CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en-GB" lang="en-GB"><head profile="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcq-html/"><title> BBC - Wales - History - Themes - Medieval Wales</title><style type="text/css"> #archive-mothballed-message a:hover span { text-decoration:underline; } #blq-container #archived-mothball-message a { padding-left:250px; padding-top:17px; background-position: 180px 10px; } #ttd-masthead #archived-mothball-message a { padding-left:250px; padding-top:17px; background-position: 180px 10px; } #k-masthead-container #archived-mothball-message a { padding-left:250px; padding-top:17px; background-position: 180px 10px; } #archived-mothball-message a { display:block; height:56px; background:url(/globalresources/mothball-images/i.gif) 100px 10px no-repeat; color:#666; text-decoration:none; padding-left:160px; padding-top:12px; font-size:20px; font-family: verdana,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; } </style><link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"><link rel="index" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/a-z/" title="A to Z"><link rel="copyright" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/terms/" title="Terms of Use"><link rel="icon" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"><meta name="viewport" content="width = 974"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/staticarchive/c808749ad4d537416e40591def8e05c130d72722.css"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(undefined){if(!window.bbc){window.bbc={}}var ROLLING_PERIOD_DAYS=30;window.bbc.Mandolin=function(id,segments,opts){var now=new Date().getTime(),storedItem,DEFAULT_START=now,DEFAULT_RATE=1,COOKIE_NAME="ckpf_mandolin";opts=opts||{};this._id=id;this._segmentSet=segments;this._store=new window.window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage(COOKIE_NAME);this._opts=opts;this._rate=(opts.rate!==undefined)?+opts.rate:DEFAULT_RATE;this._startTs=(opts.start!==undefined)?new Date(opts.start).getTime():new Date(DEFAULT_START).getTime();this._endTs=(opts.end!==undefined)?new Date(opts.end).getTime():daysFromNow(ROLLING_PERIOD_DAYS);this._signupEndTs=(opts.signupEnd!==undefined)?new Date(opts.signupEnd).getTime():this._endTs;this._segment=null;if(typeof id!=="string"){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: id must be defined and be a string")}if(Object.prototype.toString.call(segments)!=="[object Array]"){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: Segments are required.")}if(opts.rate!==undefined&&(opts.rate<0||opts.rate>1)){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: Rate must be between 0 and 1.")}if(this._startTs>this._endTs){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: end date must occur after start date.")}if(!(this._startTs<this._signupEndTs&&this._signupEndTs<=this._endTs)){throw new Error("Invalid Argument: SignupEnd must be between start and end date")}removeExpired.call(this,now);var overrides=window.bbccookies.get().match(/ckns_mandolin_setSegments=([^;]+)/);if(overrides!==null){eval("overrides = "+decodeURIComponent(RegExp.$1)+";");if(overrides[this._id]&&this._segmentSet.indexOf(overrides[this._id])==-1){throw new Error("Invalid Override: overridden segment should exist in segments array")}}if(overrides!==null&&overrides[this._id]){this._segment=overrides[this._id]}else{if((storedItem=this._store.getItem(this._id))){this._segment=storedItem.segment}else{if(this._startTs<=now&&now<this._signupEndTs&&now<=this._endTs&&this._store.isEnabled()===true){this._segment=pick(segments,this._rate);if(opts.end===undefined){this._store.setItem(this._id,{segment:this._segment})}else{this._store.setItem(this._id,{segment:this._segment,end:this._endTs})}log.call(this,"mandolin_segment")}}}log.call(this,"mandolin_view")};window.bbc.Mandolin.prototype.getSegment=function(){return this._segment};function log(actionType,params){var that=this;require(["istats-1"],function(istats){istats.log(actionType,that._id+":"+that._segment,params?params:{})})}function removeExpired(expires){var items=this._store.getItems(),expiresInt=+expires;for(var key in items){if(items[key].end!==undefined&&+items[key].end<expiresInt){this._store.removeItem(key)}}}function getLastExpirationDate(data){var winner=0,rollingExpire=daysFromNow(ROLLING_PERIOD_DAYS);for(var key in data){if(data[key].end===undefined&&rollingExpire>winner){winner=rollingExpire}else{if(+data[key].end>winner){winner=+data[key].end}}}return(winner)?new Date(winner):new Date(rollingExpire)}window.bbc.Mandolin.prototype.log=function(params){log.call(this,"mandolin_log",params)};window.bbc.Mandolin.prototype.convert=function(params){log.call(this,"mandolin_convert",params);this.convert=function(){}};function daysFromNow(n){var endDate;endDate=new Date().getTime()+(n*60*60*24)*1000;return endDate}function pick(segments,rate){var picked,min=0,max=segments.length-1;if(typeof rate==="number"&&Math.random()>rate){return null}do{picked=Math.floor(Math.random()*(max-min+1))+min}while(picked>max);return segments[picked]}window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage=function(name){validateCookieName(name);this._cookieName=name;this._isEnabled=(bbccookies.isAllowed(this._cookieName)===true&&bbccookies.cookiesEnabled()===true)};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.setItem=function(key,value){var storeData=this.getItems();storeData[key]=value;this.save(storeData);return value};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.isEnabled=function(){return this._isEnabled};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.getItem=function(key){var storeData=this.getItems();return storeData[key]};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.removeItem=function(key){var storeData=this.getItems();delete storeData[key];this.save(storeData)};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.getItems=function(){return deserialise(this.readCookie(this._cookieName)||"")};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.save=function(data){window.bbccookies.set(this._cookieName+"="+encodeURIComponent(serialise(data))+"; expires="+getLastExpirationDate(data).toUTCString()+";")};window.bbc.Mandolin.Storage.prototype.readCookie=function(name){var nameEq=name+"=",ca=window.bbccookies.get().split("; "),i,c;validateCookieName(name);for(i=0;i<ca.length;i++){c=ca[i];if(c.indexOf(nameEq)===0){return decodeURIComponent(c.substring(nameEq.length,c.length))}}return null};function serialise(o){var str="";for(var p in o){if(o.hasOwnProperty(p)){str+='"'+p+'"'+":"+(typeof o[p]==="object"?(o[p]===null?"null":"{"+serialise(o[p])+"}"):'"'+o[p].toString()+'"')+","}}return str.replace(/,\}/g,"}").replace(/,$/g,"")}function deserialise(str){var o;str="{"+str+"}";if(!validateSerialisation(str)){throw"Invalid input provided for deserialisation."}eval("o = "+str);return o}var validateSerialisation=(function(){var OBJECT_TOKEN="<Object>",ESCAPED_CHAR='"\\n\\r\\u2028\\u2029\\u000A\\u000D\\u005C',ALLOWED_CHAR="([^"+ESCAPED_CHAR+"]|\\\\["+ESCAPED_CHAR+"])",KEY='"'+ALLOWED_CHAR+'+"',VALUE='(null|"'+ALLOWED_CHAR+'*"|'+OBJECT_TOKEN+")",KEY_VALUE=KEY+":"+VALUE,KEY_VALUE_SEQUENCE="("+KEY_VALUE+",)*"+KEY_VALUE,OBJECT_LITERAL="({}|{"+KEY_VALUE_SEQUENCE+"})",objectPattern=new RegExp(OBJECT_LITERAL,"g");return function(str){if(str.indexOf(OBJECT_TOKEN)!==-1){return false}while(str.match(objectPattern)){str=str.replace(objectPattern,OBJECT_TOKEN)}return str===OBJECT_TOKEN}})();function validateCookieName(name){if(name.match(/ ,;/)){throw"Illegal name provided, must be valid in browser cookie."}}})(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (typeof bbccookies_flag === 'undefined') { bbccookies_flag = 'ON'; } showCTA_flag = true; cta_enabled = (showCTA_flag && (bbccookies_flag === 'ON') ); (function(){var e="ckns_policy",m="Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT",k={ads:true,personalisation:true,performance:true,necessary:true};function f(p){if(f.cache[p]){return f.cache[p]}var o=p.split("/"),q=[""];do{q.unshift((o.join("/")||"/"));o.pop()}while(q[0]!=="/");f.cache[p]=q;return q}f.cache={};function a(p){if(a.cache[p]){return a.cache[p]}var q=p.split("."),o=[];while(q.length&&"|co.uk|com|".indexOf("|"+q.join(".")+"|")===-1){if(q.length){o.push(q.join("."))}q.shift()}f.cache[p]=o;return o}a.cache={};function i(o,t,p){var z=[""].concat(a(window.location.hostname)),w=f(window.location.pathname),y="",r,x;for(var s=0,v=z.length;s<v;s++){r=z[s];for(var q=0,u=w.length;q<u;q++){x=w[q];y=o+"="+t+";"+(r?"domain="+r+";":"")+(x?"path="+x+";":"")+(p?"expires="+p+";":"");bbccookies.set(y,true)}}}window.bbccookies={_setEverywhere:i,cookiesEnabled:function(){var o="ckns_testcookie"+Math.floor(Math.random()*100000);this.set(o+"=1");if(this.get().indexOf(o)>-1){g(o);return true}return false},set:function(o){return document.cookie=o},get:function(){return document.cookie},_setPolicy:function(o){return h.apply(this,arguments)},readPolicy:function(o){return b.apply(this,arguments)},_deletePolicy:function(){i(e,"",m)},isAllowed:function(){return true},_isConfirmed:function(){return c()!==null},_acceptsAll:function(){var o=b();return o&&!(j(o).indexOf("0")>-1)},_getCookieName:function(){return d.apply(this,arguments)},_showPrompt:function(){var o=(!this._isConfirmed()&&window.cta_enabled&&this.cookiesEnabled()&&!window.bbccookies_disable);return(window.orb&&window.orb.fig)?o&&(window.orb.fig("no")||window.orb.fig("ck")):o}};bbccookies._getPolicy=bbccookies.readPolicy;function d(p){var o=(""+p).match(/^([^=]+)(?==)/);return(o&&o.length?o[0]:"")}function j(o){return""+(o.ads?1:0)+(o.personalisation?1:0)+(o.performance?1:0)}function h(r){if(typeof r==="undefined"){r=k}if(typeof arguments[0]==="string"){var o=arguments[0],q=arguments[1];if(o==="necessary"){q=true}r=b();r[o]=q}else{if(typeof arguments[0]==="object"){r.necessary=true}}var p=new Date();p.setYear(p.getFullYear()+1);p=p.toUTCString();bbccookies.set(e+"="+j(r)+";domain=bbc.co.uk;path=/;expires="+p+";");bbccookies.set(e+"="+j(r)+";domain=bbc.com;path=/;expires="+p+";");return r}function l(o){if(o===null){return null}var p=o.split("");return{ads:!!+p[0],personalisation:!!+p[1],performance:!!+p[2],necessary:true}}function c(){var o=new RegExp("(?:^|; ?)"+e+"=(\\d\\d\\d)($|;)"),p=document.cookie.match(o);if(!p){return null}return p[1]}function b(o){var p=l(c());if(!p){p=k}if(o){return p[o]}else{return p}}function g(o){return document.cookie=o+"=;expires="+m+";"}function n(){var o='<script type="text/javascript" src="http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/bbccookies/0.6.6/script/bbccookies.js"><\/script>';if(window.bbccookies_flag==="ON"&&!bbccookies._acceptsAll()&&!window.bbccookies_disable){document.write(o)}}n()})(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript"> if (! window.gloader) { window.gloader = [ "glow", {map: "http://node1.bbcimg.co.uk/glow/glow/map.1.7.7.js"}]; } </script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://node1.bbcimg.co.uk/glow/gloader.0.1.6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/staticarchive/21f604032d29edfa0a166f89bd41c95004718ed2.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> bbcRequireMap = {"jquery-1":"/staticarchive/6cabfa9be6f12b6fec5ddf61c2dca1dde868555e", "jquery-1.4":"/staticarchive/cce0a0919c693f9473535d6941613bad16a4b40f", "jquery-1.9":"/staticarchive/14a082a42c1074b40bedae2666d3204e142899f5", "swfobject-2":"/staticarchive/b02e05aa3b12cfe8510390c7eccecd0af315b0a6", "demi-1":"/staticarchive/a916559c328a465dafcc30056734651ac8fdbb4b", "gelui-1":"/staticarchive/0159feca9179b145c659298e302b55dc76dfa15d", "cssp!gelui-1/overlay":"/staticarchive/fee6b4a3b22c51a59dd3ddebfb1b765049c683f6.css", "istats-1":"/staticarchive/b2d7be33eb67fa4b938cfa94238f8af9e929e4ae", "relay-1":"/staticarchive/ab39b61cf0980994246594bebe70fe460df87a42", "clock-1":"/staticarchive/7b8bb05c3fa19067c2c4c99144d21702cc15704f", "canvas-clock-1":"/staticarchive/703fd8b8a1b4ecf9cf624195bfb9691c648d3919", "cssp!clock-1":"/staticarchive/85ca997ae2f6bd2990765422dcc5b1c386c9d0cb.css", "jssignals-1":"/staticarchive/238f1d675d1626860f85815b7ab638cd41811a06", "jcarousel-1":"/staticarchive/3b38690b91f14468826c5f05f6e3da9beb55f4b1", "bump-3":"//emp.bbci.co.uk/emp/bump-3/bump-3.js", "gelui-1/widget": "/staticarchive/fcf01fd866ac629bad5a92592c208c3b04184cd3", "gelui-1/carousel": "/staticarchive/562f83c33cfe04062d95de8024ba03636cd0af4c", "gelui-1/core": "/staticarchive/d69cc93987af4e17f910996164dc15516614353e", "gelui-1/overlay": "/staticarchive/84bd061f5e14f0728caa8c933fe6d758b54fec5a", "gelui-1/autosuggest": "/staticarchive/ca81d8400ee443b0c31a47f1eea1c6872091dd48"}; require({ baseUrl: 'http://'+location.host+'/', paths: bbcRequireMap, waitSeconds: 30 }); </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/staticarchive/1b2549937977a29e048af5c307e7f73044570f03.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> blq.assetPath="http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/2.72.5/desktop/2.8/"; blqOnDomReady(function() { blq.suggest_short = false; blq.addAutoSuggest(); }); blq.setEnvironment('live'); if (! /bbc\.co\.uk$/i.test(window.location.hostname) ) { document.documentElement.className += ' blq-not-bbc-co-uk'; } </script><script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ function oqsSurveyManager(w, flag) { var defaultThreshold = 0, usePulseThreshold = (flag === 'OFF')? 1 : defaultThreshold, activeThreshold; w.oqs = w.oqs || {}; /* we support cookie override for testing */ if ( w.document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; *)ckns_oqs_usePulseThreshold=([\d.]+)/) ) { activeThreshold = RegExp.$1; } /* we support clientside override */ else if (typeof w.oqs_usePulseThreshold !== 'undefined') { activeThreshold = w.oqs_usePulseThreshold; } else { activeThreshold = usePulseThreshold; } w.oqs.usePulse = (w.Math.random() < activeThreshold); if (!w.oqs.usePulse) { w.document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="http://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/2.72.5/desktop/2.8/script/vendor/edr.js"><'+'/script>'); } } oqsSurveyManager(window, 'ON'); /*]]>*/ </script><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ define('id-statusbar-config', { 'translation_signedout': "Sign in", 'translation_signedin': "Your account", 'use_overlay' : false, 'signin_url' : "https://ssl.bbc.co.uk/id/signin", 'locale' : "en-GB", 'policyname' : "", 'ptrt' : "http://www.bbc.co.uk/" }); /* ]]> */ </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function () { if (! window.require) { throw new Error('idcta: could not find require'); } var map = {}; map['idapp-1'] = 'http://static.bbci.co.uk/idapp/0.63.23/modules/idapp/idapp-1'; map['idcta/idcta-1'] = 'http://static.bbci.co.uk/id/0.23.4/modules/idcta/idcta-1'; require({paths: map}); define('id-config', {"idapp":{"version":"0.63.23","hostname":"ssl.bbc.co.uk","insecurehostname":"www.bbc.co.uk","tld":"bbc.co.uk"},"idtranslations":{"version":"0.29.1"},"identity":{"baseUrl":"https:\/\/talkback.live.bbc.co.uk\/identity"},"pathway":{"name":null,"staticAssetUrl":"http:\/\/static.bbci.co.uk\/idapp\/0.63.23\/modules\/idapp\/idapp-1\/View.css"}}); })(); </script><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/staticarchive/033f869d0097d60dedefebfa22ec22a555a63895.css"><link href="/staticarchive/96c004eb4cd4aac7979f2705d4bc4a925735e5eb.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen"><link href="/staticarchive/289fd5d1516d1c003658808a1f92b50b41508db2.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen"><link href="/staticarchive/1cd98c0b76a8e1335beca25292bccd678ed6e586.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"><meta name="template name" content="shtml"><meta name="created" content="20080813"><meta name="updated" content="20110222"><meta name="description" content="Minisite about Medieval Wales, on the BBC Wales History website."><meta name="keywords" content="medieval wales, medieval, castles, knights, royalty, llywelyn the last, llywelyn the great"><script type="text/javascript" src="/staticarchive/296b7e9b01b56142aec1bfa4760e2eb86073b802.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/staticarchive/880927e055ea2d75cc32254b7274b0e4a04822c2.js"></script><script src="/staticarchive/8bbec4846ba3bde3b21e4ebc463bca04786b6a34.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/staticarchive/a62d24294062812da8e65026b000b4c56dded4cd.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript">gloader.load(["glow", "1", "glow.anim","glow.embed", "glow.net","glow.dom","glow.events", "glow.widgets.Carousel","glow.widgets.AutoSuggest"]);</script><style type="text/css"> @import '/staticarchive/c99d28101930fbf0cfb91173109393a0e6f6bfc4.css'; </style></head><body class="minisite"> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ bbcFlagpoles_istats = 'ON'; istatsTrackingUrl = '//sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=SET-COUNTER&app_type=web&ml_name=SSI&ml_version=0.23.0&language=en-GB'; /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://static.bbci.co.uk/archive_stats/modules/stats-1.0.0.js"></script> <div id="blq-container" class="blq-lang-en-GB blq-gvl-2-8"> <div id="blq-pre-mast" lang="en-GB">  </div> <script type="text/html" id="blq-bbccookies-tmpl"><![CDATA[ <div id="bbccookies-prompt" class="bbccookies-d"> <h2> Cookies on the BBC website </h2> <p> We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website.<span class="bbccookies-international-message"> We also use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you.</span> If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on the BBC website. However, if you would like to, you can <a href="/privacy/cookies/managing/cookie-settings.html">change your cookie settings</a> at any time. </p> <ul> <li id="bbccookies-continue"> <button type="button" id="bbccookies-continue-button">Continue</button> </li> <li id="bbccookies-more"><a href="/privacy/cookies/bbc">Find out more</a></li></ul> </div> ]]></script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){if(bbccookies._showPrompt()){var i=document,b=i.getElementById("blq-pre-mast"),f=i.getElementById("blq-global"),h=i.getElementById("blq-container"),c=i.getElementById("blq-bbccookies-tmpl"),a,g,e;if(b&&i.createElement){a=i.createElement("div");a.id="bbccookies";e=c.innerHTML;e=e.replace("<"+"![CDATA[","").replace("]]"+">","");a.innerHTML=e;if(f){f.insertBefore(a,b)}else{h.insertBefore(a,b)}g=i.getElementById("bbccookies-continue-button");g.onclick=function(){a.parentNode.removeChild(a);return false};bbccookies._setPolicy()}}})(); /*]]>*/</script><span id="blq-mast-background"></span> <div id="blq-container-inner" lang="en-GB"> <div id="blq-acc" class="blq-rst"> <p id="blq-mast-home" class="blq-no-images"><a href="/" hreflang="en-GB"> <span id="blq-blocks-wrapper"> <span class="blq-home">British Broadcasting Corporation</span><img src="/staticarchive/2e00d1d53e9c3bd91993196aa19a1d88589969f0.png" alt="BBC" id="blq-blocks" width="84" height="24"><span class="blq-span">Home</span> </span> </a></p> <p class="blq-hide"><strong><a id="page-top">Accessibility links</a></strong></p> <ul id="blq-acc-links"><li><a href="#blq-content">Skip to content</a></li> <li><a href="#blq-nav-main">Skip to bbc.co.uk navigation</a></li> <li><a href="#blq-search">Skip to bbc.co.uk search</a></li> <li><a href="/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="archived-mothball-message" style=" background:url(/globalresources/mothball-images/bg.jpg) 0 0 repeat-x #fbfbfb; "> <a href="/globalresources/mothballing" style=" "> This page has been archived and is no longer updated. <span style=" display:block; font-size:0.5em; padding:10px 0 0 70px; font-weight:bold; "> <span style=" color:#1A75BB; margin-left:100px; ">Find out more about page archiving.</span> </span> </a> </div><div id="blq-main" class="blq-clearfix"> <div id="header"> <a id="headerlink" href="/wales/history" title="Wales History">Wales History</a> <div class="rhsimg"> <a href="/wales/" title="Go to Wales homepage"> <img width="130" height="56" alt="BBC Cymru Wales" src="/staticarchive/cac44d99ab6617ea0efaa40aff50982db4adbf7c.gif"></a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div>  <div id="local-navigation"> <ul id="navigation-list"><li class="navigation-button-first"><a href="/wales/history">History home</a></li> <li class="navigation-button selected"><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes">Themes</a></li> <li class="navigation-button"><a href="/wales/history/sites/localhistory">Local history</a></li> <li class="navigation-button"><a href="/wales/history/media">Archive</a></li> <li class="navigation-button"><a href="/blogs/waleshistory/">Blog</a></li> <li class="navigation-button-last"><a href="/wales/history/sites/kids">History for kids</a></li> </ul></div>  </div> <div id="blq-content"> <div id="column-container"> <div id="breadcrumb"> <ul><li class="first"> <a href="/wales/history/">Wales History</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/">Themes</a> </li> <li class="last"> Medieval Wales </li> </ul></div> <div id="content"> <div id="anchorfix"> <div class="sub-navigation-column"> <div class="sub-navigation-column"> <ul class="sub-navigation"><li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes">Latest</a> </li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/guide.shtml">History of Wales</a> </li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/figures.shtml">Historic figures</a> </li> <li class="selected"><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods.shtml">Periods</a> <ul class="sub-navigation-include"><li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/prehistoric.shtml">Prehistoric Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/romans.shtml">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/dark_ages.shtml">Dark Ages</a></li> <li class="selected"><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml">Medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/normans">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/tudors.shtml">The Tudors</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/ww1.shtml">World War One</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/ww2.shtml">World War Two</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/society.shtml">Society and culture</a> </li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/religion.shtml">History of Religion</a> </li> <li><a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/pages/themes_a-e.shtml">Full site A - Z index</a> </li> </ul></div>  </div> <div class="centre-content"> <div id="MinisiteIncludeBlockA"></div> <div class="mainpromo_top_heading"> <h1> Medieval Wales </h1> <a href="#"></a> </div> <div id="mainpromonoimage" class="mpromonoimage"> </div> <div class="Textblock"> <div class="TextblockContent"> <p>This was an age was of political and social change for Wales.</p> </div> </div> <div id="MinisiteIncludeBlockB"></div> <div class="itemBlock-short odd first-of-three "> <div class="image"> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_01.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" src="/staticarchive/d4f06b2c07c10e089d202586a886345e2e8878ac.jpg" width="146" height="82" alt="Medieval village"></a> </div> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_01.shtml">Medieval Wales</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Medieval Wales </p> <div class="itemblock_sublink"> </div> </div> <div class="itemBlock-short even second-of-three "> <div class="image"> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_02.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" src="/staticarchive/08c14cdc43611b2b9c3516d182a2139dd1692ec5.jpg" width="146" height="82" alt="Medieval jugs"></a> </div> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_02.shtml">Medieval society and culture</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Medieval society and culture </p> <div class="itemblock_sublink"> </div> </div> <div class="itemBlock-short odd third-of-three "> <div class="image"> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_01.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" src="/staticarchive/2d77c80d599462924f7e74eb87d260f69c419e34.jpg" width="146" height="82" alt="Machynlleth monument"></a> </div> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_01.shtml">Owain Glyndwr - Seeds of revolt</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Owain Glyndwr - Seeds of revolt </p> <div class="itemblock_sublink"> </div> </div> <div class="itemBlock-short even first-of-three "> <div class="image"> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_02.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" src="/staticarchive/1ccdc8f7fc5e9227881d94951a933de2fa1633f6.jpg" width="146" height="82" alt="Owain Glyndwr - the revolt"></a> </div> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_02.shtml">Owain Glyndwr - the revolt</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Owain Glyndwr - the revolt </p> <div class="itemblock_sublink"> </div> </div> <div class="itemBlock-short odd second-of-three "> <div class="image"> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_03.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" src="/staticarchive/c146037956a0df4ed63ae9f86499e68d3a85069a.jpg" width="146" height="82" alt="The revolt - part two"></a> </div> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_03.shtml">Owain Glyndwr - The revolt - part two</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> The revolt - part two </p> <div class="itemblock_sublink"> </div> </div> <div class="itemBlock-short even third-of-three "> <div class="image"> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_04.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" src="/staticarchive/3bfb15a48a530c2b8fd47c75e3a3bf7b46a87c49.jpg" width="146" height="82" alt="The revolt - part three"></a> </div> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_glyndwr_04.shtml">Owain Glyndwr - The revolt - part three</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> The revolt - part three </p> <div class="itemblock_sublink"> </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="navlist navlist_custom "> </div><div class="navlist navlist_custom "> </div><div class="navlist navlist_custom "> </div><div class="navlist navlist_custom "> </div><div class="navlist navlist_custom "> </div><div id="MinisiteIncludeBoxC1"></div><div id="MinisiteIncludeBoxC2"></div><div id="MinisiteIncludeBlockD"></div><div id="MinisiteIncludeBlockE"></div><br style="clear:all"></div><div id="prg-bookmark"> <h2>Bookmark this page:</h2> <ul class="prg-bookmark-items"><li class="icon-delicious"><a href="http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml">delicious</a></li> <li class="icon-digg"><a href="http://digg.com/submit?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml">Digg</a></li> <li class="icon-reddit"><a href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml">Reddit</a></li> <li class="icon-stumbleupon"><a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml">Stumbleupon</a></li> <li class="icon-facebook"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml">facebook</a></li> </ul><p class="helplink"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/help/6915817.stm" title="Learn how to use our social bookmarking links">What are these?</a></p> </div></div><div class="right-content"> <div id="MultipleIncludesbox"> <div class="contentBlock itemCountII"> <h2><a class="defaultLink" href="/programmes/p00mlrq9">The Story of Wales</a></h2> <a href="/iplayer/episode/b01d224j/The_Story_of_Wales_England_and_Wales/"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" width="146" height="82" alt="Image from Story of Wales" src="/staticarchive/7a3f06941a2b6cde5573cb4c30696f57a8a64d4c.jpg"></a> <h3> <a href="/iplayer/episode/b01d224j/The_Story_of_Wales_England_and_Wales/">Your story. Our story.</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Missed an episode? Catch up on the BBC iPlayer. </p> <ul><li> <a href="/programmes/p00mlrq9/clips" class="standardBullet">Watch preview clips</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/" class="standardBullet">Follow us on Twitter</a> </li> </ul></div> <div class="contentBlock "> <h2><a class="defaultLink" href="/blogs/waleshistory/">History blog</a></h2> <a href="/blogs/waleshistory/2010/02/william_haggar_fleapit_cinema.html"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" width="146" height="82" alt="Cinema seats" src="/staticarchive/e52050e9b960c2c187819fe57f730186405a6b47.jpg"></a> <h3> <a href="/blogs/waleshistory/2010/02/william_haggar_fleapit_cinema.html">Haggar's Cinema</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Phil Carradice blogs about William Haggar - a pioneer of British cinema. </p> <ul><li> <a href="/wales/history/" class="standardBullet">History blog</a> </li> </ul></div> <div class="contentBlock "> <h2><a class="defaultLink" href="/wales/history/sites/timeline/investiture.shtml">Investiture timeline</a></h2> <a href="/wales/history/sites/timeline/investiture.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" width="146" height="82" alt="Image of investiture timeline" src="/staticarchive/13730767a494efd70faaba4d194c1c2a683e5449.jpg"></a> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/timeline/investiture.shtml">Day-by-day</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Take a tour of the 1969 investiture. </p> <ul><li> <a href="/wales/history/sites/investiture/" class="standardBullet">Find out about the investiture</a> </li> </ul></div> <div class="contentBlock "> <h2><a class="defaultLink" href="/wales/history/sites/themes/castles.shtml">Welsh castles</a></h2> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/castles.shtml"> <img class="promo-image-146x82" width="146" height="82" alt="Harlech Castle" src="/staticarchive/44c0e67dd42551b8afbf2294dd65fe89bb2a7d2a.jpg"></a> <h3> <a href="/wales/history/sites/themes/castles.shtml">Famous fortresses</a> </h3> <p class="intro"> Start exploring these Welsh strongholds. </p> </div> </div><div class="wales-content"></div> <div class="clearboth"></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="blq-mast" class="blq-rst blq-default-domestic blq-new-nav" lang="en-GB"> <div id="blq-sign-in"> <div id="id-status" class="blq-id-v4"> <div class="id-out id-gel"> <h2 class="blq-hide">BBC iD</h2> <a href="https://ssl.bbc.co.uk/id/status" id="blq-idstatus-link"> <span class="id-icon"> <span></span> </span> <span id="blq-idstatus-text"> BBC iD </span> <span class="id-spinner"></span> <span class="blq-dropdown-arrow"> <span></span> </span> </a> </div> <div id="id-status-nav"> <div class="id-in blq-rst"> <ul><li> <a name="idDash" class="blq-nogo has-ptrt idDash" href="https://ssl.bbc.co.uk/id/settings"> Settings </a> </li> <li> <a name="idSignout" class="blq-nogo has-ptrt idSignout" href="https://ssl.bbc.co.uk/id/signout"> Sign out </a> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <form method="get" id="blq-search-form" action="http://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"> <p id="blq-nav-search"> <input type="hidden" name="go" value="toolbar"><input type="hidden" name="uri" value="/wales/history/sites/themes/medieval.shtml"><label for="blq-search" class="blq-hide">Search term:</label> <input id="blq-search" type="text" name="q" value="" maxlength="128"><input id="blq-search-btn" type="submit" value="Search"></p> </form> <h2 class="blq-hide">BBC navigation</h2> <ul id="blq-nav-main" class="blq-not-uk"><li id="blq-nav-n"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/" hreflang="en-GB">News</a></li> <li id="blq-nav-s"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/" hreflang="en-GB">Sport</a></li> <li id="blq-nav-w"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/" hreflang="en-GB">Weather</a></li> <li id="blq-nav-i"> <a href="/iplayer/" hreflang="en-GB">iPlayer</a> </li> <li id="blq-nav-t"><a href="/tv/" hreflang="en-GB">TV</a></li> <li id="blq-nav-r"><a href="/radio/" hreflang="en-GB">Radio</a></li> <li id="blq-nav-m"><a href="#blq-nav">More…</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="blq-nav" class="blq-orange"> <div id="blq-nav-links" class="blq-clearfix" lang="en-GB"> <div id="blq-nav-links-inner"> <ul class="blq-nav-sub blq-first"><li><a href="/cbbc/">CBBC</a></li> <li><a href="/cbeebies/">CBeebies</a></li> <li><a href="/comedy/">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/food/">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/history/">History</a></li> </ul><ul class="blq-nav-sub"><li><a href="/learning/">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/music/">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/science/">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/nature/">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/local/">Local</a></li> </ul><ul class="blq-nav-sub blq-last"><li><a href="/northernireland/">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/scotland/">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wales/">Wales</a></li> <li id="blq-az"><a href="/a-z/">Full A-Z<span class="blq-hide"> of BBC sites</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div>  <div id="blq-foot" lang="en-GB" class="blq-rst blq-clearfix blq-foot-grey"> <div id="blq-footlinks"> <h2 class="blq-hide">BBC links</h2> <ul><li class="blq-footlinks-row"> <ul class="blq-footlinks-row-list"><li><a href="http://m.bbc.co.uk/">Mobile site</a></li> <li><a href="/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="/aboutthebbc/">About the BBC</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="blq-footlinks-row"> <ul class="blq-footlinks-row-list"><li><a href="/privacy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="blq-footlinks-row"> <ul class="blq-footlinks-row-list"><li><a href="/privacy/cookies/about">Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/contact/">Contact the BBC</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="blq-footlinks-row"> <ul class="blq-footlinks-row-list"><li><a href="/guidance/">Parental Guidance</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> <div id="blq-foot-blocks" class="blq-footer-image-light"><img src="/staticarchive/a8e42f8fe987b7cc9bf2d43b74b2c74b2448d2e3.png" width="84" height="24" alt="BBC"></div> <p id="blq-disclaim"><span id="blq-copy">BBC © 2014</span> <a href="/help/web/links/">The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read more.</a></p> <div id="blq-obit"><p><strong>This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.</strong></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof require !== 'undefined') { require(['istats-1'], function(istats){ istats.track('external', { region: document.getElementById('blq-main') }); istats.track('download', { region: document.getElementById('blq-main') }); }); } </script><div>  <div class="blq-hide"><img id="livestats" width="1" height="1" alt="" src="/staticarchive/56d45f8a17f5078a20af9962c992ca4678450765.gif"></div> </div>  </body></html>