An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice

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class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GBsQEL1iqOit3wFvr19ogqvkf9iRK5zUg0GKK6RewjflUfKLVjGSaQ2Tr44cWW3l"> <div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"> <label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GBsQEL1iqOit3wFvr19ogqvkf9iRK5zUg0GKK6RewjflUfKLVjGSaQ2Tr44cWW3l"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GBsQEL1iqOit3wFvr19ogqvkf9iRK5zUg0GKK6RewjflUfKLVjGSaQ2Tr44cWW3l"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GBsQEL1iqOit3wFvr19ogqvkf9iRK5zUg0GKK6RewjflUfKLVjGSaQ2Tr44cWW3l"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GBsQEL1iqOit3wFvr19ogqvkf9iRK5zUg0GKK6RewjflUfKLVjGSaQ2Tr44cWW3l"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="32253226"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=32253226&db=pubmed&nlmid=101505086" title="See full text options at Atypon" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Atypon" data-ga-label="32253226" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.science.org-pb-assets-images-pubmedoa-egp_authorchoice.jpg" alt="full text provider logo"><span class="text"> Atypon </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/32253226/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=32253226&db=pubmed&nlmid=101505086" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="32253226" 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data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F32253226%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="GBsQEL1iqOit3wFvr19ogqvkf9iRK5zUg0GKK6RewjflUfKLVjGSaQ2Tr44cWW3l"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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data-pinger-ignore> Sci Transl Med </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Science translational medicine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Sci Transl Med" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Sci Transl Med"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Sci Transl Med"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Sci Transl Med"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Sci Transl Med"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2020 Apr 29;12(541):eabb5883.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2020 Apr 6. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sheahan+TP&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Timothy P Sheahan">Timothy P Sheahan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. sheahan@email.unc.edu rbaric@email.unc.edu." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sims+AC&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Amy C Sims">Amy C Sims</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zhou+S&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shuntai Zhou">Shuntai Zhou</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Graham+RL&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rachel L Graham">Rachel L Graham</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Pruijssers+AJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andrea J Pruijssers">Andrea J Pruijssers</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Agostini+ML&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria L Agostini">Maria L Agostini</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Leist+SR&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sarah R Leist">Sarah R Leist</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sch%C3%A4fer+A&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexandra Schäfer">Alexandra Schäfer</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Dinnon+KH+3rd&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kenneth H Dinnon 3rd">Kenneth H Dinnon 3rd</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Stevens+LJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Laura J Stevens">Laura J Stevens</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chappell+JD&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="James D Chappell">James D Chappell</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lu+X&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Xiaotao Lu">Xiaotao Lu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hughes+TM&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tia M Hughes">Tia M Hughes</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=George+AS&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Amelia S George">Amelia S George</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hill+CS&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Collin S Hill">Collin S Hill</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Montgomery+SA&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stephanie A Montgomery">Stephanie A Montgomery</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Brown+AJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ariane J Brown">Ariane J Brown</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bluemling+GR&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Gregory R Bluemling">Gregory R Bluemling</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Natchus+MG&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael G Natchus">Michael G Natchus</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Saindane+M&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Manohar Saindane">Manohar Saindane</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kolykhalov+AA&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexander A Kolykhalov">Alexander A Kolykhalov</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Painter+G&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="George Painter">George Painter</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Harcourt+J&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jennifer Harcourt">Jennifer Harcourt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tamin+A&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Azaibi Tamin">Azaibi Tamin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Thornburg+NJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Natalie J Thornburg">Natalie J Thornburg</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Swanstrom+R&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ronald Swanstrom">Ronald Swanstrom</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Denison+MR&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark R Denison">Mark R Denison</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Baric+RS&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ralph S Baric">Ralph S Baric</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. sheahan@email.unc.edu rbaric@email.unc.edu." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/32253226/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. sheahan@email.unc.edu rbaric@email.unc.edu.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5" id="full-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-6" id="full-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-7" id="full-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-8" id="full-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-9" id="full-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-10" id="full-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-11" id="full-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">32253226</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC7164393&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7164393/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC7164393 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Timothy P Sheahan</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Sci Transl Med<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <time class="citation-year" datetime="2020">2020</time><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/32253226/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Science translational medicine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="short-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Science translational medicine" data-pinger-ignore> Sci Transl Med </button><div id="short-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Science translational medicine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Sci Transl Med" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Sci Transl Med"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Sci Transl Med"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Sci Transl Med"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Sci Transl Med"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2020 Apr 29;12(541):eabb5883.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2020 Apr 6. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sheahan+TP&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Timothy P Sheahan">Timothy P Sheahan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. sheahan@email.unc.edu rbaric@email.unc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sims+AC&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Amy C Sims">Amy C Sims</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zhou+S&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shuntai Zhou">Shuntai Zhou</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Graham+RL&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rachel L Graham">Rachel L Graham</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Pruijssers+AJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Andrea J Pruijssers">Andrea J Pruijssers</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Agostini+ML&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria L Agostini">Maria L Agostini</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Leist+SR&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sarah R Leist">Sarah R Leist</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Sch%C3%A4fer+A&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexandra Schäfer">Alexandra Schäfer</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Dinnon+KH+3rd&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kenneth H Dinnon 3rd">Kenneth H Dinnon 3rd</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Stevens+LJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Laura J Stevens">Laura J Stevens</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Chappell+JD&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="James D Chappell">James D Chappell</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lu+X&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Xiaotao Lu">Xiaotao Lu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hughes+TM&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tia M Hughes">Tia M Hughes</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=George+AS&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Amelia S George">Amelia S George</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hill+CS&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Collin S Hill">Collin S Hill</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Montgomery+SA&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Stephanie A Montgomery">Stephanie A Montgomery</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Brown+AJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ariane J Brown">Ariane J Brown</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Bluemling+GR&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Gregory R Bluemling">Gregory R Bluemling</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Natchus+MG&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael G Natchus">Michael G Natchus</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Saindane+M&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Manohar Saindane">Manohar Saindane</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kolykhalov+AA&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Alexander A Kolykhalov">Alexander A Kolykhalov</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Painter+G&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="George Painter">George Painter</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 9 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Harcourt+J&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jennifer Harcourt">Jennifer Harcourt</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tamin+A&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Azaibi Tamin">Azaibi Tamin</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Thornburg+NJ&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Natalie J Thornburg">Natalie J Thornburg</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 10 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Swanstrom+R&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ronald Swanstrom">Ronald Swanstrom</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-11" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 11 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Denison+MR&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Mark R Denison">Mark R Denison</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Baric+RS&cauthor_id=32253226" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ralph S Baric">Ralph S Baric</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. sheahan@email.unc.edu rbaric@email.unc.edu." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. sheahan@email.unc.edu rbaric@email.unc.edu.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6" id="short-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7" id="short-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> Emory Institute of Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8" id="short-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9" id="short-view-affiliation-9" ><sup class="key">9</sup> Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10" id="short-view-affiliation-10" ><sup class="key">10</sup> Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-11" id="short-view-affiliation-11" ><sup class="key">11</sup> Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">32253226</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC7164393&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7164393/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC7164393 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/32253226/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/32253226/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Coronaviruses (CoVs) traffic frequently between species resulting in novel disease outbreaks, most recently exemplified by the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Here, we show that the ribonucleoside analog β-d-N<sup>4</sup>-hydroxycytidine (NHC; EIDD-1931) has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and related zoonotic group 2b or 2c bat-CoVs, as well as increased potency against a CoV bearing resistance mutations to the nucleoside analog inhibitor remdesivir. In mice infected with SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV, both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of EIDD-2801, an orally bioavailable NHC prodrug (β-d-N<sup>4</sup>-hydroxycytidine-5'-isopropyl ester), improved pulmonary function and reduced virus titer and body weight loss. Decreased MERS-CoV yields in vitro and in vivo were associated with increased transition mutation frequency in viral, but not host cell RNA, supporting a mechanism of lethal mutagenesis in CoV. The potency of NHC/EIDD-2801 against multiple CoVs and oral bioavailability highlights its potential utility as an effective antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and other future zoonotic CoVs. </p> </div> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY). </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="fig-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/f16636e69fa7/abb5883-F1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="750" data-image-height="829" data-image-alt="Fig. 1" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/53b28e2c5c23/abb5883-F1.gif" alt="Fig. 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="829"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> NHC potently inhibits MERS-CoV and… </b></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> NHC potently inhibits MERS-CoV and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 replication. (A) </b> Percent inhibition of…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>NHC potently inhibits MERS-CoV and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 replication. (A)</b> Percent inhibition of MERS-CoV replication and NHC cytotoxicity in Calu-3 cells. Calu-3 cells were infected in triplicate with MERS-CoV nanoluciferase (nLUC) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.08 in the presence of a range of drug for 48 hours, after which replication was measured through quantitation of MERS-CoV–expressed nLUC. Cytotoxicity was measured in similarly treated but uninfected cultures via Cell-Titer-Glo assay. Data are combined from 3 independent experiments. <b>(B)</b> NHC antiviral activity and cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Vero E6 cells were infected in duplicate with SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate 2019-nCoV/USA-WA1/2020 virus at an MOI of 0.05 in the presence of a range of drug for 48 hours, after which replication was measured through quantitation of cell viability by Cell-Titer-Glo assay. Cytotoxicity was measured as in <b>A</b>. Data are combined from 2 independent experiments. (<b>C)</b> SARS-CoV-2 titer reduction (left) and percent inhibition (right) in Calu-3 cells. Cells were infected with at an MOI of 0.1 for 30 min, washed and exposed to a dose response of NHC in triplicate per condition. 72 hours post infection, virus production was measured by plaque assay. <b>(D)</b> SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA reduction (left) and percent inhibition (right) in Calu-3 cells. Viral RNA was isolated from clarified supernatants from the study in panel <b>C</b>. Genome copy numbers were quantitated by qRT-PCR with primer/probes targeting the N gene. For <b>A-D</b>, the symbol is at the mean and the error bars represent the standard deviation.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="fig-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/8076e04dbb03/abb5883-F2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="734" data-image-height="335" data-image-alt="Fig. 2" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/3fff26c0b8c8/abb5883-F2.gif" alt="Fig. 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="734"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="335"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> NHC is highly active against… </b></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> NHC is highly active against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV in primary human airway… </b></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>NHC is highly active against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV in primary human airway epithelial cell cultures. (A)</b> HAE were infected at an MOI of 0.5 with clinical isolate SARS-CoV-2 for 2 hours in the presence of NHC in duplicate after which virus was removed and cultures were washed in incubated in NHC for 48 hours when apical washes were collected for virus titration by plaque assay. The line is at the mean. Each symbol represents the titer from a single well. <b>(B)</b> HAE cells were infected with MERS-CoV red fluorescent protein (RFP) at an MOI of 0.5 in triplicate and treated similarly to <b>A</b>. qRT-PCR for MERS-CoV ORF1 and ORFN mRNA. Total RNA was isolated from cultures in <b>C</b> for qRT-PCR analysis. Representative data from three separate experiments with three different cell donors are displayed. PFU, plaque-forming units. <b>(C)</b> Studies performed as in <b>A</b> but with SARS-CoV green fluorescent protein (GFP). Representative data from two separate experiments with two different cell donors are displayed. Each symbol represents the data from one HAE culture, the line is at the mean and the error bars represent the standard deviation.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="fig-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/2b634a9b150d/abb5883-F3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="764" data-image-height="999" data-image-alt="Fig. 3" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/b175e71ac6da/abb5883-F3.gif" alt="Fig. 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="764"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="999"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Remdesivir (RDV) resistance mutations in… </b></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Remdesivir (RDV) resistance mutations in the highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase increase susceptibility… </b></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Remdesivir (RDV) resistance mutations in the highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase increase susceptibility to NHC. (A)</b> Neighbor-joining trees created with representatives from all four CoV genogroups showing the genetic similarity of CoV nsp12 (RdRp) and CoV spike glycoprotein, which mediates host tropism and entry into cells. Text color of the virus strain label corresponds to virus host species on the left. The heatmap adjacent to each neighbor-joining tree depicts percent amino acid identity (% A.A. similarity) against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV. <b>(B)</b> The variation encompassed in panel <b>A</b> was modeled onto the RdRp structure of the SARS-CoV RdRp. <b>(C)</b> Amino acid sequence of CoV in panel <b>A</b> at known resistance alleles to antiviral drug RDV. <b>(D)</b> Virus titer reduction assay in DBT cells across a range of NHC with recombinant MHV bearing resistance mutations to RDV. Data shown are combined from three independent experiments performed with biological duplicates or triplicates per condition. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences by Mann-Whitney test as indicated on the graph.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="fig-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/bf64b4110b80/abb5883-F4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="650" data-image-height="435" data-image-alt="Fig. 4" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/62b8f8ab59d8/abb5883-F4.gif" alt="Fig. 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="650"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="435"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4. NHC is effective against multiple… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 4. NHC is effective against multiple genetically distinct Bat-CoV. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Top: Antiviral efficacy of NHC… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 4. NHC is effective against multiple genetically distinct Bat-CoV. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Top: Antiviral efficacy of NHC in HAE cells against SARS-like (HKU3, SHC014, group 2b) and MERS-like (HKU5, group 2c) bat-CoV. HAE cells were infected at an MOI of 0.5 in the presence of NHC in duplicate. After 48 hours, virus produced was titrated via plaque assay. Each data point represents the titer per culture. Bottom: qRT-PCR for CoV ORF1 and ORFN mRNA in total RNA from cultures in the top panel. Mock, mock-treated. Representative data from two separate experiments with two different cell donors are displayed.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="fig-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/7f1f648c841f/abb5883-F5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="782" data-image-height="717" data-image-alt="Fig. 5" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/43af79b70790/abb5883-F5.gif" alt="Fig. 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="782"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="717"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> NHC antiviral activity is associated… </b></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> NHC antiviral activity is associated with increased viral mutation rates </b> . ( <b> A… </b></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>NHC antiviral activity is associated with increased viral mutation rates</b>. (<b>A</b>) HAE cultures were infected with MERS-CoV red fluorescent protein (RFP) at an MOI of 0.5 in duplicate in the presence of vehicle, RDV, or NHC for 48 hours, after which apical washes were collected for virus titration. Data are combined from two independent studies. The boxes encompass the 25th to 75th percentile, the line is at the median, while the whiskers represent the range. <b>(B)</b> Schematic of Primer ID deep sequencing for single RNA genomes of MERS-CoV. <b>(C)</b> The total error rate for MERS-CoV RNA isolated from cultures in panel <b>A</b> as determined by Primer ID. Error rate values are # mutations per 10,000 bases. Asterisks indicate significant differences as compared to untreated group by two-way ANOVA with a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. <b>(D)</b> Description of potential NHC mutational spectra on both positive and negative sense viral RNA. <b>(E)</b> Nucleotide transitions in cDNA derived from MERS-CoV genomic RNA.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="fig-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/099787001764/abb5883-F6.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="707" data-image-height="517" data-image-alt="Fig. 6" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/cca270e003de/abb5883-F6.gif" alt="Fig. 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="707"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="517"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Prophylactic and therapeutic EIDD-2801 reduces… </b></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Prophylactic and therapeutic EIDD-2801 reduces SARS-CoV replication and pathogenesis </b> . Equivalent numbers of…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Prophylactic and therapeutic EIDD-2801 reduces SARS-CoV replication and pathogenesis</b>. Equivalent numbers of 25-29 week old male and female C57BL/6 mice were administered vehicle (10% PEG, 2.5% Cremophor RH40 in water) or NHC prodrug EIDD-2801 beginning at -2 hours, +12, +24 or +48 hours post infection and every 12 hours thereafter by oral gavage (n = 10/group). Mice were intranasally infected with 1E+04 PFU mouse-adapted SARS-CoV MA15 strain. <b>(A)</b> Percent starting weight. Asterisks indicate differences from vehicle treated by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. (<b>B)</b> Lung hemorrhage in mice from panel <b>A</b> scored on a scale of 0-4 where 0 is a normal pink healthy lung and 4 is a diffusely discolored dark red lung. <b>(C)</b> Virus lung titer in mice from panel <b>A</b> as determined by plaque assay. Asterisks in both panel <b>B</b> and <b>C</b> indicate differences from vehicle by one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. (<b>D)</b> Pulmonary function by whole body plethysmography was performed daily on five animals per group. Asterisks indicate differences from vehicle by two-way ANOVA with a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. <b>(E)</b> The histological features of acute lung injury (ALI) were blindly scored using the American Thoracic Society Lung Injury Scoring system and a Diffuse Alveolar Damage Scoring System. Three randomly chosen high power (60X) fields of diseased lung were assessed per mouse. The numbers of mice scored per group: Vehicle N = 7, -2 hours N = 9, +12 hours N = 9, +24 hours N = 10, +48 hours N = 9. Asterisks indicate statistical significance compared to vehicle by Kruskal-Wallis with a Dunn’s multiple comparison test. For all panels, the boxes encompass the 25th to 75th percentile, the line is at the median, while the whiskers represent the range. *, -2 hours and +12 hours compared to vehicle; **, +24 hours compared to vehicle; ***, +48 hours compared to vehicle.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="fig-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/dfdfa512efa1/abb5883-F7.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="723" data-image-height="655" data-image-alt="Fig. 7" data-pmc-id="PMC7164393" data-figure-id="F7"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7977/7164393/78cbe71ffe95/abb5883-F7.gif" alt="Fig. 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="723"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="655"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Prophylactic and therapeutic EIDD-2801 reduces… </b></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Fig. 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Prophylactic and therapeutic EIDD-2801 reduces MERS-CoV replication and pathogenesis coincident with increased viral… </b></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Fig. 7 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Prophylactic and therapeutic EIDD-2801 reduces MERS-CoV replication and pathogenesis coincident with increased viral mutation rates</b>. Equivalent numbers of 10-14 week old male and female C57BL/6 hDPP4 mice were administered vehicle (10% PEG, 2.5% Cremophor RH40 in water) or NHC prodrug EIDD-2801 beginning at -2 hours, +12, +24 or +48 hours post infection and every 12 hours thereafter by oral gavage (n = 10/group). Mice were intranasally infected with 5E+04 PFU mouse-adapted MERS-CoV M35C4 strain. (<b>A)</b> Percent starting weight. Asterisks indicate differences between -2 hours and +12 hours group from vehicle by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. (<b>B)</b> Lung hemorrhage in mice from panel <b>A</b> scored on a scale of 0-4 where 0 is a normal pink healthy lung and 4 is a diffusely discolored dark red lung. <b>(C)</b> Virus lung titer in mice from panel <b>A</b> as determined by plaque assay. Asterisks in both panel <b>B</b> and <b>C</b> indicate differences from vehicle by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. <b>(D)</b> MERS-CoV genomic RNA in lung tissue by qRT-PCR. Asterisks indicate differences by one-way ANOVA with a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. <b>(E)</b> Pulmonary function by whole body plethysmography was performed daily on four animals per group. Asterisks indicate differences from vehicle by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. <b>(F)</b> Workflow to measure mutation rate in MERS-CoV RNA and host transcript ISG15 by Primer ID in mouse lung tissue. <b>(G)</b> Number of template consensus sequences (TCS) for MERS-CoV nsp10 and ISG15. <b>(H)</b> Total error rate in MERS-CoV nsp10 and ISG15. <b>(I)</b> The cytosine to uridine transition rate in MERS-CoV nsp10 and ISG15. In panels <b>G-I,</b> asterisks indicate differences from vehicle by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. <b>(J)</b> Codon change frequency in MERS-CoV nsp10. Asterisks indicate differences from vehicle by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. For all panels, the boxes encompass the 25th to 75th percentile, the line is at the median, while the whiskers represent the range.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (7) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/31578288/" ref="article_id=31578288&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="31578288" data-ga-label=""> Small-Molecule Antiviral β-d-<em>N</em><sup>4</sup>-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Agostini ML, Pruijssers AJ, Chappell JD, Gribble J, Lu X, Andres EL, Bluemling GR, Lockwood MA, Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Natchus MG, Saindane M, Kolykhalov AA, Painter GR, Baric RS, Denison MR.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Agostini ML, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Virol. 2019 Nov 26;93(24):e01348-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01348-19. 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JAMA 323, 1061 (2020). 10.1001/jama.2020.1585 - <a class="reference-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="10.1001/jama.2020.1585" > DOI </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7042881/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC7042881" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/32031570/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="32031570" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Anthony S. J., Gilardi K., Menachery V. D., Goldstein T., Ssebide B., Mbabazi R., Navarrete-Macias I., Liang E., Wells H., Hicks A., Petrosov A., Byarugaba D. K., Debbink K., Dinnon K. H., Scobey T., Randell S. H., Yount B. L., Cranfield M., Johnson C. K., Baric R. S., Lipkin W. I., Mazet J. A., Further Evidence for Bats as the Evolutionary Source of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. mBio 8, e00373-17 (2017). 10.1128/mBio.00373-17 - <a class="reference-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00373-17" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="10.1128/mBio.00373-17" > DOI </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5380844/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC5380844" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/28377531/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="28377531" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Hu B., Ge X., Wang L. F., Shi Z., Bat origin of human coronaviruses. Virol. J. 12, 221 (2015). 10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1 - <a class="reference-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1" > DOI </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4687304/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC4687304" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/26689940/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="26689940" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/32253226/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 65 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research 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Monophosphate / administration & dosage </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adenosine Monophosphate / administration & dosage"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Adenosine+Monophosphate%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Adenosine+Monophosphate%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Adenosine Monophosphate/administration and dosage"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Adenosine Monophosphate / administration & dosage"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" 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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adenosine Monophosphate / analogs & derivatives"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Adenosine+Monophosphate%2Fanalogs+and+derivatives%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Adenosine+Monophosphate%2Fanalogs+and+derivatives%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs and derivatives"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Adenosine Monophosphate / analogs & derivatives"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adenosine+Monophosphate" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Adenosine Monophosphate / analogs & derivatives"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs and derivatives"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs and derivatives"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Alanine / administration & dosage" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Alanine / administration & dosage </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Alanine / administration & dosage"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Alanine%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Alanine%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Alanine/administration and dosage"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Alanine / administration & dosage"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Alanine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Alanine / administration & dosage"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Alanine/administration and dosage"[MeSH]" 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keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cell Line" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cell Line </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cell Line"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cell+Line%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cell+Line%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cell Line"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cell Line"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cell+Line" data-ga-category="search_mesh" 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class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Coronavirus+Infections%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Coronavirus+Infections%2Fdrug+therapy%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Coronavirus Infections / drug therapy*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Coronavirus+Infections" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Coronavirus Infections / drug therapy*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Coronavirus Infections / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Coronavirus Infections / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Coronavirus Infections / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Coronavirus+Infections%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Coronavirus+Infections%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Coronavirus Infections/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Coronavirus Infections / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Coronavirus+Infections" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Coronavirus Infections / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Coronavirus Infections/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Coronavirus Infections/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cytidine / administration & dosage" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cytidine / administration & dosage </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cytidine / administration & dosage"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cytidine%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cytidine%2Fadministration+and+dosage%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cytidine/administration and dosage"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cytidine / administration & dosage"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cytidine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cytidine / administration & dosage"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cytidine/administration and dosage"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cytidine/administration and dosage"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cytidine / analogs & derivatives" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cytidine / analogs & derivatives </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cytidine / analogs & derivatives"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cytidine%2Fanalogs+and+derivatives%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cytidine%2Fanalogs+and+derivatives%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cytidine/analogs and derivatives"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cytidine / analogs & derivatives"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cytidine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cytidine / analogs & derivatives"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cytidine/analogs and derivatives"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cytidine/analogs and derivatives"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Disease Models, Animal" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Disease Models, Animal </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Disease Models, Animal"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Disease Models, Animal"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Disease+Models%2C+Animal" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Disease Models, Animal"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Disease Models, Animal"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Drug Resistance, Viral" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Drug Resistance, Viral </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Drug Resistance, Viral"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Drug+Resistance%2C+Viral%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Drug+Resistance%2C+Viral%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Drug Resistance, Viral"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Drug Resistance, Viral"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Drug+Resistance%2C+Viral" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Drug Resistance, Viral"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Drug Resistance, Viral"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Drug Resistance, Viral"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Hydroxylamines" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Hydroxylamines </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Hydroxylamines"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Hydroxylamines%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Hydroxylamines%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Hydroxylamines"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Hydroxylamines"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hydroxylamines" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Hydroxylamines"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Hydroxylamines"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Hydroxylamines"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Lung / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Lung / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Lung / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Lung%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Lung%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Lung/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Lung / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Lung" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Lung / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Lung/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Lung/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mice </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mice"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Inbred C57BL" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mice, Inbred C57BL </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Inbred C57BL"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice, Inbred C57BL"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mice, Inbred C57BL"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mice, Inbred C57BL"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mice, Inbred C57BL"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mice, Inbred C57BL"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / physiology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / physiology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Middle+East+Respiratory+Syndrome+Coronavirus%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Middle+East+Respiratory+Syndrome+Coronavirus%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / physiology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Middle+East+Respiratory+Syndrome+Coronavirus" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / physiology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/physiology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Models, Molecular" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Models, Molecular </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Models, Molecular"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Models%2C+Molecular%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Models%2C+Molecular%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Models, Molecular"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Models, Molecular"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Models%2C+Molecular" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Models, Molecular"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Models, Molecular"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Models, Molecular"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mutation / drug effects" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mutation / drug effects </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mutation / drug effects"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mutation%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mutation%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mutation/drug effects"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mutation / drug effects"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mutation" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mutation / drug effects"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mutation/drug effects"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" 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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Pneumonia, Viral / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-26" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Pneumonia, Viral / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-26" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Pneumonia, Viral / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Pneumonia%2C+Viral%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Pneumonia%2C+Viral%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Pneumonia, Viral/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Pneumonia, Viral / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Pneumonia%2C+Viral" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Pneumonia, Viral / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Pneumonia, Viral/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Pneumonia, Viral/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search 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href="/?term=%22Virus+Replication%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Virus+Replication%2Fdrug+effects%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Virus Replication/drug effects"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Virus Replication / drug effects*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Virus+Replication" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Virus Replication / drug effects*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Virus Replication/drug effects"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Virus Replication/drug effects"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Antiviral Agents" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Antiviral Agents </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Antiviral Agents"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Antiviral+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Antiviral+Agents%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Antiviral Agents"[nm]" 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data-href="/?term=%22Cytidine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Cytidine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Cytidine"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Cytidine%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Cytidine"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cytidine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cytidine"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword N(4)-hydroxycytidine" tabindex="0" 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href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Alanine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Alanine </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Alanine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Alanine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Alanine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Alanine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Alanine"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" 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class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22molnupiravir%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22molnupiravir%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="molnupiravir"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="molnupiravir"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22molnupiravir%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="molnupiravir"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""molnupiravir"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""molnupiravir"[nm]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="related-links" class="related-links"> <h2 class="title"> Related information </h2> <ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="Link to related Genes" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1"> Gene </a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2"> MedGen </a></li><li><a title="Link to Protein RefSeqs" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?linkname=pubmed_protein_refseq&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3"> Protein (RefSeq) </a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem BioAssay" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcassay?linkname=pubmed_pcassay&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4"> PubChem BioAssay </a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Compound" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound?linkname=pubmed_pccompound&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5"> PubChem Compound </a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Compound via MeSH" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound?linkname=pubmed_pccompound_mesh&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=6"> PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword) </a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Substance" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcsubstance?linkname=pubmed_pcsubstance&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=7"> PubChem Substance </a></li><li><a title="Related Projects" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject?linkname=pubmed_bioproject&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=8"> Related Project </a></li><li><a title="Links to Short Read Archive Experiments" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra?linkname=pubmed_sra&from_uid=32253226" ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=32253226&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=9"> SRA </a></li></ul> </div> <div id="grants" class="grants"> <h2 class="title"> Grants and funding </h2> <div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant HHSN272201500008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=HHSN272201500008C%2FAI%2FNIAID+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="HHSN272201500008C" > HHSN272201500008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant F31 AI133952/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=F31+AI133952%2FAI%2FNIAID+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="F31 AI133952" > F31 AI133952/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01 AI108197/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01+AI108197%2FAI%2FNIAID+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01 AI108197" > R01 AI108197/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant T32 AI112541/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=T32+AI112541%2FAI%2FNIAID+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="T32 AI112541" > T32 AI112541/AI/NIAID NIH 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An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice - PubMed