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亘蹖讴蹠 亘蹠 跇蹘丿蹠乇 - 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿
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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">亘卮丕乇蹠賵蹠</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 跁蹘丿蹎夭蹖 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9" title="爻蹠乇丿丕賳蹖 倬蹠跁蹠蹖 爻蹠乇蹠讴蹖 亘讴蹠 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>丿蹠爻鬲倬蹘讴</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="夭丕賳蹖丕乇蹖 倬蹘卮蹖賳蹠 亘蹠丿蹠爻鬲 亘诰蹘賳蹠 丿蹠乇亘丕乇蹠蹖 亘蹎賳蹠 诰蹠賳賵賵讴蹠蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳"><span>跁賵賵丿丕賵蹠 诰蹠賳賵賵讴蹠蹖蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="鬲丕蹖亘蹠鬲:诏蹠跁丕賳"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">亘诏蹠跁蹘</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="卅丕賲跁丕夭蹠 鬲丕讴蹠讴蹠爻蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="跁賵丕诘蹠鬲"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ckb.wikipedia.org&uselang=ckb" class=""><span>亘蹠禺卮蹖賳 亘蹠 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&returnto=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%3ACiteThisPage&returntoquery=id%3D1292332%26page%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="鬲蹎 诰丕賳 丿蹠丿乇蹘蹖鬲 讴蹠 诰蹠跇賲丕乇蹘讴 丿乇賵爻鬲 亘讴蹠蹖鬲 賵 亘趩蹖鬲蹠 跇賵賵乇蹠賵蹠貙 卅蹠賲蹠 爻蹠乇蹠讴蹖 賳蹖蹖蹠 亘蹠诰蹠乇丨丕诘" class=""><span>诰蹠跇賲丕乇 丿乇賵爻鬲 亘讴蹠</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1&returnto=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%3ACiteThisPage&returntoquery=id%3D1292332%26page%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="倬蹘卮賳蹖丕乇鬲 倬蹘丿蹠讴乇蹘 亘趩蹖鬲蹠 跇賵賵乇蹠賵蹠貨 诰蹠乇趩蹠賳丿蹠 夭蹎乇鬲 賱蹘賳丕讴乇蹘 [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>亘趩蹎 跇賵賵乇蹠賵蹠</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="诰蹠诘亘跇丕乇丿蹠蹖 夭蹖丕鬲乇" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="卅丕賲跁丕夭蹠 鬲丕讴蹠讴蹠爻蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">卅丕賲跁丕夭蹠 鬲丕讴蹠讴蹠爻蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ckb.wikipedia.org&uselang=ckb"><span>亘蹠禺卮蹖賳 亘蹠 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&returnto=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%3ACiteThisPage&returntoquery=id%3D1292332%26page%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="鬲蹎 诰丕賳 丿蹠丿乇蹘蹖鬲 讴蹠 诰蹠跇賲丕乇蹘讴 丿乇賵爻鬲 亘讴蹠蹖鬲 賵 亘趩蹖鬲蹠 跇賵賵乇蹠賵蹠貙 卅蹠賲蹠 爻蹠乇蹠讴蹖 賳蹖蹖蹠 亘蹠诰蹠乇丨丕诘"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>诰蹠跇賲丕乇 丿乇賵爻鬲 亘讴蹠</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1&returnto=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%3ACiteThisPage&returntoquery=id%3D1292332%26page%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform" title="倬蹘卮賳蹖丕乇鬲 倬蹘丿蹠讴乇蹘 亘趩蹖鬲蹠 跇賵賵乇蹠賵蹠貨 诰蹠乇趩蹠賳丿蹠 夭蹎乇鬲 賱蹘賳丕讴乇蹘 [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>亘趩蹎 跇賵賵乇蹠賵蹠</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 卅蹠賵 倬蹠跁丕賳蹠蹖 亘蹎 卅蹠賵 丿蹠爻鬲讴丕乇蹖讴蹠乇丕賳蹠賳 讴蹠 賱蹠丿蹠乇蹠賵蹠賳 <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" aria-label="夭蹖丕鬲乇 賱蹠爻蹠乇 丿蹠爻鬲讴丕乇蹖讴乇丿賳 賮蹘乇 亘蹠"><span>夭蹖丕鬲乇 賮蹘乇 亘蹠</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85" title="倬蹘跁爻鬲蹖 卅蹠賵 丿蹠爻鬲讴丕乇蹖蹖丕賳蹠蹖 賱蹠賲 賳丕賵賳蹖卮丕賳蹖 卅丕蹖-倬蹖蹖蹠賵蹠 讴乇丕賵蹠 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>亘蹠卮丿丕乇蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85" title="賱蹘丿賵丕賳 賱蹠爻蹠乇 丿蹠爻鬲讴丕乇蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳 賱蹠賲 卅丕蹖倬蹖 卅蹠丿乇蹠爻蹠賵蹠 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>賱蹘丿賵丕賳</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="倬蹘诏蹠"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">亘蹖讴蹠 亘蹠 跇蹘丿蹠乇</h1> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CiteThisPage" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>蹖丕乇賲蹠鬲蹖</a></div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="卮賵蹘賳賳丕賵蹠讴丕賳"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">讴賵乇丿蹖</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="亘蹖賳蹖賳蹠讴丕賳"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="卅丕賲乇丕夭蹠讴丕賳蹖 倬蹠跁蹠"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="卅丕賲乇丕夭蹠讴丕賳" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">卅丕賲乇丕夭蹠讴丕賳</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">卅丕賲乇丕夭蹠讴丕賳</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">亘禺蹠 賱丕鬲蹠賳蹖卮鬲</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">亘卮丕乇蹠賵蹠</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 讴乇丿蹠賵蹠讴丕賳 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 诏卮鬲蹖 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ckb" title="倬蹠跁诏蹠讴丕賳 亘丕乇 亘讴蹠 [u]" accesskey="u"><span>倬蹠跁诏蹠蹖蹠讴 亘丕乇 亘讴蹠</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="倬蹘跁爻鬲蹖 诰蹠賲賵賵 倬蹠跁蹠 鬲丕蹖亘蹠鬲蹠讴丕賳 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>倬蹠跁蹠 鬲丕蹖亘蹠鬲蹠讴丕賳</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="賵蹠卮丕賳蹖 趩丕倬蹖 卅蹠賲 倬蹠跁蹠蹖蹠 [p]" accesskey="p"><span>賵蹠卮丕賳蹖 卅丕賲丕丿蹠蹖 趩丕倬</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%3ACiteThisPage%26id%3D1292332%26page%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform"><span>亘蹠爻鬲蹠乇蹖 讴賵乇鬲讴乇丕賵蹠 亘蹠丿蹠爻鬲 亘蹘賳蹠</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%3ACiteThisPage%26id%3D1292332%26page%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26wpFormIdentifier%3Dtitleform"><span>讴蹎丿蹖 讴蹖賵卅丕跁 丿丕诏乇蹠</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 賱蹠 倬跁蹎跇蹠讴丕賳蹖 鬲乇 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="卅丕賲乇丕夭蹠讴丕賳蹖 倬蹠跁蹠"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="跁賵丕诘蹠鬲"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">跁賵丕诘蹠鬲</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">亘禺蹠 賱丕鬲蹠賳蹖卮鬲</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">亘卮丕乇蹠賵蹠</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div style="width: 90%; text-align: center; font-size: 85%; margin: 10px auto;">Contents: <a href="#APA_style">APA</a> | <a href="#MLA_style">MLA</a> | <a href="#MHRA_style">MHRA</a> | <a href="#Chicago_style">Chicago</a> | <a href="#CBE/CSE_style">CSE</a> | <a href="#Bluebook_style">Bluebook</a> | <a href="#AMA_style">AMA</a> | <a href="#BibTeX_entry">BibTeX</a> | <a href="#Wikipedia_talk_pages">wiki</a> </div> <p><b>鬲蹘亘蹖賳蹖蹖 诏乇賳诏:</b> Most educators and professionals do not consider it appropriate to use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tertiary_source" class="extiw" title="en:tertiary source">tertiary source</a>s such as encyclopedias as a sole source for any information鈥攃iting an encyclopedia as an important reference in footnotes or bibliographies may result in censure or a failing grade. Wikipedia articles should be used for background information, as a reference for correct terminology and search terms, and as a starting point for further research. </p><p>As with any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia">community-built</a> reference, there is a possibility for error in Wikipedia's content鈥攑lease check your facts against multiple sources and read our <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:General disclaimer">disclaimers</a> for more information. </p> <div class="plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid grey; background: #E6E8FA; width: 90%; padding: 15px 30px; margin: 10px auto;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="賵乇丿蹠讴丕乇蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳蹖_亘蹖亘賱蹖蹎诏乇丕賮蹖_亘蹎_芦佟伲佶佗禄"><span id=".D9.88.D8.B1.D8.AF.DB.95.DA.A9.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.DB.8C.DB.95.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.86.DB.8C_.D8.A8.DB.8C.D8.A8.D9.84.DB.8C.DB.86.DA.AF.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.81.DB.8C_.D8.A8.DB.86_.C2.AB.D9.A1.D9.A3.D9.A5.D9.A2.C2.BB"></span>賵乇丿蹠讴丕乇蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳蹖 亘蹖亘賱蹖蹎诏乇丕賮蹖 亘蹎 芦佟伲佶佗禄</h2></div> <ul><li>賳丕賵蹖 倬蹠跁蹠: 佟伲佶佗</li> <li>賳賵賵爻蹠乇: 亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕</li> <li>亘诘丕賵讴蹠乇蹠賵蹠: <i>賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿</i>.</li> <li>跁蹘讴蹠賵鬲蹖 丿賵丕蹖蹖賳 倬蹘丿丕趩賵賵賳蹠賵蹠: 佗佟蹖 卅丕亘蹖 佗贍佗伽貙 佗佟:佟佗 UTC</li> <li>跁蹘讴蹠賵鬲蹖 丿蹠爻鬲讴蹠賵鬲賳蹖 倬蹠跁蹠: 佟佟蹖 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲蹖 佗贍佗伽貙 贍侑:佶侃 UTC</li> <li>亘蹠爻鬲蹠乇蹖 诰蹠賲蹖卮蹠蹖蹖: <a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a></li> <li>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵蹠 爻蹠乇蹠讴蹖蹖蹠讴丕賳: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vs.aka-online.de/cgi-bin/wppagehiststat.pl?lang=ckb.wikipedia&page=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2">卅丕賲丕乇蹠讴丕賳蹖 賲蹘跇賵賵蹖 倬蹘丿丕趩賵賵賳蹠賵蹠</a></li> <li>ID蹖 賵蹠卮丕賳蹖 倬蹠跁蹠: 1292332</li></ul> <p>Please remember to check your manual of style, standards guide or instructor's guidelines for the exact syntax to suit your needs. For more detailed advice, see <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></b>. </p> </div> <div class="plainlinks" style="border: 1px solid grey; width: 90%; padding: 15px 30px; margin: 10px auto;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹠讴丕賳蹖_亘蹠跇蹘丿蹠乇讴乇丿賳蹖_芦佟伲佶佗禄"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.95.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.86.DB.8C_.D8.A8.DB.95.DA.98.DB.8E.D8.AF.DB.95.D8.B1.DA.A9.D8.B1.D8.AF.D9.86.DB.8C_.C2.AB.D9.A1.D9.A3.D9.A5.D9.A2.C2.BB"></span>卮蹘賵丕夭蹠讴丕賳蹖 亘蹠跇蹘丿蹠乇讴乇丿賳蹖 芦佟伲佶佗禄</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_APA"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_APA"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" class="extiw" title="en:APA style">卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 APA</a></h3></div> <p>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕. (佗佟蹖 卅丕亘蹖 佗贍佗伽). 佟伲佶佗. 賱蹠 <i>賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿蹠賵蹠</i>. 丿蹠爻鬲讴蹠賵鬲賵賵蹖 贍侑:佶侃貙 佟佟蹖 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲蹖 佗贍佗伽貙 賱蹠 <a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_MLA"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_MLA"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="extiw" title="en:The MLA Style Manual">卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 MLA</a></h3></div> <p>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕. 芦佟伲佶佗.禄 <i>賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿</i>. 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿貙 佗佟蹖 卅丕亘. 佗贍佗伽. 賵蹘亘. 佟佟蹖 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲. 佗贍佗伽. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_MHRA"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_MHRA"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide" class="extiw" title="en:MHRA Style Guide">卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 MHRA</a></h3></div> <p>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 '佟伲佶佗', <i>賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕, 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿,</i> 佗佟 卅丕亘 佗贍佗伽, 佗佟:佟佗 UTC, <<a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a>> [accessed 佟佟 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲 佗贍佗伽] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_Chicago"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_Chicago"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="extiw" title="en:The Chicago Manual of Style">卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 Chicago</a></h3></div> <p>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕貙 "佟伲佶佗," <i>賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕, 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿,</i> <a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a> (accessed 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲 佟佟, 佗贍佗伽). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_CBE/CSE"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_CBE.2FCSE"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" class="extiw" title="en:Council of Science Editors">卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 CBE/CSE</a></h3></div> <p>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕. 佟伲佶佗 [Internet]. 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕, 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿; 佗贍佗伽 卅丕亘 佗佟, 佗佟:佟佗 UTC [cited 佗贍佗伽 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲 佟佟]. Available from: <a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_Bluebook"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_Bluebook"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebook" class="extiw" title="en:Bluebook">卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 Bluebook</a></h3></div> <p>佟伲佶佗, <a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a> (last visited 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲. 佟佟, 佗贍佗伽). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卮蹘賵丕夭蹖_AMA"><span id=".D8.B4.DB.8E.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B2.DB.8C_AMA"></span>卮蹘賵丕夭蹖 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association" class="extiw" title="en:American Medical Association">AMA</a></h3></div> <p>亘蹠卮丿丕乇亘賵賵丕賳蹖 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕. 佟伲佶佗. 賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕, 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿. 卅丕亘 佗佟, 佗贍佗伽, 佗佟:佟佗 UTC. Available at: <a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a>. Accessed 讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲 佟佟, 佗贍佗伽. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BibTeX_entry"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" class="extiw" title="en:BibTeX">BibTeX</a> entry</h3></div> <pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;">@misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "{賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕 contributors}", title = "佟伲佶佗 --- {賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕}{,} 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿", year = "佗贍佗伽", url = "<a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332</a>", note = "[Online; accessed 佟佟-讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲-佗贍佗伽]" }</pre> <p>When using the <a href="/w/index.php?title=LaTeX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LaTeX (卅蹠賲 倬蹠跁蹠蹖蹠 賳蹖蹖蹠)">LaTeX</a> package <code>url</code> (<code>\usepackage{url}</code> somewhere in the preamble), which tends to give much more nicely formatted web addresses, the following may be preferred: </p> <pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;">@misc{ wiki:xxx, author = "{賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕 contributors}", title = "佟伲佶佗 --- {賵蹖讴蹖倬蹖丿蹖丕}{,} 卅蹖賳爻丕蹖讴诘蹎倬蹖丿蹖丕蹖 卅丕夭丕丿", year = "佗贍佗伽", howpublished = "\url{<a class="external free" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332}">https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&oldid=1292332}</a>", note = "[Online; accessed 佟佟-讴丕賳賵賵賳蹖 蹖蹠讴蹠賲-佗贍佗伽]" }</pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia_talk_pages">Wikipedia talk pages</h3></div> <dl><dt>Markup</dt> <dd>[[佟伲佶佗]] ([[Special:Permalink/1292332|this version]])</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Result</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">佟伲佶佗</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:PermanentLink/1292332" title="鬲丕蹖亘蹠鬲:PermanentLink/1292332">this version</a>)</dd></dl> </div> <p><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3Aarticle&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=%D9%A1%D9%A3%D9%A5%D9%A2&rft.date=佗贍佗伽-贍侉-佗佟&rft.source=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%2C+%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft.aucorp=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7+contributors&rft.publisher=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.artnum=1292332&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A3%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A2%26oldid%3D1292332&rft.language=en&rft.format=text&rft.rights=CC-BY-SA+3.0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></p><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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