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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suddivisioni_amministrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suddivisioni_amministrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Suddivisioni amministrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suddivisioni_amministrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Società" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Società"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Società</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Società-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Cultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Letteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festività_tradizionali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festività_tradizionali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Festività tradizionali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festività_tradizionali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tamil Nadu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 132 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - accinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="accinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%B1" title="ታሚል ናዱ - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚል ናዱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilland" title="Tamilland - inglese antico" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tamilland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglese antico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تاميل نادو - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاميل نادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تاميل نادو - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاميل نادو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81" title="তামিলনাডু - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিলনাডু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnad" title="Tamilnad - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamilnad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تامیل نادو - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل نادو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамілнад - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамілнад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамілнад - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамілнад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="তামিলনাড়ু - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিলনাড়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏཱ་མིལ་ན་ཌུ། - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏཱ་མིལ་ན་ཌུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="তমিল নাড়ু - bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তমিল নাড়ু" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Tamil_N%C4%81du" title="State of Tamil Nādu - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Tamil Nādu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C3%A1du" title="Tamilnádu - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilnádu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%91%DE%AB" title="ޓެމިލް ނާޑޫ - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޓެމިލް ނާޑޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ταμίλ Ναντού - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ Ναντού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnado" title="Tamilnado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamilnado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تامیل نادو - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تامیل نادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E9%83%BD%E9%82%A6" title="泰米爾納都邦 - gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="泰米爾納都邦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillnaddu" title="Tamillnaddu - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Tamillnaddu" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%81" title="તમિલનાડુ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિલનાડુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="טמיל נאדו - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמיל נאדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिल नाडु - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल नाडु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - hindi figiano" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi figiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C3%A1du" title="Tamilnádu - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamilnádu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Թամիլ Նադու - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլ Նադու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadu" title="Tamilnadu - inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tamilnadu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="タミル・ナードゥ州 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル・ナードゥ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ტამილნადუ - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილნადუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EB%82%98%EB%91%90%EC%A3%BC" title="타밀나두주 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀나두주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D9%97" title="تٲمِل ناڈوٗ - kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل ناڈوٗ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandela" title="Coromandela - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coromandela" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - ladino" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadas" title="Tamilnadas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilnadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C4%81da" title="Tamilnāda - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilnāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="തമിഴ്‌നാട് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്‌നാട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯅꯥꯗꯨ - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯅꯥꯗꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82" title="तमिळनाडू - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळनाडू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="တမီးလ်နာဒူပြည်နယ် - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တမီးလ်နာဒူပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تامیل نادو - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیل نادو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - nepalese" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%81" title="ତାମିଲନାଡୁ - odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲନାଡୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%82" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਨਾਡੂ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਨਾਡੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadu" title="Tamilnadu - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tamilnadu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88" title="تامل ناڈو - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل ناڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88" title="تاميل ناډو - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميل ناډو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu" title="Tâmil Nadu - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tâmil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तमिळ्नाडुराज्यम् - sanscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्नाडुराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%88" title="تامل ناڊو - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ناڊو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94" title="තමිල්නාඩු - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තමිල්නාඩු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C3%A1du" title="Tamilnádu - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tamilnádu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88" title="تمل ناڈو - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تمل ناڈو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தமிழ்நாடு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்நாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು - tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="తమిళనాడు - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళనాడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Иёлоти Тамилноду - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иёлоти Тамилноду" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B9" title="รัฐทมิฬนาฑู - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐทมิฬนาฑู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамілнад - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамілнад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88" title="تمل ناڈو - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل ناڈو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnad" title="Tamilnad - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamilnad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="泰米尔纳德邦 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔纳德邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ტამილნადუ - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილნადუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="טאמיל נאדו - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל נאדו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="泰米尔纳德邦 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔纳德邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="淡米爾納德邦 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="淡米爾納德邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="longitude">80°16′12″E</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tamil Nadu</span>)</span></span></span></span></div></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r143074810">.mw-parser-output .sinottico{background-color:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;border-spacing:0;clear:right;float:right;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em;margin:0 0 1em 1.5em;width:280px}.mw-parser-output .sinottico caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child){background-color:#f3f3f3;border-right:1px solid #e5e5e8;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr:not(:last-child)>th,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th{border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child),.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>th:not(:only-child){padding:.25em .4em}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .sinottico>tbody>tr>td>hr:only-child{margin:0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sinottico ul{margin:0 0 0 1em;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata{border-spacing:0;margin:0 -.4em;width:calc(100% + calc(.4em*2))}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata:last-child{margin-bottom:-.2em}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata:last-child>tbody>tr:last-child>td,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_annidata:last-child>tbody>tr:last-child>th{border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_divisione+.sinottico_divisione>th,.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata+.sinottico_divisione>th{border-top:2px solid #f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_divisione th{background-color:#eeeeee;padding:.15em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede{text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#EFEFEF}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_piede2{background-color:white;font-size:xx-small;padding-bottom:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_sottotitolo{font-size:80%}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testata th{background-color:#dedede;font-size:116%;padding:.2em .4em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sinottico_testo_centrale{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;">Tamil Nadu<br /><span class="sinottico_sottotitolo"><a href="/wiki/Stati_federati_e_territori_dell%27India" title="Stati federati e territori dell'India">stato federato</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tamil">TA</abbr></span>) தமிழ் நாடு </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="display:grid; grid-auto-flow:column; gap:.2em .4em; margin:0 auto; max-width:255px; align-items:center; justify-content:space-evenly;"> <div style="grid-area:1;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamil Nadu – Stemma"><img alt="Tamil Nadu – Stemma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;">Localizzazione</th></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Stato" title="Stato">Stato</a></th><td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="India (bandiera)"><img alt="India (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;">Amministrazione</th></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Capoluogo" title="Capoluogo">Capoluogo</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;">Governatore</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN_Ravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN Ravi (la pagina non esiste)">RN Ravi</a><small></small> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ufficiale" title="Lingua ufficiale">Lingue ufficiali</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-TNOLA56_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNOLA56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;">Data di istituzione</th><td>1950 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;">Territorio</th></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_geografiche" title="Coordinate geografiche">Coordinate</a><br /><small>del capoluogo</small></th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139486644">body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output #coordinates{font-size:85%;line-height:1.5em;white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Speciale:Map/5/13.083889/80.27/it" data-zoom="5" data-lat="13.083889" data-lon="80.27" data-overlays="["_3c9972096cea98d22a9631d18f30627fc68db463"]">13°05′02″N 80°16′12″E</a><span class="vcard"><span class="geo" style="display:none"><span class="latitude">13°05′02″N</span>, <span class="longitude">80°16′12″E</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Tamil Nadu</span>)</span></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">Superficie</a></th><td>130 058 <a href="/wiki/Chilometro_quadrato" title="Chilometro quadrato">km²</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Popolazione" title="Popolazione">Abitanti</a></th><td>72 138 958 <small>(2011)</small> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Densit%C3%A0_di_popolazione" title="Densità di popolazione">Densità</a></th><td>554,67 ab./<a href="/wiki/Chilometro_quadrato" title="Chilometro quadrato">km²</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Divisioni_dell%27India" title="Divisioni dell'India">Divisioni</a></th><td>32 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;">Altre informazioni</th></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Fuso_orario" title="Fuso orario">Fuso orario</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td>IN-TN </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;">Cartografia</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_in_India_(disputed_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamil Nadu – Localizzazione"><img alt="Tamil Nadu – Localizzazione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tamil_Nadu_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/260px-Tamil_Nadu_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tamil_Nadu_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/390px-Tamil_Nadu_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tamil_Nadu_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/520px-Tamil_Nadu_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu – Localizzazione</figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C2FF91;color: black;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in">Sito istituzionale</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445" class="extiw" title="d:Q1445"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Tamil Nadu su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Divisione_amministrativa/man" title="Template:Divisione amministrativa/man"><span title="Manuale del template Divisione amministrativa">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tamil Nadu</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil">tamil</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="ta">தமிழ் நாடு</span>, <i>Tamiḻ nāṭu</i>, <abbr title="letteralmente">lett.</abbr> "terra o Paese dei tamil") è uno dei 29 <a href="/wiki/Stati_federati_e_territori_dell%27India" title="Stati federati e territori dell'India">Stati federati e territori dell'India</a>. il suo capoluogo è la città di <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (ex <i>Madras</i>), quarta città più grande dell'India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il Paese<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> si trova nel sud-est della <a href="/wiki/Penisola_indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Penisola indiana">penisola indiana</a>, confinante con gli Stati del <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> ad ovest, del <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> a nord-ovest e dell'<a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> a nord. Al suo interno è presente anche una delle quattro <i><a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a></i> che formano il <a href="/wiki/Territorio_dell%27Unione" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorio dell'Unione">territorio dell'Unione</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>. È delimitato geograficamente dai <a href="/wiki/Ghati_orientali" title="Ghati orientali">Ghati orientali</a> a nord, dal <a href="/wiki/Niligiri" title="Niligiri">Niligiri</a> e dalle colline di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamalai_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamalai Hills (la pagina non esiste)">Anamalai Hills</a> a ovest, dal <a href="/wiki/Golfo_del_Bengala" title="Golfo del Bengala">golfo del Bengala</a> a est, dal <a href="/wiki/Golfo_di_Mannar" title="Golfo di Mannar">golfo di Mannar</a> e dallo Stretto di Palk a sud-est, infine dall'<a href="/wiki/Oceano_indiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceano indiano">Oceano indiano</a> a sud. Inoltre, condivide un confine marittimo con la nazione dello <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La regione è stata abitata sin dai <a href="/wiki/Preistoria" title="Preistoria">tempi preistorici</a>, e la storia del Tamil Nadu e della civiltà della gente <a href="/wiki/Tamil_(popolo)" title="Tamil (popolo)">tamil</a> è tra le più antiche al mondo. Attraverso la sua storia, che va dal <a href="/wiki/Paleolitico" title="Paleolitico">paleolitico</a> a oggi, questa regione ha coesistito con varie altre culture esterne. Eccetto che per brevi periodi nella sua storia, la regione Tamil è rimasta indipendente da occupazioni esterne. </p><p>Le tre dinastie tamil <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Chera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastia Chera">Chera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastia Chola">Chola</a> e <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastia Pandya">Pandya</a> hanno origini antiche. Insieme governarono in questa terra con un'unica cultura e un'unica lingua, contribuendo alla crescita di una delle più antiche <a href="/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura">letterature</a> al mondo. Ebbero ampi contatti commerciali marittimi con l'<a href="/wiki/Impero_romano" title="Impero romano">Impero romano</a>. Queste tre dinastie furono in costante lotta tra di loro, combattendo per l'egemonia sulla regione. L'invasione della <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra" title="Kalabhra">dinastia Kalabhra</a> proveniente da sud nel terzo secolo turbò l'ordine tradizionale del Tamil Nadu, rimpiazzando le tre dinastie. </p><p>Lo Stato ha dato i natali allo scrittore e poeta <a href="/wiki/Dandin" title="Dandin">Dandin</a>, vissuto intorno al <a href="/wiki/VI_secolo" title="VI secolo">VI secolo</a>, autore dei primi poemi in <a href="/wiki/Sanscrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrito">sanscrito</a>. </p><p>In tempi più recenti questa zona ha subito sia il <a href="/wiki/Ciclone_Dhanushkodi" title="Ciclone Dhanushkodi">ciclone Dhanushkodi</a> che ha provocato numerosi morti nel 1964, sia il ben più letale <a href="/wiki/Terremoto_e_maremoto_dell%27Oceano_Indiano_del_2004" title="Terremoto e maremoto dell'Oceano Indiano del 2004">maremoto</a> nel 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suddivisioni_amministrative">Suddivisioni amministrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Suddivisioni amministrative" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Suddivisioni amministrative"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il Tamil Nadu è suddiviso in 38 <a href="/wiki/Distretti_dell%27India" title="Distretti dell'India">distretti</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Ariyalur" title="Distretto di Ariyalur">Distretto di Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Chengalpattu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Chengalpattu (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Chennai" title="Distretto di Chennai">Distretto di Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Coimbatore" title="Distretto di Coimbatore">Distretto di Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Cuddalore" title="Distretto di Cuddalore">Distretto di Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Dharmapuri" title="Distretto di Dharmapuri">Distretto di Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Dindigul" title="Distretto di Dindigul">Distretto di Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Erode" title="Distretto di Erode">Distretto di Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Kallakurichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Kallakurichi (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Kanchipuram" title="Distretto di Kanchipuram">Distretto di Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Kanniyakumari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Kanniyakumari (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Kanniyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Karur" title="Distretto di Karur">Distretto di Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Krishnagiri" title="Distretto di Krishnagiri">Distretto di Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Madurai" title="Distretto di Madurai">Distretto di Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Mayiladuthurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Mayiladuthurai (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Nagapattinam" title="Distretto di Nagapattinam">Distretto di Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Namakkal" title="Distretto di Namakkal">Distretto di Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Nilgiris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Nilgiris (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Perambalur" title="Distretto di Perambalur">Distretto di Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Pudukkottai" title="Distretto di Pudukkottai">Distretto di Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Ramanathapuram" title="Distretto di Ramanathapuram">Distretto di Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Ranipet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Ranipet (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Salem" title="Distretto di Salem">Distretto di Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Sivagangai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Sivagangai (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Sivagangai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Tenkasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Tenkasi (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Thanjavur" title="Distretto di Thanjavur">Distretto di Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Theni" title="Distretto di Theni">Distretto di Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Thoothukudi" title="Distretto di Thoothukudi">Distretto di Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Tiruchirappalli" title="Distretto di Tiruchirappalli">Distretto di Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Tirunelveli" title="Distretto di Tirunelveli">Distretto di Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Tirupathur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Tirupathur (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distretto_di_Tiruppur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distretto di Tiruppur (la pagina non esiste)">Distretto di Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Tiruvallur" title="Distretto di Tiruvallur">Distretto di Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Tiruvannamalai" title="Distretto di Tiruvannamalai">Distretto di Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Tiruvarur" title="Distretto di Tiruvarur">Distretto di Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Vellore" title="Distretto di Vellore">Distretto di Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Viluppuram" title="Distretto di Viluppuram">Distretto di Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distretto_di_Virudhunagar" title="Distretto di Virudhunagar">Distretto di Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Società"><span id="Societ.C3.A0"></span>Società</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Società" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Società"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'unica <a href="/wiki/Lingua_ufficiale" title="Lingua ufficiale">lingua ufficiale</a> è il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil">tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-TNOLA56_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNOLA56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; la <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">lingua inglese</a> è anche usata come una delle lingue ufficiali dell'intera India. Il tamil è parlato dall'89,43% della popolazione, mentre linguaggi minoritari sono il <a href="/wiki/Telugu_(lingua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu (lingua)">telugu</a> (5,65%), il <a href="/wiki/Kanna%E1%B8%8Da_(lingua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannaḍa (lingua)">kannaḍa</a> (1,68%), l'<a href="/wiki/Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu">urdu</a> (1,51%), il <a href="/wiki/Malay%C4%81la%E1%B9%83_(lingua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayālaṃ (lingua)">malayālaṃ</a> (0,89%), la <a href="/wiki/Gujar%C4%81t%C4%AB_(lingua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarātī (lingua)">gujarātī</a>/saurashtri (0,32%), l'<a href="/wiki/Hind%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindī">hindī</a> (0,30%) e la <a href="/wiki/Mar%C4%81%E1%B9%ADhi_(lingua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marāṭhi (lingua)">marāṭhi</a> (0,10%)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il tasso di <a href="/wiki/Alfabetizzazione" title="Alfabetizzazione">alfabetizzazione</a>, secondo il <a href="/wiki/Censimento" title="Censimento">censimento</a> generale svoltosi nel 2011, è dell'80,33%<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mentre la sua popolazione ammonta a 72 147 030 abitanti<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; l'<a href="/wiki/Indice_di_sviluppo_umano" title="Indice di sviluppo umano">indice di sviluppo umano</a> medio è dello 0.570<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e si posiziona al 6º posto tra gli Stati indiani<sup id="cite_ref-in.undp.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in.undp.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Costituitosi nel 1950 come <i>Stato di Madras</i>, ha assunto l'attuale denominazione nel 1969<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Cultura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il Tamil Nadu ha una lunga e apprezzata tradizione culturale<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; conosciuto per la sua ricca letteratura, musica, danza e arte in generale, che continuano a fiorire ancor oggi: terra nota per i suoi monumentali antichi templi indù e per la forma classica della danza <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Caratteristiche culturali uniche infine, oltre che nella danza<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, vi sono anche nel campo della <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittura_Thanjavur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pittura Thanjavur (la pagina non esiste)">pittura Thanjavur</a> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mentre l'architettura si è sviluppata nei secoli e continua ad essere espressa tuttora<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letteratura">Letteratura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Letteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Letteratura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letteratura_Tamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letteratura Tamil (la pagina non esiste)">letteratura Tamil</a> esiste da oltre duemila anni <sup id="cite_ref-companion_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il primo periodo d'essa è definito <a href="/wiki/Letteratura_Sangam" title="Letteratura Sangam">letteratura Sangam</a>, datato da circa il 300 a.C. al IV secolo<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; è la più antica forma letteraria con testimonianze scritte di tutta l'India<sup id="cite_ref-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, con i primi reperti epigrafici rinvenuti su roccia e pietre commemorative risalenti al III secolo a.C<sup id="cite_ref-Maloney1970_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maloney1970-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palani_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palani-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La maggior parte delle prime opere letterarie tamil è in versi, con la prosa che via via diventa sempre più comune nei periodi successivi. La collezione di letteratura Sangam contiene 2381 poesie composte da 473 poeti, con 102 dei quali che rimangono anonimi<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; essa consta principalmente di opere secolari, si occupa cioè dei temi di tutti i giorni in un contesto <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">tamilakam</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La letteratura Sangam si occupa anche di rapporti umani e delle emozioni scaturenti da essi<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. la letteratura disponibile da questo periodo è stata classificata e compilata nel X secolo in due categorie in base all'incirca sulla cronologia di composizione. Le categorie sono: Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku (la maggiore serie antologica) che comprende Eṭṭuttokai (Le otto antologie) e il Pattuppāṭṭu (I dieci Idilli) e Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku (la minore serie antologica). </p><p>Gran parte della grammatica Tamil viene ampiamente descritta nel più antico lavoro di <a href="/wiki/Grammatica" title="Grammatica">grammatica</a> di <a href="/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil">Lingua tamil</a>, il <i>Tolkappiyam</i>. La moderna scrittura Tamil è in gran parte basata sulla grammatica del secolo XIII Naṉṉūl che ha ribadito e chiarito le regole del Tolkappiyam, con alcune modifiche. La tradizionale struttura grammaticale tamil si compone di cinque parti, vale a dire eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu e ani. Di queste, le ultime due sono per lo più applicate nella poesia<sup id="cite_ref-five_parts_grammar_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-five_parts_grammar-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Un notevole esempio di poesia Tamil comprende il <i>Tirukkural</i> scritto da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvalluvar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiruvalluvar (la pagina non esiste)">Thiruvalluvar</a>. </p><p>Nel 1578 i Portoghesi hanno pubblicato un libro Tamil nella vecchia scrittura chiamata "Thambiraan Vanakkam", rendendo così il Tamil la prima lingua indiana a essere stampata e pubblicata<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il "<i>Tamil Lexicon</i>", pubblicato dalla Università di Madras, è il primo tra i dizionari pubblicati in qualsiasi lingua indiana<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nel corso della lotta per la libertà indiana, molti poeti e scrittori Tamil hanno cercato di provocare il fervore dello spirito nazionale, l'equità sociale e di ispirare pensieri laici nell'uomo comune, in particolare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subramanya_bharathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subramanya bharathy (la pagina non esiste)">Subramanya bharathy</a> e Bharathidasan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festività_tradizionali"><span id="Festivit.C3.A0_tradizionali"></span>Festività tradizionali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Festività tradizionali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Festività tradizionali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/330px-Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/440px-Jallikattu_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallikattu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jallikattu (la pagina non esiste)">Jallikattu</a> a Tamil Nadu nel 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pongal" title="Pongal">Pongal</a>, chiamato anche "Tamizhar thirunaal" (Festivale dei tamil) o "Makara Sankranti" altrove in India, è una festa di quattro giorni per il raccolto; una delle più ampiamente celebrate in tutto il Tamil Nadu<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il primo giorno, bhogi Pongal, è celebrato buttando via e distruggendo vecchi vestiti e materiali dando loro fuoco per segnare la fine del vecchio e l'emergere del nuovo. Il secondo giorno, Surya Pongal, è il giorno principale che cade il primo dì del decimo mese Tamil Thai (14 o 15 gennaio del calendario occidentale). Il terzo giorno, Maattu Pongal, ha lo scopo di offrire, grazie al bestiame, il latte che viene utilizzato per arare le terre: Jallikattu, un concorso sull'addomesticamento dei tori, segna l'evento principale di questa giornata. <a href="/wiki/Alanganallur" title="Alanganallur">Alanganallur</a> è famosa per il suo "Jallikattu<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contest" di solito tenuto il 3º giorno di Pongal. Nel corso di questo ultimo giorno, Kaanum Pongal - la parola "kaanum", significa 'visualizzare' - si svolge un rituale combattimento di galli. </p><p>Il primo mese del calendario Tamil è Chittirai e il primo giorno di questo mese a metà aprile è celebrato come <a href="/wiki/Capodanno" title="Capodanno">capodanno</a> Tamil. Il calendario Thiruvalluvar è di 31 anni avanti rispetto al <a href="/wiki/Calendario_gregoriano" title="Calendario gregoriano">calendario gregoriano</a>, ossia il Gregoriano 2000 è Thiruvalluvar 2031. Aadi Perukku si celebra il 18º giorno del mese Tamil Aadi, che celebra il sorgere del livello dell'acqua nel fiume <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>. </p><p>Oltre ai maggiori festival, in ogni villaggio e città del Tamil Nadu, gli abitanti celebrano feste per gli dèi locali una volta all'anno e il tempo varia da luogo a luogo. La maggior parte di queste feste è legata alla dea Maariyamman, la <a href="/wiki/Dea_madre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dea madre">dea madre</a> portatrice della pioggia. Altri importanti festival indù, tra cui Deepavali (Morte di Narakasura), Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara), Krishna Jayanthi e <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> sono anch'essi sfarzosamente celebrati. A questi, si aggiunge l'Ayya Vaikunda Avataram ("incarnazione di Ayya Vaikunda"), festeggiata dai seguaci dell'<a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a> e che culmina il 4 marzo nella festa nazionale del vicino Stato del <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> dal 2015<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Id_al-fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Id al-fitr">Id al-fitr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Id_al-adha" class="mw-redirect" title="Id al-adha">Id al-adha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a> sono celebrati dai musulmani, mentre il <a href="/wiki/Natale" title="Natale">Natale</a>, il venerdì santo e la <a href="/wiki/Pasqua" title="Pasqua">Pasqua</a> sono celebrati dai cristiani presenti nello Stato. Mahamagam è un festival di balneazione a <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a> e si celebra una volta ogni 12 anni; persone provenienti da tutti gli angoli del paese vengono a Kumbakonam per il festival: questo è anche chiamato "<a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>" del Sud<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TNOLA56-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-TNOLA56_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-TNOLA56_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawsofindia.org/statelaw/5360/TheTamilNaduOfficialLanguageAct1956.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Tamil Nadu Official Language Act, 1956</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">lawsofindia.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 9 novembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation 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class="external free" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/default.aspx">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/default.aspx</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110130030/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2011-12/echap-13.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">India government economic survey</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>). <small>URL consultato il 28 dicembre 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2011-12/echap-13.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 10 gennaio 2017)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-in.undp.org-7"><a href="#cite_ref-in.undp.org_7-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301034958/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/inequality_adjusted_human_development_index_for_indias_state1.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Inequality adjusted Human Development Index for India's States 2011, United Nations Development Programme</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">in.undp.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2016</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/inequality_adjusted_human_development_index_for_indias_state1.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 1º marzo 2013)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413233934/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly history</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">assembly.tn.gov.in</span>, 2012. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm">url originale</abbr> il 13 aprile 2010)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.tricolorvoyages.com/the-state-where-modernity-meets-culture-tamil-nadu/"><span style="font-style:italic;">The state where modernity meets culture</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">blog.tricolorvoyages.com</span>, 4 agosto 2015.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwR59-o19T0C&pg=PA320&dq=tamilnadu+land+of+hindu+temples&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gnYmUuvvDc2UrgeL24CIBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tamilnadu%20land%20of%20hindu%20temples&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">21st Century India: View and Vision</span></a>, p. 320.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325161952/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/bharatanatyam.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamilnadu – The Dance of Celestial Deities</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">tamilnadu.com</span>, 12 febbraio 2014. <small>URL consultato il 14 febbraio 2016</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://tamilnadu.com/arts/bharatanatyam.html">url originale</abbr> il 25 marzo 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718192226/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/thanjavur-painting.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Thanjavur Painting – Tamil Art</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">tamilnadu.com</span>, 18 gennaio 2013. <small>URL consultato il 14 febbraio 2016</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://tamilnadu.com/arts/thanjavur-painting.html">url originale</abbr> il 18 luglio 2013)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131113122/http://tamilnadu.com/category/arts"><span style="font-style:italic;">Arts Archives – Tamilnadu</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">tamilnadu.com</span>, 23 gennaio 2013. <small>URL consultato il 14 febbraio 2016</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://tamilnadu.com/category/arts">url originale</abbr> il 31 gennaio 2013)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-companion-14"><a href="#cite_ref-companion_14-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil,_1992">Zvelebil, 1992</a>, p. 12</cite>: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707000020/http://www.ciil-classicaltamil.org/project1.html">Definitive Editions of Ancient Tamil Works</a>. Classical Tamil, Government of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> S. A. Abraham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1353/asi.2003.0031"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Asian Perspectives</span>, vol. 42, n. 2, 2003, p. 207, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031">10.1353/asi.2003.0031</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog_17-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> B. Stein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1977-11_37_1/page/7"><span style="font-style:italic;">Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Journal of Asian Studies</span>, vol. 37, 1977, p. 7, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2053325">10.2307/2053325</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2053325">2053325</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maloney1970-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Maloney1970_18-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> C. Maloney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1970-05_29_3/page/603"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Beginnings of Civilization in South India</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Journal of Asian Studies</span>, vol. 29, n. 3, 1970, p. 603, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2943246">10.2307/2943246</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2943246">2943246</a>.</cite> at p. 610</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palani-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Palani_19-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> T.S Subramaniam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2408091.ece"><span style="font-style:italic;">Palani excavation triggers fresh debate</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, India, 29 agosto 2011.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">George L. Hart III, <i>The Poems of Ancient Tamil,</i> Univ. of California Press, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">The only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paripaatal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paripaatal (la pagina non esiste)">paripaatal</a></i>. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, <i>A History of South India</i>, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Sastri, 2008, pp=330–335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-five_parts_grammar-23"><a href="#cite_ref-five_parts_grammar_23-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609115617/http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Five fold grammar of Tamil</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">University of Pennsylvania</span>. <small>URL consultato il 14 febbraio 2016</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/tamil/lit.html">url originale</abbr> il 9 giugno 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Karthik Madhavan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil saw its first book in 1578</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> B. Kolappan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece"><span style="font-style:italic;">Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, 22 giugno 2014. <small>URL consultato il 25 dicembre 2014</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705003946/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/pongal.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Pongal – Tamil festival</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">tamilnadu.com</span>, 4 febbraio 2013 <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://tamilnadu.com/arts/pongal.html">url originale</abbr> il 5 luglio 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Alanganallur-Jallikattu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220438/http://shadowchief.com/alanganallur-jallikattu/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Alanganallur-Jallikattu, Madurai, Tamil Nadu</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">shadowchief.com</span>, Shadow Chief. <small>URL consultato il 23 settembre 2013</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://shadowchief.com/alanganallur-jallikattu/">url originale</abbr> il 27 settembre 2013)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061127035608/http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/information_isw.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Alanganallur</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/alanganallur">url originale</abbr> il 27 novembre 2006)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> The New Indian Express, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/oct/13/list-of-public-holidays-for-2018-announced-1672693.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">List of public holidays for 2018 announced</span></a>, 13 ottobre 2017. <small>URL consultato il 22 gennaio 2018</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blessingsonthenet.com/indian-festival/festival/id/227/mahamagam-festival/"><span style="font-style:italic;">http://blessingsonthenet.com/</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">blessingsonthenet.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jAbgAAAAMAAJ&q=maha+magam&dq=maha+magam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bomxUbzfJoGMrQeasoDICg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fairs and Festivals of India</span></a>, p. 326.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="colonne"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF''BBC''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3667032.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">India sets up classical languages</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC</span>, 17 agosto 2004. <small>URL consultato il 16 agosto 2007</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Hindu''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041030191509/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102004161800.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Radhakrishnan Stadium to have new turf</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, India, 20 ottobre 2004. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102004161800.htm">url originale</abbr> il 30 ottobre 2004)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Hindu''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424024708/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042211030100.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil Nadu ranks third in FDI, favoured destination</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, India, 22 aprile 2005. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042211030100.htm">url originale</abbr> il 24 aprile 2005)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Hindu''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chennai-is-the-most-densely-populated-city-in-tamil-nadu-according-to-census-2011/article4774624.ece"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chennai is the most densely populated city in Tamil Nadu, according to census 2011</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, India, 2 giugno 2013. <small>URL consultato il 20 aprile 2014</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020024158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-01/science/27786741_1_human-skeletons-evolution-bio"><span style="font-style:italic;">Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>, 1º gennaio 2006. <small>URL consultato l'11 giugno 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-01/science/27786741_1_human-skeletons-evolution-bio">url originale</abbr> il 20 ottobre 2012)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Hindu''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040701084804/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu: National: Skeletons, script found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, India, 26 maggio 2004. <small>URL consultato l'11 giugno 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/26/stories/2004052602871200.htm">url originale</abbr> il 1º luglio 2004)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Hindu''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128133014/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu: National: 'Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, 17 dicembre 2005. <small>URL consultato l'11 giugno 2008</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm">url originale</abbr> il 28 gennaio 2007)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Hindu''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Staff Reporter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140618165752/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Students get glimpse of heritage</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu</span>, Chennai, India, 22 novembre 2005. <small>URL consultato il 26 aprile 2007</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112215970400.htm">url originale</abbr> il 18 giugno 2014)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Radha Venkatesan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072126/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-01/india/28066173_1_eggs-nest-river-bed"><span style="font-style:italic;">India's Jurassic nest dug up in Tamil Nadu</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>, 1º ottobre 2009. <small>URL consultato il 2 ottobre 2009</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-01/india/28066173_1_eggs-nest-river-bed">url originale</abbr> l'11 agosto 2011)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120707015545/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-21/chennai/29568181_1_letika-saran-new-dgp-director-general"><span style="font-style:italic;">New DGP takes charge</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 maggio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-21/chennai/29568181_1_letika-saran-new-dgp-director-general">url originale</abbr> il 7 luglio 2012)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> TNN, 14 May 2003, 07.29 pm IST, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>, 14 maggio 2003. <small>URL consultato il 18 luglio 2010</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Guardian''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Madeleine Bunting, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/mar/15/education-goals-assessment-india-school"><span style="font-style:italic;">Quality of Primary Education in States</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Guardian</span>, London, 15 marzo 2011. <small>URL consultato il 20 maggio 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''Business_Line''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/20/stories/2004102000101100.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Top three States – a socio-economic comparison</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu Business Line</span>, 20 ottobre 2004. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''Business_Line''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/04/09/stories/2004040900050800.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil Nadu Poverty</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Hindu Business Line</span>, 9 aprile 2004. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''BBC_News''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7669152.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil Nadu Hunger Problem Alarming</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 14 ottobre 2008. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_fares_badly_on_global_hunger_index/articleshow/3596818.cms"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tamil Nadu Hunger Level in Danger List</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>, 15 ottobre 2008. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4173337.cms"><span style="font-style:italic;">Oscars: Eight on ten for 'Slumdog Millionaire'<span></span></span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>, 23 febbraio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 23 settembre 2009</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''BBC_News''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7905003.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Indian joy at Oscar night glory</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 23 febbraio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 23 settembre 2009</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Economic_Times''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Media--Entertainment-/Entertainment/A-R-Rahman-wins-best-original-score-Oscar/articleshow/4174015.cms"><span style="font-style:italic;">A R Rahman wins best original score Oscar</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Economic Times</span>, 23 febbraio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 23 settembre 2009</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Times_of_India''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105181856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-02/india/31983641_1_bihar-government-tamil-nadu-india-s-gdp"><span style="font-style:italic;">Bihar is country's fastest growing state at 13.1%</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Times of India</span>, 2 giugno 2012. <small>URL consultato il 13 febbraio 2016</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-02/india/31983641_1_bihar-government-tamil-nadu-india-s-gdp">url originale</abbr> il 5 novembre 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF''The_Economic_Times''" class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> Bhalchandra Mungekar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/contrary-to-modis-projections-gujarats-growth-story-is-riddled-with-contradictions/articleshow/14048496.cms"><span style="font-style:italic;">Contrary to Modi's projections, Gujarat's 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Bravo, 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-7360-8273-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-7360-8273-0">978-0-7360-8273-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Vijaya Ramaswamy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&pg=PA73&dq=kite+flying+%2B+tamil+nadu#v=onepage&q=kite%20flying%20%2B%20tamil%20nadu&f=false"><span style="font-style:italic;">Historical dictionary of the Tamils</span></a>, United States, Scarecrow Press, INC., 2007, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-470-82958-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-470-82958-5">978-0-470-82958-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, <span style="font-style:italic;">A History of South India</span>, 4th, New Delhi, India, Oxford University Press, 2008.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, <span style="font-style:italic;">Advanced History of India</span>, New Delhi, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1970, pp. 181-182.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (la pagina non esiste)">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6792"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Cōlas</span></a>, Madras, University of Madras, 1935 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[1935]</abbr>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> P.N. Chopra, T.K. Ravindran e N Subrahmanian, <span style="font-style:italic;">History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1</span>, New Delhi, Chand Publications, 2003 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[2003]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/81-219-0153-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/81-219-0153-7">81-219-0153-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Keay, <span style="font-style:italic;">India: A History</span>, New York, Grove Publications, 2000 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[2000]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8021-3797-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8021-3797-0">0-8021-3797-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, <span style="font-style:italic;">A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</span>, New Delhi, Indian Branch, Oxford University Press, 2002 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[1955]</abbr>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-19-560686-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-19-560686-8">0-19-560686-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Sanford Steever, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag0000unse"><span style="font-style:italic;">Introduction</span></a>, in Sanford Steever (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">The Dravidian Languages</span>, London, Routledge, 1998, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag0000unse/page/1">1</a>–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-415-10023-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-415-10023-2">0-415-10023-2</a>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Cristianesimo in Tamil Nadu">Cristianesimo in Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_(popolo)" title="Tamil (popolo)">Tamil (popolo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucina_tamil" title="Cucina tamil">Cucina tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_nel_Tamil_Nadu" 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