficiency created by the operation of separate courts became excessively onerous, that it demanded a comprehensive overhaul of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the post-judicature systems and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford%27s_case" title="Earl of Oxford's case">Earl of Oxford's case</a> (1615) allowing an overlapping of claims brought before the merged modern courts, equity would prevail over the common law (common injunctions will be upheld) in situations of conflict or discrepancy between the opposing principles.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exclusive_jurisdiction">Exclusive jurisdiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exclusive jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Prior to the introduction of the Judicature systems, the enforcement of equitable claims could only occur in a Court of Chancery who held the power to grant relief, and not by the common law.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equating to new rights, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_jurisdiction" title="Exclusive jurisdiction">exclusive jurisdiction</a> provided relief against breaches of legal privileges which were not preserved by equity within the concurrent jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such intervention was sanctioned as it ensured irreversible injury was effectively compensated by damages, and it prevented the multiplicity of claims regarding the same issue. The body of law/court acts without right where it interferes with the other who has exclusive jurisdiction; allowing for the relevant sovereign to be curtailed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of the exclusive jurisdiction was defined by Ashburner as: </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Egerton%2C_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg/203px-Thomas_Egerton%2C_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Egerton%2C_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg/304px-Thomas_Egerton%2C_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Thomas_Egerton%2C_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg/406px-Thomas_Egerton%2C_1st_Viscount_Brackley_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> who gave judgment in the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford%27s_case" title="Earl of Oxford's case">Earl of Oxford's case</a>; which held that equity takes precedence over the common law.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The claim of the plaintiff was one which before the Judicature Act would have given him no right whatever against the defendant in any court but the Court of Chancery, and the court of Chancery, in granting relief was said to exercise its exclusive jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concurrent_jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Concurrent jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_jurisdiction" title="Concurrent jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> recognises situations where the facts in a pleading brought by a party produces both common law and equity actions, with the same relief issued at either.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement post-Judicature system allowed a claimant to attend only one court, rather than two, to enforce both the common law and equitable principles regarding the breach and remedy. Associated with new remedies, this jurisdiction empowers an applicant to pursue equitable relief where it can be established that the appropriate relief under common law is insufficient to do justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no rivalry between the two jurisdictions; given that they can freely undertake proceedings as though the other didn't exist, and no grievances or restraints are made between them regarding the validity of their operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of this jurisdiction is to provide "a more perfect remedy or to apply a more perfect procedure than the other court could give or apply".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auxiliary_jurisdiction">Auxiliary jurisdiction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Auxiliary jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Associated with new procedure, auxiliary jurisdiction recognises situations of equity assisting in proceedings through the enforcement of legal rights where it did not have concurrent jurisdiction over the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court of Chancery did not arbitrate where adequate relief was accessible at common law and the adjudication of the <a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">legality</a> of the litigant's claim was left to the responsibility of common law courts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the common law was binding on equity. Auxiliary jurisdiction merely acted "as ancillary to the administration of justice in other courts".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related to pre-trial, the court of equity has the power to produce documents which common law courts could not as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery procedures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court is required to maintain the present state of affairs, without any direct relief, until the parties’ rights are dictated at common law.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has the authority after settlement to aid in relief by deliberating a more effective remedy on the litigant, who previously attained common law relief.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature">Nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_of_courts_of_equity">Powers of courts of equity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Powers of courts of equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The courts of equity in <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">England</a> are recognised for operating <a href="/wiki/In_personam" title="In personam">in personam</a>, while the common law courts act <a href="/wiki/In_rem_jurisdiction" title="In rem jurisdiction">in rem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the court of equity's jurisdiction constitutes acts only against the <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a> of a person or a number of persons, rather than a claim against an item of property.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, there are several exceptions to this. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/229px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/343px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/457px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Roman copy in marble of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lysippos" title="Lysippos">Lysippos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 330 BC. Aristotle discussed the nature of equity and its relation to justice.</figcaption></figure> <p>Given that equity does not pertain definitive or formal rules, the courts are required to assess explicit conduct through its flexible nature and discretionary powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts address fundamental principles of <a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">good faith</a>, generosity, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, honesty and integrity, while also evaluating the relative fairness between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provided the latitude of the Chancellor's discretion and scope of equitable remedies, it has allowed the courts to consider the interests of the public at large when providing or refusing relief to the plaintiff.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the rulings in the King's or Common Bench where the judgements are binding upon the rights of a party, equitable decrees only bind the person to obedience.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Chancellor has the authority to compel a person to <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(law)" title="Sentence (law)">punishment</a> until they obey, the decree can also serve as a <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">defence</a> to future cases (regarding the same claim) in the Court of Chancery to provide a satisfactory reason why the Chancellor should not consider it again.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_of_justice">Administration of justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administration of justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As equity is perceived in an ethical context, the courts often encapsulate this as fair, moral, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> and just conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> highlighted, equitable conduct can be said to be just as it promotes the improvement of the deficiencies of the universal concept.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concludes that equity's role within the courts "is to prevent the law from adhering too rigidly to its own rules and principles when those rules and principles produce injustice".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that equitable principles are not absolute in nature, it is acceptable for the courts to depart from any rules when they conflict with justice.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike legal justice, equitable justice develops on an individualised and case-by-case basis within the courts for the purpose of enhancing just outcomes and to adequately judge the requirements of specific circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_of_personal_rights">Protection of personal rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Protection of personal rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the jurisdiction of the equity courts evolved, it was no longer limited to the protection of prescribed rights and eventually took cognizance of cases not generally conforming with its jurisdiction – such as criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> highly concerns personal rights, post-Judicature Act has allowed a court of equity to exercise its jurisdiction to prevent the publication of false declarations determined to cause harm to an individual's trade.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A limitation to a court of equity's jurisdiction in this area is its inability to prohibit the publication of false or derogatory statements detrimental to a plaintiff's profession or title to property – whereby such assertions are not attendant to threats, coercion, intimidation, or any direct attack.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_the_courts_of_equity">Comparison of the courts of equity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparison of the courts of equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judicature system has been implemented across <a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Australia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> being the first to enact it in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corresponding Acts to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_Act_1873" title="Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873">Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873</a> (UK) include Supreme Court Act 1935 (SA) ss 17-28, Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a>) s 7, Supreme Court Act 1935 (<a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a>) ss 24–25, Supreme Court Act 1986 (<a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Vic</a>) s 29, Supreme Court Civil Procedure Act 1932 (<a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tas</a>) ss 10–11, Supreme Court Act 1970 (<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>) ss 57–62 and Law Reform (Law and Equity) Act 1972 (NSW).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite there being a single <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Supreme Court of New South Wales">Supreme Court of New South Wales</a> with complete jurisdiction within both common law and equity prior to the adoption of the Judicature Act in NSW, they remained being treated as separate courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg/358px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="358" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg/537px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg/716px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> building</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most countries, the equity jurisdiction always operated and was administered in conjunction with the law in India, through the courts, and not in resistance to it.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the British codification of the law in India, equitable principles were embedded in the judicial frameworks of the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts have relied on equity "as a source of law to devise a new principle in a situation where the statute or codified law had no answer to a given situation".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> recognised this fusion of the law by further expanding the application of its equitable and remedial powers in the areas of environmental degradation, tort law, strict liability doctrines and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session,_Edinburgh_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session%2C_Edinburgh_2.jpg/358px-High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session%2C_Edinburgh_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="358" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session%2C_Edinburgh_2.jpg/537px-High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session%2C_Edinburgh_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session%2C_Edinburgh_2.jpg/716px-High_Court_Of_Justiciary_And_Court_Of_Session%2C_Edinburgh_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> And <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> (collectively known as the Supreme Courts of Scotland), <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As there is no separate court in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> which exclusively operates an equity jurisdiction, the country's legal system is classified as mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> controls both jurisdictions, by differentiating between common law and equity throughout cases brought before it.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides greater certainty to parties, given that the court has the power to provide relief in either equity or common law where the party is not entitled to one or the other. As the two jurisdictions became indistinguishable, "what in effect was a rule in equity became in practice considered as common law".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scottish lawyers have raised concern that this system would create unjust decisions where cases are approached in terms of combining equity and common law reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others followed Lord Kames's view of a dual approach, whereby equity in the court existed for the purpose of creating "new equitable rules which gradually hardened into common law by virtue of their usage across time".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> saw the abolition of chancery courts (or their merger with courts of law) in American states such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, New York, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was the result of equity being disfavoured and rejected until, late in the 19th century, federal judges revived the equitable injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early amendments of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> explicitly acknowledged common law and equity as being clear divisions of jurisprudence. However, Rule 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> came into effect in 1938 to unite common law with equitable claims.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states maintained their courts of equity, although many have more recently merged them with their courts of law. Only Delaware, Mississippi and Tennessee still have separate equity courts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery" title="Delaware Court of Chancery">Delaware Court of Chancery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Court of Chancery (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_of_the_County_Palatine_of_Durham_and_Sadberge" title="Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge">Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_of_the_County_Palatine_of_Lancaster" title="Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster">Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Requests" title="Court of Requests">Court of Requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Star_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of the Star Chamber">Court of the Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery" title="Delaware Court of Chancery">Delaware Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Exchequer of Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Court_of_Chancery" title="Michigan Court of Chancery">Michigan Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Chancery" title="New York Court of Chancery">New York Court of Chancery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-legdict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legdict_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHillHill2002" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Gerald N.; Hill, Kathleen (2002). <i>The people's law dictionary : taking the mystery out of legal language</i>. New York, NY: MJF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567315530" title="Special:BookSources/9781567315530"><bdi>9781567315530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people%27s+law+dictionary+%3A+taking+the+mystery+out+of+legal+language&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781567315530&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Gerald+N.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/courts/jurisdiction-equity">"History of the Federal Judiciary – Equity Jurisdiction in the Federal Courts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Federal+Judiciary+%E2%80%93+Equity+Jurisdiction+in+the+Federal+Courts&rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fcourts%2Fjurisdiction-equity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.njcourts.gov/courts/civil/civilvicinage.html#mercer">"Mercer Civil Division"</a>. New Jersey Courts. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercer+Civil+Division&rft.pub=New+Jersey+Courts&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.njcourts.gov%2Fcourts%2Fcivil%2Fcivilvicinage.html%23mercer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleck1951" class="citation journal cs1">Oleck, Howard (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol20/iss1/2">"Historical Nature of Equity Jurisprudence"</a>. <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Historical+Nature+of+Equity+Jurisprudence&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Oleck&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fflr%2Fvol20%2Fiss1%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1916" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, George Burton (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110828">"The Origin of English Equity"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1110828">10.2307/1110828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110828">1110828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+English+Equity&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1916&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1110828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1110828&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=George+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1110828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Anthony (1998). "The impact of equitable doctrine on the law of contract (United Kingdom)". <i>Anglo-American Law Review</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-6569">0308-6569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-American+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+equitable+doctrine+on+the+law+of+contract+%28United+Kingdom%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0308-6569&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. pp. 21–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=21-27&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrien2016" class="citation book cs1">Brien, Christopher (2016). "The nature and history of equity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/899445855"><i>Equity and trusts guidebook</i></a> (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195596441" title="Special:BookSources/9780195596441"><bdi>9780195596441</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899445855">899445855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+nature+and+history+of+equity&rft.btitle=Equity+and+trusts+guidebook&rft.place=South+Melbourne%2C+Vic.&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899445855&rft.isbn=9780195596441&rft.aulast=Brien&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F899445855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurstSchwartz2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bathurst, Hon T.F.; Schwartz, Sarah (2016). 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/medieval-english-court-of-chancery/BC09222EFB7C8C3521EB207113DC111E">"The Medieval English Court of Chancery"</a>. <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743785">10.2307/743785</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-9022">1939-9022</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743785">743785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145633527">145633527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+English+Court+of+Chancery&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1939-9022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145633527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F743785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F743785&rft.aulast=Haskett&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Flaw-and-history-review%2Farticle%2Fmedieval-english-court-of-chancery%2FBC09222EFB7C8C3521EB207113DC111E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1916" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, George Burton (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110828">"The Origin of English Equity"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1110828">10.2307/1110828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110828">1110828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+English+Equity&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1916&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1110828%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1110828&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=George+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1110828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1977" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, John H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2855378">"Chancery and the Emergence of Standard Written English in the Fifteenth Century"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 875. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2855378">10.2307/2855378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2855378">2855378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162714774">162714774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Chancery+and+the+Emergence+of+Standard+Written+English+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=875&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162714774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2855378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2855378&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2855378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurstSchwartz2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bathurst, Hon T.F; Schwartz, Sarah (2016). "The history of equity from ancient Rome to the Judicature Acts". <i>Australian Bar Review</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 207. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0814-8589">0814-8589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bar+Review&rft.atitle=The+history+of+equity+from+ancient+Rome+to+the+Judicature+Acts&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0814-8589&rft.aulast=Bathurst&rft.aufirst=Hon+T.F&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Fiona (2001). 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Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, P. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/medieval-english-court-of-chancery/BC09222EFB7C8C3521EB207113DC111E">"The Medieval English Court of Chancery"</a>. <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743785">10.2307/743785</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-9022">1939-9022</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743785">743785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145633527">145633527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+English+Court+of+Chancery&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1939-9022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145633527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F743785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F743785&rft.aulast=Haskett&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Flaw-and-history-review%2Farticle%2Fmedieval-english-court-of-chancery%2FBC09222EFB7C8C3521EB207113DC111E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldsworth,_William_Searle,_Sir,_1871-1944.1965" class="citation book cs1">Holdsworth, William Searle, Sir, 1871-1944. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8514331"><i>A history of English law</i></a>. Goodhard, Arthur Lehman, Sir, 1891–, Hanbury, Harold Greville, 1898–1993., Burke, John McDonald. (7th ed., rev ed.). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-421-05160-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-421-05160-4"><bdi>0-421-05160-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8514331">8514331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+English+law&rft.place=London&rft.edition=7th+ed.%2C+rev&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8514331&rft.isbn=0-421-05160-4&rft.au=Holdsworth%2C+William+Searle%2C+Sir%2C+1871-1944.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F8514331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshburner,_Walter,_1864–1936.1983" class="citation book cs1">Ashburner, Walter, 1864–1936. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/150743804"><i>Ashburner's Principles of equity</i></a>. Browne, Denis, 1903–1965. (2nd ed.). Sydney: Legal Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949553-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-949553-07-7"><bdi>0-949553-07-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150743804">150743804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashburner%27s+Principles+of+equity.&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Legal+Books&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150743804&rft.isbn=0-949553-07-7&rft.au=Ashburner%2C+Walter%2C+1864%E2%80%931936.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F150743804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrien2016" class="citation book cs1">Brien, Christopher (2016). "The nature and history of equity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/899445855"><i>Equity and trusts guidebook</i></a>. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-559402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-559402-7"><bdi>978-0-19-559402-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899445855">899445855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+nature+and+history+of+equity&rft.btitle=Equity+and+trusts+guidebook&rft.place=South+Melbourne%2C+Vic.&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899445855&rft.isbn=978-0-19-559402-7&rft.aulast=Brien&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F899445855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYale1985" class="citation journal cs1">Yale, David (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01440368508530837">"A trichotomy of equity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440368508530837">10.1080/01440368508530837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=A+trichotomy+of+equity&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440368508530837&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft.aulast=Yale&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F01440368508530837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdell1887" class="citation journal cs1">Langdell, C. 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II"</a>. <i>Harvard Law Review</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1321408">10.2307/1321408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-811X">0017-811X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1321408">1321408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Survey+of+Equity+Jurisdiction.+II&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1887&rft.issn=0017-811X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1321408%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1321408&rft.aulast=Langdell&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1321408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshburner,_Walter,_1864–1936.1983" class="citation book cs1">Ashburner, Walter, 1864–1936. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/150743804"><i>Ashburner's Principles of equity</i></a>. Browne, Denis, 1903–1965. (2nd ed.). Sydney: Legal Books. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949553-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-949553-07-7"><bdi>0-949553-07-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150743804">150743804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashburner%27s+Principles+of+equity.&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=3-4&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Legal+Books&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150743804&rft.isbn=0-949553-07-7&rft.au=Ashburner%2C+Walter%2C+1864%E2%80%931936.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F150743804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshburner,_Walter,_1864–1936.1983" class="citation book cs1">Ashburner, Walter, 1864–1936. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/150743804"><i>Ashburner's Principles of equity</i></a>. Browne, Denis, 1903–1965. (2nd ed.). Sydney: Legal Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949553-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-949553-07-7"><bdi>0-949553-07-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150743804">150743804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashburner%27s+Principles+of+equity.&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Legal+Books&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150743804&rft.isbn=0-949553-07-7&rft.au=Ashburner%2C+Walter%2C+1864%E2%80%931936.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F150743804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, P. G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-law-journal/article/inadequacy-in-equity-of-common-law-relief-the-relevance-of-contractual-terms/222A9D66E1255CB3B7CCDFD78762ADD1">"Inadequacy in equity of common law relief: The relevance of contractual terms"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Law Journal</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008197314000968">10.1017/S0008197314000968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1973">0008-1973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Inadequacy+in+equity+of+common+law+relief%3A+The+relevance+of+contractual+terms&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=493&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008197314000968&rft.issn=0008-1973&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcambridge-law-journal%2Farticle%2Finadequacy-in-equity-of-common-law-relief-the-relevance-of-contractual-terms%2F222A9D66E1255CB3B7CCDFD78762ADD1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYale1985" class="citation journal cs1">Yale, David (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01440368508530837">"A trichotomy of equity"</a>. <i>The Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440368508530837">10.1080/01440368508530837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=A+trichotomy+of+equity&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440368508530837&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft.aulast=Yale&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01440368508530837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1901" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, James C. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1100981">"Answer to Bill of Discovery: Effect as Evidence"</a>. <i>The Virginia Law Register</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 107–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1100981">10.2307/1100981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1547-1357">1547-1357</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1100981">1100981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Law+Register&rft.atitle=Answer+to+Bill+of+Discovery%3A+Effect+as+Evidence&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-117&rft.date=1901&rft.issn=1547-1357&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1100981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1100981&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1100981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1915" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Walter Wheeler (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110531">"The Powers of Courts of Equity. 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"In Rem" and "In Personam"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1110531">10.2307/1110531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-1958">0010-1958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110531">1110531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Powers+of+Courts+of+Equity.+I.+%22In+Rem%22+and+%22In+Personam%22&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1915&rft.issn=0010-1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1110531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1110531&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Walter+Wheeler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1110531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalo1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kalo, Joseph (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372112">"Jurisdiction as an Evolutionary Process: The Development of Quasi in Rem and in Personam Principles"</a>. <i>Duke Law Journal</i>. <b>1978</b> (5): 1148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1372112">10.2307/1372112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-7086">0012-7086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1372112">1372112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Jurisdiction+as+an+Evolutionary+Process%3A+The+Development+of+Quasi+in+Rem+and+in+Personam+Principles&rft.volume=1978&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1148&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0012-7086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1372112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1372112&rft.aulast=Kalo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1372112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn2016" class="citation book cs1">Hepburn, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917"><i>Principles of equity and trusts</i></a> (Fifth ed.). Annandale, N.S.W.: The Federation Press. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-053-8"><bdi>978-1-76002-053-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/933756917">933756917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+equity+and+trusts&rft.place=Annandale%2C+N.S.W.&rft.pages=6-7&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F933756917&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-053-8&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F933756917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1323674">"Discretionary Power of Courts of Equity"</a>. <i>Harvard Law Review</i>. <b>16</b> (6): 444–445. 1903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1323674">10.2307/1323674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-811X">0017-811X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1323674">1323674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Discretionary+Power+of+Courts+of+Equity&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=444-445&rft.date=1903&rft.issn=0017-811X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1323674%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1323674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1323674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1915" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Walter Wheeler (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1110531">"The Powers of Courts of Equity. 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New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-36782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-36782-0"><bdi>978-1-108-36782-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111379622">1111379622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Union+of+Law+and+Equity&rft.btitle=Equity+and+law+%3A+fusion+and+fission&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1111379622&rft.isbn=978-1-108-36782-0&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Henry&rft.au=Turner%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1111379622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltzoff1943" class="citation journal cs1">Holtzoff, Alexander (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3476972">"Equitable and Legal Rights and Remedies under the New Federal Procedure"</a>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 127–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3476972">10.2307/3476972</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1221">0008-1221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3476972">3476972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Equitable+and+Legal+Rights+and+Remedies+under+the+New+Federal+Procedure&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-144&rft.date=1943&rft.issn=0008-1221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3476972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3476972&rft.aulast=Holtzoff&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3476972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2022" class="citation news cs1">Huang, Kalley (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/article/musk-twitter-delaware-court-chancery.html">"What Is Delaware's Court of Chancery and Its Role in Elon Musk's Twitter Deal?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+Delaware%27s+Court+of+Chancery+and+Its+Role+in+Elon+Musk%27s+Twitter+Deal%3F&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Kalley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Farticle%2Fmusk-twitter-delaware-court-chancery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourt+of+equity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_equity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.delaware.gov/collections/aghist/2816.shtml">Brief History of Equity Courts in the U.S. state of Delaware</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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(law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Category:Law" title="Category:Law">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template talk:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary of England and Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court">Magistrates' Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Chancery" title="Court of Appeal in Chancery">Court of Appeal in Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assize Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Crown_Cases_Reserved" title="Court for Crown Cases Reserved">Court for Crown Cases Reserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Court of Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Divorce_and_Matrimonial_Causes" title="Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes">Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">Court of High Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_London" title="Recorder of London">Recorder of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Liverpool" title="Recorder of Liverpool">Recorder of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Manchester" title="Recorder of Manchester">Recorder of Manchester</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Serjeant_of_London" title="Common Serjeant of London">Common Serjeant of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">Chief Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chief Baron of the Exchequer">Chief Baron of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench" title="Justice of the King's Bench">Justice of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Justice of the Common Pleas">Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justice of Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Advocate" title="King's Advocate">King's Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Advocate" title="Admiralty Advocate">Admiralty Advocate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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