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</li> <li id="toc-Piezoelectricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piezoelectricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Piezoelectricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piezoelectricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Color photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_coelostat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_coelostat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The coelostat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_coelostat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabriel Lippmann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غبريال ليبمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غبريال ليبمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="গেব্ৰিয়েল লিপমেন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গেব্ৰিয়েল লিপমেন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabriel_Lipman" title="Qabriel Lipman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qabriel Lipman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قابریئل لیپمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قابریئل لیپمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="গাব্রিয়েল লিপমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গাব্রিয়েল লিপমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габрыэль Ліпман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Габрыэль Ліпман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габрыель Ліпман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Габрыель Ліпман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габриел Липман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Габриел Липман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Γκαμπριέλ Λιπμάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκαμπριέλ Λιπμάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%86" title="گابریل لیپمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گابریل لیپمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98_%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84%EB%A7%8C" title="가브리엘 리프만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가브리엘 리프만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գաբրիել Լիպման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գաբրիել Լիպման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="गाब्रियल लिपमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गाब्रियल लिपमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="גבריאל ליפמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבריאל ליפמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ಯಾಬ್ರಿಯಲ್ ಲಿಪ್‍ಮ್ಯಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ಯಾಬ್ರಿಯಲ್ ಲಿಪ್‍ಮ್ಯಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გაბრიელ ლიპმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაბრიელ ლიპმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габриэль Липпман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Габриэль Липпман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriels_Lipmans" title="Gabriels Lipmans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gabriels Lipmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габриел Липман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габриел Липман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗബ്രിയേൽ ലിപ്മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗബ്രിയേൽ ലിപ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="गॅब्रियेल लिपमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॅब्रियेल लिपमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გაბრიელ ლიპმანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაბრიელ ლიპმანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جبريال ليبمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبريال ليبمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%D9%86" title="گابریل لیپمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گابریل لیپمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्याब्रियल लिपम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्याब्रियल लिपम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ガブリエル・リップマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガブリエル・リップマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گیبرل لپمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیبرل لپمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippman" title="Gabriel Lippman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gabriel Lippman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Липпман, Габриэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липпман, Габриэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="गेब्रियल् लिपमन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गेब्रियल् लिपमन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گبریل لیپمین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="گبریل لیپمین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="گابریێل لیپمەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گابریێل لیپمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габријел Липман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Габријел Липман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="காபிரியேல் லிப்மன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காபிரியேல் லிப்மன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габриел Липпман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Габриел Липпман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="กาเบรียล ลิพพ์มานน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาเบรียล ลิพพ์มานน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Габрієль Ліппман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Габрієль Ліппман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گبریل لیپمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گبریل لیپمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gabriel Lippmann" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC" title="加布里埃尔·李普曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加布里埃尔·李普曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Gabriel Lippmann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/220px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1845-08-16</span>)</span>16 August 1845<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonnevoie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonnevoie (not yet started)">Bonnevoie</a>/Bouneweg, Luxembourg (since 1921 part of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1921<span style="display:none">(1921-07-13)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_France_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS France (1912) (not yet started)">SS France</a></i>, Atlantic Ocean</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Color_photography">Lippmann color photography</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integral_imaging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integral imaging (not yet started)">Integral 3-D photography</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lippmann_electrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lippmann electrometer (not yet started)">Lippmann electrometer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> (1908)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann</b> (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">Franco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor">inventor</a>. He won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his work on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_photography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Color photography (not yet started)">color photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Early life and education" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Early life and education"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabriel Lippmann was born in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonnevoie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonnevoie (not yet started)">Bonnevoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (Luxembourgish: Bouneweg), on 16 August 1845. At that time, Bonnevoie was part of the <a href="/wiki/Commune" class="mw-disambig" title="Commune">commune</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollerich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollerich (not yet started)">Hollerich</a>. Bonnevoie is now a district of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>.) His father, Isaïe was a French <a href="/wiki/Jew" title="Jew">Jew</a>. He managed the family <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">glove</a>-making business. In 1848, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. At first, Lippmann was <a href="/wiki/Tutor" title="Tutor">tutored</a> by his mother, Miriam Rose (Lévy). He later studied at the Lycée Napoléon (now <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV" title="Lycée Henri-IV">Lycée Henri-IV</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Foundation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Foundation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In school, Lippmann did not do well at paying attention. He did have a special interest in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. In 1868, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> in Paris, In 1872, the French government sent him to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">Heidelberg University</a>. He was able to specialize in <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> Lippmann receiving a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Latin_honours" title="Latin honours">summa cum laude</a>" distinction in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Bintz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bintz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lippmann then returned to Paris in 1875. he continued to study until 1878. He then became <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder668_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder668-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Career" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Career"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapillarelektrometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kapillarelektrometer.jpg/150px-Kapillarelektrometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kapillarelektrometer.jpg/225px-Kapillarelektrometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kapillarelektrometer.jpg/300px-Kapillarelektrometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Lippmann's electrometer (1872)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lippmann made important contributions to different areas of physics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_capillary_electrometer">The capillary electrometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: The capillary electrometer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: The capillary electrometer"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Lippmann's early discoveries was the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical">electrical</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capillary_phenomena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capillary phenomena (not yet started)">capillary phenomena</a>. This let him create a sensitive capillary electrometer. It became known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lippmann_electrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lippmann electrometer (not yet started)">Lippmann electrometer</a>. This device was used in the first <a href="/wiki/ECG" class="mw-redirect" title="ECG">ECG</a> machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Piezoelectricity" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Piezoelectricity"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1881, Lippmann predicted the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">converse piezoelectric</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_photography">Color photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Color photography" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Color photography"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lippmann_photo_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Lippmann_photo_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A color photograph made by Lippmann in the 1890s. It contains no <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> of any kind.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a way to reproducing colors by <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference phenomenon</a>. This work earned him the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, Lippmann's interest turned to a method of creating the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">solar spectrum</a> on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic plate (not yet started)">photographic plate</a>. On 2 February 1891, he told the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Sciences (not yet started)">Academy of Sciences</a>: "I have succeeded in obtaining the image of the spectrum with its colors on a photographic plate whereby the image remains fixed and can remain in daylight without deterioration." By April 1892, he said that he had succeeded in creating color images of a <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> window, a group of <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a>, a bowl of <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a> topped by a <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">red poppy</a> and a colorful <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_wave.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standing_wave.gif/300px-Standing_wave.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standing_wave.gif/450px-Standing_wave.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standing_wave.gif/600px-Standing_wave.gif 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A standing wave. The red dots are the wave nodes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference phenomenon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> is a result of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wave_propagation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wave propagation (not yet started)">wave propagation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. When light of a given <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> is reflected at itself by a <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> are created. This is similar to the ripples that are caused when a stone is dropped into water. A standing waves is created when the waves are reflected back at themselves by a surface such as the wall of a pool. In the case of normal <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">incoherent</a> light, the standing waves can only be seen in an extremely small area of space next to the reflecting surface. </p><p>Lippmann projected an image onto a special <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic plate (not yet started)">photographic plate</a>. The plate was able to record details smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of visible light. The light passed through a glass sheet into a very thin and almost <a href="/wiki/Transparency" title="Transparency">transparent</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_emulsion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic emulsion (not yet started)">photographic emulsion</a>. The emulsion containing extremely small <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_halide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver halide (not yet started)">silver halide</a> grains. A temporary mirror of liquid <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> reflected the light back through the emulsion/ This created standing waves. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Node_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Node (physics) (not yet started)">nodes</a> almost no effect but their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Node_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Node (physics) (not yet started)">antinodes</a> created an <a href="/wiki/Image" class="mw-redirect" title="Image">image</a>. After <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic processing (not yet started)">development</a>, the result was distinct parallel layers made up of <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" title="Macroscopic">submicroscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> silver grains. These layers were a permanent record of the standing waves. In each part of the image, the spacing of the layers corresponded to the half-wavelengths of the light photographed. </p><p>Light was shone on the finished plate at a nearly <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> angle. Daylight or another source of white light was used. At each point on the plate, light of the same wavelength as the light which had created the layers was reflected back toward the viewer. Light of other wavelengths passed through the emulsion. The wavelengths (colors) of the light which had formed the original image created a full-color image.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biedermann_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biedermann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, the Lippmann process was not easy to use. Higher <a href="/wiki/Resolution" class="mw-disambig" title="Resolution">resolution</a> needed smaller grains. Smaller grains were less affected by light so they needed to be exposed to the light for a longer amount of time. With a lens with a large opening and a very brightly sunlit subject, a camera exposure of less than one minute were rare. Exposures measured in minutes were normal. Pure colors photographed well, but the colors of real-world objects could be a problem to photograph. The process could not make color prints on paper. It was not possible to make a good copy of a Lippmann color photograph by rephotographing it. The requirements needed to see the colors to best effect meant the photographs could not be used for casual use. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_coelostat">The coelostat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: The coelostat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: The coelostat"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lippmann also invented the <a href="/wiki/Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">coelostat</a>. It is a tool used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronem (not yet started)">astronem</a> that compensated for the rotation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. This lets people photograph areas of the sky without apparent movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Foundation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Foundation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Personal life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Personal life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lippmann married the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Cherbuliez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Cherbuliez (not yet started)">Victor Cherbuliez</a> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Foundation_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Foundation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 13 July 1921 aboard the steamer <i>France</i> after leaving <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=177513">"Gabriel Lippmann"</a>. Mathematics Genealogy Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Lippmann&rft.pub=Mathematics+Genealogy+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu%2Fid.php%3Fid%3D177513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gabriel-Lippmann#ref78915">"Gabriel Lippmann | French physicist"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Lippmann+%26%23124%3B+French+physicist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGabriel-Lippmann%23ref78915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Foundation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Foundation_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Foundation_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Foundation_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/lippmann-bio.html">"Gabriel Lippmann"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405091837/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/lippmann-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Lippmann&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1908%2Flippmann-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bintz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bintz_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://massard.info/pdf/lippmann_livre.pdf">Jacques Bintz, "Gabriel Lippmann 1845–1921"</a>, in <i>Gabriel Lippmann: Commémoration par la section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg du 150e anniversaire du savant né au Luxembourg, lauréat du prix Nobel en 1908</i> (Luxembourg: Section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg en collaboration avec le Séminaire de mathématique et le Séminaire d’histoire des sciences et de la médecine du centre universitaire de Luxembourg, 1997), <i>Jean-Paul Pier & Jos. A. Massard: éditeurs</i>, Luxembourg 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eder668-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eder668_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Maria Eder, <i>History of Photography</i>, 4th ed. (New York: Dover, 1978; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23586-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23586-6">0-486-23586-6</a>), p. 668. (This Dover edition reproduces the Columbia University Press edition of 1945; the book was originally published in 1932 as <i>Geschichte der Photographie.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-From_Nobel_Lectures_1921_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLippmann1881" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lippmann, G. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k348640">"Principe de la conservation de l'électricité"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales de chimie et de physique (not yet started)">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i> (in French). <b>24</b>: 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=Principe+de+la+conservation+de+l%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Lippmann&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k348640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Lippmann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolas, T. et al: <i>A Handbook of Photography in Colours</i> [sic], Marion & Co. (London, 1900):45–59 (Retrieved from archive.org on 11 February 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wall, E. J.: <i>Practical Color Photography</i>, American Photographic Publishing Co. (Boston, 1922):185–199 (Retrieved from archive.org on 5 September 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biedermann-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Biedermann_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/biedermann/">Klaus Biedermann, "Lippmann's and Gabor's Revolutionary Approach to Imaging"</a>, <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Retrieved 6 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1921/07/14/archives/gabriel-lippmann-scientist-dies-at-sea-member-of-french-commission.html">Gabriel Lippmann, Scientist, Dies at Sea</a>", <i>The New York Times</i>, 14 July 1921.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Further reading" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J.P. Pier & J.A. Massard (eds) (1997):<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327010324/http://www.igdss.lu/medias/pdf/actualites/2008/Gabriel_Lippmann_Commemoration_V7.pdf"><i>Gabriel Lippmann: Commémoration par la section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg du 150e anniversaire du savant né au Luxembourg, lauréat du prix Nobel en 1908.</i></a> Luxembourg, Section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg en collaboration avec le Séminaire de mathématique et le Séminaire d’histoire des sciences et de la médecine du centre universitaire de Luxembourg, 139 p.</li> <li>Lebon, Ernest, "Savants du jour : biographie, bibliographie analytique des écrits", comprenant Portrait de Gabriel Lippmann. – 1911. p. 70, Gauthier-Villars (Paris), 1909–1913.</li> <li>Isabelle Bergoend, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-marchaisse.fr/catalogue-le-dagobert-optique">Le Dagobert optique</a></i>, Editions Thierry Marchaisse, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Lippmann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1903) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a> (1904) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a> (1906) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lippmann</a> (1908) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ferdinand_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun (not yet started)">Braun</a> (1909) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a> (1910) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Wien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Wien (not yet started)">Wien</a> (1911) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustaf Dalén (not yet started)">Dalén</a> (1912) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (not yet started)">Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1913) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_von_Laue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max von Laue (not yet started)">Laue</a> (1914) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a> (1915) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Glover_Barkla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Glover Barkla (not yet started)">Barkla</a> (1917) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Stark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stark (not yet started)">Stark</a> (1919) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume (not yet started)">Guillaume</a> (1920) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a> (1922) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manne_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manne Siegbahn (not yet started)">M. Siegbahn</a> (1924) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franck (not yet started)">Franck</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz (not yet started)">Hertz</a> (1925)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Perrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin (not yet started)">Perrin</a> (1926) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Compton (not yet started)">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a> (1927) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Willans_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Willans Richardson (not yet started)">O. Richardson</a> (1928) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a> (1929) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a> (1930) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> (1933) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Francis_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Francis Hess (not yet started)">Hess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl David Anderson (not yet started)">C. D. Anderson</a> (1936) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Davisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Davisson (not yet started)">Davisson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Paget_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Paget Thomson (not yet started)">Thomson</a> (1937) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Isaac_Rabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi (not yet started)">Rabi</a> (1944) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Williams_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Williams Bridgman (not yet started)">Bridgman</a> (1946) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Victor Appleton (not yet started)">Appleton</a> (1947) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett,_Baron_Blackett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett (not yet started)">Blackett</a> (1948) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Yukawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hideki Yukawa (not yet started)">Yukawa</a> (1949) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Frank_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecil Frank Powell (not yet started)">Powell</a> (1950)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cockcroft (not yet started)">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Walton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Walton (not yet started)">Walton</a> (1951) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Mills_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Mills Purcell (not yet started)">Purcell</a> (1952) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Zernike (not yet started)">Zernike</a> (1953) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Bothe (not yet started)">Bothe</a> (1954) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Lamb (not yet started)">Lamb</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polykarp_Kusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polykarp Kusch (not yet started)">Kusch</a> (1955) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (not yet started)">Brattain</a> (1956) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a> (1957) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Frank (not yet started)">Frank</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Tamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Tamm (not yet started)">Tamm</a> (1958) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio G. Segrè (not yet started)">Segrè</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Chamberlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Chamberlain (not yet started)">Chamberlain</a> (1959) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a> (1960) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Basov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Basov (not yet started)">Basov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Prokhorov (not yet started)">Prokhorov</a> (1964) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (1969) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Néel (not yet started)">Néel</a> (1970) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a> (1976) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a> (1977) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a> (1978) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a> (1981) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a> (1982) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a> (1984) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a> (1987) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J. Taylor</a> (1993) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> (1994) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a> (1996) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a> (1999) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a> (2000)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> (2001) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Davis, Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> (2002) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a> (2003) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> (2006) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> (2007) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> (2008) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> (2009) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> (2010) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> (2011) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> (2012) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> (2013) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> (2014) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a> (2015) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> (2016) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> (2017) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> (2018) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> (2019) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a> (2020) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> (2021) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> (2022) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> (2023) <b>·</b> </span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> (2024)</span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;'''"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_winners" title="Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners">Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners</a> <b>·</b>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Commons-logo-en.svg/16px-Commons-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Commons-logo-en.svg/24px-Commons-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Commons-logo-en.svg/32px-Commons-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/209333/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054837720">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29657886">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxt3R9mffBcmybFdxG4MP">WorldCat Entities</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90253343">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000462287">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12733363q">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12733363q">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117044873">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="Lippmann, Gabriel" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV170052">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528063205171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n87138194">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3572z928l8l94">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803"><span title="Lippmann, Gabriel" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0251311&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record238828">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140534164">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=177513">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56907834100">Scopus</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:lippmann.g">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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