Ultrafast X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at MID

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<a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/index_eng.html">SQS</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/news/index_eng.html">News</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/instrument/index_eng.html">Instrument</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/documentation/index_eng.html">Documentation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/beamtime_publications/index_eng.html">Beamtime publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/staff_publications/index_eng.html">Staff publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a 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href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/mechanical_engineering/index_eng.html">Mechanical Engineering</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/mechanical_engineering/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/mechanical_engineering/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/index_eng.html">Controls</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/karabo/index_eng.html">Karabo</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/profile_amp_competences/index_eng.html">Profile & Competences</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/contact/index_eng.html">Contact</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/controls/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/index_eng.html">Data Analysis</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/highlights/index_eng.html">Highlights</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/documentation_and_training_material/index_eng.html">Documentation and training material</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_analysis/internal/ocd/index_eng.html">Internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/index_eng.html">Theory</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/group_members/index_eng.html">Group Members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/theory_seminar/index_eng.html">Theory Seminar</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and Meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/selected_research_projects/index_eng.html">Selected Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/index_eng.html">Sample Environment & Characterization</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/projects/index_eng.html">Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/index_eng.html">Photon Beam Systems Meetings</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2023/index_eng.html">2023</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2022/index_eng.html">2022</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2021/index_eng.html">2021</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2020/index_eng.html">2020</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2019/index_eng.html">2019</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2018/index_eng.html">2018</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a 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class="breadcrumb-container"> <div class="breadcrumb-home"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/index_eng.html"> <svg width="22px" height="22px" viewbox="0 0 22 22"> <use xlink:href="#icon-home"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb-trail"> <ul class="breadcrumb-list"> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/index_eng.html">Science</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/index_eng.html">Water</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/supercooled_water_dynamics/index_eng.html">Supercooled water dynamics</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="module module-intro"> <div class="intro"> <h1>Ultrafast X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at MID</h1> <p class="intro__copy description">Scientists were searching for ultrafast, sub-ps relaxation processes that are predicted by simulations in undercooled water and aqueous solutions. They used the split-and-delay XPCS technique to manipulate the intrinsic time structure of the machine in order to record the contrast of double-pulse scattering patterns with sub-ps pulse spacing.</p> </div> </section>   <div class="video"> <div class="video-headline"> <h2></h2> </div> <div class="video-container"> <div class="video-iframe-embed"> <iframe width="1020" height="574" src="https://webcast.desy.de/media/embed?key=b6382a2805df348ac1bf57fd5e68ae3a&autoplay=false&controls=true&autolightsoff=false&loop=false&chapters=false&playlist=false&related=false&responsive=false&t=0" class="iframeLoaded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" scrolling="no" allowtransparency="true" aria-label="media embed code"></iframe> </div> </div> </div> <script> $("#xwc_slidercontainer > figure:gt(0)").hide(); var sliderinterval = $('#vars').data('sliderinterval'); var slidertransitiontime = $('#vars').data('slidertransitiontime'); setInterval(function() { $('#xwc_slidercontainer > figure:first') .fadeOut(slidertransitiontime) .next() .fadeIn(slidertransitiontime) .end() .appendTo('#xwc_slidercontainer'); }, sliderinterval); </script> <style> div#xwc_slidercontainer{position:relative;min-height:310px} @media (min-width:480px){div#xwc_slidercontainer{min-height:390px}} @media (min-width:600px){div#xwc_slidercontainer{min-height:520px}} div#xwc_slidercontainer>figure{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;padding-right:20px;padding-left:20px} @media (min-width:840px){div#xwc_slidercontainer{min-height:280px} div#xwc_slidercontainer>figure{padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px}} div#xwc_slidercontainer>figure picture{max-width:610px} </style>   <section class="module"> <div class="text text--aside-left"> <aside class="text-aside" id="e275964"> <div class="info-box" style="background-image: none"> <div class="info-box__cover"></div> <div class="info-box__head"> <span class="info-box__icon"> <svg width="6px" height="26px" viewbox="0 0 6 26"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-info"></use> </svg> </span> <h3 class="info-box__headline">About the research</h3> </div> <div class="info-box__content"> <p>The experiment entitled "Ultrafast X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy" was carried out at the MID instrument in period 2023/II in the framework of the European XFEL Topical Call on Molecular Water Research. This article about the experiment is based on an interview with Claudia Goy (DESY).</p> <a class="xfel-button xfel-button--read-more" href="./the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html"> <span>More about the MID instrument</span> <svg width="9px" height="15px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="text-container"> <h2 class="text-headline"><strong>Investigating hydrogen bonds in ultra-cold water</strong></h2> <p class="text-copy">Water molecules are attracted to one another by so-called ‘hydrogen bonds’, a network of intermolecular forces that give rise to the fluidity of liquid water, as well as its sometimes-unexpected behaviour. A team of scientists conducting experiments at European XFEL’s Materials, Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument are probing the hydrogen bond network to understand the behaviour of water at ultra-cold temperatures. Through a better knowledge of water at these temperatures, scientists can learn about conditions that exist in the atmosphere and in extreme environments such as the freezing-cold Arctic.</p> <p class="text-copy">The hydrogen bond acts as a bond between two molecules of water: the hydrogen atom in one molecule, and the oxygen atom in a neighbouring one. These bonds can be transient, resulting in many water molecules having a fluctuating structure, with hydrogen bonds dissolving and forming. To investigate the bonds within supercooled water, scientists split the pulses from the European XFEL at the MID instrument in two, then use the two separate pulses to take two measurements from the molecule at slightly different times.</p> </div> </div> </section>   <section class="module"> <div class="image-text image-text--image-left"> <aside class="image-text__aside"> <figure class="image"> <picture class="image-picture"> <source media="(min-width: 840px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e275944/e275962/e275966/2023-03-14_IMG_8203_medium_eng.jpg"></source> <source media="(min-width: 600px)" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e275944/e275962/e275966/2023-03-14_IMG_8203_small_eng.jpg"></source> <img alt="Claudia Goy" srcset="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e275944/e275962/e275966/2023-03-14_IMG_8203_large_eng.jpg" /> </picture> <p class="image-description">Claudia Goy at the MID instrument</p> </figure> </aside> <div class="image-text__container"><h2 class="image-text__headline">Transient hydrogen bonds during freezing</h2> <p class="image-text__copy"> “MID has a really special instrument which is able to split the XFEL pulses into two identical pulses with roughly half the intensity. It can then delay one pulse with respect to the other, with delays as short as a few femtoseconds to hundreds of picoseconds,” Claudia Goy, DESY explains. A femtosecond is a trillionth of a second, roughly to one second what one second is to the lifetime of the universe. “The lifetime of a hydrogen bond is around a picosecond, so this is exactly the right time range for us to look at.”</p> <p class="image-text__copy">The scientists are investigating the changing network of hydrogen bonds at low temperatures, well below the regular freezing point of water. To do this, they cool water down while keeping it in its liquid form, achieved by firing a jet of water through a vacuum. As the water passes through the vacuum, evaporation happens at the droplet’s surface, causing it to cool, like sweating when you’re hot. This allows the droplet to stay liquid.</p></div> </div> </section>   <section class="module"> <div class="text"> <div class="text-container"> <h2 class="text-headline">Insights with picosecond accuracy</h2> <p class="text-copy">“In our daily life, water freezes easily because it contains guests, or impurities. But for pure water, these impurities are gone, so it is possible to keep water as a liquid down to minus 35 degrees Celsius or even lower. But the catch is that it only exists in this state for a very short time, microseconds or less,” says Goy. “Ultra-cold liquid water like this displays a fascinating anomaly in terms of its density. We care about this because it behaves in ways that extend into normal temperatures, and that affects life, like fish in the deep sea.”</p> <p class="text-copy">The measurements allow them to develop insights into the average ‘positions’ of the oxygen molecules and their velocities, on time scales at which they can make inferences about the behaviour of the hydrogen bonding network. Understanding the bonds in waters at these temperatures can give scientists an idea of how water can behave in this strange, ultracold regime, which could potentially tell us about cold water droplets in the atmosphere, like those in clouds. The researchers then hope to add impurities, such as sodium chloride, to the water to see how this impacts its behaviour.</p> </div> </div> </section>   <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/common4all/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome-4.2.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <section class="module"> <div class="standardindex"> <h2 class="standardindex_headline"></h2> <div class="row" title="The experimental set-up"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/supercooled_water_dynamics/the_experimental_set_up/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">The experimental set-up</h4> </a> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </section>   </main> <footer class="xfel-footer"> <div class="xfel-footer__top"> <div class="xfel-footer__top-container"> <div class="mdl-grid"> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--8-col mdl-cell--12-col-tablet"> <h3 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