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Arqueano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Éon_Arqueano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ver_também" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ver_também"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ver também</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ver_também-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referências-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Referências</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leitura_adicional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leitura_adicional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leitura adicional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leitura_adicional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cronologia da evolução</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 27 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="التسلسل الزمني للتاريخ التطوري للحياة — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التسلسل الزمني للتاريخ التطوري للحياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="خط زمنى للتطور — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خط زمنى للتطور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="জীবনের বিবর্তনিক ইতিহাসের কালক্রম — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবনের বিবর্তনিক ইতিহাসের কালক্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_cronol%C3%B2gica_de_l%27evoluci%C3%B3" title="Taula cronològica de l'evolució — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula cronològica de l'evolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llinell_amser_esblygiad_bywyd" title="Llinell amser esblygiad bywyd — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llinell amser esblygiad bywyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidslinje_for_livets_evolutionshistorie" title="Tidslinje for livets evolutionshistorie — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tidslinje for livets evolutionshistorie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_la_historia_evolutiva_de_la_vida" title="Anexo:Cronología de la historia evolutiva de la vida — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología de la historia evolutiva de la vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سیر زمانی تاریخ فرگشتی حیات — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیر زمانی تاریخ فرگشتی حیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27%C3%A9volution_du_vivant" title="Chronologie de l'évolution du vivant — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chronologie de l'évolution du vivant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ציר הזמן של ההיסטוריה האבולוציונית של החיים — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציר הזמן של ההיסטוריה האבולוציונית של החיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="पृथ्वी पर जीवन के अस्तित्व का इतिहास — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पृथ्वी पर जीवन के अस्तित्व का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_evolucijske_povijesti_%C5%BEivota" title="Kronologija evolucijske povijesti života — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kronologija evolucijske povijesti života" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_waktu_Tata_Surya" title="Garis waktu Tata Surya — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis waktu Tata Surya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dell%27evoluzione_della_vita" title="Cronologia dell'evoluzione della vita — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia dell'evoluzione della vita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ევოლუციის ქრონოლოგია — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევოლუციის ქრონოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C" title="생명진화사 연표 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명진화사 연표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidslinje_over_livets_evolusjonshistorie" title="Tidslinje over livets evolusjonshistorie — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidslinje over livets evolusjonshistorie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_istoriei_evolutive_a_vie%C8%9Bii" title="Cronologia istoriei evolutive a vieții — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cronologia istoriei evolutive a vieții" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Хронология эволюции — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хронология эволюции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologija_evolucije" title="Kronologija evolucije — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kronologija evolucije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_evolucije" title="Hronologija evolucije — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hronologija evolucije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/20px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/30px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/40px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b>Nota:</b> Para outros significados de uma explicação detalhada do contexto da vida na Terra, veja <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_evolutiva_da_vida" title="História evolutiva da vida">História evolutiva da vida</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/20px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/30px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, 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position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25.770925110132em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.788546255507em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.806167400881em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:19.823788546256em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.84140969163em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.859030837004em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:13.876651982379em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.894273127753em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.9118942731278em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:7.9295154185022em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.9471365638767em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.9647577092511em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-500 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:1.9823788546256em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">0 —</span></div></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:36em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:36em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10em; border:none; background-color:#e5cc7f;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#99ccff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:34.985022026432em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:16.04em; left:0.5em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-17.492511013216em;"><i><b><small><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gua" title="Água">Água</a></small></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#b3d9ff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:31.718061674009em; margin-left:0.1em; width:9.9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:12.34em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-15.859030837004em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Organismo_unicelular" title="Organismo unicelular">Vida<br />unicelular</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#99ffff; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:27.753303964758em; margin-left:0.7em; width:9.3em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:8.64em; left:0.2em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-13.876651982379em;"><i><b><small><a href="/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese">Fotossíntese</a></small></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#b3ffea; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:16.651982378855em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:5.14em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-8.3259911894273em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ccffe7; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:12.687224669604em; margin-left:1.4em; width:8.6em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.06em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-6.3436123348018em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Organismo_multicelular" title="Organismo multicelular">Vida<br />multicelular</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#cc9900; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:3.5191189427313em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:1.14em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.7595594713656em;"></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:2.8546255506608em; margin-left:2.5em; width:7.5em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.69em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.4273127753304em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Siluriano#Fauna_e_Flora" title="Siluriano">Vida terrestre</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#e6b800; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.51938325991189em; height:1.8594713656388em; margin-left:2.5em; width:7.5em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.28em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.92973568281938em;"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Dinossauros" title="Dinossauros">Dinossauros    </a></b></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffcc00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.5859030837004em; margin-left:3em; width:7em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.36em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.79295154185022em;"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADferos" title="Mamíferos">Mamíferos</a></b></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:1.0308370044053em; margin-left:3.67em; width:6.33em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.51541850220264em;"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma">Flores</a></b></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:blue; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.015859030837004em; margin-left:4.5em; width:5.5em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.0079295154185022em;"> </span></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Terra" title="História da Terra">Início da Terra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idade_da_Terra" title="Idade da Terra">−4540</a>)</div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.88986784141em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Origem_da_%C3%A1gua_na_Terra" title="Origem da água na Terra">Início da água</a></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:31.718061674009em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Abiog%C3%AAnese" title="Abiogênese">Origem da vida<br />(−4000)</a></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:30.925110132159em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Intenso_bombardeio_tardio" title="Intenso bombardeio tardio">Meteoritos de LHB</a></small></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:27.753303964758em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio">Início do oxigênio</a></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.42731277533em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio">Oxigênio atmosférico</a></small></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18.237885462555em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Grande_evento_de_oxigena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande evento de oxigenação">Crise de oxigênio</a></small></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:9.5154185022026em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Origem_e_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_sexo_eucari%C3%B3tico" title="Origem e evolução do sexo eucariótico">Início da reprodução sexual</a></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.9955947136564em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.2898678414097em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/Explos%C3%A3o_Cambriana" title="Explosão Cambriana">Explosão Cambriana</a></small></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.0079295154185022em;"><div id="arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/Humano" title="Humano">Era dos humanos</a></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.87224669603524em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:70%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoico" title="Fanerozoico">F<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c<br />o</a></span></center></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.0035242290749em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.5em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:70%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoico" title="Proterozoico"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c<br />o</a></span></center></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.537444933921em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:70%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Arqueano" title="Arqueano"><br /><br />A<br />r<br />q<br />u<br />e<br />a<br />n<br />o</a></span></center></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:31.955947136564em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.25em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:70%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/Hadeano" title="Hadeano">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n<br />o</a></span></center></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; 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width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 005px; top: 000px"><span style="font:bold 10px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:14px 4px 14px 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Glacia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Huroniana" title="Glaciação Huroniana"><small><small>Huroniano</small></small></a> </span></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.3722466960352em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.15em; left:-13.5em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 000px; top: 000px"><span style="font:bold 9px Arial;display:inline;background-color:rgba(255,165,0,0.5);padding:3px 4px 3px 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Criogeniano" class="mw-redirect" title="Criogeniano"><small>Criogeniano</small></a> </span></div></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; 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margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div id="bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div id="nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em"><small>Escala do eixo em milhões de anos.</small></div></div> <p>Esta <b>Cronologia da evolução da vida</b> delineia os maiores eventos no desenvolvimento da <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vida</a> no planeta <a href="/wiki/Terra" title="Terra">Terra</a>. As datas dadas neste artigo baseiam-se em evidências científicas. Em <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evolução">evolução</a> é o processo pelo qual populações de organismos adquirem e transmitem características novas de geração para geração. Os processos evolutivos influenciam a diversidade em todos os níveis da <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Organização biológica">organização biológica</a>, dos <a href="/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia)">reinos</a> as <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie" title="Espécie">espécies</a>. A sua ocorrência ao longo de longos períodos de tempo explica a origem de <a href="/wiki/Especia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especiação">novas espécies</a> e a vasta diversidade do mundo biológico. Espécies contemporâneas são relacionadas umas às outras por <a href="/wiki/Origem_comum" title="Origem comum">origem comum</a>, produto da evolução e especiação ao longo de <a href="/wiki/Escala_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escala longa">mil milhões</a> de anos. As semelhanças entre todos os organismos atuais indicam a presença de um <a href="/wiki/Antepassado_comum" class="mw-redirect" title="Antepassado comum">antepassado comum</a>, do que houve evolução de todas as espécies conhecidas, vivas e <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extinção">extintas</a>. Calcula-se que houve extinções de 99% de todas as espécies,<sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns1999-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> mas que somam mais de cinco mil milhões.<sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As estimativas do número de espécies atuais na Terra variam de 10 a 14 milhões,<sup id="cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> das quais aproximadamente 1,2 milhão foram documentadas e mais de 86% ainda não foram descritas.<sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-20110823-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, um relatório científico em maio de 2016, estima que 1 trilhão de espécies esteja atualmente na Terra, com apenas 0,001% descrito.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2016002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2016002-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embora os dados apresentados neste artigo sejam estimativas baseadas em evidências científicas, houve controvérsia entre visões mais tradicionais de aumento da <a href="/wiki/Biodiversidade" title="Biodiversidade">biodiversidade</a> ao longo do tempo e a visão de que o modelo básico na Terra tem sido de aniquilação e diversificação e que em alguns tempos passados como a <a href="/wiki/Explos%C3%A3o_cambriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosão cambriana">explosão cambriana</a>, havia uma grande diversidade.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinções"><span id="Extin.C3.A7.C3.B5es"></span>Extinções</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Extinções" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Extinções"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_massa" title="Extinção em massa">Extinção em massa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Geological_time_spiral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/240px-Geological_time_spiral.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/360px-Geological_time_spiral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/480px-Geological_time_spiral.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Representação visual em forma de espiral da história da vida na Terra</figcaption></figure> <p>As espécies se extinguem constantemente à medida que os ambientes mudam, os organismos competem por lugares ambientais e a mutação genética leva ao surgimento de novas espécies em relação às mais antigas. Ocasionalmente, a biodiversidade na Terra é atingida na forma de uma <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_massa" title="Extinção em massa">extinção em massa</a>, na qual a taxa de extinção é muito maior do que o normal. Um grande evento de extinção em massa geralmente representa um aumento de eventos menores de extinção que ocorrem em um período relativamente curto de tempo. </p><p>A primeira extinção em massa conhecida na história da Terra foi o <a href="/wiki/Grande_evento_de_oxigena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande evento de oxigenação">grande evento de oxigenação</a>, há 2,4 bilhões de anos. Esse evento levou à perda da maioria dos <a href="/wiki/Anaerobiose" title="Anaerobiose">anaeróbios obrigatórios</a> do planeta. Os pesquisadores identificaram seis grandes eventos de extinção em massa na história da Terra desde: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Cambriano-Ordoviciano" title="Extinção do Cambriano-Ordoviciano">Fim do Cambriano</a>: há 760 milhões de anos, 85% de todas as espécies perdidas, incluindo diversas espécies de <a href="/wiki/Equinodermos" class="mw-redirect" title="Equinodermos">equinodermos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braqui%C3%B3pode" class="mw-redirect" title="Braquiópode">braquiópodes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Conodonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonte">conodontes</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Ordoviciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinção do Ordoviciano">Fim do Ordoviciano</a>: há 440 milhões de anos, 86% de todas as espécies perdidas, incluindo <a href="/wiki/Grapt%C3%B3litos" class="mw-redirect" title="Graptólitos">graptólitos</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_massiva_do_Devoniano" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinção massiva do Devoniano">Devoniano Superior</a>: há 375 milhões de anos, 75% das espécies perdidas, incluindo a maioria dos <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobitas</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Permo-Tri%C3%A1ssica" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinção Permo-Triássica">Fim do Permiano</a> ou "A Grande Morte": há 251 milhões de anos, 96% das espécies perdidas, incluindo corais tabulados e a maioria das árvores e <a href="/wiki/Sinaps%C3%ADdeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinapsídeo">sinapsídeos</a> existentes;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tri%C3%A1ssico-Jur%C3%A1ssico" title="Extinção do Triássico-Jurássico">Fim do Triássico</a>: há 200 milhões de anos, 80% das espécies perdidas, incluindo todos os <a href="/wiki/Conodonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonte">conodontes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobitas</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Cret%C3%A1ceo-Paleogeno" title="Extinção do Cretáceo-Paleogeno">Fim do Cretáceo</a>: há 66 milhões de anos, 76% das espécies perdidas, incluindo todos os <a href="/wiki/Amonita" title="Amonita">amonitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosassauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosassauro">mosassauros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ictiossauro" title="Ictiossauro">ictiossauros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plesiossauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiossauro">plesiossauros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterossauro" title="Pterossauro">pterossauros</a> e <a href="/wiki/Dinossauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinossauro">dinossauros</a> não-aviários.</li></ul> <p>Ocorreram eventos menores de extinção nos períodos entre essas catástrofes maiores, com alguns de pé nos pontos de delineamento dos períodos e épocas reconhecidos pelos cientistas no <a href="/wiki/Escala_de_tempo_geol%C3%B3gico" title="Escala de tempo geológico">tempo geológico</a>. O evento de <a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_massa_do_Holoceno" title="Extinção em massa do Holoceno">extinção do Holoceno</a> está em andamento.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os fatores de extinção em massa incluem <a href="/wiki/Deriva_continental" title="Deriva continental">deriva continental</a>, mudanças na <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a> atmosférica e marinha, <a href="/wiki/Vulcanismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanismo">vulcanismo</a> e outros aspectos da formação de montanhas, mudanças na <a href="/wiki/Glacia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Glaciação">glaciação</a>, mudanças no <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADvel_do_mar" title="Nível do mar">nível do mar</a> e <a href="/wiki/Evento_de_impacto" title="Evento de impacto">eventos de impacto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cronologia_básica"><span id="Cronologia_b.C3.A1sica"></span>Cronologia básica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Cronologia básica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cronologia básica"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cronologia básica é uma <a href="/wiki/Idade_da_Terra" title="Idade da Terra">Terra com 4,6 mil milhões de anos</a>, com (muito aproximadamente): </p> <ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Escala_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escala longa">mil milhões</a> de anos de <a href="/wiki/Procariota" class="mw-redirect" title="Procariota">células simples</a> (procariontes);<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Escala_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escala longa">mil milhões</a> de anos de <a href="/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese">fotossíntese</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Escala_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escala longa">mil milhões</a> de anos de <a href="/wiki/Eucariota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucariota">células complexas</a> (eucariontes),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escala_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Escala longa">Mil milhões</a> de anos de <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_multicelularidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolução da multicelularidade">vida multicelular</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>600 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animais</a> simples;<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyCambrian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyCambrian-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>570 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Artr%C3%B3podes" class="mw-redirect" title="Artrópodes">artrópodes</a> (ancestrais de insectos, aracnídeos e crustáceos);</li> <li>550 milhões de anos de animais complexos;</li> <li>500 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Peixe" title="Peixe">peixes</a> e proto-anfíbios;</li> <li>475 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Plantas_terrestres" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantas terrestres">plantas terrestres</a>;</li> <li>400 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Inseto" class="mw-redirect" title="Inseto">insetos</a> e <a href="/wiki/Semente" title="Semente">sementes</a>;</li> <li>360 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Anf%C3%ADbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfíbio">anfíbios</a>;</li> <li>300 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ptil" class="mw-redirect" title="Réptil">répteis</a>;</li> <li>230 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Dinossauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinossauro">dinossauros</a>;</li> <li>200 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfero" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamífero">mamíferos</a>;</li> <li>150 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Aves" title="Aves">aves</a>;</li> <li>130 milhões de anos de <a href="/wiki/Flor" title="Flor">flores</a>;</li> <li>65 milhões de anos desde que <a href="/wiki/Dinossauro" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinossauro">dinossauros</a> <a href="/wiki/Evento_KT" class="mw-redirect" title="Evento KT">se extinguiram</a>; e</li> <li>200 mil anos desde que <a href="/wiki/Humano" title="Humano">humanos</a> começaram a parecer-se como atualmente.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cronologia_detalhada">Cronologia detalhada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Cronologia detalhada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cronologia detalhada"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div> <p>Nessa cronologia, <b><a href="/wiki/Annum" title="Annum">Ma</a></b> (megaano) significa "[há] milhões de anos", <b>ka</b> (por kiloano) significa "[há] milhares de anos" e <b>a</b> significa "[há] anos". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Éon_Hadeano"><span id=".C3.89on_Hadeano"></span>Éon Hadeano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Éon Hadeano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Éon Hadeano"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/240px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/360px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/480px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Hadeano" title="Hadeano">Hadeano</a></div> <p>4540 Ma – 4000 Ma </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Data </th> <th>Evento </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4540 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra#Formação" title="Terra">O planeta Terra forma-se</a> a partir do <a href="/wiki/Disco_de_acre%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Disco de acreção">disco de acreção</a> que gira ao redor do jovem <a href="/wiki/Sol" title="Sol">Sol</a>, talvez precedido pela formação de <a href="/wiki/Composto_org%C3%A2nico" title="Composto orgânico">compostos orgânicos</a> necessários à vida no <a href="/wiki/Disco_protoplanet%C3%A1rio" title="Disco protoplanetário">disco proto-planetário</a> de <a href="/wiki/Poeira_c%C3%B3smica" title="Poeira cósmica">poeira cósmica</a> circundante.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120329_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120329-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4510 Ma </td> <td>De acordo com a <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3tese_do_grande_impacto" title="Hipótese do grande impacto">hipótese do grande impacto</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lua" title="Lua">Lua</a> se originou quando o planeta Terra e o planeta hipotético <a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a> colidiram, enviando um número grande muito de rocha lunar em órbita ao redor da Terra jovem, que eventualmente se fundiram para formar a Lua.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> A força gravitacional da nova Lua <a href="/wiki/Acoplamento_de_mar%C3%A9" title="Acoplamento de maré">estabilizou</a> o <a href="/wiki/Rota%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Terra" title="Rotação da Terra">eixo de rotação</a> flutuante da Terra e estabeleceu as condições nas quais a <a href="/wiki/Abiog%C3%AAnese" title="Abiogênese">abiogênese</a> poderia ocorrer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4404 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Origem_da_%C3%A1gua_na_Terra#Água_no_desenvolvimento_da_Terra" title="Origem da água na Terra">Primeira aparição de água líquida</a> na Terra, encontradas nos cristais mais antigos chamado <a href="/wiki/Zirconita" title="Zirconita">zircão</a> conhecidos.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4280–3770 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primeiras_formas_de_vida_conhecidas" title="Primeiras formas de vida conhecidas">Primeira aparência possível da vida</a> na Terra.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20170301_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20170301-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20170301_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170301-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-20170301_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20170301-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4.3b_oldest_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4.3b_oldest-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Éon_Arqueano"><span id=".C3.89on_Arqueano"></span>Éon Arqueano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Éon Arqueano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Éon Arqueano"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Acasta_gneiss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acasta_gneiss.jpg/240px-Acasta_gneiss.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acasta_gneiss.jpg/360px-Acasta_gneiss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acasta_gneiss.jpg/480px-Acasta_gneiss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fragmento do Acasta Gneiss em exposição no Museu de História Natural de Viena</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/240px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/360px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/480px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>O tapete de <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">algas verde-azuladas</a> em lago salgado à beira-mar do <a href="/wiki/Mar_Branco" title="Mar Branco">Mar Branco</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/240px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></i> sp. cepa NRC-1</figcaption></figure> <div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/17px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/26px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Magnifying_glass_01.svg/34px-Magnifying_glass_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="659" /></span></span>Ver artigo principal: <a href="/wiki/Arqueano" title="Arqueano">Arqueano</a></div> <p>4.000 Ma – 2.500 Ma </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Data </th> <th>Evento </th></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4100 Ma </td> <td>Preservação mais precoce possível do carbono biogênico.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4100–3800 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Intenso_bombardeio_tardio" title="Intenso bombardeio tardio">Intenso Bombardeio Tardio</a> (IBT): barragem estendida de meteoroides <a href="/wiki/Evento_de_impacto" title="Evento de impacto">impactando</a> os planetas telúricos.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> O fluxo térmico da atividade hidrotérmica generalizada durante o IBT pode ter ajudado na abiogênese e na diversificação inicial da vida. Possíveis restos de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Material_bi%C3%B3tico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Material biótico (página não existe)">vida biótica</a> foram encontrados em rochas de 4,1 bilhões de anos na <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia_Ocidental" title="Austrália Ocidental">Austrália Ocidental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Provável origem da vida. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">4000 Ma </td> <td>Formação do <a href="/wiki/Cintur%C3%A3o_de_rochas_verdes" title="Cinturão de rochas verdes">cinturão de rochas verdes</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnaisse_Acasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnaisse Acasta (página não existe)">gnaisse Acasta</a> no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crat%C3%B3n_Slave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cratón Slave (página não existe)">cratón Slave</a> em <a href="/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rios_do_Noroeste" title="Territórios do Noroeste">Territórios do Noroeste</a>, no Canadá, um cinturão de rocha mais velho no mundo.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjornerud_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornerud-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3900–2500 Ma </td> <td>Aparecem <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lula" title="Célula">células</a> semelhantes a <a href="/wiki/Procarionte" title="Procarionte">procariontes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Esses primeiros organismos são acreditados<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Por_favor,_seja_claro" title="Wikipédia:Por favor, seja claro"><span title="O material perto desta tag pode usar palavras ambíguas ou atribuição demasiado vagas. (novembro de 2021)">por quem?</span></a></i>]</sup> teriam sido <a href="/wiki/Quimiotr%C3%B3fico" title="Quimiotrófico">quimioautotróficos</a>, usando <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_carbono" title="Dióxido de carbono">dióxido de carbono</a> como fonte de <a href="/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono">carbono</a> e <a href="/wiki/Oxirredu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Oxirredução">oxidando</a> materiais inorgânicos para extrair energia. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3800 Ma </td> <td>Formação de um cinturão de rochas verdes do complexo de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cintur%C3%A3o_de_Rochas_Verdes_Isua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinturão de Rochas Verdes Isua (página não existe)">Isua</a> no oeste da <a href="/wiki/Groenl%C3%A2ndia" class="mw-redirect" title="Groenlândia">Groenlândia</a>, cujas frequências isotópicas sugerem a presença de vida.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjornerud_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjornerud-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> As primeiras evidências de vida na Terra incluem: <a href="/wiki/Hematita" title="Hematita">hematita</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subst%C3%A2ncia_biog%C3%AAnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substância biogênica (página não existe)">biogênica</a> de 3,8 bilhões de anos em uma <a href="/wiki/Forma%C3%A7%C3%B5es_ferr%C3%ADferas_bandadas" title="Formações ferríferas bandadas">formação ferrífera em faixas</a> do <a href="/wiki/Cintur%C3%A3o_de_Rochas_Verdes_Nuvvuagittuq" title="Cinturão de Rochas Verdes Nuvvuagittuq">Cinturão de Rochas Verdes Nuvvuagittuq</a>, no Canadá;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grafite" title="Grafite">grafite</a> em <a href="/wiki/Rocha_metassedimentar" title="Rocha metassedimentar">rochas metassedimentares</a> de 3,7 bilhões de anos no oeste da Groenlândia;<sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3ssil" title="Fóssil">fósseis</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tapete_microbiano" title="Tapete microbiano">tapete microbiano</a> em <a href="/wiki/Arenito" title="Arenito">arenito</a> de 3,48 bilhões de anos na <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia_Ocidental" title="Austrália Ocidental">Austrália Ocidental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3800–3500 Ma </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_ancestral_comum_universal" title="Último ancestral comum universal">Último ancestral comum universal</a> (LUCA):<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> dividido entre <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria">bactérias</a> e <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">arqueias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> <p>As bactérias desenvolvem a <a href="/wiki/Fotoss%C3%ADntese" title="Fotossíntese">fotossíntese</a> primitiva, que a princípio não produzia <a href="/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio">oxigênio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> Esses organismos exploram um <a href="/wiki/Gradiente_eletroqu%C3%ADmico" title="Gradiente eletroquímico">gradiente de prótons</a> para gerar <a href="/wiki/Trifosfato_de_adenosina" title="Trifosfato de adenosina">trifosfato de adenosina</a> (ATP), um mecanismo usado por praticamente todos os organismos subsequentes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">3000 Ma </td> <td>Fotossintetizam <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cianobactérias</a> usando água como <a href="/wiki/Redu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Redução">agente redutor</a> e produzindo oxigênio como resíduo.<sup id="cite_ref-Buick,_R._2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buick,_R._2008-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> O oxigênio livre inicialmente óxido de ferro dissolvido nos oceanos, criando <a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9rio_de_ferro" title="Minério de ferro">minério de ferro</a>. A concentração de oxigênio na atmosfera aumenta lentamente, <a href="/wiki/Veneno" title="Veneno">envenenando</a> muitas bactérias e eventualmente desencadeando o <a href="/wiki/Grande_Evento_de_Oxigena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Grande Evento de Oxigenação">Grande Evento de Oxigenação</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="TOP"> <td align="RIGHT" nowrap="">2800 Ma </td> <td>Evidências mais antigas de vida microbiana em terra na forma de <a href="/wiki/Paleossolo" title="Paleossolo">paleossolos</a> ricos em matéria orgânica, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagoa_ef%C3%AAmera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagoa efêmera (página não existe)">lagoas efêmeras</a> e sequências <a href="/wiki/Aluvi%C3%A3o" title="Aluvião">aluviais</a>, algumas contendo <a href="/wiki/Micropaleontologia" title="Micropaleontologia">microfósseis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beraldi-Campesi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beraldi-Campesi-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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código-fonte da secção: Ver também"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="mbox-small" style="clear:right; float:right; margin:4px 0 4px 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livros" title="Wikipédia:Livros"><img alt="Livros da Wikipédia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Epiphany-bookmarks.png/30px-Epiphany-bookmarks.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Epiphany-bookmarks.png/45px-Epiphany-bookmarks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Epiphany-bookmarks.png/60px-Epiphany-bookmarks.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><ul style="font-weight: bold"> <p><a href="/wiki/Livro:Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Livro:Evolução">Livro: Evolução</a> </p> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_hist%C3%B3ria_natural_da_Terra" title="Cronologia da história natural da Terra">Cronologia da história natural da Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana" title="Cronologia da evolução humana">Cronologia da evolução humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_evolutiva_das_plantas" title="História evolutiva das plantas">História evolutiva das plantas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_massa" title="Extinção em massa">Extinção em massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escala_de_tempo_geol%C3%B3gico" title="Escala de tempo geológico">Escala de tempo geológico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Terra" title="História da Terra">História da Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_natural" title="História natural">História natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cultural" title="Evolução cultural">Evolução cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Hist%C3%B3ria" title="Grande História">Grande História</a></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns1999_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStearnsStearns1999">Stearns & Stearns 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&pg=PA1921">x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Novacek, Michael J. (8 de novembro de 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">«<i>Prehistory's Brilliant Future</i>»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Nova York: The New York Times Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 25 de dezembro de 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Prehistory%99s+Brilliant+Future&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.aulast=Novacek&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book-Biology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Book-Biology_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinney1997">McKinney 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false">110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillerSpoolman2012">Miller & Spoolman 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">62</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLoS-20110823-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; et al. (23 de agosto de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">«<i>How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?</i>»</a>. San Francisco, CA: <i>Public Library of Science</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_Biology" title="PLOS Biology">PLOS Biology</a></i>. <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885">1545-7885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">3160336</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886479">21886479</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.au=Adl%2C+Sina&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Alastair+G.+B.&rft.au=Tittensor%2C+Derek+P.&rft.au=Worm%2C+Boris&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1545-7885&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.pages=e1001127&rft.volume=9&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-2016002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF-2016002_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Staff (2 de maio de 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">«Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 11 de abril de 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+that+Earth+may+be+home+to+1+trillion+species&rft.au=Staff&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D138446&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hickman, Crystal; Starn, Autumn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.wvu.edu/~kgarbutt/EvolutionPage/Studentsites/Burgesspages/models_of_evolution.html">«The Burgess Shale & Models of Evolution»</a>. <i>Reconstructions of the Burgess Shale and What They Mean..</i>. Morgantown, WV: <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=The+Burgess+Shale+%26+Models+of+Evolution&rft.au=Starn%2C+Autumn&rft.aufirst=Crystal&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reconstructions+of+the+Burgess+Shale+and+What+They+Mean...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.wvu.edu%2F~kgarbutt%2FEvolutionPage%2FStudentsites%2FBurgesspages%2Fmodels_of_evolution.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartonBriggsEisenGoldstein2007">Barton et al. 2007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/10_EVOW_Art/20_EVOW_CH10.pdf">Figure 10.20</a> Four diagrams of evolutionary models</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/06/150619152142.htm">Sixth mass extinction is here: Humanity's existence threatened</a> publicado no dia <a href="/wiki/19_de_junho" title="19 de junho">19 de junho</a> de <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> na "ScienceDaily" (Stanford University Summario: "Biologists have use highly conservative estimates to prove that species are disappearing faster than at any time since the dinosaurs' demise".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">1.Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle and Todd M. Palmer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/5/e1400253">Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction</a>. Science Advances, 2015 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (1 de março de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28252057">«Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates»</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>543</b> (7643): 60–64. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28252057">28252057</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21377">10.1038/nature21377</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+early+life+in+Earth%27s+oldest+hydrothermal+vent+precipitates&rft.au=Grenne%2C+Tor&rft.au=Little%2C+Crispin+T.+S.&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Papineau%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Pirajno%2C+Franco&rft.au=Rittner%2C+Martin&rft.au=Slack%2C+John+F.&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.issue=7643&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=60-64&rft.volume=543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F28252057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21377&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28252057&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Olson, John M. (maio de 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453059">«Photosynthesis in the Archean era»</a>. <i>Photosynthesis Research</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 109–117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-8595">0166-8595</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453059">16453059</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9040-5">10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+in+the+Archean+era&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.date=2006-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0166-8595&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&rft.pages=109-117&rft.volume=88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16453059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9040-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16453059&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (31 de março de 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2517/prpsj.7.9">«The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record»</a>. <i>Paleontological Research</i> (em inglês). <b>7</b> (1): 9–41. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1342-8144">1342-8144</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2517%2Fprpsj.7.9">10.2517/prpsj.7.9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+Metazoa+in+the+light+of+the+Proterozoic+fossil+record&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+A.&rft.aulast=Fedonkin&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1342-8144&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Paleontological+Research&rft.pages=9-41&rft.volume=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2517%2Fprpsj.7.9&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2517%2Fprpsj.7.9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Strother, Paul K.; Battison, Leila; Brasier, Martin D.; Wellman, Charles H. (26 de maio de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490597">«Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes»</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>473</b> (7348): 505–509. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490597">21490597</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09943">10.1038/nature09943</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+earliest+non-marine+eukaryotes&rft.au=Battison%2C+Leila&rft.au=Brasier%2C+Martin+D.&rft.au=Wellman%2C+Charles+H.&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.issue=7348&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=505-509&rft.volume=473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F21490597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09943&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21490597&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerkeleyCambrian-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyCambrian_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Waggoner, Ben M.; Collins, Allen G.; et al. (22 de novembro de 1994). Rieboldt, Sarah; Smith, Dave, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/cambrian.php">«The Cambrian Period»</a>. <i>Tour of geologic time</i> (Online exhibit). Berkeley, CA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology (página não existe)">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 9 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=The+Cambrian+Period&rft.au=Collins%2C+Allen+G.&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Karen&rft.au=Kang%2C+Myun&rft.au=Lavarias%2C+Amy&rft.au=Prabaker%2C+Kavitha&rft.au=Skaggs%2C+Cody&rft.aufirst=Ben+M.&rft.aulast=Waggoner&rft.date=1994-11-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tour+of+geologic+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fcambrian%2Fcambrian.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space-20120329-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Space-20120329_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Moskowitz, Clara (29 de março de 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html">«Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purch (página não existe)">Purch</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de março de 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Life%27s+Building+Blocks+May+Have+Formed+in+Dust+Around+Young+Sun&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Herres, Gregg; <a href="/wiki/William_Kenneth_Hartmann" title="William Kenneth Hartmann">Hartmann, William K</a> (7 de setembro de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html">«The Origin of the Moon»</a>. <i>Planetary Science Institute</i>. Tucson, AZ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Moon&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+William+K&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.aulast=Herres&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetary+Science+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psi.edu%2Fepo%2Fmoon%2Fmoon.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Astrobio (24 de setembro de 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/topic/solar-system/meteoritescomets-and-asteroids/making-the-moon/">«Making the Moon»</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i> (Based on a <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a> press release). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2152-1239">2152-1239</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de março de 2015</span>. <q>Because the Moon helps stabilize the tilt of the Earth's rotation, it prevents the Earth from wobbling between climatic extremes. Without the Moon, seasonal shifts would likely outpace even the most adaptable forms of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Making+the+Moon&rft.au=Astrobio&rft.date=2001-09-24&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2152-1239&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Ftopic%2Fsolar-system%2Fmeteoritescomets-and-asteroids%2Fmaking-the-moon%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (11 de janeiro de 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://websites.pmc.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/EART_206/09-0113/Wilde%20et%2001%20Nature%20409-175.pdf">«Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i> (em inglês). <b>409</b> 6817 ed. pp. 175–178. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11196637">11196637</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35051550">10.1038/35051550</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+detrital+zircons+for+the+existence+of+continental+crust+and+oceans+on+the+Earth+4.4+Gyr+ago&rft.au=Graham%2C+Colin+M.&rft.au=Peck%2C+William+H.&rft.au=Valley%2C+John+W.&rft.aufirst=Simon+A.&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.date=2001-01-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=175-178&rft.volume=409&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.pmc.ucsc.edu%2F~pkoch%2FEART_206%2F09-0113%2FWilde%2520et%252001%2520Nature%2520409-175.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35051550&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11196637&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20170301-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20170301_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (2 de março de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/1/ppnature21377_Dodd_for%20Symplectic.pdf">«Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>543</b> (7643): 60–64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.543...60D">2017Natur.543...60D</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28252057">28252057</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21377">10.1038/nature21377</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+early+life+in+Earth%27s+oldest+hydrothermal+vent+precipitates&rft.au=Dodd%2C+Matthew+S.&rft.au=Grenne%2C+Tor&rft.au=Little%2C+Crispin+T.+S.&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Papineau%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Pirajno%2C+Franco&rft.au=Rittner%2C+Martin&rft.au=Slack%2C+John+F.&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7643&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=60-64&rft.volume=543&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F112179%2F1%2Fppnature21377_Dodd_for%2520Symplectic.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.543...60D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21377&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28252057&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20170301-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20170301_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (1 de março de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html">«Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de março de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Scientists+Say+Canadian+Bacteria+Fossils+May+Be+Earth%27s+Oldest&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F01%2Fscience%2Fearths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-20170301-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20170301_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ghosh, Pallab (1 de março de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523">«Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de março de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+life+on+Earth+%27found%27&rft.aufirst=Pallab&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-39117523&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4.3b_oldest-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4.3b_oldest_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation news">Dunham, Will (1 de março de 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true">«Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life»</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de março de 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Canadian+bacteria-like+fossils+called+oldest+evidence+of+life&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.aulast=Dunham&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidCAKBN16858B%3Fsp%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/41-billion-year-old-crystal-may-hold-earliest-signs-life">«4.1-billion-year-old crystal may hold earliest signs of life»</a> (em inglês). 19 de outubro de 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 8 de agosto de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=4.1-billion-year-old+crystal+may+hold+earliest+signs+of+life&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2F41-billion-year-old-crystal-may-hold-earliest-signs-life&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (24 de novembro de 2015). «Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon». <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> (em inglês). <b>112</b> 47 ed. pp. 14518–14521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351">4664351</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481">26483481</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1+billion-year-old+zircon&rft.au=Boehnke%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&rft.au=Mao%2C+Wendy+L.&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.pages=14518-14521&rft.volume=112&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4664351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214518B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26483481&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Abramov, Oleg; Mojzsis, Stephen J. (21 de maio de 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isotope.colorado.edu/2009_Abramov_Mojzsis_Nature.pdf">«Microbial habitability of the Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>. <b>459</b> 7245 ed. pp. 419–422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..419A">2009Natur.459..419A</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458721">19458721</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08015">10.1038/nature08015</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Microbial+habitability+of+the+Hadean+Earth+during+the+late+heavy+bombardment&rft.au=Mojzsis%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.aulast=Abramov&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=419-422&rft.volume=459&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisotope.colorado.edu%2F2009_Abramov_Mojzsis_Nature.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..419A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19458721&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20151019-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20151019_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (19 de outubro de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html">«Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Excite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excite (página não existe)">Excite</a></i>. Yonkers, NY: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mindspark_Interactive_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mindspark Interactive Network (página não existe)">Mindspark Interactive Network</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de outubro de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Hints+of+life+on+what+was+thought+to+be+desolate+early+Earth&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Excite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20151019%2Fus-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (24 de novembro de 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">«Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>112</b> 47 ed. pp. 14518–14521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351">4664351</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481">26483481</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 30 de dezembro de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Potentially+biogenic+carbon+preserved+in+a+4.1+billion-year-old+zircon&rft.au=Boehnike%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Harrison%2C+T.+Mark&rft.au=Mao%2C+Wendy+L.&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=14518-14521&rft.volume=112&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4664351&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F10%2F14%2F1517557112.full.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11214518B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26483481&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjornerud-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bjornerud_29-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bjornerud_29-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBjornerud2005">Bjornerud 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese, Carl</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Gogarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Peter Gogarten (página não existe)">Gogarten, J. Peter</a> (21 de outubro de 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-did-eukaryotic-cells/">«When did eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei and other internal organelles) first evolve? What do we know about how they evolved from earlier life-forms?»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 4 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=When+did+eukaryotic+cells+%28cells+with+nuclei+and+other+internal+organelles%29+first+evolve%3F+What+do+we+know+about+how+they+evolved+from+earlier+life-forms%3F&rft.au=Gogarten%2C+J.+Peter&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.date=1999-10-21&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-did-eukaryotic-cells%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Nicole Mortilanno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/oldest-record-life-earth-found-quebec-1.4004545">«Oldest traces of life on Earth found in Quebec, dating back roughly 3.8 billion years»</a>. <i>CBC News</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Oldest+traces+of+life+on+Earth+found+in+Quebec%2C+dating+back+roughly+3.8+billion+years&rft.au=Nicole+Mortilanno&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Foldest-record-life-earth-found-quebec-1.4004545&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG-20131208-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NG-20131208_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (Janeiro de 2014). «Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Geoscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Geoscience (página não existe)">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. <b>7</b> 1 ed. p. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatGe...7...25O">2014NatGe...7...25O</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2025">10.1038/ngeo2025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+biogenic+graphite+in+early+Archaean+Isua+metasedimentary+rocks&rft.au=Ishida%2C+Akizumi&rft.au=Kakegawa%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Nagase%2C+Toshiro&rft.au=Rosing%2C+Minik+T.&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft.aulast=Ohtomo&rft.date=2014-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.pages=25-28&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatGe...7...25O&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo2025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20131113-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20131113_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (13 de novembro de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">«Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom»</a>. <i>Excite</i>. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 15 de novembro de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Oldest+fossil+found%3A+Meet+your+microbial+mom&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Excite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20131113%2FDAA1VSC01.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AST-20131108-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AST-20131108_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nora_Noffke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nora Noffke (página não existe)">Noffke, Nora</a>; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hazen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hazen (página não existe)">Hazen, Robert M.</a> (8 de novembro de 2013). «Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia». <i><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_(peri%C3%B3dico)" title="Astrobiology (periódico)">Astrobiology</a></i>. <b>13</b> 12 ed. pp. 1103–1124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13.1103N">2013AsBio..13.1103N</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-1074">1531-1074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916">3870916</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205812">24205812</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030">10.1089/ast.2013.1030</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Microbially+Induced+Sedimentary+Structures+Recording+an+Ancient+Ecosystem+in+the+ca.+3.48+Billion-Year-Old+Dresser+Formation%2C+Pilbara%2C+Western+Australia&rft.au=Christian%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hazen%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Wacey%2C+David&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.aulast=Noffke&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1531-1074&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.pages=1103-1124&rft.volume=13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3870916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013AsBio..13.1103N&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24205812&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Doolittle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ford Doolittle (página não existe)">Doolittle, W. Ford</a> (Fevereiro de 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2004_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">«Uprooting the Tree of Life»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>282</b> 2 ed. pp. 90–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SciAm.282b..90D">2000SciAm.282b..90D</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710791">10710791</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90">10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 5 de abril de 2015</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907081933/http://shiva.msu.montana.edu/courses/mb437_537_2004_fall/docs/uprooting.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 7 de setembro de 2006</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Uprooting+the+Tree+of+Life&rft.aufirst=W.+Ford&rft.aulast=Doolittle&rft.date=2000-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=90-95&rft.volume=282&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshiva.msu.montana.edu%2Fcourses%2Fmb437_537_2004_fall%2Fdocs%2Fuprooting.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SciAm.282b..90D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0200-90&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10710791&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying Xu; Labedan, Bernard (9 de julho de 2008). «The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology_Direct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biology Direct (página não existe)">Biology Direct</a></i>. <b>3</b>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-6150">1745-6150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2478661">2478661</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613974">18613974</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-3-29">10.1186/1745-6150-3-29</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=The+Last+Universal+Common+Ancestor%3A+emergence%2C+constitution+and+genetic+legacy+of+an+elusive+forerunner&rft.au=Labedan%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Ying+Xu&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.aulast=Glansdorff&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1745-6150&rft.jtitle=Biology+Direct&rft.pages=29&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2478661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1745-6150-3-29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18613974&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hahn, Jürgen; Haug, Pat (Maio de 1986). «Traces of Archaebacteria in ancient sediments». <i>Systematic and Applied Microbiology</i>. <b>7</b> 2–3 ed. pp. 178–183. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0723-2020">0723-2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0723-2020%2886%2980002-9">10.1016/S0723-2020(86)80002-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Traces+of+Archaebacteria+in+ancient+sediments&rft.au=Haug%2C+Pat&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.date=1986-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0723-2020&rft.jtitle=Systematic+and+Applied+Microbiology&rft.pages=178-183&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0723-2020%2886%2980002-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Olson, John M. (Maio de 2006). «Photosynthesis in the Archean era». <i>Photosynthesis Research</i>. <b>88</b> (2). pp. 109–117. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhoRe..88..109O">2006PhoRe..88..109O</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0166-8595">0166-8595</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16453059">16453059</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9040-5">10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Photosynthesis+in+the+Archean+era&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.date=2006-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0166-8595&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Photosynthesis+Research&rft.pages=109-117&rft.volume=88&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhoRe..88..109O&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11120-006-9040-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16453059&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/why-are-cells-powered-by-proton-gradients-14373960">«Proton Gradient, Cell Origin, ATP Synthase - Learn Science at Scitable»</a>. <i>www.nature.com</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Proton+Gradient%2C+Cell+Origin%2C+ATP+Synthase+-+Learn+Science+at+Scitable&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nature.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Ftopicpage%2Fwhy-are-cells-powered-by-proton-gradients-14373960&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Romano, Antonio H.; Conway, Tyrrell (Julho–Setembro de 1996). «Evolution of carbohydrate metabolic pathways». <i>Research in Microbiology</i>. <b>147</b> 6–7 ed. pp. 448–455. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0923-2508">0923-2508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9084754">9084754</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0923-2508%2896%2983998-2">10.1016/0923-2508(96)83998-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+carbohydrate+metabolic+pathways&rft.au=Conway%2C+Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Antonio+H.&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.date=1996-07%2F1996-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0923-2508&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Microbiology&rft.pages=448-455&rft.volume=147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0923-2508%2896%2983998-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9084754&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_R._Knowles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremy R. Knowles (página não existe)">Knowles, Jeremy R.</a> (Julho de 1980). «Enzyme-Catalyzed Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_Review_of_Biochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annual Review of Biochemistry (página não existe)">Annual Review of Biochemistry</a></i>. <b>49</b>. pp. 877–919. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4154">0066-4154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6250450">6250450</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.49.070180.004305">10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.004305</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Enzyme-Catalyzed+Phosphoryl+Transfer+Reactions&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+R.&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.date=1980-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0066-4154&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.pages=877-919&rft.volume=49&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.49.070180.004305&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6250450&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buick,_R._2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Buick,_R._2008_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Buick, Roger (27 de agosto de 2008). «When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?». <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (página não existe)">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>363</b> 1504 ed. pp. 2731–2743. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606769">2606769</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18468984">18468984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0041">10.1098/rstb.2008.0041</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=When+did+oxygenic+photosynthesis+evolve%3F&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Buick&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=2731-2743&rft.volume=363&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2606769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18468984&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beraldi-Campesi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beraldi-Campesi_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Beraldi-Campesi, Hugo (23 de fevereiro de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecologicalprocesses.com/content/pdf/2192-1709-2-1.pdf">«Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecological Processes</i>. <b>2</b> 1 ed. 4 páginas. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EcoPr...2....1B">2013EcoPr...2....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2192-1709">2192-1709</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F2192-1709-2-1">10.1186/2192-1709-2-1</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Early+life+on+land+and+the+first+terrestrial+ecosystems&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.aulast=Beraldi-Campesi&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2192-1709&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Processes&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecologicalprocesses.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F2192-1709-2-1.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EcoPr...2....1B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F2192-1709-2-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r60995074">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBartonBriggsEisenGoldstein2007" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Barton (página não existe)">Barton, Nicholas H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Derek_Briggs" title="Derek Briggs">Briggs, Derek E.G.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Eisen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Eisen (página não existe)">Eisen, Jonathan A.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_B._Goldstein_(geneticist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David B. Goldstein (geneticist) (página não existe)">Goldstein, David B.</a>; Patel, Nipam H. (2007). <i>Evolution</i>. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (página não existe)">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-87969-684-9" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-87969-684-9">978-0-87969-684-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2007010767">2007010767</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/86090399">86090399</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Derek+E.G.&rft.au=Eisen%2C+Jonathan+A.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Patel%2C+Nipam+H.&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+H.&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.btitle=Evolution&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-684-9&rft.place=Cold+Spring+Harbor%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007010767&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86090399&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinBernsteinMichod2012" class="citation book">Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol; Michod, Richard E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=31918">«DNA Repair as the Primary Adaptive Function of Sex in Bacteria and Eukaryotes»</a>. In: Kimura, Sakura; Shimizu, Sora. <i>DNA Repair: New Research</i>. Hauppauge, NY: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_Science_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova Science Publishers (página não existe)">Nova Science Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-62100-808-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-62100-808-8">978-1-62100-808-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2011038504">2011038504</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/828424701">828424701</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=DNA+Repair+as+the+Primary+Adaptive+Function+of+Sex+in+Bacteria+and+Eukaryotes&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+Carol&rft.au=Michod%2C+Richard+E.&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.btitle=DNA+Repair%3A+New+Research&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-62100-808-8&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+NY&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novapublishers.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct_info.php%3Fproducts_id%3D31918&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011038504&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828424701&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBjornerud2005" class="citation book">Bjornerud, Marcia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingrocksauto00bjor"><i>Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of the Earth</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westview_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westview Press (página não existe)">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-8133-42498" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-8133-42498">978-0-8133-42498</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2004022738">2004022738</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56672295">56672295</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft.aulast=Bjornerud&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Rocks%3A+The+Autobiography+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-42498&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingrocksauto00bjor&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004022738&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56672295&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKirschvink1992" class="citation book">Kirschvink, Joseph L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/firstsnowball.pdf">«Late Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: the Snowball Earth»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. In: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._William_Schopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. William Schopf (página não existe)">Schopf, J. William</a>; Klein, Cornelis. <i>The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study</i>. Cambridge; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-521-36615-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-521-36615-1">978-0-521-36615-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/91015085">91015085</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23583672">23583672</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Late+Proterozoic+Low-Latitude+Global+Glaciation%3A+the+Snowball+Earth&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft.aulast=Kirschvink&rft.btitle=The+Proterozoic+Biosphere%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Study&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36615-1&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~jkirschvink%2Fpdfs%2Ffirstsnowball.pdf&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91015085&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23583672&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1997" class="citation book">McKinney, Michael L. (1997). «How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view». In: Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. <i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences</i> 1st ed. London; New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_%26_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman & Hall (página não existe)">Chapman & Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-412-63380-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-412-63380-5">978-0-412-63380-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/96071014">96071014</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36442106">36442106</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=How+do+rare+species+avoid+extinction%3F+A+paleontological+view&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare%94common+differences&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-412-63380-5&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F96071014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36442106&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMillerSpoolman2012" class="citation book">Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. (2012). <i>Environmental Science</i> 14th ed. Belmont, CA: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" title="Cengage Learning">Brooks/Cole</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-1-111-98893-7" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-1-111-98893-7">978-1-111-98893-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2011934330">2011934330</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/741539226">741539226</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.au=Spoolman%2C+Scott+E.&rft.aufirst=G.+Tyler&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=14th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-111-98893-7&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011934330&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741539226&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearns1999" class="citation book">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_C._Stearns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen C. Stearns (página não existe)">Stearns, Stephen C.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300084696"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-300-07606-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-300-07606-6">978-0-300-07606-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/98034087">98034087</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/47011675">47011675</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07606-6&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300084696&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98034087&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47011675&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leitura_adicional">Leitura adicional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Leitura adicional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Leitura adicional"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2004" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale">The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-618-00583-3" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-618-00583-3">978-0-618-00583-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/2004059864">2004059864</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56617123">56617123</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale%3A+A+Pilgrimage+to+the+Dawn+of+Life&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00583-3&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004059864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56617123&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/">«Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution»</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California">University of California</a>, Berkeley<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=Understanding+Evolution%3A+your+one-stop+resource+for+information+on+evolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Life_on_Earth/1">«Life on Earth»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_Life_Web_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tree of Life Web Project (página não existe)">Tree of Life Web Project</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Arizona (página não existe)">University of Arizona</a>. 1 de janeiro de 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Life+on+Earth&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FLife_on_Earth%2F1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Explore complete phylogenetic tree interactively</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niel_Brandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niel Brandt (página não existe)">Brandt, Niel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/geo_timeline.html">«Evolutionary and Geological Timelines»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a></i>. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+and+Geological+Timelines&rft.aufirst=Niel&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Forigins%2Fgeo_timeline.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeos.com">«Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeos (página não existe)">Palaeos</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Palaeos%3A+Life+Through+Deep+Time&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeos.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Kyrk, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html">«Evolution»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a>)</span>. <i>Cell Biology Animation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Evolution&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Kyrk&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cell+Biology+Animation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnkyrk.com%2Fevolution.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Interactive timeline from Big Bang to present</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/plantEvolution.shtml">«Plant Evolution»</a>. <i>Plant and Animal Evolution</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Waikato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Waikato (página não existe)">University of Waikato</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Plant+Evolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Animal+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Fevolution%2FplantEvolution.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Sequence of Plant Evolution</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/AnimalEvolution.shtml">«The History of Animal Evolution»</a>. <i>Plant and Animal Evolution</i>. University of Waikato<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 18 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Animal+Evolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Animal+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Fevolution%2FAnimalEvolution.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Sequence of Animal Evolution</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Yeo, Dannel; Drage, Thomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://draget.net/hoe/index.php">«History of Life on Earth»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de março de 2015</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315040156/http://draget.net/hoe/index.php">Cópia arquivada em 15 de março de 2015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.au=Drage%2C+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dannel&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.btitle=History+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdraget.net%2Fhoe%2Findex.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments"><i>Exploring Time</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_(canal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (canal) (página não existe)">The Science Channel</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de março de 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.btitle=Exploring+Time&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Science+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexploringtime.org%2F%3Fpage%3Dsegments&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Roberts, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/timeline/">«Plant evolution timeline»</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 19 de março de 2015</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313180118/http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/timeline">Cópia arquivada em 13 de março de 2015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ACronologia+da+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.btitle=Plant+evolution+timeline&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsci.cam.ac.uk%2Ftimeline%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturelyrics.com/pages/articles/nature_photography/nature_in_nature_photography.html">Art of the Nature Timelines na Wikipédia</a></li> <li><i>Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa" title="Língua inglesa">inglês</a> cujo título é «<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of the evolutionary history of life</a>».</i></li></ul> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/40px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/60px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/80px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5410" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">Biologia</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. 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Origem das Espécies">A Origem das Espécies</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADntese_evolutiva_moderna" title="Síntese evolutiva moderna">Síntese evolutiva moderna</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Terra" title="História da Terra">Evolução da Vida</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Primeiras_formas_de_vida_conhecidas" title="Primeiras formas de vida conhecidas">Primeiras formas de vida conhecidas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processos da <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evolução">evolução</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Evid%C3%AAncias_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evidências da evolução">Evidências da evolução</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Adaptabilidade_evolutiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptabilidade evolutiva">Adaptabilidade evolutiva</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Especia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Especiação">Especiação</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mecanismo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o_natural" title="Seleção natural">Seleção natural</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Deriva_gen%C3%A9tica" title="Deriva genética">Deriva genética</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Fluxo_g%C3%AAnico" title="Fluxo gênico">Fluxo gênico</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Isolamento_reprodutivo" title="Isolamento reprodutivo">Isolamento reprodutivo</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Muta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Mutação">Mutação</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolução de <i>taxa</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_evolutiva_dos_mam%C3%ADferos" title="História evolutiva dos mamíferos">Mamíferos</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_aves" title="Evolução das aves">Aves</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana" title="Evolução humana">Humanos</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_cavalo" title="Evolução do cavalo">Cavalo</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_insetos" title="Evolução dos insetos">Insetos</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_evolutiva_dos_l%C3%A9mures" title="História evolutiva dos lémures">Lémures</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_evolutiva_da_vida" title="História evolutiva da vida">Vida</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_evolutiva_das_plantas" title="História evolutiva das plantas">Plantas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anag%C3%AAnese" title="Anagênese">Anagênese</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Cladog%C3%AAnese" title="Cladogênese">Cladogênese</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-campo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica_populacional" title="Genética populacional">Genética populacional</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A9tica_ecol%C3%B3gica" title="Genética ecológica">Genética ecológica</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_molecular" title="Evolução molecular">Evolução molecular</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Filogen%C3%A9tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenética">Filogenética</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sistem%C3%A1tica" title="Sistemática">Sistemática</a>  <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cronologia da evolução</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana" title="Cronologia da evolução humana">Cronologia da evolução humana</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Espistemologia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Introdução à evolução">Introdução à evolução</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evid%C3%AAncias_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Evidências da evolução">Evidências da evolução</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_como_fato_e_teoria" title="Evolução como fato e teoria">Evolução como fato e teoria</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gambiarra_evolutiva" title="Gambiarra evolutiva">Gambiarra evolutiva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lista_de_gambiarras_evolutivas" title="Lista de gambiarras evolutivas">lista</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cronologia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d8ce8e"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Cronologia" title="Predefinição:Cronologia"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";background:#d8ce8e;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Cronologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Cronologia (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/180px-MontreGousset001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/240px-MontreGousset001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Periodiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_hist%C3%B3ria" title="Periodização da história">Períodos,<br />Eras e Épocas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Calendário<br />de Eras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eras_do_homem" title="Eras do homem">Era Humana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Era_comum" class="mw-redirect" title="Era comum">Era comum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino">Era Bizantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_sel%C3%AAucida" title="Era selêucida">Era selêucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Hisp%C3%A2nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Era Hispânica">Era Hispânica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antes_do_presente" title="Antes do presente">Antes do presente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuga">Hindu Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contagem_longa" title="Contagem longa">Contagem longa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ano_de_reinado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ano de reinado (página não existe)">Ano de reinado</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2none_de_Ptolomeu" title="Cânone de Ptolomeu">Cânone de Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Listas_de_reis" title="Categoria:Listas de reis">Listas de Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limu" title="Limu">Limu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_sel%C3%AAucida" title="Era selêucida">Era selêucida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nome_de_era" title="Nome de era">Nome de eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Era_da_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Era da China (página não existe)">Chinesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eras_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Eras do Japão">Japonesa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Era_da_Coreia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Era da Coreia (página não existe)">Coreana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio" title="Calendário">Calendários</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Julianos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_romano" title="Calendário romano">Pré-Juliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_juliano" title="Calendário juliano">Juliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calend%C3%A1rio_Prol%C3%A9ptico_Juliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calendário Proléptico Juliano (página não existe)">Proléptico Juliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_juliano_revisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendário juliano revisado">Juliano Revisado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Gregorianos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_gregoriano" title="Calendário gregoriano">Gregoriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_gregoriano_prol%C3%A9ptico" title="Calendário gregoriano proléptico">Proléptico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estilo_Antigo_e_Estilo_Novo" title="Estilo Antigo e Estilo Novo">Estilo Antigo e Estilo Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_Holoceno" title="Calendário Holoceno">Holoceno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ado%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_calend%C3%A1rio_gregoriano" title="Adoção do calendário gregoriano">Adoção</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Astronômicos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_lunissolar" title="Calendário lunissolar">Lunissolares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_judaico" title="Calendário judaico">Judaico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_hindu" title="Calendário hindu">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_solar" title="Calendário solar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_lunar" title="Calendário lunar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Calendário islâmico">Islâmico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_ano_astron%C3%B4mico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numeração de ano astronômico (página não existe)">Numeração de ano astronômico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Religiosos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_lit%C3%BArgico" title="Calendário litúrgico">Litúrgico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ano_lit%C3%BArgico" title="Ano litúrgico">Ano litúrgico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_do_Advento" title="Calendário do Advento">Advento</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_hagiol%C3%B3gico" title="Calendário hagiológico">Hagiológico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_Romano_Geral" title="Calendário Romano Geral">Romano Geral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_tridentino" title="Calendário tridentino">Tridentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rios_zoroastrianos" title="Calendários zoroastrianos">Zoroastriano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Outros</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciclo_sexagen%C3%A1rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciclo sexagenário (página não existe)">Ciclo sexagenário</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_asteca" title="Calendário asteca">Asteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_maia" title="Calendário maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_chin%C3%AAs" title="Calendário chinês">Chinês</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_Fixo_Internacional" title="Calendário Fixo Internacional">Fixo Internacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_revolucion%C3%A1rio_franc%C3%AAs" title="Calendário revolucionário francês">Revolucionário Francês</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_sovi%C3%A9tico" title="Calendário soviético">Soviético</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Tempo<br />Astronômico</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_astron%C3%B4mica" title="Cronologia astronômica">Cronologia astronômica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_c%C3%B3smico" title="Calendário cósmico">Calendário cósmico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efem%C3%A9ride_(astronomia)" title="Efeméride (astronomia)">Efemérides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ano_gal%C3%A1ctico" title="Ano galáctico">Ano galáctico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclo_met%C3%B3nico" title="Ciclo metónico">Ciclos metônicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_orbital" title="Variação orbital">Ciclos de Milankovitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Escala_de_tempo_geol%C3%B3gico" title="Escala de tempo geológico">Tempo<br />Geológico</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Conceitos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_profundo" title="Tempo profundo">Tempo profundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_geol%C3%B3gica_da_Terra" title="História geológica da Terra">História geológica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Unidades</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89on_geol%C3%B3gico" title="Éon geológico">Éons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_geol%C3%B3gica" title="Era geológica">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_geol%C3%B3gico" title="Período geológico">Períodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poca_geol%C3%B3gica" title="Época geológica">Época</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idade_geol%C3%B3gica" title="Idade geológica">Idade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Padronização</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSSA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSSA (página não existe)">GSSA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSSP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSSP (página não existe)">GSSP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Métodos</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cronostratigrafia" title="Cronostratigrafia">Cronostratigrafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocronologia" title="Geocronologia">Geocronologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoqu%C3%ADmica_isot%C3%B3pica" title="Geoquímica isotópica">Geoquímica isotópica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princ%C3%ADpio_da_sobreposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_camadas" title="Princípio da sobreposição das camadas">Lei de superposição</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_opcional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datação opcional (página não existe)">Datação opcional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_sam%C3%A1rio-neod%C3%ADmio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datação de samário-neodímio (página não existe)">Datação de samário-neodímio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Datação<br />Cronológica</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:3em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_absoluta" title="Datação absoluta">Absoluta</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_incremental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datação incremental (página não existe)">Datação incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_arqueomagn%C3%A9tica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datação arqueomagnética (página não existe)">Datação arqueomagnética</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrocronologia" title="Dendrocronologia">Dendrocronologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glotocronologia" title="Glotocronologia">Glotocronologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testemunho_de_gelo" title="Testemunho de gelo">Testemunho de gelo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquenometria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquenometria (página não existe)">Liquenometria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetismo" title="Paleomagnetismo">Paleomagnetismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_radiocarbono" title="Datação por radiocarbono">Datação por radiocarbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_radiom%C3%A9trica" title="Datação radiométrica">Datação radiométrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefrocronologia" title="Tefrocronologia">Tefrocronologia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_termoluminesc%C3%AAncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datação por termoluminescência (página não existe)">Datação por termoluminescência</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_ur%C3%A2nio-chumbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datação de urânio-chumbo (página não existe)">Datação de urânio-chumbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:3em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_relativa" title="Datação relativa">Relativa</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(arqueologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seriação (arqueologia) (página não existe)">Seriação</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estratigrafia" title="Estratigrafia">Estratigrafia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Cronologia<br />Aplicada</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Genética</b> (<a href="/wiki/Data%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_amino%C3%A1cidos" title="Datação de aminoácidos">Datação de aminoácidos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rel%C3%B3gio_molecular" title="Relógio molecular">Relógio molecular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_pensamento_econ%C3%B3mico" title="História do pensamento económico">Economia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glotocronologia" title="Glotocronologia">Linguística</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:3em; background:#e2daac; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Historiografia" title="Historiografia">Historiografia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_universo" title="Cronologia da formação do universo">Formação do Universo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_hist%C3%B3ria_do_mundo" title="Cronologia da história do mundo">História do Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_hist%C3%B3ria_natural_da_Terra" title="Cronologia da história natural da Terra">História Natural da Terra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Evolução</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_humana" title="Cronologia da evolução humana">Evolução Humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_pr%C3%A9-hist%C3%B3ria_humana" title="Cronologia da pré-história humana">Pré-História</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_Antiguidade" title="Cronologia da Antiguidade">Antiguidade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_Idade_M%C3%A9dia" title="Cronologia da Idade Média">Idade Média</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_Era_dos_Descobrimentos" title="Cronologia da Era dos Descobrimentos">Era dos Descobrimentos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_Idade_Moderna" title="Cronologia da Idade Moderna">Idade Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_Idade_Contempor%C3%A2nea" title="Cronologia da Idade Contemporânea">Idade Contemporânea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#e2daac; text-align: center;">Relacionados</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ano_zero" title="Ano zero">Ano zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">Circa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nica_(historiografia)" title="Crónica (historiografia)">Crônica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronos" title="Cronos">Cronos</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exibi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sincron%C3%B3ptica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exibição sincronóptica (página não existe)">Exibição sincronóptica</a></li> <li><a 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