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Gennett</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Andrew Gennett"> <meta name="keywords" content="Andrew Gennett"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Andrew Gennett"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 262</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Andrew Gennett</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">142</span> Performance of the Aptima® HIV-1 Quant Dx Assay on the Panther System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siobhan%20O%E2%80%99Shea">Siobhan O’Shea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangeetha%20Vijaysri%20Nair"> Sangeetha Vijaysri Nair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Cheol%20Kim"> Hee Cheol Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Thomas%20Nugent"> Charles Thomas Nugent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheuk%20Yan%20William%20Tong"> Cheuk Yan William Tong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sam%20Douthwaite"> Sam Douthwaite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Worlock"> Andrew Worlock</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Aptima® HIV-1 Quant Dx Assay is a fully automated assay on the Panther system. It is based on Transcription-Mediated Amplification and real time detection technologies. This assay is intended for monitoring HIV-1 viral load in plasma specimens and for the detection of HIV-1 in plasma and serum specimens. Nine-hundred and seventy nine specimens selected at random from routine testing at St Thomas’ Hospital, London were anonymised and used to compare the performance of the Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assay and Roche COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, v2.0. Two-hundred and thirty four specimens gave quantitative HIV-1 viral load results in both assays. The quantitative results reported by the Aptima Assay were comparable those reported by the Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test, v2.0 with a linear regression slope of 1.04 and an intercept on -0.097. The Aptima assay detected HIV-1 in more samples than the Roche assay. This was not due to lack of specificity of the Aptima assay because this assay gave 99.83% specificity on testing plasma specimens from 600 HIV-1 negative individuals. To understand the reason for this higher detection rate a side-by-side comparison of low level panels made from the HIV-1 3rd international standard (NIBSC10/152) and clinical samples of various subtypes were tested in both assays. The Aptima assay was more sensitive than the Roche assay. The good sensitivity, specificity and agreement with other commercial assays make the HIV-1 Quant Dx Assay appropriate for both viral load monitoring and detection of HIV-1 infections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HIV%20viral%20load" title="HIV viral load">HIV viral load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aptima" title=" Aptima"> Aptima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roche" title=" Roche"> Roche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panther%20system" title=" Panther system"> Panther system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21163/performance-of-the-aptima-hiv-1-quant-dx-assay-on-the-panther-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">141</span> Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices regarding Anthrax among Community Members, Health and Veterinary Workers in Maragua, Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaiah%20Chacha">Isaiah Chacha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Arimi"> Samuel Arimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Thaiya"> Andrew Thaiya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: This study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding anthrax in Maragua, Kenya to provide baseline information to design interventions. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among head of households, health and veterinary workers in Maragua Sub-county in August and September 2014. Administered questionnaires were used to collect data from household members and a key informant interview held with health and veterinary workers. Multi stage sampling was used to obtain participants’ knowledge, attitudes and practices. Questions were scored and descriptively analyzed using Excel spreadsheet then exported to GenStat Discovery Edition 4. Results: A total of 293 community members were recruited in this study. The overall level of knowledge was 77.9% of all community members regarding cause, transmission, symptoms and prevention of the disease in both humans and animals. Majority of the participants (96.3%) had heard about anthrax. A total of 99 (33.8%) correspondents had seen a person with anthrax and 75.1% think that anthrax is a very serious disease in the area. Of the interviewed correspondents, 14.3% of them have had their animals (mostly cattle) suffer from anthrax while 15.7% had either suffered from anthrax or have had their family member who suffered from anthrax. Conclusion: The study findings indicate above average knowledge on cause, symptoms, transmission and prevention of anthrax among community members in humans and animals. Practices in this study were still risk among community members. Veterinary and Medical health planners should design anthrax awareness interventions as a team targeting to reach these communities and the public through barazas, radio, CHW and other communication channel on a regular basis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anthrax" title="anthrax">anthrax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudes" title=" attitudes"> attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenya" title=" Kenya"> Kenya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maragua" title=" Maragua"> Maragua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practices" title=" practices"> practices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51734/knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-regarding-anthrax-among-community-members-health-and-veterinary-workers-in-maragua-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">140</span> The Impact of Technology on Tourism, Hotels and Investments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Hany%20Wahba%20Anis">Andrew Hany Wahba Anis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since Macau opened its door to international playing companies in 2002, Macau online casino lodge industry has been booming. Casino resorts are unique from the non-casino inns in the main income supply and services. The paper targets to analyze variations in personnel’ work stress and task pleasure throughout the online casino resorts and the non-casino resorts. through questionnaires, the paper investigates 200 personnel from casino resorts and two hundred personnel from non-casino inns. paintings strain and activity delight of employees in casino hotels and non-casino hotels are as compared. Statistic strategies together with descriptive statistics and one-way evaluation of variance (one-way ANOVA) are applied. The paper attempts to achieve the below aims: firstly, explore and examine the effect of gender, task function, marital status and fertility fame on personnel’ paintings strain and process delight. Secondly, explore the notion of work strain and activity pleasure throughout online casino motel and non-online casino resort employees. Thirdly, explore the relationship between paintings stress and process delight. The end result suggests there are not enormous differences in personnel’ work stress and task pleasure notion between unique genders, positions, marital situations and fertility conditions. The result confirms there are substantial variations in employees’ paintings pressure and task satisfaction perception between online casino and non-online casino employees. Furthermore, painting strain negatively affects job pride. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20management" title="strategic management">strategic management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20tools" title=" strategic tools"> strategic tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=five-star%20hotels" title=" five-star hotels"> five-star hotels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resorts" title=" resorts"> resorts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downtown%20hotels" title=" downtown hotels"> downtown hotels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190109/the-impact-of-technology-on-tourism-hotels-and-investments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">139</span> Evaluating the Effects of an Educational Video on Running Shoe Selection and Subjective Perceptions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Fife">Andrew Fife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Francois%20Esculier"> Jean-Francois Esculier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Codi%20Ramsey"> Codi Ramsey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kim%20Hebert-Losier"> Kim Hebert-Losier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: We aimed to identify how an evidence-based educational video influences how runners select shoes, and perceive shoe comfort, satisfaction, and performance over three months in comparison with a control video. Design: Two groups participated in a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Method: Fifty-six runners were randomly assigned to view one of two video presentations prior to purchasing new shoes for road running in speciality stores. Runners completed a survey with regards to their own shoes and one in reference to the new shoes purchased at three timepoints: before first use, onemonth post-purchase, and three-months post-purchase. Perceived shoe comfort, satisfaction, and performance were assessed using 100 mm visual analogue scales. Factors that influenced their shoe purchase were ranked in order of importance. Results: Comfort and satisfaction were not significantly different between groups and timepoints. The perceived performance of new shoes (75.6 mm) was significantly greater than own shoes (mean: 67.6 mm) before first use, but ratings returned to own-shoe levels one month later in both groups. The group receiving the evidence-based presentation reported their purchased shoes as being influenced more by the video (55.4 mm) than the control group (21.8 mm), although both chose the same brand and model as previously worn over half of the time. Runners in both groups prioritised fit, comfort, and choosing similar shoes to the ones they previously used. Conclusions: In contrast to expectations, the evidence-based educational video did not appear to influence running shoe selection, or overall perceived shoe comfort, satisfaction, or performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comfort" title="comfort">comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumer%20behaviour" title=" consumer behaviour"> consumer behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consciousness" title=" consciousness"> consciousness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=running" title=" running"> running</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shoes" title=" shoes"> shoes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188323/evaluating-the-effects-of-an-educational-video-on-running-shoe-selection-and-subjective-perceptions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">31</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> A Qualitative Study of the Psychologically Challenging Aspects of Taking Part in an Ultra-Endurance Atlantic Rowing Event</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Allbutt">John Allbutt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Murray"> Andrew Murray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Ling"> Jonathan Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20M.%20Heffernan"> Thomas M. Heffernan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ultra-endurance events place unique physical and psychological pressures on participants. In this study, we examined the psychologically challenging aspects of taking part in a 3000 mile transatlantic rowing race using a qualitative approach. To date, more people have been into space than have rowed an ocean and only one psychological study has been conducted on this experience which had a specific research focus. The current study was a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Participants were an opportunity sample of seven competitors from a recent ocean rowing race. Participants were asked about the psychological aspects of the event after it had finished. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Several themes emerged from the analysis. These related to: 1) preparation; 2) bodily aches/pains, 3) race setbacks; 4) boat conditions; 5) interpersonal factors and communication; 6) strategies for managing stress and interpersonal tensions. While participants were generally very positive about the event, the analysis showed that they experienced significant psychological challenges during their voyage. Competitors paid considerable attention to preparing for the physical challenges of the event. However, not all prospective competitors gave the same time to preparing for psychological factors or were aware how they might play out during their voyage. All Atlantic rowing crews should be aware of the psychological challenges they face, and have strategies in place to help cope with the psychological strain of taking part. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confinement%20experiences" title="confinement experiences">confinement experiences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ocean%20rowing" title=" ocean rowing"> ocean rowing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra-endurance%20sport" title=" ultra-endurance sport"> ultra-endurance sport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48810/a-qualitative-study-of-the-psychologically-challenging-aspects-of-taking-part-in-an-ultra-endurance-atlantic-rowing-event" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> IoT and Deep Learning approach for Growth Stage Segregation and Harvest Time Prediction of Aquaponic and Vermiponic Swiss Chards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Praveen%20Chandramenon">Praveen Chandramenon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Gascoyne"> Andrew Gascoyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fideline%20Tchuenbou-Magaia"> Fideline Tchuenbou-Magaia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aquaponics offers a simple conclusive solution to the food and environmental crisis of the world. This approach combines the idea of Aquaculture (growing fish) to Hydroponics (growing vegetables and plants in a soilless method). Smart Aquaponics explores the use of smart technology including artificial intelligence and IoT, to assist farmers with better decision making and online monitoring and control of the system. Identification of different growth stages of Swiss Chard plants and predicting its harvest time is found to be important in Aquaponic yield management. This paper brings out the comparative analysis of a standard Aquaponics with a Vermiponics (Aquaponics with worms), which was grown in the controlled environment, by implementing IoT and deep learning-based growth stage segregation and harvest time prediction of Swiss Chards before and after applying an optimal freshwater replenishment. Data collection, Growth stage classification and Harvest Time prediction has been performed with and without water replenishment. The paper discusses the experimental design, IoT and sensor communication with architecture, data collection process, image segmentation, various regression and classification models and error estimation used in the project. The paper concludes with the results comparison, including best models that performs growth stage segregation and harvest time prediction of the Aquaponic and Vermiponic testbed with and without freshwater replenishment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aquaponics" title="aquaponics">aquaponics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20of%20things" title=" internet of things"> internet of things</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vermiponics" title=" vermiponics"> vermiponics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176601/iot-and-deep-learning-approach-for-growth-stage-segregation-and-harvest-time-prediction-of-aquaponic-and-vermiponic-swiss-chards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176601.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Determinants of Pastoral Women's Demand for Credit: Evidence from Northern Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Gesare%20Timu">Anne Gesare Timu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megan%20Sheahan"> Megan Sheahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Gache%20Mude"> Andrew Gache Mude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupsha%20Banerjee"> Rupsha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Women headed households are among the most vulnerable to negative climatic shocks and are often left poorer as a result. Credit provision has been recognized as one way of alleviating rural poverty and developing poor rural households’ resilience to shocks. Much has been documented about credit demand in small-holder agriculture settings in Kenya. However, little is known about demand for credit among pastoral women. This paper analyzes the determinants of demand for credit in the pastoral regions of Marsabit District of Northern Kenya. Using a five wave balanced panel data set of 820 households, a double hurdle model is employed to analyze if shocks, financial literacy and risk aversion affect credit demand among female and male headed households differently. The results show that borrowing goods on credit and monetary credit from informal market segments are the most common sources of credit in the study area. The impact of livestock loss and financial literacy on the decision to borrow and how much to borrow vary with gender. While the paper suggests that provision of credit is particularly valuable in the aftermath of a negative shock and more so for female-headed households, it also explores alternatives to the provision of credit where credit access is a constraint. It recommends further understanding of systems and institutions which could enhance access to credit, and particularly during times of stress, to enable households in the study area in particular and Northern Kenya in general to invest, engage in meaningful development and growth, and be resilient to persistent shocks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20headed%20households" title="female headed households">female headed households</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pastoralism" title=" pastoralism"> pastoralism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20financing" title=" rural financing"> rural financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20hurdle%20model" title=" double hurdle model"> double hurdle model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57831/determinants-of-pastoral-womens-demand-for-credit-evidence-from-northern-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Feeding Practices and Malnutrition among under Five Children in Communities of Kuje Area Council, Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clementina%20Ebere%20Okoro">Clementina Ebere Okoro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olumuyiwa%20Adeyemi%20%20Owolabi"> Olumuyiwa Adeyemi Owolabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doris%20Bola%20%20James"> Doris Bola James</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aloysius%20Nwabugo%20Maduforo"> Aloysius Nwabugo Maduforo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Lingililani%20%20Mbewe"> Andrew Lingililani Mbewe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Osaruwanmwen%20Isokpunwu"> Christopher Osaruwanmwen Isokpunwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poor dietary practices and malnutrition, including severe acute malnutrition among under-five children in Nigeria has remained a great public health concern. This study assessed infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional status of under-five children to determine the prevalence of malnutrition of under-five children in Kuje area council, Abuja. The study was a cross-sectional study. Multi-stage sampling techniques was used in selecting the population that was studied. Probability proportion by size was applied in choosing 30 clusters for the survey using ENA for SMART software 2011 version. Questionnaires were used to obtain information from the population, while appropriate equipment was used for measurements of anthropometric parameters. The data was also subjected to statistical analysis. Results were presented in tables and figures. The result showed that 96.7% of the children were breastfed, 30.6% had early initiation to breastfeeding within first hour of birth and 22.4% were breastfed exclusively up to 6 months, 69.8% fed infants’ colostrum, while 30.2% discarded colostrum. About half of the respondents (49.1%) introduced complementary feeding before six months and 23.2% introduced it after six months while 27.7% had age appropriate timely introduction of complementary feeding. The anthropometric result showed that the prevalence of global acute malnutrition (GAM) was 12.8%, severe wasting prevalence was 5.4%, moderate wasting was 7.4%, underweight was 24.4%, stunting was 40.3% and overweight was 7.0%. The result showed that there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children in Kuje <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malnutrition" title="malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=under%20five%20children" title=" under five children"> under five children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breastfeeding" title=" breastfeeding"> breastfeeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complementary%20feeding" title=" complementary feeding"> complementary feeding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82677/feeding-practices-and-malnutrition-among-under-five-children-in-communities-of-kuje-area-council-federal-capital-territory-abuja-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> Polymeric Microspheres for Bone Tissue Engineering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yamina%20Boukari">Yamina Boukari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nashiru%20Billa"> Nashiru Billa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Morris"> Andrew Morris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Doughty"> Stephen Doughty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Shakesheff"> Kevin Shakesheff</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is a synthetic polymer that can be used in bone tissue engineering with the aim of creating a scaffold in order to support the growth of cells. The formation of microspheres from this polymer is an attractive strategy that would allow for the development of an injectable system, hence avoiding invasive surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to develop a microsphere delivery system for use as an injectable scaffold in bone tissue engineering and evaluate various formulation parameters on its properties. Porous and lysozyme-containing PLGA microspheres were prepared using the double emulsion solvent evaporation method from various molecular weights (MW). Scaffolds were formed by sintering to contain 1 -3mg of lysozyme per gram of scaffold. The mechanical and physical properties of the scaffolds were assessed along with the release of lysozyme, which was used as a model protein. The MW of PLGA was found to have an influence on microsphere size during fabrication, with increased MW leading to an increased microsphere diameter. An inversely proportional relationship was displayed between PLGA MW and mechanical strength of formed scaffolds across loadings for low, intermediate and high MW respectively. Lysozyme release from both microspheres and formed scaffolds showed an initial burst release phase, with both microspheres and scaffolds fabricated using high MW PLGA showing the lowest protein release. Following the initial burst phase, the profiles for each MW followed a similar slow release over 30 days. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that lysozyme can be successfully incorporated into porous PLGA scaffolds and released over 30 days in vitro, and that varying the MW of the PLGA can be used as a method of altering the physical properties of the resulting scaffolds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone" title="bone">bone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microspheres" title=" microspheres"> microspheres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLGA" title=" PLGA"> PLGA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20engineering" title=" tissue engineering"> tissue engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24045/polymeric-microspheres-for-bone-tissue-engineering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> The Development Stages of Transformation of Water Policy Management in Victoria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ratri%20Werdiningtyas">Ratri Werdiningtyas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongping%20Wei"> Yongping Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Western"> Andrew Western</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The status quo of social-ecological systems is the results of not only natural processes but also the accumulated consequence of policies applied in the past. Often water management objectives are challenging and are only achieved to a limited degree on the ground. In choosing water management approaches, it is important to account for current conditions and important differences due to varied histories. Since the mid-nineteenth century, Victorian water management has evolved through a series of policy regime shifts. The main goal of this research to explore and identify the stages of the evolution of the water policy instruments as practiced in Victoria from 1890-2016. This comparative historical analysis has identified four stages in Victorian policy instrument development. In the first stage, the creation of policy instruments aimed to match the demand and supply of the resource (reserve condition). The second stage begins after natural system alone failed to balance supply and demand. The focus of the policy instrument shifted to an authority perspective in this stage. Later, the increasing number of actors interested in water led to another change in policy instrument. The third stage focused on the significant role of information from different relevant actors. The fourth and current stage is the most advanced, in that it involved the creation of a policy instrument for synergizing the previous three focal factors: reserve, authority, and information. When considering policy in other jurisdiction, these findings suggest that a key priority should be to reflect on the jurisdictions current position among these four evolutionary stages and try to make improve progressively rather than directly adopting approaches from elsewhere without understanding the current position. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20instrument" title="policy instrument">policy instrument</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20transformation" title=" policy transformation"> policy transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-ecolgical%20system" title=" socio-ecolgical system"> socio-ecolgical system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20management" title=" water management"> water management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98337/the-development-stages-of-transformation-of-water-policy-management-in-victoria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Restructuring and Revitalising School Leadership Philosophy in Nepal: Embracing Contextual and Equitable Approaches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shankar%20Dhakal">Shankar Dhakal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Jones"> Andrew Jones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoffrey%20W.%20Lummis"> Geoffrey W. Lummis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a linguistically, culturally, and ethnically diverse country with approximately 123 different spoken languages that represent several ethnic, cultural, and religious groups of people. With a population of about 30 million, long-standing disparities and inequalities in access and achievement in education have constantly been challenging to provide equitable educational opportunities for all students. While the new constitution of federal Nepal (2015) stipulates that all schools serve the interests of diverse communities, leadership practices have failed to adopt local contextual sensitivities, leading to traditional, authoritarian approaches and entrenched inequalities. However, little is known about how Nepali secondary school principals can adapt and implement context-responsive and equitable strategies to ensure equity and inclusiveness in its enormously diverse socio-cultural contexts. To fill this gap, this study explores how educational leadership approaches and philosophies are transformed using a multi-case automated/ethnographic research methodology underpinned by the paradigm of critical constructivism. This paper reconstructs to see if school leadership in Nepal can produce more equitable and contextual outcomes. The results of this study highlight the need for a paradigm shift and the adoption of innovative leadership approaches that foster humility, empathy, and compassion in school leaders to achieve better school outcomes. This research provides valuable insights into existing literary gaps and provides guidance for future school leadership policies and practices at the personal, cultural, and political levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20leadership" title="school leadership">school leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto%2Fethnography" title=" auto/ethnography"> auto/ethnography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equitable%20and%20context-responsive%20leadership" title=" equitable and context-responsive leadership"> equitable and context-responsive leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title=" Nepal"> Nepal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164176/restructuring-and-revitalising-school-leadership-philosophy-in-nepal-embracing-contextual-and-equitable-approaches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Quantifying the UK’s Future Thermal Electricity Generation Water Use: Regional Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Murrant">Daniel Murrant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Quinn"> Andrew Quinn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20Chapman"> Lee Chapman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A growing population has led to increasing global water and energy demand. This demand, combined with the effects of climate change and an increasing need to maintain and protect the natural environment, represents a potentially severe threat to many national infrastructure systems. This has resulted in a considerable quantity of published material on the interdependencies that exist between the supply of water and the thermal generation of electricity, often known as the water-energy nexus. Focusing specifically on the UK, there is a growing concern that the future availability of water may at times constrain thermal electricity generation, and therefore hinder the UK in meeting its increasing demand for a secure, and affordable supply of low carbon electricity. To provide further information on the threat the water-energy nexus may pose to the UK’s energy system, this paper models the regional water demand of UK thermal electricity generation in 2030 and 2050. It uses the strategically important Energy Systems Modelling Environment model developed by the Energy Technologies Institute. Unlike previous research, this paper was able to use abstraction and consumption factors specific to UK power stations. It finds that by 2050 the South East, Yorkshire and Humber, the West Midlands and North West regions are those with the greatest freshwater demand and therefore most likely to suffer from a lack of resource. However, it finds that by 2050 it is the East, South West and East Midlands regions with the greatest total water (fresh, estuarine and seawater) demand and the most likely to be constrained by environmental standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20station%20cooling" title=" power station cooling"> power station cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UK%20water-energy%20nexus" title=" UK water-energy nexus"> UK water-energy nexus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20abstraction" title=" water abstraction"> water abstraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resources" title=" water resources"> water resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38686/quantifying-the-uks-future-thermal-electricity-generation-water-use-regional-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38686.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> A Case Report on Diaphragm Disease of Small Bowel Following Usage of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivani%20Kuttuva">Shivani Kuttuva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bridget%20Fergie"> Bridget Fergie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Mishreki"> Andrew Mishreki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shovkat%20Mir"> Shovkat Mir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fintan%20Bergin"> Fintan Bergin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diaphragm disease (DD) of the small bowel is a condition wherein the bowel lumen is divided into a series of short compartments by multiple circumferential membranes of mucosa and submucosa, leading to pinhole lumen and subsequent obstruction. It is a rare condition commonly attributed to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage. Herein we present a 31-yr-old-female with a history of NSAIDs usage for one year following neurosurgery, who presented with recurrent idiopathic small bowel obstruction, recalcitrant anaemia, and impaction of capsule endoscope on investigating for anaemia. The capsule endoscopy images demonstrated multiple circumferential strictures with ulcers at its tip and villous atrophy in the proximal bowel, suggestive of NSAIDs related damage. However, due to the lack of awareness of the detrimental effects of NSAIDs on bowel mucosa distal to the duodenum, the underlying aetiology of this clinical presentation remained a mystery for a significant duration. The patient had to undergo repeated laparotomies in order to relieve the symptoms of recurring acute small bowel obstruction. Upon examining the resected specimen under microscopy, the histopathological hallmark of expanded, fibrotic, and congested submucosa was picked up, leading to the confirmation of diaphragm disease. Thus, this case report aims to widen the awareness among clinicians and aid surgeons in devising a management plan for young individuals presenting with recurring episodes of obstruction due to Diaphragm disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capsule%20endoscopy" title="capsule endoscopy">capsule endoscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diaphragm%20disease" title=" diaphragm disease"> diaphragm disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NSAIDs" title=" NSAIDs"> NSAIDs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recurrent%20small%20bowel%20obstruction" title=" recurrent small bowel obstruction"> recurrent small bowel obstruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148989/a-case-report-on-diaphragm-disease-of-small-bowel-following-usage-of-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> The Effect of Malaysia’s Outward FDI on Manufacturing Exports</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Teo%20Yen%20Nee">Teo Yen Nee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tham%20Siew%20Yean"> Tham Siew Yean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Kam%20Jia%20Yi"> Andrew Kam Jia Yi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are growing concerns about the effect of increasing outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from Malaysia. These concerns emerged when OFDI surpassed inward FDI for the first time in 2007 and in the subsequent years as well. From a theoretical point of view, the effect of OFDI on exports remains inconclusive depending on the types and/or motivations of investment. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of Malaysia’s OFDI on manufacturing exports, using a reduced form exports model. The manufacturing data used in this study covered 24 manufacturing industries for the period 2003-2010. The manufacturing sector is the fourth largest sector invested by Malaysia’s OFDI abroad. However, this sector is chosen for this study because total manufacturing trade contributed significantly to Malaysia’s economy growth as reflected by its significant share in the country’s gross domestic product (138.7%) in 2013. Furthermore, Malaysia’s exports are dominated by manufacturing goods. Consequently, the drastic increase in OFDI added concerns about its impact on the country’s exports. Since OFDI activities are still relatively new in Malaysia, this study is exploratory in nature due to a lack of firm level data. Using industry level panel data, the value added of this paper is to meet the research gap by examining the effect of Malaysia’s outward FDI on manufacturing exports. Overall, the findings show that lagged inward FDI, technology development, and industry size are found to positive and significantly influence manufacturing exports as compared to other factors. The insignificant impact of OFDI on manufacturing exports suggests market seeking investment is the main form of OFDI from Malaysia and the destination markets are not served by exports before so that there are no new exports created or displacement of exports. While the results show that there is no need to worry about OFDI’s negative impact on exports, policies should be undertaken to encourage OFDI from Malaysia to create new exports for the country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDI" title="OFDI">OFDI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing%20industries" title=" manufacturing industries"> manufacturing industries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exports" title=" exports"> exports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysia" title=" Malaysia"> Malaysia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16769/the-effect-of-malaysias-outward-fdi-on-manufacturing-exports" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> Synthesis of Human Factors Theories and Industry 4.0</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Couch">Andrew Couch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicholas%20Loyd"> Nicholas Loyd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nathan%20Tenhundfeld"> Nathan Tenhundfeld</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid emergence of technology observably induces disruptive effects that carry implications for internal organizational dynamics as well as external market opportunities, strategic pressures, and threats. An examination of the historical tendencies of technology innovation shows that the body of managerial knowledge for addressing such disruption is underdeveloped. Fundamentally speaking, the impacts of innovation are unique and situationally oriented. Hence, the appropriate managerial response becomes a complex function that depends on the nature of the emerging technology, the posturing of internal organizational dynamics, the rate of technological growth, and much more. This research considers a particular case of mismanagement, the BP Texas City Refinery explosion of 2005, that carries notable discrepancies on the basis of human factors principles. Moreover, this research considers the modern technological climate (shaped by Industry 4.0 technologies) and seeks to arrive at an appropriate conceptual lens by which human factors principles and Industry 4.0 may be favorably integrated. In this manner, the careful examination of these phenomena helps to better support the sustainment of human factors principles despite the disruptive impacts that are imparted by technological innovation. In essence, human factors considerations are assessed through the application of principles that stem from usability engineering, the Swiss Cheese Model of accident causation, human-automation interaction, signal detection theory, alarm design, and other factors. Notably, this stream of research supports a broader framework in seeking to guide organizations amid the uncertainties of Industry 4.0 to capture higher levels of adoption, implementation, and transparency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Industry%204.0" title="Industry 4.0">Industry 4.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20factors%20engineering" title=" human factors engineering"> human factors engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title=" case study"> case study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171453/synthesis-of-human-factors-theories-and-industry-40" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> Manganese and Other Geothermal Minerals Exposure to Residents in Ketenger Village, Banyumas, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rita%20Yuniatun">Rita Yuniatun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Fadlilah%20Firdausi"> Dewi Fadlilah Firdausi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anida%20Hanifah"> Anida Hanifah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Putrisuvi%20Nurjannah%20Zalqis"> Putrisuvi Nurjannah Zalqis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erza%20Nur%20Afrilia"> Erza Nur Afrilia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akrima%20Fajrin%20Nurimani"> Akrima Fajrin Nurimani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Luis%20Krishna"> Andrew Luis Krishna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Manganese (Mn) is one of the potential contaminants minerals geothermal water. Preliminary studies conducted in Ketenger village, the nearest village with Baturaden hot spring, showed that the concentration of Mn in water supply has exceeded the reference value. Mineral contamination problem in Ketenger village is not only Mn, but also other potential geothermal minerals, such as chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), sulfide (S2-), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and zinc (Zn). It becomes a concern because generally the residents still use ground water as the water source for their daily needs, including drinking and cooking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution of mineral contamination in drinking water and food and to estimate the health risks possibility from the exposure. Four minerals (Mn, Fe, S2-, and Cr6+) were analyzed in drinking water, carbohydrate sources, vegetables, fishes, and fruits. The test results indicate that Mn concentration in drinking water is 0.35 mg/L, has exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) according to the US EPA (MCL = 0.005 mg/L), whereas other minerals still comply with the standards. In addition, we found that the average of Mn concentration in the carbohydrate sources is quite high (1.87 mg/Kg). Measurement results in Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and the Risk Quotient (RQ) found that exposure to manganese and other geothermal minerals in drinking water and food are safe from the non-carcinogenic effects in each age group (RQ<1). So, geothermal mineral concentrations in drinking water and food has no effect on non-carcinogenic risk in Ketenger’s residents because of CDI is also influenced by other parameters such as the duration of exposure and the rate of consumption. However, it was found that intake of essential minerals (Mn and Fe) are deficient in every age group. So that, the addition of Mn and Fe intake is recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CDI" title="CDI">CDI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contaminant" title=" contaminant"> contaminant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geothermal%20minerals" title=" geothermal minerals"> geothermal minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manganese" title=" manganese"> manganese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RQ" title=" RQ"> RQ</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48070/manganese-and-other-geothermal-minerals-exposure-to-residents-in-ketenger-village-banyumas-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> The Association between Psychosocial Characteristics, Training Variables and Well-Being: An Exploratory Study among Organizational Workers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norshaffika%20I.%20Zaiedy%20Nor">Norshaffika I. Zaiedy Nor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20P.%20Smith"> Andrew P. Smith </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Training is essential to develop individuals’ expertise to meet current and future job demands and to improve work performance. At the same time, individuals’ well-being is crucial to ensure that they can fully and positively carry out their daily duties. In addition to the studies that have examined what constitutes well-being and the factors behind it, many researchers have investigated the predictors of training effectiveness and transfer of training. However, there has been very little integration between them. This study was an attempt to bridge the gap between training effectiveness predictors and well-being. Purpose: This research paper aimed to investigate the association between well-being among employees and psychosocial characteristics, together with training variables. Training variables consist of motivation to learn; learning; implementation intention; and cognitive dissonance. Methodology: In total, 210 workers who had undergone various training programs completed an online survey measuring various psychosocial characteristics, four training variables, and level of well-being. Findings: The results showed that certain types of positive psychosocial characteristics (e.g., positive personality, positive work behaviors, positive work and resources) predict motivation to learn, learning and implementation intention. Meanwhile, negative psychosocial characteristics (e.g. negative work demands and resources, negative coping) predict cognitive dissonance. Also, all the training variables had a moderate to high correlation with well-being. However, after controlling other variables (age, gender, education and psychosocial characteristics), none of the training variables predicted well-being. Self-determination theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and the DRIVE model were used to explain these findings. Conclusion: As there is limited research on the integration of training variables with well-being, this study gives a new perspective in the field of both training and well-being. Further investigations are needed to examine the relationships between them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20dissonance" title="cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implementation%20intention" title=" implementation intention"> implementation intention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning"> learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation%20to%20learn" title=" motivation to learn"> motivation to learn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychosocial%20characteristics" title=" psychosocial characteristics"> psychosocial characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well-being" title=" well-being"> well-being</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81613/the-association-between-psychosocial-characteristics-training-variables-and-well-being-an-exploratory-study-among-organizational-workers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> The Multiaxial Load Proportionality Effect on the Fracture Surface Topography of Forged Magnesium Alloys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Grygu%C4%87">Andrew Gryguć</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Behzad%20Behravesh"> Seyed Behzad Behravesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Jahed"> Hamid Jahed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Wells"> Mary Wells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20Macek"> Wojciech Macek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruce%20Williams"> Bruce Williams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This extended abstract investigates the influence of the multiaxial loading on the fatigue behavior of forged magnesium through quantitative analysis of its fracture surface topography and mesoscopic cracking orientation. Fatigue tests were performed on hollow tubular sample geometries extracted from closed-die forged AZ80 Mg components, with three different multiaxial strain paths (axial/shear), proportional, 45° out of phase, and 90° out of phase. Regardless of the strain path, fatigue cracks are initiated at the outer surface of the specimen where the combined stress state is largest. Depending on the salient mode of deformation, distinctive features in the fracture surface manifested themselves with different topographic amplitudes, surface roughness, and mesoscopic cracking orientation in the vicinity of the initiation site. The dominant crack propagation path was in the circumferential direction of the hollow tubular specimen (i.e., cracking transverse to the sample axis, with little to no branching), which is congruent with previous findings of low to moderate shear strain energy density (SED) multiaxial loading. For proportional loading, the initiation zone surface morphology was largely flat and striated, whereas, at phase angles of 45° and 90°, the initiation surface became more faceted and inclined. Overall, both a qualitative and quantitative link was developed between the fracture surface morphology and the level of non-proportionality in the loading providing useful insight into the fracture mechanics of forged magnesium as a relevant focus for future study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title="fatigue">fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture" title=" fracture"> fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium" title=" magnesium"> magnesium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forging" title=" forging"> forging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractography" title=" fractography"> fractography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anisotropy" title=" anisotropy"> anisotropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20energy%20density" title=" strain energy density"> strain energy density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetry" title=" asymmetry"> asymmetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiaxial%20fatigue" title=" multiaxial fatigue"> multiaxial fatigue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162670/the-multiaxial-load-proportionality-effect-on-the-fracture-surface-topography-of-forged-magnesium-alloys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Stressors Faced by Border Security Officers: The Singapore Experience</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jansen%20Ang">Jansen Ang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Neo"> Andrew Neo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dawn%20Chia"> Dawn Chia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Border Security is unlike mainstream policing in that officers are essentially in static deployment, working round the clock every day and every hour of the year looking for illegitimate entry of persons and goods. In Singapore, Border Security officers perform multiple functions to ensure the nation’s safety and security. They are responsible for safeguarding the borders of Singapore to prevent threats from entering the country. Being the first line of defence in ensuring the nation’s border security officers are entrusted with the responsibility of screening travellers inbound and outbound of Singapore daily. They examined 99 million arrivals and departures at the various checkpoints in 2014, which is a considerable volume compared to most immigration agencies. The officers’ work scopes also include cargo clearance, protective and security functions of checkpoints. The officers work in very demanding environment which can range from the smog at the land checkpoints to the harshness of the ports at the sea checkpoints. In addition, all immigration checkpoints are located at the boundaries, posing commuting challenges for officers. At the land checkpoints, festive seasons and school breaks are peak periods as given the surge of inbound and outbound travellers at the various checkpoints. Such work provides unique challenges in comparison to other law enforcement duties. This paper assesses the current stressors faced by officers of a border security agency through the conduct of ground observations as well as a perceived stress survey as well as recommendations in combating stressors faced by border security officers. The findings from the field observations and surveys indicate organisational and operational stressors that are unique to border security and recommends interventions in managing these stressors. Understanding these stressors would better inform border security agencies on the interventions needed to enhance the resilience of border security officers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=border%20security" title="border security">border security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Singapore" title=" Singapore"> Singapore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operations" title=" operations"> operations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41300/stressors-faced-by-border-security-officers-the-singapore-experience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> A Rapid Prototyping Tool for Suspended Biofilm Growth Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erifyli%20Tsagkari">Erifyli Tsagkari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Connelly"> Stephanie Connelly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhaowei%20Liu"> Zhaowei Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20McBride"> Andrew McBride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Sloan"> William Sloan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biofilms play an essential role in treating water in biofiltration systems. The biofilm morphology and function are inextricably linked to the hydrodynamics of flow through a filter, and yet engineers rarely explicitly engineer this interaction. We develop a system that links computer simulation and 3-D printing to optimize and rapidly prototype filter media to optimize biofilm function with the hypothesis that biofilm function is intimately linked to the flow passing through the filter. A computational model that numerically solves the incompressible time-dependent Navier Stokes equations coupled to a model for biofilm growth and function is developed. The model is imbedded in an optimization algorithm that allows the model domain to adapt until criteria on biofilm functioning are met. This is applied to optimize the shape of filter media in a simple flow channel to promote biofilm formation. The computer code links directly to a 3-D printer, and this allows us to prototype the design rapidly. Its validity is tested in flow visualization experiments and by microscopy. As proof of concept, the code was constrained to explore a small range of potential filter media, where the medium acts as an obstacle in the flow that sheds a von Karman vortex street that was found to enhance the deposition of bacteria on surfaces downstream. The flow visualization and microscopy in the 3-D printed realization of the flow channel validated the predictions of the model and hence its potential as a design tool. Overall, it is shown that the combination of our computational model and the 3-D printing can be effectively used as a design tool to prototype filter media to optimize biofilm formation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title="biofilm">biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilter" title=" biofilter"> biofilter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20model" title=" computational model"> computational model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=von%20karman%20vortices" title=" von karman vortices"> von karman vortices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3-D%20printing." title=" 3-D printing."> 3-D printing.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110148/a-rapid-prototyping-tool-for-suspended-biofilm-growth-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> The Intense Fascination of Ancient Egypt: A Cross-Cultural Phenomenological Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Andrew%20McCoy">Patrick Andrew McCoy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intense fascination with ancient Egypt has persisted for thousands of years and across cultures globally, known popularly as Egyptomania,’ ‘Tutmania,’ ‘Mummymania,’ and ‘Orientalism. A review of the literature indicates psychological themes for its behavior are curiosity, escapism, existentialism, religiosity and spirituality, and cultural, racial, and ethnic identity. A mixed-methods study is initiated with established tools to explore these themes and discover additional motivators. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to explore the themes underlying the intense fascination of ancient Egypt. The abstract themes of the fascination of ancient Egypt are cross-cultural phenomena that motivate people in their interactions with other cultures. These interactions have both been beneficial and combative. Methodology: A mixed methods research study is designed where quantitative (QUAN) survey of participants’ strong fascination with ancient Egypt, within psychological themes derived from a review of the literature. The qualitative (QUAL) survey consists of open-ended questions to explore participants’ exposure to ancient Egypt that may have influenced their fascination and their behaviors resulting from the phenomenon. The themes are explored in QUAN data and QUAL data to discover what themes are established and inferred the psychological motivations of the phenomenon. Main Contributions: This study will provide more information on several scientific disciplines, including psychology, anthropology, Egyptology, and tourism. This study seeks to benefit the tourism industry for not only in Egypt but hopefully with generalizability of cultural tourist industries in other countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-cultural%20psychology" title="cross-cultural psychology">cross-cultural psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20psychology" title=" international psychology"> international psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-methods" title=" mixed-methods"> mixed-methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20Egypt" title=" ancient Egypt"> ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenomenology" title=" phenomenology"> phenomenology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=escapism" title=" escapism"> escapism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curiosity" title=" curiosity"> curiosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existentialism" title=" existentialism"> existentialism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religiosity" title=" religiosity"> religiosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spirituality" title=" spirituality"> spirituality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153623/the-intense-fascination-of-ancient-egypt-a-cross-cultural-phenomenological-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> Collaborative Online International Learning with Different Learning Goals: A Second Language Curriculum Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Nowlan">Andrew Nowlan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the Coronavirus pandemic, collaborative online international learning (COIL) emerged as an alternative to overseas sojourns. However, now that face-to-face classes have resumed and students are studying abroad, the rationale for doing COIL is not always clear amongst educators and students. Also, the logistics of COIL become increasingly complicated when participants involved in a potential collaboration have different second language (L2) learning goals. In this paper, the researcher will report on a study involving two bilingual, cross-cultural COIL courses between students at a university in Japan and those studying in North America, from April to December, 2022. The students in Japan were enrolled in an intercultural communication class in their L2 of English, while the students in Canada and the United States were studying intermediate Japanese as their L2. Based on a qualitative survey and journaling data received from 31 students in Japan, and employing a transcendental phenomenological research design, the researcher will highlight the students’ essence of experience during COIL. Essentially, students benefited from the experience through improved communicative competences and increased knowledge of the target culture, even when the L2 learning goals between institutions differed. Students also reported that the COIL experience was effective in preparation for actual study abroad, as opposed to a replacement for it, which challenges the existing literature. Both educators and administrators will be exposed to the perceptions of Japanese university students towards COIL, which could be generalized to other higher education contexts, including those in Southeast Asia. Readers will also be exposed to ideas for developing more effective pre-departure study abroad programs and domestic intercultural curriculum through COIL, even when L2 learning goals may differ between participants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaborative%20online%20international%20learning" title="collaborative online international learning">collaborative online international learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=study%20abroad" title=" study abroad"> study abroad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenomenology" title=" phenomenology"> phenomenology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EdTech" title=" EdTech"> EdTech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercultural%20communication" title=" intercultural communication"> intercultural communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166395/collaborative-online-international-learning-with-different-learning-goals-a-second-language-curriculum-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166395.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">120</span> Effect of a Polyherbal Gut Therapy Protocol in Changes of Gut and Behavioral Symptoms of Antibiotic Induced Dysbiosis of Autistic Babies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20K.%20S.">Dinesh K. S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20R.%20C.%20V.%20Jayadevan"> D. R. C. V. Jayadevan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Autism is the most prevalent of a subset of the disorders organized under the umbrella of pervasive developmental disorders. After the publication of Andrew Wakefield's paper in lancet, many critiques deny this connection even without looking in to the matter. The British Medical Journal even put an editorial regarding this issue. BMJ 2010; 340:c1807. But ayurveda has ample of evidences to believe this connectivity. Dysbiosis, yeast growth of the gut, nutritional deficiencies, enzyme deficiencies, essential fatty acid deficiencies, Gastro esophageal reflux disease, indigestion, inflammatory bowel, chronic constipation & its cascade are few of them to note. The purpose of this paper is to present the observed changes in the behavioural symptoms of autistic babies after a gut management protocol which is a usual programme of our autism treatment plan especially after dysbiotic changes after antibiotic administration. Is there any correlation between changes (if significant) in gut symptoms and behavioral problems of autistic babies especially after a dysbiosis induced by antibiotics. Retrospective analysis of the case sheets of autistic patients admitted in Vaidyaratnam P.S.Varier Ayurveda College hospital, kottakkal,kerala, india from September 2010 are taken for the data processing. Autistic patients are used to come to this hospital as a part of their usual course of treatment. We investigated 40 cases diagnosed as autistic by clinical psychologists from different institutions who had dysbiosis induced by antibiotics. Significant change in gut symptoms before and after treatment p<0.05 in most of its components Significant change in behavioral symptoms before and after treatments p<0.05 in most of the components Correlation between gut symptoms change and behavioral symptoms changes after treatment is + 0.86. Conclusion : Selected Polyherbal Ayurveda treatment has significant role to play to make changes abnormal behaviors in autistic babies and has a positive correlation with changes in gut symptoms induced by dysbiosis of antibiotic intake. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ayurveda" title="ayurveda">ayurveda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title=" autism"> autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dysbiosis" title=" dysbiosis"> dysbiosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic" title=" antibiotic"> antibiotic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15566/effect-of-a-polyherbal-gut-therapy-protocol-in-changes-of-gut-and-behavioral-symptoms-of-antibiotic-induced-dysbiosis-of-autistic-babies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">627</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">119</span> Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis in Multiple Sorghum Mapping Populations Facilitates the Dissection of Genetic Control of Drought Tolerance Related Traits in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (Moench)]</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Techale%20B.">Techale B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongxu%20Dong"> Hongxu Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihrete%20Getinet"> Mihrete Getinet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aregash%20Gabizew"> Aregash Gabizew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20H.%20Paterson"> Andrew H. Paterson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kassahun%20Bantte"> Kassahun Bantte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The genetic architecture of drought tolerance is expected to involve multiple loci that are unlikely to all segregate for alternative alleles in a single bi-parental population. Therefore, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are expressed in diverse genetic backgrounds of multiple bi-parental populations provides evidence about both background-specific and common genetic variants. The purpose of this study was to map QTL related to drought tolerance using three connected mapping populations of different genetic backgrounds to gain insight into the genomic landscape of this important trait in elite Ethiopian germplasm. The three bi-parental populations, each with 207 F₂:₃ lines, were evaluated using an alpha lattice design with two replications under two moisture stress environments. Drought tolerance related traits were analyzed separately for each population using composite interval mapping, finding a total of 105 QTLs. All the QTLs identified from individual populations were projected on a combined consensus map, comprising a total of 25 meta QTLs for seven traits. The consensus map allowed us to deduce locations of a larger number of markers than possible in any individual map, providing a reference for genetic studies in different genetic backgrounds. The mQTL identified in this study could be used for marker-assisted breeding programs in sorghum after validation. Only one trait, reduced leaf senescence, showed a striking bias of allele distribution, indicating substantial standing variation among present varieties that might be employed in improving drought tolerance of Ethiopian and other sorghums. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Drought%20tolerance" title="Drought tolerance ">Drought tolerance </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mapping%20populations" title=" Mapping populations"> Mapping populations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meta%20QTL" title=" Meta QTL"> Meta QTL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QTL%20mapping" title=" QTL mapping"> QTL mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sorghum" title=" Sorghum"> Sorghum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130505/quantitative-trait-loci-analysis-in-multiple-sorghum-mapping-populations-facilitates-the-dissection-of-genetic-control-of-drought-tolerance-related-traits-in-sorghum-sorghum-bicolor-moench" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">118</span> A Structure-Switching Electrochemical Aptasensor for Rapid, Reagentless and Single-Step, Nanomolar Detection of C-Reactive Protein</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20L.%20Whitehouse">William L. Whitehouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louisa%20H.%20Y.%20Lo"> Louisa H. Y. Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20B.%20Kinghorn"> Andrew B. Kinghorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simon%20C.%20C.%20Shiu"> Simon C. C. Shiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julian.%20A.%20Tanner"> Julian. A. Tanner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant and sensitive indicator for sepsis and other life-threatening pathologies, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Currently, clinical turn-around times for established CRP detection methods take between 30 minutes to hours or even days from centralized laboratories. Here, we report the development of an electrochemical biosensor using redox probe-tagged DNA aptamers functionalized onto cheap, commercially available screen-printed electrodes. Binding-induced conformational switching of the CRP-targeting aptamer induces a specific and selective signal-ON event, which enables single-step and reagentless detection of CRP in as little as 1 minute. The aptasensor dynamic range spans 5-1000nM (R=0.97) or 5-500nM (R=0.99) in 50% diluted human serum, with a LOD of 3nM, corresponding to 2-orders of magnitude sensitivity under the clinically relevant cut-off for CRP. The sensor is stable for up to one week and can be reused numerous times, as judged from repeated real-time dosing and dose-response assays. By decoupling binding events from the signal induction mechanism, structure-switching electrochemical aptamer-based sensors (SS-EABs) provide considerable advantages over their adsorption-based counterparts. Our work expands on the retinue of such sensors reported in the literature and is the first instance of an SS-EAB for reagentless CRP detection. We hope this study can inspire further investigations into the suitability of SS-EABs for diagnostics, which will aid translational R&D toward fully realized devices aimed at point-of-care applications or for use more broadly by the public. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure-switching" title="structure-switching">structure-switching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C-reactive%20protein" title=" C-reactive protein"> C-reactive protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical" title=" electrochemical"> electrochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title=" biosensor"> biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aptasensor." title=" aptasensor."> aptasensor.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182190/a-structure-switching-electrochemical-aptasensor-for-rapid-reagentless-and-single-step-nanomolar-detection-of-c-reactive-protein" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">117</span> Ethnic Entrepreneurships: Minority Ethnic Students in UiTM Sabah and UMS Perceptions towards Entrepreneurialism Business Interest </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lizinis%20Cassendra%20Frederick%20Dony">Lizinis Cassendra Frederick Dony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dewi%20Binti%20Tajuddin"> Dewi Binti Tajuddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jirom%20Jeremy%20Frederick%20Dony"> Jirom Jeremy Frederick Dony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Nicholas"> Andrew Nicholas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unemployed graduates have become among the world major concerns lately. 70% of Malaysian graduates are jobless. Due to this concerns, this paper aims to identify major factors influencing Sabah minority ethnic favorable in the entrepreneurialism business interest. Hence, extensive introductory entrepreneurship syllabus clusters development beginning from the early childhood, primary, secondary and university students. This may induce interest appeal and to develop focus group of self-employment. The study focus on 7 indicators consist of demographic profiles variable (DP), social norms (SN), attitude (A), self-efficacy (SE) and business management skills (BMS) with reference to university students’ entrepreneurial intention. This study also partially mediates the relationship between product attractiveness (PA) and the minority ethnic entrepreneurialism business interest (MEEBI), by testifying their direct and indirect relationships. Hence, this study provides new perception towards improving the graduates’ characteristic, capabilities to exploit the business opportunities in the market. Furthermore, this paper will assess the relationship with the product attractiveness(PA) as a mediator. The study encompasses on the type of Sabah minority ethnic (ME) and nature of family own business (FOB) background with the 280 samples students in UiTM Sabah and UMS. The descriptive and random sampling method of research which revealed that majority of the respondents agreed that FOB and entrepreneurship education had positively influenced the ethnic students’ involvement in the entrepreneurial process and career development either full-time or part-time basis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Demographic%20profile%20%28DP%29" title="Demographic profile (DP)">Demographic profile (DP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soci" title=" soci"> soci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unemployed%20graduates" title=" unemployed graduates"> unemployed graduates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysian%20minority" title=" Malaysian minority"> Malaysian minority</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30685/ethnic-entrepreneurships-minority-ethnic-students-in-uitm-sabah-and-ums-perceptions-towards-entrepreneurialism-business-interest" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30685.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">116</span> Linear Decoding Applied to V5/MT Neuronal Activity on Past Trials Predicts Current Sensory Choices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Hadj%20Hassen%20Sameh">Ben Hadj Hassen Sameh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaillard%20Corentin"> Gaillard Corentin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Parker"> Andrew Parker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kristine%20Krug"> Kristine Krug</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Perceptual decisions about sequences of sensory stimuli often show serial dependence. The behavioural choice on one trial is often affected by the choice on previous trials. We investigated whether the neuronal signals in extrastriate visual area V5/MT on preceding trials might influence choice on the current trial and thereby reveal the neuronal mechanisms of sequential choice effects. We analysed data from 30 single neurons recorded from V5/MT in three Rhesus monkeys making sequential choices about the direction of rotation of a three-dimensional cylinder. We focused exclusively on the responses of neurons that showed significant choice-related firing (mean choice probability =0.73) while the monkey viewed perceptually ambiguous stimuli. Application of a wavelet transform to the choice-related firing revealed differences in the frequency band of neuronal activity that depended on whether the previous trial resulted in a correct choice for an unambiguous stimulus that was in the neuron’s preferred direction (low alpha and high beta and gamma) or non-preferred direction (high alpha and low beta and gamma). To probe this in further detail, we applied a regularized linear decoder to predict the choice for an ambiguous trial by referencing the neuronal activity of the preceding unambiguous trial. Neuronal activity on a previous trial provided a significant prediction of the current choice (61% correc, 95%Cl~52%t), even when limiting analysis to preceding trials that were correct and rewarded. These findings provide a potential neuronal signature of sequential choice effects in the primate visual cortex. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title="perception">perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attention" title=" attention"> attention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decoding" title=" decoding"> decoding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20system" title=" visual system"> visual system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154327/linear-decoding-applied-to-v5mt-neuronal-activity-on-past-trials-predicts-current-sensory-choices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">115</span> Effect of Distance to Health Facilities on Maternal Service Use and Neonatal Mortality in Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getiye%20Dejenu%20Kibret">Getiye Dejenu Kibret</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Demant"> Daniel Demant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Hayen"> Andrew Hayen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: In Ethiopia, more than half of newborn babies do not have access to Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (EmONC) services. Understanding the effect of distance to health facilities on service use and neonatal survival is crucial to recommend policymakers and improve resource distribution. We aimed to investigate the effect of distance to health services on maternal service use and neonatal mortality. Methods: We implemented a data linkage method based on geographic coordinates and calculated straight-line (Euclidean) distances from the Ethiopian 2016 demographic and health survey clusters to the closest health facility. We computed the distance in ESRI ArcGIS Version 10.3 using the geographic coordinates of DHS clusters and health facilities. Generalised Structural Equation Modelling (GSEM) was used to estimate the effect of distance on neonatal mortality. Results: Poor geographic accessibility to health facilities affects maternal service usage and increases the risk of newborn mortality. For every ten kilometres (km) increase in distance to a health facility, the odds of neonatal mortality increased by 1.33% (95% CI: 1.06% to 1.67%). Distance also negatively affected antenatal care, facility delivery and postnatal counselling service use. Conclusions: A lack of geographical access to health facilities decreases the likelihood of newborns surviving their first month of life and affects health services use during pregnancy and immediately after birth. The study also showed that antenatal care use was positively associated with facility delivery service use and that both positively influenced postnatal care use, demonstrating the interconnectedness of the continuum of care for maternal and neonatal care services. Policymakers can leverage the findings from this study to improve accessibility barriers to health services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acessibility" title="acessibility">acessibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distance" title=" distance"> distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20health%20service" title=" maternal health service"> maternal health service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neonatal%20mortality" title=" neonatal mortality"> neonatal mortality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155031/effect-of-distance-to-health-facilities-on-maternal-service-use-and-neonatal-mortality-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">114</span> Schedule Risk Management for Complex Projects: The Royal Research Ship: Sir David Attenborough Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chatelier%20Charlene">Chatelier Charlene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oyegoke%20Adekunle"> Oyegoke Adekunle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajayi%20Saheed"> Ajayi Saheed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffries%20Andrew"> Jeffries Andrew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study seeks to understand Schedule Risk Assessments as a priori for better performance whilst exploring the strategies employed to deliver complex projects like the New Polar research ship. This high-profile vessel was offered to Natural Environment Research Council and British Antarctic Survey (BAS) by Cammell Laird Shipbuilders. The Research Ship was designed to support science in extreme environments, with the expectancy to provide a wide range of specialist scientific facilities, instruments, and laboratories to conduct research over multiple disciplines. Aim: The focus is to understand the allocation and management of schedule risk on such a Major Project. Hypothesising that "effective management of schedule risk management" could be the most critical factor in determining whether the intended benefits mentioned are delivered within time and cost constraints. Objective 1: Firstly, the study seeks to understand the allocation and management of schedule risk in Major Projects. Objective 2: Secondly, it explores "effective management of schedule risk management" as the most critical factor determining the delivery of intended benefits. Methodology: This study takes a retrospective review of schedule risk management and how it influences project performance using a case study approach for the RRS (Royal Research Ship) Sir David Attenborough. Research Contribution: The outcomes of this study will contribute to a better understanding of project performance whilst building on its under-researched relationship to schedule risk management for complex projects. The outcomes of this paper will guide further research on project performance and enable the understanding of how risk-based estimates over time impact the overall risk management of the project. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complexity" title="complexity">complexity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=major%20projects" title=" major projects"> major projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20management" title=" performance management"> performance management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schedule%20risk%20management" title=" schedule risk management"> schedule risk management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155262/schedule-risk-management-for-complex-projects-the-royal-research-ship-sir-david-attenborough-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155262.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">113</span> Bacterial Interactions of Upper Respiratory Tract Microbiota</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Almuhayya">Sarah Almuhayya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Mcbain"> Andrew Mcbain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gavin%20Humphreys"> Gavin Humphreys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background. The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract (URT) has received less research attention than other body sites. This study aims to investigate the microbial ecology of the human URT with a focus on the antagonism between the corynebacteria and staphylococci. Methods. Mucosal swabs were collected from the anterior nares and nasal turbinates of 20 healthy adult subjects. Genomic DNA amplification targeting the (V4) of the 16Sr RNA gene was conducted and analyzed using QIIME. Nasal swab isolates were cultured and identified using near full-length sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Isolates identified as corynebacteria or staphylococci were typed using (rep-PCR). Antagonism was determined using an agar-based inhibition assay. Results. Four major bacterial phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) were identified from all volunteers. The typing of cultured staphylococci and corynebacteria suggested that intra-individual strain diversity was limited. Analysis of generated nasal microbiota profiles suggested an inverse correlation in terms of relative abundance between staphylococci and corynebacteria. Despite the apparent antagonism between these genera, it was limited when investigated on agar. Of 1000 pairwise interactions, observable zones of inhibition were only reported between a single strain of C.pseudodiphtheriticum and S.aureus. Imaging under EM revealed this effect to be bactericidal with clear lytic effects on staphylococcal cell morphology. Conclusion. Nasal microbiota is complex, but culturable staphylococci and corynebacteria were limited in terms of clone type. Analysis of generated nasal microbiota profiles suggested an inverse correlation in terms of relative abundance between these genera suggesting an antagonism or competition between these taxonomic groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasal" title="nasal">nasal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiota" title=" microbiota"> microbiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.aureus" title=" S.aureus"> S.aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbioal%20interaction" title=" microbioal interaction"> microbioal interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164241/bacterial-interactions-of-upper-respiratory-tract-microbiota" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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