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Kratkovidnost – Wikipedija/Википедија
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klasifikacija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikacija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Klasifikacija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prema_etiologiji_(uzroku)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prema_etiologiji_(uzroku)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prema etiologiji (uzroku)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prema_etiologiji_(uzroku)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prema_kliničkoj_slici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prema_kliničkoj_slici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prema kliničkoj slici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prema_kliničkoj_slici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prema_stupnju_kratkovidnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prema_stupnju_kratkovidnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Prema stupnju kratkovidnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prema_stupnju_kratkovidnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prema_dobi_u_kojoj_se_kratkovidnost_javila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prema_dobi_u_kojoj_se_kratkovidnost_javila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prema dobi u kojoj se kratkovidnost javila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prema_dobi_u_kojoj_se_kratkovidnost_javila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teorije</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teorije-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Teorije</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teorije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kombinacija_genetskih_i_okolišnih_činilaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kombinacija_genetskih_i_okolišnih_činilaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kombinacija genetskih i okolišnih činilaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kombinacija_genetskih_i_okolišnih_činilaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetski_činioci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetski_činioci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Genetski činioci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetski_činioci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Okolišni_činioci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okolišni_činioci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Okolišni činioci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okolišni_činioci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rad_na_blizinu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rad_na_blizinu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rad na blizinu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rad_na_blizinu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishrana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishrana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ishrana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ishrana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Stres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevantna_istraživanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevantna_istraživanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relevantna istraživanja</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relevantna_istraživanja-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Relevantna istraživanja</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relevantna_istraživanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dalekovidnost_i_osveta_za_kratkovidnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalekovidnost_i_osveta_za_kratkovidnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dalekovidnost i osveta za kratkovidnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalekovidnost_i_osveta_za_kratkovidnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dijagnoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijagnoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dijagnoza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dijagnoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liječenje,_zbrinjavanje_i_prevencija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liječenje,_zbrinjavanje_i_prevencija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Liječenje, zbrinjavanje i prevencija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liječenje,_zbrinjavanje_i_prevencija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Očne_vježbe_i_biološka_povratna_sprega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Očne_vježbe_i_biološka_povratna_sprega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Očne vježbe i biološka povratna sprega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Očne_vježbe_i_biološka_povratna_sprega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevencija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevencija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Prevencija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevencija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dnevno_svjetlo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dnevno_svjetlo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Dnevno svjetlo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dnevno_svjetlo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontrola_kratkovidnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontrola_kratkovidnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Kontrola kratkovidnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontrola_kratkovidnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kratkovidnost_kao_metafora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kratkovidnost_kao_metafora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kratkovidnost kao metafora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kratkovidnost_kao_metafora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kratkovidnost</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 83 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopie" title="Miopie — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Miopie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miop%C3%ADa" title="Miopía — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Miopía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1" title="قصر النظر — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصر النظر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="নিকটদৃষ্টি — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিকটদৃষ্টি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopiya_(yax%C4%B1ndang%C3%B6rm%C9%99)" title="Miopiya (yaxındangörmə) — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miopiya (yaxındangörmə)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%86-%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9/%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="یاخین-گؤرمک/مییوپی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاخین-گؤرمک/مییوپی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Блізарукасць — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Блізарукасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Паніклівасьць — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паніклівасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolong" title="Lolong — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lolong" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Късогледство — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Късогледство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="নিকটদৃষ্টি — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকটদৃষ্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratkovidnost" title="Kratkovidnost — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kratkovidnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopia" title="Miopia — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miopia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کورتبینی — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کورتبینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1tkozrakost" title="Krátkozrakost — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krátkozrakost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6rsynethed" title="Nærsynethed — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nærsynethed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzsichtigkeit" title="Kurzsichtigkeit — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurzsichtigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyopiye" title="Miyopiye — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Miyopiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%89%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μυωπία — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυωπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Myopia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopeco" title="Miopeco — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miopeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miop%C3%ADa" title="Miopía — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miopía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BChin%C3%A4gevus" title="Lühinägevus — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lühinägevus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopia" title="Miopia — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miopia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نزدیکبینی — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نزدیکبینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likin%C3%A4k%C3%B6isyys" title="Likinäköisyys — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Likinäköisyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopie" title="Myopie — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Myopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B3ipe" title="Mióipe — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mióipe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miop%C3%ADa" title="Miopía — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Miopía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%86" title="માયોપીઆ — Gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માયોપીઆ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusa_da_hangen_nesa" title="Kusa da hangen nesa — Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kusa da hangen nesa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="קוצר ראייה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוצר ראייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="निकटदृष्टि दोष — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकटदृष्टि दोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratkovidnost" title="Kratkovidnost — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kratkovidnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6vidl%C3%A1t%C3%A1s" title="Rövidlátás — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rövidlátás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կարճատեսություն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարճատեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabun_jauh" title="Rabun jauh — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rabun jauh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6rs%C3%BDni" title="Nærsýni — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nærsýni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopia" title="Miopia — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%96" title="近視 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="近視" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Жақыннан көргіштік — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жақыннан көргіштік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%8B%9C" title="근시 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Алыстан начар көрүү — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алыстан начар көрүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Myopia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumparegyst%C4%97" title="Trumparegystė — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trumparegystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvredz%C4%ABba" title="Tuvredzība — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tuvredzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кратковидост — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кратковидост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹ്രസ്വദൃഷ്ടി — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹ്രസ്വദൃഷ്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="ऱ्हस्वदृष्टी — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऱ्हस्वदृष्टी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopia" title="Miopia — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Miopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF" title="अदूर दृष्टि — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अदूर दृष्टि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijziendheid" title="Bijziendheid — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijziendheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6rsynthet" title="Nærsynthet — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nærsynthet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF" title="ସମୀପଦୃଷ୍ଟି — Orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମୀପଦୃଷ୍ଟି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਨਿਕਟ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਦੋਸ਼ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕਟ ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀ ਦੋਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3tkowzroczno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Krótkowzroczność — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krótkowzroczność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopia" title="Miopia — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Miopia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopie" title="Miopie — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miopie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Близорукость — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Близорукость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF)" title="Миопия (ырааҕы мөлтөхтүк көрүү) — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миопия (ырааҕы мөлтөхтүк көрүү)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia" title="Myopia — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Myopia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1tkozrakos%C5%A5" title="Krátkozrakosť — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krátkozrakosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratkovidnost" title="Kratkovidnost — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kratkovidnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopia" title="Miopia — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miopia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratkovidnost" title="Kratkovidnost — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kratkovidnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rsynthet" title="Närsynthet — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Närsynthet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoni_mfupi" title="Uoni mfupi — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uoni mfupi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="கிட்டப்பார்வை — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிட்டப்பார்வை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="హ్రస్వ దృష్టి — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హ్రస్వ దృష్టి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="สายตาสั้น — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สายตาสั้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyopi" title="Miyopi — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miyopi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Күрәкарау — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күрәкарау" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Короткозорість — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Короткозорість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="قریبی بصارت — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قریبی بصارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miopiya" title="Miopiya — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miopiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%8B" title="Cận thị — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cận thị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyopeye" title="Miyopeye — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Miyopeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A7%86" title="近视 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="近视" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaenhyanx" title="Dagaenhyanx — Zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dagaenhyanx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%96" title="近視 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="近視" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%96" title="近視 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="近視" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABn-s%C4%AB" title="Kīn-sī — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kīn-sī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%96" title="近視 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="近視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168403#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kratkovidnost" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Kratkovidnost" rel="discussion" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kratkovidnost"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kratkovidnost"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Kratkovidnost" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Kratkovidnost" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&oldid=41817075" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Kratkovidnost&id=41817075&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKratkovidnost"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKratkovidnost"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kratkovidnost"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kratkovidnost&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myopia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168403" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Myopia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myopia.svg/250px-Myopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myopia.svg/375px-Myopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myopia.svg/500px-Myopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Korekcija kratkovidnosti konkavnim (minus) lećama.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg/220px-Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg/330px-Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg/440px-Human_eyesight_two_children_and_ball_normal_vision_color_Hi-res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Uredan vid.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Myopia_Short-sighted_Simulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Myopia_Short-sighted_Simulation.jpg/220px-Myopia_Short-sighted_Simulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Myopia_Short-sighted_Simulation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Isti prizor kako ga vidi kratkovidna osoba.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kratkovidnost</b> (od grčke riječi μυωπία <i>myopia</i>, „kratkovidnost“) predstavlja poremećaj lomljenja zraka u <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">oku</a>, u kojem, kad je akomodacija opuštena, paralelno usmjereno svjetlo proizvodi sliku ispred mrežnice, umjesto na mrežnici kako je to kod normalnog oka. Ljudi s kratkovidnošću jasno vide bliske objekte, ali se udaljeniji objekti vide zamućeno. Očna jabučica kod kratkovidnih je preduga ili je rožnica preizbočena, pa su slike fokusirane u staklovini, unutar oka, umjesto na mrežnici, u stražnjem dijelu oka. Suprotan poremećaj od kratkovidnosti je hiperopija ili dalekovidnost – gdje je rožnica nedovoljno izbočene površine ili je oko prekratko. Oftalmolozi i optometristi ispravljaju miopiju najčešće nošenjem korektivnih leća kakve su <a href="/wiki/Nao%C4%8Dale" title="Naočale">naočalne</a> ili kontaktne leće, a može se također ispraviti i laserskom kirurgijom kakva je <a href="/w/index.php?title=LASIK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LASIK (stranica ne postoji)">LASIK</a>. Korektivne leće imaju negativnu optičku jakost (konkavne su, „minus“), što kompenzira pozitivnu dioptriju kratkovidnog oka. U nekim slučajevima pacijenti s niskim stupnjem kratkovidnosti upotrebljavaju naočale koje umjesto klasičnih leća imaju površinu punu rupica širine jednog milimetra. One djeluju na principu smanjenja zamućenog kruga koji se stvara na mrežnici. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikacija">Klasifikacija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Klasifikacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Klasifikacija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kratkovidnost je klasificirana na različite načine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prema_etiologiji_(uzroku)"><span id="Prema_etiologiji_.28uzroku.29"></span>Prema etiologiji (uzroku)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Prema etiologiji (uzroku)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prema etiologiji (uzroku)"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duke-Elder klasificirao je miopiju prema uzroku: </p> <ul><li><b>Aksijalna kratkovidnost</b> - ovdje kratkovidnost nastaje zbog povećane aksijalne (osne) duljine oka.</li> <li><b>Refrakcijska kratkovidnost</b> - govori o stanju ostalih refrakcijskih djelova oka. Borish je dalje subklasificirao refrakcijsku miopiju: <ul><li><b>Kurvaturna kratkovidnost</b> - nastaje zbog prejake zakrivljenosti jedne ili više refrakcijskih površina oka, obično rožnice. Kod osoba sa Cohenovim sindromom, kratkovidnost se pojavljuje kao rezultat visoke lomne jakosti rožnice i leće.</li> <li><b>Indeksna kratkovidnost</b> – nastaje zbog prevelikog indeksa loma svjetlosti u jednom ili više prozirnih očnih medija.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prema_kliničkoj_slici"><span id="Prema_klini.C4.8Dkoj_slici"></span>Prema kliničkoj slici</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Prema kliničkoj slici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prema kliničkoj slici"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Različiti oblici kratkovidnosti mogu se klasificirati i prema kliničkoj slici. </p> <ul><li><b>Jednostavna kratkovidnost</b> je najučestalija. Kod nje je karakteristično to da je oko predugo za svoju optičku jakost (optička jakost oka jednaka je zbroju optičke jakosti rožnice i leće), ili je pak optički "prejako" za za svoju osnu duljinu. Smatra se da i genetski i okolinski činioci, osobito dugotrajan rad na blizinu, zajednički dopridonose razvoju jednostavne kratkovidnosti.</li> <li><b>Degenerativna kratkovidnost</b> je poznata po nazivima <b>maligna</b>, patološka ili <b>progresivna</b>, te je karakterizirana promjenama na fundusu kao što je posteriorni stafilom udružen sa visokom refrakternom pogreškom i subnormalnom oštrinom vida nakon korekcije. Ova vrsta kratkovidnosti s vremenom se sve više pogoršava. Degenerativna kratkovidnost je zabilježena kao jedan od glavnih uzroka oštećenja vida.</li> <li><b>Noćna kratkovidnost</b> je stanje u kojem je vid otežan pri slabijem osvjetljenju i u sumraku, dok je danju vid normalan. Kod noćne kratkovidnosti fokusiranje slike varira ovisno o količini svjetla, pa je kod normalnog osvjetljenja slika izoštrenija, a što je osvjetljenje slabije, slika je zamućenija. Smatra se da je noćna kratkovidnost prouzrokovana time što je u sumraku zjenica šira da bi u oko moglo ući više svjetla, no đto je zjenica šira, to je jača i sferna aberacija, a slika mutnija. Kod kratkovidnih koji mnogo voze noću često je potrebno propisati malo jaču dioptriju. Noćna kratkovidnost češće pogađa mlađe nego starije.</li> <li><b>Pseudomiopija</b> je zamućenje vida na daljinu prouzročeno spazmom cilijarnih mišića.</li> <li><b>Inducirana kratkovidnost</b>, ili <b>stečena kratkovidnost</b>, nastaje zbog djelovanja raznih lijekova, povišene razine glukoze u krvi (a time i očnoj leći, pa leća jače lomi svjetlo, to jest, ima veću lomnu jakost), <a href="/wiki/Katarakta" title="Katarakta">skleroze jezgre očne leće</a>, te nekih drugih poremećaja. Serklažne vrpce koje se kirurški ugrađuju zbog odignuća mrežnice mogu uzrokovati miopiju povećanjem aksijalne duljine oka (stezanje vrpce oko oka učini da se oko izdulji).</li> <li><b>Indeksna kratkovidnost</b> nastaje zbog porasta indeksa refrakcije jednog ili više očnih medija. Najčešči uzrok indeksne kratkovidnosti je katarakta.</li> <li><b>Kratkovidnost usljed deprivacije oblika</b> je tip kratkovidnosti koji se pojavljuje kad je gledanje onemogućeno ili ograničeno lošim osvjetljenjem ili malim područjem gledanja. Kod nižih vrsta kralježnjaka, čini se da je ova vrsta kratkovidnosti reverzibilna u kratkom vremenskom razdoblju. Često se takva kratkovidnost inducira kod raznih životinjskih modela kako bi se mogla proučavati patogeneza i mehanizam njenog razvoja.</li> <li><b>Prolazna kratkovidnost izazvana dugotrajnim radom na blizinu</b> (Nearwork Induced Transient Myopia – NIMT) je prolazna kratkovidnost koja se javi u vrlo kratkom vremenskom razdoblju neposredno nakon gledanja na blizinu. Neki se autori prepiru oko veze između NIMT-a i razvoja trajne kratkovidnosti.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prema_stupnju_kratkovidnosti">Prema stupnju kratkovidnosti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Prema stupnju kratkovidnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prema stupnju kratkovidnosti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kratkovidnost se mjeri dioptrijama ovisno o optičkoj jakosti korekcijskih leća koje omogućavaju dobro fokusiranje slike na mrežnicu. </p> <ul><li><b>Niska kratkovidnost</b>: -3.00 dpt. ili manje</li> <li><b>Srednje visoka kratkovidnost</b>: između -3.00 i -6.00 dpt. Osobe sa srednje visokom kratkovidnošću češće imaju imaju sindrom pigmentne disperzije ili pigmentni glaukom.</li> <li><b>Visoka kratkovidnost</b>: od -6.00 dpt. ili više. Ljudi s visokom kratkovidnošću češće dobiju <a href="/wiki/Ablacija_mre%C5%BEnice" title="Ablacija mrežnice">ablaciju mrežnice</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Glaukom" title="Glaukom">primarni glaukom otvorenog kuta</a>. Češće primjećuju u svom <a href="/wiki/Vidno_polje" title="Vidno polje">vidnom polju</a> lebdeće oblike nalik na pojedinačne ili skupine sjenki, a radi se o slobodno lebdećim kondenzatima <a href="/wiki/Staklasto_tijelo" title="Staklasto tijelo">staklovine</a>. Visoku kratkovidnost ima oko 30% od ukupnog broja kratkovidnih.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prema_dobi_u_kojoj_se_kratkovidnost_javila">Prema dobi u kojoj se kratkovidnost javila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Prema dobi u kojoj se kratkovidnost javila" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prema dobi u kojoj se kratkovidnost javila"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kratkovidnost se nekad klasificira prema dobi u kojoj se pojavljuje: </p> <ul><li><b>Kongenitalna ili infantilna kratkovidnost</b> – javlja se nakon rođenja i traje kroz dječju dob.</li> <li><b>Juvenilna kratkovidnost</b> (kratkovidnost u mlađoj životnoj dobi) - javlja se prije dvadesete godine života. <ul><li><b>Školska kratkovidnost</b> - javlja se tokom djetinjstva, osobito tokom školovanja. Naziv dolazi otud što se pojava ove vrste kratkovidnosti pripisuje dugom gledanju na blizinu za vrijeme učenja i školovanja.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Kratkovidnost u odrasloj dobi</b> dijeli se na <ul><li><b>Ranu odraslu miopiju</b>, koja se pojavljuje između 20. i 40. godine života</li> <li><b>Kasnu odraslu miopiju</b>, koja se javlja nakon 40. godine.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorije">Teorije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Teorije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Teorije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kombinacija_genetskih_i_okolišnih_činilaca"><span id="Kombinacija_genetskih_i_okoli.C5.A1nih_.C4.8Dinilaca"></span>Kombinacija genetskih i okolišnih činilaca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Kombinacija genetskih i okolišnih činilaca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kombinacija genetskih i okolišnih činilaca"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U Kini, kratkovidnost je puno češća kod visoko obrazovanih ljudi. Neke provedene studije govore u prilog tome da učenje i čitanje mogu pogoršati vid uz samu genetsku predispoziciju. Druge studije su pokazale da takav rad (čitanje, računalne igre) možda nije uzrok pogoršanja kratkovidnosti. Genetska podložnost prema okolišnim faktorima je postavljena kao jedan odgovor na varijaciju težine kratkovidnosti među pojednicima i među populacijama, ali postoji razlike u mišljenjima dali uopće postoje. Nasljednost znači da različitost u određenoj populaciji u određenom vremenu je određen genetskom različitošću. U promjenama okoliša, kao primjer uvođenje televizora i računala, incidencija kratkovidnosti se promjenila, čak se i nasljedni činilac povećao. S druge strane možemo zaključiti da je kratkovidnost određena nasljedstvom. Neki ljudi imaju povećan rizik od progresije kratkovidnosti pri utjecaju modernih okolišnih činilaca kao što su čitanje i rad na računalu. S druge strane smatra se da kratkovidnost nije toliko genetski predisponirana, već reakcija na specifične okolišne činilace, ta reakcija je važna za nastup i progresiju kratkovidnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetski_činioci"><span id="Genetski_.C4.8Dinioci"></span>Genetski činioci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Genetski činioci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Genetski činioci"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Šarolikost u prevalenciji kratkovidnosti u različitim etničkim skupinama prikazuje koliku ulogu ima genetika u njenom razvoju. Mjereći varijabilnost kratkovidnosti, genetika doprinosi do 89%, a novija istaživanja su pronašla gene koje bi mogli biti odgovorni za kratkovidnost: oštećeni PAX6 gen je povezan s kratkovidnošću u nekim studijama. Nadalje u studiji je dokazano da je oko malo produženo sprijeda prema natrag kao rezultat pogreške tjekom razvoja, tako da fokus ne pada na retinu već malo ispred nje. Ta pogreška obično se ustanovi kod djece između 8 i 12 godina. Obično se pogoršava tokom adolescencije jer oko tada raste, a kad dijete odraste se prestane pogoršavati. Genetski činioci mogu utjecati na različite biokemijske putove i tako utjecati na razvoj kratkovidnosti, oslabljeno vezivno tkivo je vrlo bitno u patofiziologiji kratkovidnosti. Genetski činioci uključuju nasljeđe, pojačavaju osjetljivost na okolišne utjecaje kao što je učestalo gledanje na blizinu (računalo). Činjenica je da neki ljudi ne razviju kratkovidnost bez obzira na vrlo nepovoljne okolišne uvjete znači da je genska komponenta itekako bitna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okolišni_činioci"><span id="Okoli.C5.A1ni_.C4.8Dinioci"></span>Okolišni činioci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Okolišni činioci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Okolišni činioci"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postoje mišljenja da genetski činioci nemaju nikakvog utjecaja kod kratkovidnosti. Također da zbog nasljednosti kratkovidnosti ne znači da okolišni činioci i stil života nemaju utjecaja. Neki preporučuju vježbanje oka za jačanje cilijarnih mišića. Neke teorije tumače kratkovidnost tako da oči tokom napornog rada na blizinu postanu napete i zaglave u bližoj poziciji, te vježbe oka omogućuju opuštanje mišića, te na taj način može se gledati na daljinu. Ovi primarno mehanički modeli čini se odstupaju od rezultata istraživanja koji pokazuju da širenje oka od naprijed prema natrag može biti uzrokovano kvalitetom slike s biokemijskim procesima kao aktivatorom. Zajedničko u oba slučaja je da rad na blizinu (računalo) i odgovarajuća akomodacija su ključni za početak i pogoršanje kratkovidnosti </p><p>Jedna austrijska studija pokazala je da čitanje blago produžuje osovinu oka, ali su to pripisali kontrakcijama <a href="/wiki/Cilijarni_mi%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Cilijarni mišić">cilijarnog mišića</a> pri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akomodacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akomodacija (stranica ne postoji)">akomodaciji</a> (proces kad se oku povećava moć da zadrži oštru sliku), a ne zbog napetosti vanjskih mišića oka. </p><p>Pretpostavka je da rad na blizinu i izlaganje umjetnom svijetlu u djetinjstvu okolišni činilac rizika za kratkovidnost. Iako su neke studije iznašle jaku vezu između izlaganja umjetnom svjetlu i kratkovidnosti, neke novije studije nisu našle nkikakvu vezu između ta dva entiteta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rad_na_blizinu">Rad na blizinu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Rad na blizinu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Rad na blizinu"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U jednim studijama rad na blizinu se smatra kao činilac koji doprinosi kratkovidnosti, međutim u drugima ga negiraju. Jedna novija studija predložila je da učenici budu izloženi radu na blizinu (čitanju) da mogu imati jači rizik za razvoj kratkovidnosti, dok su odmori od rada na blizinu za vrijeme zimskih i ljetnih praznika usporile razvoj kratkovidnosti. Rad na blizinu u pojednini kulturama (Vanuatu) ne pridonosi razvoju kratkovidnosti. Pretpostavlja se da to proizlazi kao rezultat genetskih ili okolišnih činilaca kao što su prehrana ili dugo prirodno svijetlo. Ove se promjene pojavljuju u Azijskim, Vanuatu i Eskimskim kulturama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishrana">Ishrana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Ishrana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ishrana"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Članak iz 2002. sugerira da kratkovidnost može biti uzrokovana prevelikom potrošnjom kruha u djetinjstvu i općenito ishranom bogatim ugljikohidratima što može dovesti do kroničnog povećanja produkcije inzulina. Razne druge komponente prehrane su odgovorne za dobrinos kratkovidnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stres">Stres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Stres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Stres"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretpostavka je da je stres faktor rizika za nastanak kratkovidnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevantna_istraživanja"><span id="Relevantna_istra.C5.BEivanja"></span>Relevantna istraživanja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Relevantna istraživanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Relevantna istraživanja"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>-Turska studija ustvrdila je da akomodativna konvergencija, prije nego akomodacija, mogla bi biti uzrok početka i napredovanja kratkovidnosti u odraslih. </p><p>-U nedavnoj Poljskoj studiji «with–the-rule astigmatizam» može dovesti do kratkovidnosti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalekovidnost_i_osveta_za_kratkovidnost">Dalekovidnost i osveta za kratkovidnost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Dalekovidnost i osveta za kratkovidnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dalekovidnost i osveta za kratkovidnost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mnogi ljudi koji pate od kratkovidnosti mogu bez naočala čitati čak i u dubokoj starosti. Kratkovidnim ljudima preporuča se kiruška obrada jer bi ona mogla biti hendikep nakon 40g. kad oči postaju dalekovidne i izgube mogučnost akomodacije i mjenjanja fokusa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dijagnoza">Dijagnoza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Dijagnoza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dijagnoza"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dijagnoza kratkovidnosti se obično utvrdi tokom očnog pregleda od strane oftalmologa ili optičara. Autorefraktor ili retinoskop se koristi za početnu procjenu o statusu refrakternosti pojedinog oka, zatim phoropterom se koristi za subjektivno poboljšavanje i time utvrđujemo dioptriju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liječenje,_zbrinjavanje_i_prevencija"><span id="Lije.C4.8Denje.2C_zbrinjavanje_i_prevencija"></span>Liječenje, zbrinjavanje i prevencija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Liječenje, zbrinjavanje i prevencija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Liječenje, zbrinjavanje i prevencija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Briller2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Briller2.JPG/220px-Briller2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Briller2.JPG/330px-Briller2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Briller2.JPG/440px-Briller2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Naočale s konkavnim straklima za ispravljanje kratkovidnosti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Naočale, kontaktne leće i kiruški zahvat su mogućnosti liječenja glavnog simptoma – kratkovidnosti. Ortokeratologija je praksa koja koristi krute leće koje imaju zadaću poravnati rožnicu i na taj način smanjiti kratkovidnost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Očne_vježbe_i_biološka_povratna_sprega"><span id="O.C4.8Dne_vje.C5.BEbe_i_biolo.C5.A1ka_povratna_sprega"></span>Očne vježbe i biološka povratna sprega</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odjeljak Očne vježbe i biološka povratna sprega" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Očne vježbe i biološka povratna sprega"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Praktikanti i zagovornici alternativnih terapija često preporučuju očne vježbe, te tehnike opuštanja, kao što je Batesova metoda. Međutim, djelotvornost ove prakse je osporavana od strane znanstvenika i oftalmologa. U 2005. u pregledima znanstvenih radova ustvrdilo se da nema nikakvog dokaza da očne vježbe koriste u liječenju kratkovidnosti. 1980.-ih i 1990.-ih postojao je golemi interes za primjenom biološke povratne sprege (biofeedback) kao mogućnost liječenja kratkovidnosti. 1997.g. članak o istraživanjima u primjeni energije zaključio je da «kontrolirane studije da potvrde ovu metodu su rijetke i kontradiktorne». U jednoj studiji je pokazano da bi primjena enegije mogla poboljšati vidnu oštrinu, i to treningom primjene energije. Takav napredak je specifičan za spravu kojom se mjerilo i ne može se generalizirati za druga mjerenja ili situacije. U drugoj studiji napredak u vidnoj oštrini je pronađen, ali autori su zaključili mogućnost da je to rezultat subjektivnog učenja zadatka. I na kraju, vrednovanjem sistema treninga koji je dizajniran da poboljša očnu oštrinu, dolazimo do zaključka da nema značajnih razlika između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevencija">Prevencija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odjeljak Prevencija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prevencija"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ne postoji nikakva univerzalna metoda koja bi prevenirala kratkovidnost. Uobičajena metoda prevencije je nošenje naočala za čitanje, kapi za oči i sudjelovanje u više aktivnosti na otvorenom. Neki kliničari i istraživači preporučuju nošenje konveksnih leća na naočalama za čitanje, dok se bave radom na blizinu ili čitaju umjesto klasičnih konkavnih leća koje se inače propisuju. Razlog zbog kojeg se koriste konveksne leće za prevenciju kratkovidnosti je jednostavan: konveksne leće pravilno lome konvergentno svjetlo za koje se koriste u naočale za čitanje kako bi se smanjila prekomjerna akomodacija dok se radi na blizinu ili se čita. Za ljude s dalekovidnošću te leće nemogu dovoljno blizu smjestiti fokus. Naočale za čitanje pomažu konvergirati zrake prije nego što uđu u oko te na taj način dopuniti onaj dio koji očna leća nema snage, zato su objekti u blizini jasno u fokusu na retini. Smanjivanjem napora za fokusiranje (akomodacija), korištenje naočala za čitanje ili konveksnih leća opuštaju cilijarni mišić i stoga se smanjuju šanse za razvoj kratkovidnosti. Jeftine i bez recepta naočale mogu se kupiti u svakoj trgovini mješovitom robom. Naočale za čitanje izrađene kod optičara imaju širi raspon mogućnosti i izbora leća. Nedavna Malezijska studija objavljena u New Scientist sugerira da nedovoljno korigirana kratkovidnost uzrokuje brži napredak kratkovidnosti, no ti su podatci dovedeni u pitanje. Mnoge studije koje se bave liječenjem kratkovidnosti imaju brojne nedostatke: mali broj pacjenata, nedostatak adekvatne kontrolne skupine, manjak skrivenih ispitivača i njihovo neznaje o tretmanu. Pirenzepin kapi za oči imale su ograničen učinak na usporavanje napredovanja bolesti u nedavnom, placebo kontroliranom, dvoslijepom ispitivanju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dnevno_svjetlo">Dnevno svjetlo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odjeljak Dnevno svjetlo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dnevno svjetlo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rad na dnevnom svjetlu može spriječiti pojavu kratkovidnosti. Australski znanstvenici su dokazali da izloženost dnevnom svjetlu igra ključnu ulogu u smanjivanju rasta očne jabučice, koja je odgovorna za nastanak i pogoršanje kratkovidnost. Uspoređivali su djecu iz razvijenih zemalja kao što su Singapurska i Australska koja 2-3 sata dnevno provedu na otvorenom imaju povećane koncentracije dopamina u oku koje ograničavaju iskrivljavanje oblika oka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontrola_kratkovidnosti">Kontrola kratkovidnosti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odjeljak Kontrola kratkovidnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kontrola kratkovidnosti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iskušane su razne metode u suzbijanju pogoršanja kratkovidnosti. Korištenje naočala za čitanje može polučiti uspjeh u smanjivanju ili eliminiranju potrebu za akomodacijom. Izmjenjivanjem korištenja naočala za čitanje na poslu između punog radnog vremena, pola radnog vremena ili njihovo ne korištenje nije polučilo nikakve promjene u težini kratkovidnosti. Bifokalne i progresivne leće (koriste se za prezbiopiju) nisu pokazale značajne promjene u poboljšanja kratkovidnosti. Posljednjih godina, laser niske radijacije opravdao je svoju korisnost u liječenju i prevenciji kratkovidnosti i nizu drugih očnih bolesti. Laserski uređaji za liječenje i prevenciju bolesti oka su razvili Moskovska firma «MACDEL» u suradnji s N.E. Bauman Moscow State Tehnical University (MSTU), Hemholz znanstveno istraživačkim institutom za bolesti oka, Moskovskim i nekoliko drugih medicinsko-tehnoloških istraživačkih centara u Rusiji. S laserima koje je predložila firma «MACDEL», uznapredovala kratkovidnost liječi se bez kontakta, bez boli i bez aktivnog sudjelovanja pacijenata. Jedan od tih lasera (MACDEL 00.00.09) usmjerava laserski snop na cilijarne mišiće, odstranjuje spazam uzrokovan akomodacijom, radi kojeg se pojavljuje kratkovidnost. Slaba laserska emisija drugog lasera ove firme (MACDEL 00.00.08) djeluje direktno na mrežnicu, poboljšava ishranu mrežnice i opušta očni živac. Oba tretmana traju nekoliko minuta, a ciklus liječenja se sastoji od deset takvih tretmana. Potrebno je ciklus ponavljati jednom mjesečno tokom nekoliko mjeseci, tada treba postupno ukidati ovaj tretman. Ova vrsta terapije učinkovita je na samo kod terapije kratkovidnosti, već kod terapije razrokosti, astigmatizma i kod nekih drugih očnih bolesti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kratkovidnost_kao_metafora">Kratkovidnost kao metafora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odjeljak Kratkovidnost kao metafora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kratkovidnost kao metafora"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pojmovi kratkovidnost i kratkovidan su metaforički pripisivani kognitivnom mišljenju u vezi s donošenjem odluka koje su ograničene, te da nemaju obzira o širem interesu i dugoročnim posljedicama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kratkovidnost&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skleroplastika" title="Skleroplastika">Skleroplastika</a></li></ul> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glasses" title="commons:Category:Glasses"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Glasses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Glasses">Kratkovidnost</a></b></i> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐kmvjg Cached time: 20241123051919 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.044 seconds Real time usage: 0.146 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 89/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 355/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 3/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2.966 1 Šablon:Commonscat 100.00% 2.966 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key shwiki:pcache:idhash:59650-0!canonical!sh-latn and timestamp 20241123051919 and revision id 41817075. 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