CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9138deb3de5dff92',cH: 'i1_N2tpRUNG8vvulPTLFxXsH7M_qjS.ooOIkSIShEk4-1739827735-1.2.1.1-2L041t3HAcA4kTGrpbfvosg.6Tz0C0NXkwGLFu_R.i0TGKhoX_oPp_L4D.mQdoPH',cUPMDTk: "\/rmp\/abstract\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.52.S1?__cf_chl_tk=5SRrpIrERAT7q2XaL52rfOxMJbV6fhXTpIMzYOThM5s-1739827735-1.0.1.1-a9ltuq6Awa0TKgv3oIUj_s1LmtQhqGym26SbkkZsCsE",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739827735',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/rmp\/abstract\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.52.S1?__cf_chl_f_tk=5SRrpIrERAT7q2XaL52rfOxMJbV6fhXTpIMzYOThM5s-1739827735-1.0.1.1-a9ltuq6Awa0TKgv3oIUj_s1LmtQhqGym26SbkkZsCsE",md: "qJ3hULn1CoYkA0sZsWGN.X.X5UiPRLY0hzoMR19PIjA-1739827735-1.2.1.1-r1HwVVWQ1dKFqQ1Jf1b2q84oabjRZtJKM3eu7skvm8whyNtNWdfho1B0XAW2zE.3l_XkNc_ZIqIrKePytFUq2A8DDWJvaNNOjXovhq8j60Awuq8e1NR.ApOF0prqd3dapIgAJhD8buxj7_qcKzu7h3XpUP_6A3KJkxIf83Z8EtyEvrJ0hea1eWq49SmVKYilrWySYy6bz48NXlpzTvJBrKshCCbW_YTm7l4.VYEh0rlwRVGf9Aah1gtPyeWO9SOSu6UBkmzGyr07UVtYc7QqWKWrrNhlLFpsnBE9C3tol3guZD0Denpu1nrddnItQm6HykDtO3nk7dMPgR1f65N6H653rdbsZ.unbhwhV7g5wN4MgvHQrCCZ4wUCTwd49ybLLPXpP9sFiwahCbY6EbYvtPGSN8S5FyZ9JYI2MVB9zVWmiR_EID.KLEOFBd2_rKFanrIfwhjAhR8uh._Zrn.QK8qSco65vt4iMnrUdfSkfxZdSNT_rxlKOzTz9LSnkUTHnXvNWcC50P1rriURaNeSPezJR6ltqW7XFMZUR7HufI0ZaNV1fyzskX9mwxeshAqp7M6qVT91RVlZTbfYnKaW_cLtJj3B7mcWkMF52zizXn6UrSWEIf1rB50K8RMYog2je51kOjOzXzGToDMCh89yRtOrsTHzNbpyjyjPomR.kfjdFdlsEeBohorf1ImsfYVfGOi28trUq7i5CLzGxDf9W8sR7SgNEs.57S.ab5oxKPGeG8g403W8cNlVLHd_jI7S13MRo6.ZsWT5KTcP0HxAL1PJOacfR6aoPKUnzh3wR_IegOLDIDb8xF4GRM31l.Q6u82q4WjzuX6l.ahdQUKjNBbPaKNN4KnJaJGDxPyTDfYGzBcC_ipHsr1Mu8_z6uAifAIvgF.dpDnp9pLdqalPqHT_Tb8p_k6hjNZ2Ewe.m_dJVdlLgBBHnxDJtd9s1iylG1k8f4K7jDLtMcNKY9opoV6cYCBbymnu2F9UuoY36ExPzHZgw2z7Taz5bBCaGRecm_DygFjvUVAlds0DzE.aWIBEJVaZSr1851.flM1v1KY0mNP14zAqrC9Bx.cM5UGkEcrROE0bjXcP.KLY5.LaBqK1jcNXdJf.lbg3xwo9BA2bPpcZflyVynEO2RFy.Or3Feaq4aPlDaZbbw.lxbVvh_AZXhYFUf0oFbXtk07_Fa4_UegU66CHyF_lTPKlSMg.FwPAKMALULsHrk6K4jIEfGVGmm9vxr7CRkSezaHgKKiJUrNRL1Frz8Ty2d5MN2KH4Po48zW4DeQwDUWjC06TdlZ4RDx.SgKML1POIHmN19mP75i9OuWSr_twkC0N3FW5yc87re1lqgV9F7Xl2TPi5hQhtGGJZdsSWsAxNv8onV1olfEMgmLHizz3eIF5RrvAxBk2pZ5_E2fpCAKjgZcvpa1W0q8FsEL4uQDGH_pzzWEWIIy2pv0xlCGPFHc6QIWzX7FgmnCBEpm3jhlFCoiJMkBtUI4JuOpKGlmz.Yk80TFug_o3zBuxo.38CHXMMqCCrbXidB7h9cWQkauuRrgZ5uWB9kH32fv57dcYur7ZwyXDLpiRVMTBMnh6CCzUh4ENGJmDnY84xmBbIYI3ldKsfcEwqLsM5YwblJd3cYrASYPkxvq_c0usV5tSbFJQXtigyIiIRSz1fQE0Sabqzyf9UBP5FwRgl5R098osB9NZ3UJZeIwCM5MZ_iVZ6jXCVdN8UGmdCHFrdg8hm7x8Yc8uOhgl0QYly_o86g0KKISrtUssH9IpDUam6_Gxx0Mub9iRHF6mGYYyN.qXh_AbpKiAt.1nszNy2m5VSi6xcAu6Cqy3Spbp65IIHvzVuksBug6WLnlaGMKiFvaG5.qjwt.0s1ONWzW_3sBlIqbYwJ8XW9ArutKC8P8lvJz7xyvbhDhzP7yoNi_gNt4D_R4vrbBUBgsFhFZZhP1ysecmER_utECw2rY7gzNGskI9YS2n_QJGFY41SSfoEqdtURromrwIWRNq7.rED0ElrN6jfW9cHm14uZUPb8HjQ7t5ZvHCj.iZzF1S.HhCrBAq7PHkwDA9Z4BLkmwwJG0KgrDLMwp7EDHA.proVl_JtjTuopgBoO3CI4wM0NhOV.AQ.woiyQ20AacKjYOCtt_9PxW9cKRtHGwENz.tqV.HwJa2JypFo6fWUa2_api57bwB1bGheq6jKOxZXk.jTg2Be6S_9OWvPBZ8KTbR32_Xds_qngAAIRYNbM0Y1ods7Cp1mFak8HqUSu4ea6JOHV7sfIiu6esyY6d6L7YfdttrXal.7F6gbPmRfy_8DUXM9O9x8wbo_x1hOMNjTVyFfpnrlDzevWaiZZ.UtOM0FuE5uvOijqY80YlYTpd5N5WLTr4JKhxfsUn9GKO505Cl2JwDCF0iJJ7IFxbgeDmc4pQXCkozN6FdWJNJBa3cI5mDrDpcsZIi_JDn.KwuwNuw.L5k9GmYX_4jXOxToTNyXIem4IQnMnKIJgl.85meEoekRdwKNInjVpMmlDJu3DXWprTQ8Z984w6zDvcUbDtjDwgS_eVeQBHOfnhR_BAjarZAS2rHnm8x.BHsNA",mdrd: "ereT3L7GyuUqIceBr5v85R_wp5RxkSo4nbmlqr_hkBo-1739827735-1.2.1.1-exvhVLoDzBwUeWGr6RKhxdYlBJGadaftkdYO4HQZn47a0Km34iC81o6YrJGLzUb.bpVhlbB8kUU1CHsFCaQ5CDzRq3dXV19_k5.5dFofcLFtJQwN7C1wdI46bby9opFsUpXvvcPJBySAyIi61i0qdTdFTZdHSB2r3bCfcui3ZxBx3t1esVgX2FW_1u5ubdHgThM7nkg6.ibvNGfJIM24M7v40SkowxF6waCpbf4z5wrlCsZ_uDvRz0qdkvl.uzWLfKgxB28XK3k97r2lBft1PLvPsPFARafG35SI4iLUPgzrdgQuhQUk_e_2S33NTY1lnLuVs2zlSrkc3iNvDD6G5sZIi_U4VVsH.h.9dBzl4qZeWK6sQwK6XpXrb6Z8qFNLYYTPvubIQjn73rcr1wAkl18NJev7VzwOo0R_8yq.K_Tlj.XxcSc02ztqHgSZRJmVMy.W6wuv2d3UVeexS0EuPvTrmkLMmtzlNPwS57GHZ0ySYYij.ZEpVOegln3XhjqX1SWEKjFVrR1MBP1SWBtIxlWyYzJ16IqLNhfObN5R6nXQb.0nAdj2hgRxsbGYnxKBb1h.CO_xiv0w7m3UqZ.3p1dv4mwKaDvJxWFp0VmiNgpRSwOBgZ.1ugglaguG7PQXBBKKvPGgLeqXE5m6LV70_geZ1o.wHkKVnjOhwAcn3HqDzkh5Z514ztF3dW0Z1HyPw3REFM_RNtH_Lem0sucNQCFEulAIQ2nzF8BwcMwDhoaamnhKuTSSDsondIbk8tgzL887doUoxE_A28WeyChFfJeMTvycs7YaxXvaau1yQjDmZkG4zX3NRLB9onPyCp7FMWOMQoe7OqvBhYg0Zk4stWuH22xNpfXgoU6DdCEJ2DgoFJOosxDttmXagg35zv7L_VJvDzISqnRA7DXwiDv0yxUmwmrc.wrYhJtdrtyQDsziSWk1Af_Qkq8_72z5g9_PQo5UWVqKj0GOG65OxoyvkRXYAXFXqksl9lre3XQTsM4.VL1OOD_C4q4x9wiEkaau_ioIVHtgUV2Ng5UKFM0p1wfLyHEh8a0zH9NLos9akKWwXlaUX.jW3y.D15OwrbZLGKdNbi3WXdG1XK3GMyb4AnNea01SIdkVS4csKxDtXmjyE6UlmUyWP4NryaLhQ.UAAM1WjTp3KTpyoUXgiuHmf..hREwhIfAXg2Akqu9sh.VUyj8wDkiVP_12XXHnVB5FXt0iKYyylf72v0fqgO3hJJUziCt0abJYuvzRQhBaZC2mPj1z7l1gzT.VoRoFkvIMw3i8vr5c9iSEJ7KVo2Ax3Miwh8kVD7WbMV3KhZ65G0FuwWAh94a7dmpamWfi5vubJtDGvPCtstXsy4fcJ1gEVAWR3r_ABJdvGv55l4faqdBac52WVMxTPRa_iA7D1KTTB31_zqEm6uTlpgnxQN5VmYmr3ITNvsHa0BBPwkcxpHdsZs9rsrc.V7PpKTSSmiVN6W1spoezaadsGOO5VT_oxCHrR2GDW2qWqYKxyDdos7EBGccU.yejFcKgSC1hDYThodmxw0v6qXNHQZMY9ARVUsQ6VuaYUHYeJHdSTlmM8jKgzR.iF1y4ond.miudkhB2eynYXJrYniYCeKECQ8RGtG9EWy80Kj8D543cStE5NYXAdhhWyUpNgS0YupdHeaE6EeUxPyge9JdmOrB9F1GwL4ln.HVlP_2jDFlytZFt91Nn3bGki81_xEFrju0ir3IMuc1xYQ56Z1O30YzEWITJnCjDndnnKiJJCMofyqW4gXWRxe8BqmnGVpO0P0ZmDX4UPg13ME0IrbyFmnapjYRDcWD0jMU5JPKNOiBqVMblCyIw7lZ5WqaMU.eqLAWW9Mi8foK4myiDGPVT5trtGrY0CPF5fuFWowwVaSeBn8r_hRcxfCbWcC5sLMjvGFUvcHpsB7VgrgMvcI0LY241DPLZwRE_raohSWaIk3xafa3VCsb9jpyE.oMNgPpcPUhd269f"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9138deb3de5dff92';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/rmp\/abstract\/10.1103\/RevModPhys.52.S1?__cf_chl_rt_tk=5SRrpIrERAT7q2XaL52rfOxMJbV6fhXTpIMzYOThM5s-1739827735-1.0.1.1-a9ltuq6Awa0TKgv3oIUj_s1LmtQhqGym26SbkkZsCsE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>