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class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_trigonometric_and_logarithmic_tables_of_the_cadastre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_trigonometric_and_logarithmic_tables_of_the_cadastre-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_trigonometric_and_logarithmic_tables_of_the_cadastre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Importance_for_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_for_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Importance for mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_for_mapping-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mechanizing calculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanizing_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Charles_Babbage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Charles_Babbage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Influence on Charles Babbage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Charles_Babbage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_the_tables_to_be_popularly_implemented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_the_tables_to_be_popularly_implemented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Failure of the tables to be popularly implemented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_tables_to_be_popularly_implemented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prony's_brake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prony's_brake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prony's brake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prony's_brake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prony's_estimation_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prony's_estimation_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prony's estimation method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prony's_estimation_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Engineering projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="غاسبار دي بروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاسبار دي بروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="جاسبار دى برونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاسبار دى برونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ガスパール・ド・プロニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガスパール・ド・プロニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Marie_Riche_de_Prony" title="Gaspard Marie Riche de Prony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaspard Marie Riche de Prony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Прони, Гаспар де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прони, Гаспар де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="Gaspard de Prony – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gaspard de Prony" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гаспар де Проні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаспар де Проні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q451608#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_de_Prony" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gaspard_de_Prony" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gaspard de Prony</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg/220px-Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg/330px-Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg/440px-Gaspard_de_Prony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1755-07-22</span>)</span>July 22, 1755<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chamelet" title="Chamelet">Chamelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 29, 1839<span style="display:none">(1839-07-29)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine" title="Asnières-sur-Seine">Asnières-sur-Seine</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prony_brake" title="Prony brake">Prony brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prony%27s_method" title="Prony's method">Prony's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prony_equation" title="Prony equation">Prony equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Baron <b>Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony</b> (22 July 1755 – 29 July 1839) was a French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, who worked on <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>. He was born at <a href="/wiki/Chamelet" title="Chamelet">Chamelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and died in <a href="/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine" title="Asnières-sur-Seine">Asnières-sur-Seine</a>, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_works">Education and early works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was Engineer-in-Chief of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_ponts_et_chauss%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale des ponts et chaussées">École nationale des ponts et chaussées</a></i></span> [National school of bridges and roads], a technical school in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_trigonometric_and_logarithmic_tables_of_the_cadastre">The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1791, Prony embarked on the task of producing <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithmic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trigonometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonometric">trigonometric</a> tables for the French <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a> (geographic survey). The effort was sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a>, which, after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> wanted to bring uniformity to the multiple measurements and standards used throughout the nation. In particular, his tables were intended for precise land surveys, as part of a greater cadastre effort. The tables were vast, calculating logarithms from 1 to 200,000,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with values calculated to between fourteen and twenty-nine decimal places,<sup id="cite_ref-distinguish_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distinguish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which Prony recognized was excessively precise).<sup id="cite_ref-Daston_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a></i>, Prony <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">divided up the labor</a> into three levels, bragging that he "could manufacture logarithms as easily as one manufactures pins."<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p><p>The first level consisted of five or six high-ranking mathematicians with sophisticated analytical skills, including <a href="/wiki/Adrien-Marie_Legendre" title="Adrien-Marie Legendre">Adrien-Marie Legendre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a>. This group chose the analytical formulas most suited to evaluation by numerical methods, and specified the number of decimals and the numerical range the tables were to cover. </p><p>The second group of lesser mathematicians, seven or eight in number, were known as the "planners" and had previous experience as <a href="/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" title="Computer (occupation)">computers</a> in the cadastre, mainly with experience having to do with practical mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planners combined analytical and computational skills, with this group calculating the pivotal values using the formulas provided and the sets of starting differences. They also prepared templates for the human computers, and the first worked row of calculations, as well as the instructions for the computers to carry the sequence to completion. Finally, this group was tasked with verifying all the calculations made by the human computers. Since recalculating every value would have nullified the use of the lowest level computers since their tasks would have been completely repeated, the planners used a method knows as "<a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_integrated_moving_average" title="Autoregressive integrated moving average">differencing</a>," where they compared adjacent values in the tables, checking for any discrepancies.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third group consisted of sixty to ninety <a href="/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" title="Computer (occupation)">human computers</a>. These had no more than a rudimentary knowledge of arithmetic and carried out the most laborious and repetitive part of the process. Many were out-of-work hairdressers, because, with the guillotining of the aristocracy, the hairdressing trade, which had tended the elaborate hairstyles of the elite, was in recession.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grier_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–39">: 33–39 </span></sup>Due to their lack of experience, they only had to calculate simple problems of addition and subtraction. In addition, this group did not operate under a factory-like model, instead opting to work from home, sending their results and receiving their new tasks from the planners in a non-centralized manner. These calculators could produce an average of around 700 calculations a day.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_for_mapping">Importance for mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Importance for mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables developed by Prony's team were doubly important for French metric <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>. Firstly, at the time, sailors needed logarithms for math pertaining to spherical geometry, because this was needed to quickly and accurately <a href="/wiki/Positioning_system" title="Positioning system">position</a> themselves to guarantee safe and efficient travel across the seas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the implementation of the new French Revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> would make the old logarithmic tables would be obsolete, and French sailors would be unwilling to switch measurement systems since it would have rendered positional calculations significantly more difficult and less precise. Thus, Prony, by making new logarithmic tables for the new metric system, would have facilitated the transition, enabling sailors to adopt the system. The second key element was that trigonometric values were needed for cadastral measures. Thus, for accurate mapping of the French territory and its subdivisions all the way down to the lowest levels of property ownership, Prony needed to complete the trigonometric tables. These were both seen as crucial for Revolutionary pride considering the importance of naval prowess at the time and the need for administrative efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_calculations">Enlightenment calculations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enlightenment calculations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Prony, the project was to leave "nothing to desire with respect to exactitude" and to be "the most vast... monument to calculation ever executed or even conceived." The tables were not used for their original purpose of bringing consistent standards for measurement, as the entire cadastre project saw delays in establishing both new measurement units as well as budget cuts. In particular, these tables, which were designed for the <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> division of circles and time, turned out to be obsolete after the French had changed their measurement system. Moreover, there was no practical use for the full extent of Prony's calculation's accuracy. Hence, these tables became more of artifacts and monuments to Enlightenment rather than objects of practical use.<sup id="cite_ref-Daston_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_meaning_of_calculation">Influence on the meaning of calculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence on the meaning of calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the turn of the 19th century, there was a shift in the meaning of calculation. The talented <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a> and other intellectuals who produced creative and abstract ideas were regarded separately from those who were able to perform tedious and repetitive computations. Before the 19th century, calculation was regarded as a task for the academics, while afterwards, calculations were associated with unskilled laborers. This was accompanied by a shift in gender roles as well, as women, who were usually underrepresented in mathematics at the time, were hired to perform extensive computations for the tables as well as other computational government projects until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This shift in the interpretation of calculation was largely due to Prony's calculation project during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daston_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup> This project was able to unite people from many different walks of life as well as mathematical abilities (in the traditional sense) and hence changed the meaning of calculation from intelligence into unskilled labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Daston_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanizing_calculation">Mechanizing calculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanizing calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prony was able to have artisans (workers who excelled in mechanical arts that require intelligence) work along with mathematicians to perform the calculations. Prony noted a few interesting observations about this new dynamic. First, it was fascinating to see so many different people work on the same problem. Second, he realized that even the ones with the least intellectual ability were able to perform these computations with astonishingly few errors. Prony saw this entire system as a collection of human computers working together as a whole - a machine governed by hierarchical principles of the division of labor. In fact, Prony may have begun to amend his notion of intelligence, which he began to use to evaluate the system as a whole, rather than evaluating the intelligence of its constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-Daston_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daston-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195, 6">: 195, 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Charles_Babbage">Influence on Charles Babbage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on Charles Babbage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, credited with inventing the first <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_computer" title="Mechanical computer">mechanical computer</a>, was inspired by Prony's take on Smith's division of labor. He agreed with the three tiered system, but Babbage was seized by the idea that the labours of the unskilled computers could be taken over completely by machinery. This would keep only the two highest groups human, and also would transform the role of the planners into a maintenance group for the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_the_tables_to_be_popularly_implemented">Failure of the tables to be popularly implemented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Failure of the tables to be popularly implemented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French Revolutionary government passed the law that made the metric system the official measurement system in 1795, but they did not include the decimal angle measurement, making much of Prony's work worthless. This also meant that the funding needed for Prony to finish and publish his tables dried up. Prony continued his work until 1800, but because his publisher went bankrupt, the work was not seen by the public eye until the first excerpt of the table was published a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> government abandoned the project, before abandoning the metric system entirely in 1812 dooming Prony's work.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prony's_brake"><span id="Prony.27s_brake"></span>Prony's brake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prony's brake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prony_brake" title="Prony brake">Prony brake</a></div> <p>One of Prony's important scientific inventions was the "brake" which he invented in 1821 to measure the torque produced by an engine. </p><p>He also was first to propose using a reversible pendulum to measure <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, which was independently invented in 1817 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a> and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kater%27s_pendulum" title="Kater's pendulum">Kater's pendulum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prony's_estimation_method"><span id="Prony.27s_estimation_method"></span>Prony's estimation method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prony's estimation method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prony created a method of converting sinusoidal and exponential curves into a systems of linear equations. <a href="/wiki/Prony%27s_method" title="Prony's method">Prony estimation</a> is used extensively in signal processing and finite element modelling of non linear materials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering_projects">Engineering projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engineering projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prony was employed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to superintend the engineering operations for protecting the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ferrara" title="Province of Ferrara">province of Ferrara</a> against the inundations of the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> and for draining and improving the <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Marshes" title="Pontine Marshes">Pontine Marshes</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">Restoration</a> he was likewise engaged in regulating the course of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, and in several other important works.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prony was a member, and eventually president, of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy of Science">French Academy of Science</a>. He was also elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1810. His name is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_72_names_on_the_Eiffel_Tower" title="List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower">72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower</a>. A street, Rue de Prony, in the <a href="/wiki/17th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="17th arrondissement of Paris">17th arrondissement of Paris</a> is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prony_equation" title="Prony equation">Prony equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Storer_Storrow" title="Charles Storer Storrow">Charles Storer Storrow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-distinguish-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distinguish_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, one must distinguish the number of places of calculation from the number of places of accuracy. These tables were not accurate to 14 and 29 places.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley, Margaret (1998) <i>A career biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, bridge-builder, educator, and scientist</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mellen_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellen Press">Mellen Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimonNewell1958" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Herbert A.; Newell, Allen (1958). 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"Charles Babbage : vers une théorie du calcul mécanique" [Charles Babbage: towards a theory of mechanical calculation]. <i>Revue d'histoire des sciences</i> (in French). <b>36</b> (1): 69–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frhs.1983.1904">10.3406/rhs.1983.1904</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0151-4105">0151-4105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23632329">23632329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Charles+Babbage+%3A+vers+une+th%C3%A9orie+du+calcul+m%C3%A9canique&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-107&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0151-4105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23632329%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frhs.1983.1904&rft.aulast=Mosconi&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspard+de+Prony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallerberg1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hallerberg, Arthur E. (1973). "The metric system: past, present—future?". <i>The Arithmetic Teacher</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 247–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5951%2FAT.20.4.0247">10.5951/AT.20.4.0247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-136X">0004-136X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41188244">41188244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arithmetic+Teacher&rft.atitle=The+metric+system%3A+past%2C+present%E2%80%94future%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=247-255&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0004-136X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41188244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5951%2FAT.20.4.0247&rft.aulast=Hallerberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspard+de+Prony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LS-DYNDA Keyword Manual. Livermore Software Technology Corporation. 2009. pp289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Prony,_Gaspard_Clair_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Riche_de" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prony, Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de">Prony, Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prony%2C+Gaspard+Clair+Fran%C3%A7ois+Marie+Riche+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=437&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspard+de+Prony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaspard_de_Prony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gaspard_de_Prony" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gaspard de Prony">Gaspard de Prony</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Prony.html">"Gaspard de Prony"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaspard+de+Prony&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FDe_Prony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaspard+de+Prony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statsci.org/other/prony.html">Prony 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083434904">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49335766">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/183482/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxmdb38J36r6CjhhfKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124162878">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86853064">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12535038t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12535038t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35996034">Australia</a></span></li><li><span 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