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<span>Belief</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Belief-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Belief subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>System</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odù_Ifá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odù_Ifá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Odù Ifá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odù_Ifá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Messenger_sign_of_Ifá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Messenger_sign_of_Ifá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Messenger sign of Ifá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Messenger_sign_of_Ifá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babalawos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babalawos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Babalawos</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Babalawos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Babalawos</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Babalawos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Initiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_African_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>West African origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ifá_in_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ifá_in_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ifá in Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ifá_in_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ifá_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ifá_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ifá in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ifá_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ifá_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ifá_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ifá in Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ifá_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%A7" title="إفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1-Orakel" title="Ifá-Orakel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ifá-Orakel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa-oraklo" title="Ifa-oraklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ifa-oraklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa-orakel" title="Ifa-orakel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ifa-orakel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Ифа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ифа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa" title="Ifa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ifa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa_(mytologi)" title="Ifa (mytologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ifa (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Іфа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іфа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ifá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Yoruba divination practice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IFA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IFA (disambiguation)">IFA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG/300px-Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG/450px-Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG/600px-Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A divination tray on which cowrie shells rests, as are used for Ifá divination</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ifá</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> system originating from Yorubaland in West Africa. It originates within the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">traditional religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> although is also practised by followers of <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">West African Vodun</a> and in African diasporic religions like Cuban <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>. </p><p>According to Ifá teaching, the divinatory system is overseen by an <i><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">orisha</a></i> spirit, <a href="/wiki/Orunmila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orunmila">Orunmila</a>, who is believed to have given it to humanity. Ifá is organised as an initiatory tradition, with an initiate called a <i><a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">babaláwo</a></i> or <i>bokɔnɔ</i>. Traditionally, these are all-male, although women have been initiated in Cuba and Mexico. Its oracular literary body is made up of 256 volumes (signs) that are divided into two categories, the first called Ojú Odù or main Odù that consists of 16 chapters. The second category is composed of 240 chapters called Amúlù Odù (omoluos), these are composed through the combination of the main Odù. They use either the divining chain known as <i><a href="/wiki/Opele" title="Opele">Ọ̀pẹ̀lẹ̀</a></i>, or the sacred palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Elaeis guineensis</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</a> called <i>Ikin</i>, on the wooden divination tray called <i><a href="/wiki/Opon_If%C3%A1" title="Opon Ifá">Ọpọ́n Ifá</a></i> to mathematically calculate which Odu to use for what problem. </p><p>Ifá is first recorded among the Yoruba people of West Africa. The expansion of Yoruba influence over neighbouring peoples resulted in the spread of Ifá, for instance to <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon people</a> practising <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">West African Vodun</a>. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, enslaved initiates of Ifá were transported to the Americas. There, Ifá survived in Cuba, where it developed an overlap with Afro-Cuban religious traditions such as Santería and <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a>. Growing transnational links between Africa and the Americas during the 1970s also saw attempts by West African <i>babalawos</i> to train and initiate people in countries like Brazil and the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are regional differences in the system. In West Africa there are both Yoruba and Fon versions of the practice, the latter commonly called Fá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201925_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201925-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yoruba system of Ifá is deemed more time consuming, and requires more sacrifices, than the Fá system among the Fon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Fon-dominated <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, therefore, some people think of Yoruba Ifá as being more potent than their own local system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926,_155_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926,_155-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people who have been initiated into Fon-style Fá thus later go through additional ceremonies to be initiated into Yoruba-style Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019154_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019154-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belief">Belief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Sixteen Principal Odu </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ogbè</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọ̀yẹ̀kú</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ìwòrì</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Òdí</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ìrosùn</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọ̀wọ́nrín</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọ̀bàrà</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọ̀kànràn</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ògúndá</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọ̀ṣá</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ìká</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Òtúúrúpọ̀n</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Òtúrá</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ìrẹ̀tẹ̀</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọ̀ṣẹ́</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Òfún (Ọ̀ràngún)</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Sixteen Principal Afa-du (Yeveh Vodou) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Eji-Ogbe</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọyeku-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Iwori-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Odi-Meji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Irosun-Meji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọwanrin-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọbara-Meji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọkanran-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ogunda-Meji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọsa-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ika-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Oturupon-Meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Otura-Meji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Irete-Maji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ọse-Meji</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ofun meji</b> </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td> <td>II </td> <td>I </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>, divination gives priests unreserved access to the teachings of Ọ̀rúnmìlà.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Fon, Ọ̀rúnmìlà is known as Fá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019101_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019101-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Eshu</a> is the one said to lend <i><a href="/wiki/Ase_(Yoruba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ase (Yoruba)">ashe</a></i> to the oracle during provision of direction and/or clarification of counsel. Eshu is also the one that holds the keys to one's <i>ire</i> (fortune or blessing)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus acts as Oluwinni (one's Creditor): he can grant <i>ire</i> or remove it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifá divination rites provide an avenue of communication to the spiritual realm and the intent of one's <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Fon, it is the female spirit Gbădu who is regarded as the source of Fá's power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201934_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is deemed to be the wife of Fá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201949_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201949-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her presence is required for new initiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201938_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201938-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is believed to offer significant protection for people but her veneration is thought dangerous unless a person is initiated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201938_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201938-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is for instance believed that women must be kept apart from her presence, for if they get near her they may be struck barren or die.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201949_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201949-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System">System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odù_Ifá"><span id="Od.C3.B9_If.C3.A1"></span>Odù Ifá</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Odù Ifá"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ifá consists of 256 binary signs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201925_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201925-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yoruba term <i>odù</i> instead appears in Fon as a <i>dù</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Fon, the sacred palm nuts are called <i>fádékwín</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201973_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "divining chain" is referred to in Yoruba as a <i>òpèlè</i> and in Fon as an <i>akplɛ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may comprise eight halves of a nut, tied together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201952_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way in which it falls then reveals one of 256 possible signs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201952_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To perform the divination, the <i>babalawo</i> will often be seated on a mat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926,_52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926,_52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before casting the divining chain the diviner may sing to call forth Fá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201952_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Fon, the divining tray is called a <i>fátɛ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201979_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201979-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In West Africa, the quality of the <i>fátɛ</i> may indicate the <i>babalawo's</i> financial success; some who have a small client base may use only a plastic or cardboard tray, while those with access to greater funds may pay for an elaborate, purpose built wooden <i>fátɛ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019177_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019177-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another ritual object is known to the Yoruba as <i>Ǫpá Ǫșun</i> and to the Fon as a <i>fásɛn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201968_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201968-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consists of a metal staff, four to five feet tall, that is capped at the top with a metal disk and sometimes a metal rooster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201969_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201969-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a <i>fásɛn</i> is created, it is washed in specific leaves and the blood of 16 giant snails; this task is performed by women, secluded from the view of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019176_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019176-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any chickens sacrificed to the <i>fásɛn</i> are only eaten by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019176_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019176-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are sixteen major books in the Odu Ifá literary corpus. When combined, there are a total of 256 Odu (a collection of sixteen, each of which has sixteen alternatives ⇔ 16<sup>2</sup>, or 4<sup>4</sup>) that are believed to reference all situations, circumstances, actions and consequences in life based on the uncountable <i>ese</i> (or "poetic tutorials") relative to the 256 Odu coding. These form the basis of traditional Yoruba spiritual knowledge and are the foundation of all Yoruba divination systems. Ifá proverbs, stories, and poetry are not written down. Rather, they are passed down orally from one <i>babalawo</i> to another. Yoruba people consult Ifá for divine intervention and spiritual guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Messenger_sign_of_Ifá"><span id="The_Messenger_sign_of_If.C3.A1"></span>The Messenger sign of Ifá</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Messenger sign of Ifá"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremonia_orula.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ceremonia_orula.JPG/220px-Ceremonia_orula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ceremonia_orula.JPG/330px-Ceremonia_orula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ceremonia_orula.JPG/440px-Ceremonia_orula.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial offerings in Ifá</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the sixteen fundamental signs, Ifá divination includes a major sign, which is the combination of Ọse and Otura, from right to left (Ọse-Tura). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ọse-Tura </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>I</td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>II </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>That sign must be written each time a ritual is performed: Ọse-Tura is the messenger and the carrier of the sacrifice. It is closely associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Èṣù</a> in the system of Ifá. That Messenger sign was known in Arab and Latin medieval <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancy</a> as the Morning Star.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Babalawos"><i>Babalawos</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Babalawos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg/220px-Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg/330px-Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg/440px-Babalawo_Opele_opon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>A <i>babalawo</i> photographed in West Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>An initiate of Ifá is called a <i>babaláwo</i> in Yoruba and a <i>bokɔnɔ</i> in Fon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201980_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201980-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally only heterosexual men are allowed to become <i>babalawos</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005234Holbraad201290_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005234Holbraad201290-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with women and homosexual males being excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_y_Mena199821Clark200521–22_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_y_Mena199821Clark200521–22-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both Cuba and the United States, however, <i>babalawos</i> have initiated their openly gay sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPérez_y_Mena199820_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPérez_y_Mena199820-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, despite the traditional prohibition on women taking on this role,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedel2004157Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201161_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedel2004157Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201161-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scholar of religion Mary Ann Clark noted that by the early 21st century, female practitioners were "becoming institutionalized in some religious communities" in the United States, where they were known as either <i>iyalawo</i> (mother of secrets) or <i>iyanifá</i> (mother of Ifá).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark200527_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200527-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female practitioners have also been reported in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapenfuss2023390_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapenfuss2023390-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babalawo_ifa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Babalawo_ifa.jpg/220px-Babalawo_ifa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Babalawo_ifa.jpg/330px-Babalawo_ifa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Babalawo_ifa.jpg/440px-Babalawo_ifa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Four <i>babalawos</i> photographed in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>The restriction on female initiation is explained through the story that the òrìṣà Orula was furious that Yemayá, his wife, had used his <i>tabla</i> divining board and subsequently decided to ban women from ever touching it again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201152–53_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201152–53-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Fon, one tradition maintains that women do not need to be initiated into the traditions of the female spirit Gbădu—who is Fá's wife—because they already have the power of creation within them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201949_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201949-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fon diviners, keeping women and Gbădu apart ensures a conceptual state of coolness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201949_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201949-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extends to a taboo on women eating any of the meat from animals sacrificed to Gbădu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201934_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once an individual is initiated as a babalawo they are given a pot containing various items, including palm nuts, which is believed to be the literal embodiment of Orula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201290–91_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201290–91-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babalawos provide offerings to Orula, including animal sacrifices and gifts of money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005237–238_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005237–238-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cuba, Ifá typically involves the casting of consecrated palm nuts to answer a question. The babalawo then interprets the message of the nuts depending on how they have fallen; there are 256 possible configurations in the Ifá system, which the babalawo is expected to have memorised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedel200492Holbraad201291_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedel200492Holbraad201291-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals approach the babalawo seeking guidance, often on financial matters, at which the diviner will consult Orula through the established divinatory method.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005234_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005234-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, those visiting the babalawos pay them for their services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005234–235_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005234–235-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation">Initiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initiation as a <i>babalawo</i> requires a payment to the initiator and is typically regarded as highly expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005235–236_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005235–236-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Benin, Fá initiation usually takes less than a week, whereas initiations into the cults of other <i>vodún</i> may take several weeks or months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019143_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019143-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinction is made between an initiation that called <i>yǐ Fá</i> ("to receive Fá"), which is often seen as a "first initiation" into Fá's veneration, which offers his protection, and the priestly initiation, at which a person is said to <i>Fázùnyí</i> ("receive Fá's forest").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019180_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019180-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Fon, the sacred forest of Fá is called <i>fázùn</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201952_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is differentiated from ordinary forest by shredded palm fronds, known in Fon as <i>asàn</i> and in Yoruba as <i>màrìwò</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201969_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201969-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will be here that new initiates are led; they will be accompanied with animals for sacrifice, by existing initiates singing praise songs, and by a person leading the way carrying a <i>fásɛn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201968_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201968-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A figurine of the spirit <a href="/wiki/Legba" class="mw-redirect" title="Legba">Lɛgbá</a> may be brought along for the ritual, invoking this deity to guard the initiates' passage into the forest. Offerings will be given to him, and divination employed to check that he accepts them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201969_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201969-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the forest, the new initiate will be given a kola nut to eat, to bring him in communion with Fá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201974_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201974-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All present may then place their hands together on the <i>fásɛn</i>, to which a rooster may then be sacrificed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201975–76_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201975–76-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newcomer's eyes will be washed in a herbal mixture called Gbădùsin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201977–78_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201977–78-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neophyte will then be blindfolded and then into the sacred grove of the <i>fázùn</i>, where the secret teachings of Fá are revealed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201979_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201979-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divination will be used to determine under which of the 256 signs their priesthood will be born. The selected sign indicates which spirits they should pay particular attention to and which taboos they must observe:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201980_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201980-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this may involve avoiding certain foods, the wearing of certain colours, or engaging in specific actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019142–143_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019142–143-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiate's head will then be shaved as a symbol of their initiation and they will be ritually bathed and wrapped in white cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201981_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201981-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A celebration follows, in which a goat may be sacrificed to Fá and the participants eat its meat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201981_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201981-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initiate may receive a small bundle, the <i>kpɔli</i>, containing secret ingredients corresponding to their personal <i>du</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019174_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019174-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also receive a small vessel to house their palm nuts and a small stone, the <i>ken</i>, to protect them from witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019174_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019174-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_African_origins">West African origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: West African origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 16-principle system has its earliest history in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. Each <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>-speaking ethnic group that practices it has its own myths of origin; <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a> suggests that it was founded by <a href="/wiki/Orunmila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orunmila">Orunmila</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ilé-Ifẹ̀</a> when he initiated himself and then he initiated his students, <i>Akoda</i> and <i>Aseda</i>. According to the book <i>The History of the Yorubas from the Earliest of Times to the British Protectorate</i> (1921) by Nigerian historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(Nigerian_historian)" title="Samuel Johnson (Nigerian historian)">Samuel Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Johnson" title="Obadiah Johnson">Obadiah Johnson</a>, it was Arugba, the mother of Onibogi, the 8th <a href="/wiki/Alaafin_of_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaafin of Oyo">Alaafin of Oyo</a>, who introduced Oyo to Ifá in the late 1400s. She initiated the Alado of Ato and conferred on him the right to initiate others. The Alado, in turn, initiated the priests of Oyo and that was how Ifá came to be in the Oyo empire.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ifá originated among the Yoruba peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019154_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019154-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguist <a href="/wiki/Wande_Abimbola" title="Wande Abimbola">Wande Abimbola</a> argued that Ifá probably derived from a simpler divinatory system, <i>diloggun</i>; this contrasts with the belief of some <i>babalawos</i> that <i>diloggun</i> was based on Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark200556_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200556-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between <i>circa</i> 1727 and 1823, the kingdom of Dahomey was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the Yoruba-dominated <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> to the east, thus resulting in much religious interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201927_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201927-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period, the Fon people of Dahomey adopted Ifá as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Or%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oró (page does not exist)">Oró</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun</a> cults from the Yoruba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201927_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201927-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ifá was present in Dahomey by the reign of its fifth ruler, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegbes%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegbesú (page does not exist)">Tegbesú</a>, who ruled from c.1732 to 1774, and was well established at the royal palace by the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gez%C3%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gezò (page does not exist)">Gezò</a>, which lasted from 1818 to 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201957_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201957-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_Bascom" title="William Bascom">William Bascom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "an indication of the importance of Ifá to the [Yoruba] religious system as a whole is the fact that the most striking religious syncretisms resulting from European contact are to be found in a church established in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> in 1934, the Ijọ Ọ̀rúnmila Adulawọ, which was founded on the premise that the teachings of Ifa constitute the Yoruba Bible." It was also set up in <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> (Benin) the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Erwan_Dianteill" title="Erwan Dianteill">Erwan Dianteill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church of Ifá is still active in 2024, in Nigeria and Benin, with around 2000 followers in Lagos, Porto-Novo and Cotonou. </p><p>Of the foreigners coming to West Africa for initiation into Vodún, the largest group sought initiation into Fá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019173_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019173-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ifá_in_Cuba"><span id="If.C3.A1_in_Cuba"></span>Ifá in Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ifá in Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cuba, Ifá came to be used in the Afro-Cuban religion of <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104Holbraad201290_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104Holbraad201290-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, it is the most complex and prestigious divinatory system used in the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201170_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201170-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two are closely linked, sharing the same mythology and conception of the universe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233Holbraad201290_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233Holbraad201290-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Orula or Ọ̀rúnmila having a prominent place within Santería.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Cuba, Ifá nevertheless also retains a separate existence from Santería.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Cuban <i>babalawos</i> are also <i>santeros</i>, or male initiates of Santería,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001105Wirtz2007ix_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001105Wirtz2007ix-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is not uncommon for <i>babalawos</i> to perceive themselves as being superior to <i>santeros</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233–234_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233–234-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the presence of <i>babalawos</i> is not required for Santería ceremonies, they often attend in their capacity as diviners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104–105Holbraad201290_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104–105Holbraad201290-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Cuban <i>babalawos</i> have been initiates of the <a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> in 1959, there were an estimated 200 <i>babalawos</i> active on Cuba; by the 1990s, Cuban <i>babalawos</i> were claiming that they numbered tens of thousands on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, Cuban <i>babalawos</i> created the organisation Ifá Yesterday, Ifá Today, Ifá Tomorrow, the first Cuban institution to represent the priesthood of an Afro-Cuban religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVélez200093_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVélez200093-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s collapse in the 1990s, Cuba's government declared that the island was entering a "<a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>" in which new economic measures would be necessary. As part of this, it selectively supported Afro-Cuban and Santería traditions, partly out of a desire to boost tourism;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20017–8Castañeda2007148Wirtz200772_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20017–8Castañeda2007148Wirtz200772-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> priests of Santería, Ifá, and <a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a> all took part in government-sponsored tours for foreigners desiring initiation into such traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ifá_in_the_United_States"><span id="If.C3.A1_in_the_United_States"></span>Ifá in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ifá in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuban migrants took Ifá to the United States. There, during the 1960s, a small group of <i>babalawos</i> dominated the Santería scene in New York. Their dominance was challenged by new Cuban migrants who arrived between 1965 and 1973 and who, although initiated <i>santeros</i> and <i>santeras</i>, were not <i>babalawos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVélez2000136-137_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVélez2000136-137-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnomusicologist María Teresa Vélez noted that "two types of ocha house arose: those that still relied on the babalaos and did not question any of their prerogatives, and those that became independent of the babalaos for most of their ritual activities," with these latter houses often being run by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVélez2000137_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVélez2000137-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, Ifá ceremonies took place in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, overseen by the Nigerian <i>babalawo</i> Ifayẹmi Elébùìbọn Awise of <a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a>. He was assisted in this by two Cuban <i>babalawos</i>, Luis Fernández-Pelón and José-Miguel Gómez, both of whom were Abakuá members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>-based Philip and Vassa Newmarket established their Ifa Foundation of North and Latin America. Departing from established tradition, they offered "bloodless" initiations that welcomed those who were unwilling to engage in animal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019145_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019145-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ifá_in_Brazil"><span id="If.C3.A1_in_Brazil"></span>Ifá in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ifá in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although surviving in Cuban Santería, Ifá did not remain part of a Brazilian religion that owed much to Yoruba traditions, <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303Capone201043_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303Capone201043-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Candomblé, <i>dilogun</i> instead forms the primary method of divination employed by its initiates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone201043_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201043-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest practitioners of Ifá in Brazil was the French ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Verger" title="Pierre Verger">Pierre Verger</a>, who had become a <i>babalawo</i> in West Africa and who was also involved in Candomblé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of growing links between Brazil and Nigeria, in the 1970s various educational efforts to promote understandings of Yoruba culture were established in Brazilian cities. This included the Yoruba Culture Research and Study Centre, founded in 1977 by Fernandes Portugal, and which brought in Nigerian teachers to run a course teaching Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010239–240_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010239–240-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closing ceremony took place in January 1978, attended by 14 students who were granted the status of <i>omo</i> (son of) Ifá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010240_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010240-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these pupils, a Candomblé initiate named José Nilton Vianna Reis (Torodê de Ogun), later went on to become a <i>babalawo</i> nine years later, before setting out his own Ifá teaching course in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010240–241_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010240–241-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> added Ifá to its list of the "<a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019154_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019154-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2002, the 256 signs of Ifá inspired American mathematician Frank "Tony" Dodd Smith Jr. to name the <a href="/w/index.php?title=(voudon_(algebra)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(voudon (algebra) (page does not exist)">voudons</a>, or the 256-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Hypercomplex_number" title="Hypercomplex number">hypercomplex numbers</a>, after Vodun.<sup id="cite_ref-Box-Kite_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Box-Kite-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/21px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/31px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/42px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201925-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201925_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201925_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2019">Landry 2019</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2019">Landry 2019</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry201926,_155-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry201926,_155_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2019">Landry 2019</a>, pp. 26, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019154-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019154_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019154_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019154_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2019">Landry 2019</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lijadu, E. M. Ifá: ImọLe Rẹ Ti I Ṣe Ipile Isin Ni Ilẹ Yoruba. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+%C3%A9ditions+Labor+%26+Fides&rft.atitle=L%27Oracle+et+le+Temple+-+De+la+g%C3%A9omancie+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%89glise+d%27Ifa+%28Nigeria%2C+B%C3%A9nin%29&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Dianteill&rft.aufirst=Erwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laboretfides.com%2Fproduct%2Floracle-et-le-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019173-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019173_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2019">Landry 2019</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104Holbraad201290-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104Holbraad201290_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagedorn2001">Hagedorn 2001</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2012">Holbraad 2012</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201170-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201170_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233Holbraad201290-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233Holbraad201290_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2005">Holbraad 2005</a>, p. 233; <a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2012">Holbraad 2012</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagedorn2001">Hagedorn 2001</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001105Wirtz2007ix-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001105Wirtz2007ix_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagedorn2001">Hagedorn 2001</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFWirtz2007">Wirtz 2007</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233–234-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad2005233–234_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2005">Holbraad 2005</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104–105Holbraad201290-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001104–105Holbraad201290_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagedorn2001">Hagedorn 2001</a>, pp. 104–105; <a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2012">Holbraad 2012</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014261_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVélez200093-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVélez200093_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVélez2000">Vélez 2000</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20017–8Castañeda2007148Wirtz200772-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20017–8Castañeda2007148Wirtz200772_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagedorn2001">Hagedorn 2001</a>, pp. 7–8; <a href="#CITEREFCastañeda2007">Castañeda 2007</a>, p. 148; <a href="#CITEREFWirtz2007">Wirtz 2007</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20018-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn20018_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagedorn2001">Hagedorn 2001</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVélez2000136-137-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVélez2000136-137_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVélez2000">Vélez 2000</a>, p. 136-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVélez2000137-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVélez2000137_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVélez2000">Vélez 2000</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2019145-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2019145_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2019">Landry 2019</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303Capone201043-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303Capone201043_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes2007">Hayes 2007</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone201043-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone201043_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2007303_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes2007">Hayes 2007</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010239–240-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010239–240_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010240-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010240_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapone2010240–241-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapone2010240–241_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapone2010">Capone 2010</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/ifa-divination-system-00146">"Ifa Divination System"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ifa+Divination+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fifa-divination-system-00146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Box-Kite-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Box-Kite_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Marrais2002" class="citation arxiv cs1">de Marrais, Robert P. C. (2002). "Flying Higher Than a Box-Kite: Kite-Chain Middens, Sand Mandalas, and Zero-Divisor Patterns in the 2<sup>n</sup>-ions Beyond the Sedenions". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0207003">math/0207003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Flying+Higher+Than+a+Box-Kite%3A+Kite-Chain+Middens%2C+Sand+Mandalas%2C+and+Zero-Divisor+Patterns+in+the+2%3Csup%3En%3C%2Fsup%3E-ions+Beyond+the+Sedenions&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fmath%2F0207003&rft.aulast=de+Marrais&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapone2010" class="citation book cs1">Capone, Stefania (2010). <i>Searching for Africa in Brazil: Power and Tradition in Candomblé</i>. Translated by Lucy Lyall Grant. Durham and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4636-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Africa+in+Brazil%3A+Power+and+Tradition+in+Candombl%C3%A9&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4636-4&rft.aulast=Capone&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastañeda2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Castañeda, Angela N. (2007). "The African Diaspora in Mexico: Santería, Tourism, and Representations of the State". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). <i>The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230609938_8">10.1057/9780230609938_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403977861" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403977861"><bdi>978-1403977861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+African+Diaspora+in+Mexico%3A+Santer%C3%ADa%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Representations+of+the+State&rft.btitle=The+African+Diaspora+and+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=131-50&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230609938_8&rft.isbn=978-1403977861&rft.aulast=Casta%C3%B1eda&rft.aufirst=Angela+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2005" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Mary Ann (2005). <i>Where Men Are Wives And Mothers Rule: Santería Ritual Practices and their Gender Implications</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813028347" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813028347"><bdi>978-0813028347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Men+Are+Wives+And+Mothers+Rule%3A+Santer%C3%ADa+Ritual+Practices+and+their+Gender+Implications&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0813028347&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011" class="citation book cs1">Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011). <i>Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo</i> (second ed.). New York and London: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6228-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-6228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creole+Religions+of+the+Caribbean%3A+An+Introduction+from+Vodou+and+Santer%C3%ADa+to+Obeah+and+Espiritismo&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6228-8&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Olmos&rft.aufirst=Margarite&rft.au=Paravisini-Gebert%2C+Lizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagedorn2001" class="citation book cs1">Hagedorn, Katherine J. (2001). <i>Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santería</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560989479" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560989479"><bdi>978-1560989479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Utterances%3A+The+Performance+of+Afro-Cuban+Santer%C3%ADa&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1560989479&rft.aulast=Hagedorn&rft.aufirst=Katherine+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Kelly E. (2007). "Black Magic and the Academy: Macumba and Afro-Brazilian "Orthodoxies"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 283–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518811">10.1086/518811</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/518811">10.1086/518811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Black+Magic+and+the+Academy%3A+Macumba+and+Afro-Brazilian+%22Orthodoxies%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=283-31&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F518811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F518811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Kelly+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbraad2005" class="citation journal cs1">Holbraad, Martin (2005). "Expending Multiplicity: Money in Cuban Ifá Cults". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 231–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2005.00234.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00234.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3804208">3804208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Expending+Multiplicity%3A+Money+in+Cuban+If%C3%A1+Cults&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-254&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2005.00234.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3804208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Holbraad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbraad2012" class="citation journal cs1">Holbraad, Martin (2012). "Truth Beyond Doubt: Ifá Oracles in Havana". <i>HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 81–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14318%2Fhau2.1.006">10.14318/hau2.1.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143785826">143785826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HAU%3A+Journal+of+Ethnographic+Theory&rft.atitle=Truth+Beyond+Doubt%3A+If%C3%A1+Oracles+in+Havana&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-109&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14318%2Fhau2.1.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143785826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holbraad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2019" class="citation book cs1">Landry, Timothy R. (2019). <i>Vodún: Secrecy and the Search for Divine Power</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812250749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812250749"><bdi>978-0812250749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vod%C3%BAn%3A+Secrecy+and+the+Search+for+Divine+Power&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0812250749&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Ivor L. (2014). "Abakuá Communities in Florida: Members of the Cuban Brotherhood in Exile". In Amanda Carlson and Robin Poynor (ed.). <i>Africa in Florida: Five Hundred Years of African Presence in the Sunshine State</i>. University Press of Florida. pp. 249–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813044576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813044576"><bdi>978-0813044576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abaku%C3%A1+Communities+in+Florida%3A+Members+of+the+Cuban+Brotherhood+in+Exile&rft.btitle=Africa+in+Florida%3A+Five+Hundred+Years+of+African+Presence+in+the+Sunshine+State&rft.pages=249-275&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0813044576&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ivor+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapenfuss2023" class="citation journal cs1">Papenfuss, Maria (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F23642807-bja10044">"Santería in Catemaco, Mexico: Hybrid (Re)Configurations of Religious Meaning and Practice"</a>. <i>Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society</i>. <b>9</b>: 375–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F23642807-bja10044">10.30965/23642807-bja10044</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Journal+for+Religion+and+Transformation+in+Contemporary+Society&rft.atitle=Santer%C3%ADa+in+Catemaco%2C+Mexico%3A+Hybrid+%28Re%29Configurations+of+Religious+Meaning+and+Practice&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=375-94&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F23642807-bja10044&rft.aulast=Papenfuss&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30965%252F23642807-bja10044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_y_Mena1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez y Mena, Andrés I. (1998). "Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodun, Puerto Rican Spiritualism: A Multiculturalist Inquiry into Syncretism". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 15–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1388026">10.2307/1388026</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388026">1388026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Cuban+Santer%C3%ADa%2C+Haitian+Vodun%2C+Puerto+Rican+Spiritualism%3A+A+Multiculturalist+Inquiry+into+Syncretism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-27&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1388026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1388026%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez+y+Mena&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVélez2000" class="citation book cs1">Vélez, María Teresa (2000). <i>Drumming For The Gods: The Life and Times of Felipe Garcia Villamil, Santero, Palero and Abakuá</i>. Studies in Latin American and Caribbean Music. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566397315" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566397315"><bdi>978-1566397315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drumming+For+The+Gods%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Felipe+Garcia+Villamil%2C+Santero%2C+Palero+and+Abaku%C3%A1&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Studies+in+Latin+American+and+Caribbean+Music&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1566397315&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9lez&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedel2004" class="citation book cs1">Wedel, Johan (2004). <i>Santería Healing: A Journey into the Afro-Cuban World of Divinities, Spirits, and Sorcery</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2694-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2694-7"><bdi>978-0-8130-2694-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santer%C3%ADa+Healing%3A+A+Journey+into+the+Afro-Cuban+World+of+Divinities%2C+Spirits%2C+and+Sorcery&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2694-7&rft.aulast=Wedel&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirtz2007" class="citation book cs1">Wirtz, Kristina (2007). <i>Ritual, Discourse, and Community in Cuban Santería: Speaking a Sacred World</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3064-7"><bdi>978-0-8130-3064-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Discourse%2C+and+Community+in+Cuban+Santer%C3%ADa%3A+Speaking+a+Sacred+World&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-3064-7&rft.aulast=Wirtz&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=If%C3%A1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abimbola, ’Wande. 1976. Ifá: An Exposition of Ifá Literary Corpus. Ibadan: Oxford University Press Nigeria. Repr., Brooklyn, N.Y.: Athelia Henrietta Press, 1997.</li> <li>Abimbola, ’Wande. 1997. Ifá Will Mend Our Broken World: Thoughts on Yoruba Religion and Culture in Africa and the Diaspora. Roxbury, Mass.: Aim.</li> <li>Abimbola, ’Wande. 2001. The Bag of Wisdom: Òsun and the Origins of the Ifá Divination. InMurphy and Sanford, 2001. Òsun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001, 141–54</li> <li>Chief FAMA <i>Fundamentals of the Yoruba Religion (Orisa Worship)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9714949-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9714949-0-8">0-9714949-0-8</a> (works self-published through her company)</li> <li>Chief FAMA <i>Practitioners' Handbook for the Ifa Professional</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9714949-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9714949-3-2">0-9714949-3-2</a></li> <li>Chief FAMA <i>Fundamentos de la Religion Yoruba (Adorando Orisa)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9714949-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9714949-6-7">0-9714949-6-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFama1994" class="citation book cs1">Fama, Chief (1994). <i>Sixteen mythological stories of Ifá = (Ìtàn Ífá mẹ́rìndínlógún)</i>. San Bernardino, CA: Ilé Ọ̀rúnmìlà Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964424722" title="Special:BookSources/9780964424722"><bdi>9780964424722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixteen+mythological+stories+of+If%C3%A1+%3D+%28%C3%8Ct%C3%A0n+%C3%8Df%C3%A1+m%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%ACnd%C3%ADnl%C3%B3g%C3%BAn%29&rft.place=San+Bernardino%2C+CA&rft.pub=Il%C3%A9+%E1%BB%8C%CC%80r%C3%BAnm%C3%ACl%C3%A0+Communications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780964424722&rft.aulast=Fama&rft.aufirst=Chief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIf%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chief FAMA <i>FAMA'S EDE AWO (Orisa Yoruba Dictionary)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644247-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644247-8-9">0-9644247-8-9</a></li> <li>Chief FAMA <i>The Rituals (novela)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644247-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644247-7-0">0-9644247-7-0</a></li> <li>Awo Fasina Falade <i>Ifa: The Key to Its Understanding</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9663132-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9663132-3-2">0-9663132-3-2</a></li> <li>Chief Adedoja Aluko <i>The Sixteen (16) Major Odu Ifa from Ile-Ife</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-37376-6-X" title="Special:BookSources/978-37376-6-X">978-37376-6-X</a></li> <li>Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC <i>Ifa Dida: Vol 1</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702201131/http://www.alawoye.com/Ifa_Orunmila_%3A_Alawoye/Ifa_Book_News_%26_Reviews/Entries/2008/6/1_Ifa_Didaa_-_Ifa_Consultation_for_the_Beginner_%26_Professional_.html">(EjiOgbe - Orangun Meji)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9810013-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9810013-1-9">978-0-9810013-1-9</a></li> <li>Chief S. Solagbade Popoola library, INC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106222322/http://alawoye.com/Ifa_Orunmila_%3A_Alawoye/Order_NOW_-_Ifa_Dida_Vol_2_-_Ogb%C3%A8Y%C3%A8k%C3%BA_to_Ogb%C3%A8F%C3%BAn.html"><i>Ifa Dida: Vol 2</i> (Ogbe Oyeku - Ogbe Ofun)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926538-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926538-12-9">978-1-926538-12-9</a></li> <li>Chief S. Solagbade Popoola & Fakunle Oyesanya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729142331/http://alawoye.com/Ifa_Orunmila_%3A_Alawoye/Ifa_Book_News_%26_Reviews/Entries/2008/2/22_%C3%8Ck%C3%BAnl%C3%A8%CC%A3-_Abiyam%E1%BB%8D__The_%C3%80%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9_of_Motherhoodby_S.Solagbade_Popoola_%26_Ifakunle_Oyesanyameaning%3B_It_is_on_Bent_Knees_that_I_Gave_Birth.html"><i>Ikunle Abiyamo - The ASE of Motherhood</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09810013-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-09810013-0-2">978-09810013-0-2</a></li> <li>C. Osamaro Ibie <i>Ifism the Complete Works of Orunmila</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890157-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-890157-05-8">1-890157-05-8</a></li> <li>William R. Bascom: <i>Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20638-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20638-3">0-253-20638-3</a></li> <li>William R. Bascom: <i>Sixteen Cowries: Yoruba Divination from Africa to the New World</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20847-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20847-5">0-253-20847-5</a></li> <li>Rosenthal, J. <i>‘Possession Ecstasy & Law in Ewe Voodoo"</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1805-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1805-7">0-8139-1805-7</a></li> <li>Maupoil, Bernard. <i>"La Geomancie L'ancienne Côte des Esclaves</i></li> <li>Alapini, Julien. <i>Les noix sacrées. Etude complète de Fa-Ahidégoun génie de la sagesse et de la divination au Dahomey</i></li> <li>Dr. Ron Eglash (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620035657/http://www.ccd.rpi.edu/Eglash/papers/eglash_div_paper.doc">American Anthropologist</a> <i>Recursion in ethnomathematics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chaos_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos Theory">Chaos Theory</a> in West African divination.</li> <li>Bàbálàwó Ifatunwase <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tratadosifasanteria.com/orisha1/libros_tratados_ifa.html"><i>Tratados Enciclopédicos de Ifá</i> (Colección Alafundé)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9810387-04" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9810387-04">978-0-9810387-04</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoruba_religion_(Orisa-Ifá)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #93C572"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orisa-If%C3%A1" title="Template:Orisa-Ifá"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orisa-If%C3%A1" title="Template talk:Orisa-Ifá"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orisa-If%C3%A1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orisa-Ifá"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoruba_religion_(Orisa-Ifá)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a> (Orisa-Ifá)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Supreme Creator (God)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orishas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion#Irunmole" title="Yoruba religion">Irunmole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elegua" title="Elegua">Elegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%E1%B9%A3u" class="mw-redirect" title="Eṣu">Eṣu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọṣọọsi">Ọṣọọsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%E1%B9%A3un" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọṣun">Ọṣun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ori_(Yoruba)" title="Ori (Yoruba)">Ori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Crunmila" title="Ọrunmila">Ọrunmila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cbatala" title="Ọbatala">Ọbatala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganju" title="Aganju">Aganju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agemo_(deity)" title="Agemo (deity)">Agemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem%E1%BB%8Dja" title="Yemọja">Yemọja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cya" title="Ọya">Ọya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọba">Ọba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Csanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọsanyin">Ọsanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalu_Aye" class="mw-redirect" title="Babalu Aye">Babalu Aye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olokun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha_Oko" class="mw-redirect" title="Orisha Oko">Orisha Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinl%E1%BA%B9" title="Erinlẹ">Erinlẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshunmare" title="Oshunmare">Oshunmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">Ibeji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yewa" title="Yewa">Yewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Countries of development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music#Folk_music" title="Yoruba music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Itan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_traditional_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba traditional art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogboni" title="Ogboni">Ogboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelede" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelede">Gelede</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyami_Aje" title="Iyami Aje">Iyami Aje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyalawo" title="Iyalawo">Iyalawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letra_del_a%C3%B1o" title="Letra del año">Letra del año</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Sacred sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ile Ife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Nigeria">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Osun-Osogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #93C572;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oduduwa" title="Oduduwa">Oduduwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cranyan" title="Ọranyan">Ọranyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moremi_Ajasoro" title="Moremi Ajasoro">Moremi Ajasoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora_religions" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template talk:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará (religion)">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Atheism in the African diaspora">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba" title="Haitian Vodou in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/30px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/45px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/60px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromanti_dance" title="Kromanti dance">Kromanti dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michari" title="Michari">Michari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_nights" title="Nine nights">Nine nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Diverse roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Americas">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Western occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft folklore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu spirituality">Bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemi" title="Zemi">Zemi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Methods_of_divination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Divination" title="Template:Divination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Divination" title="Template talk:Divination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Divination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Divination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Methods_of_divination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_divination" title="Methods of divination">Methods of</a> <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theriomancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailuromancy" title="Ailuromancy">Ailuromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectryomancy" title="Alectryomancy">Alectryomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myomancy" title="Myomancy">Myomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmomancy">Myrmomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngg%C3%A0m" title="Nggàm">Nggàm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliomancy" title="Bibliomancy">Bibliomancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_biblicae" title="Sortes biblicae">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falnama" title="Falnama">Falnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Homericae" title="Sortes Homericae">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsodomancy" title="Rhapsodomancy">Rhapsodomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Virgil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspidomancy" title="Aspidomancy">Aspidomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoptromancy" title="Catoptromancy">Catoptromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculomancy" title="Oculomancy">Oculomancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elemental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyromancy" title="Pyromancy">Pyromancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanomancy" title="Botanomancy">Botanomancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnomancy" title="Capnomancy">Capnomancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libanomancy" title="Libanomancy">Libanomancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeromancy" title="Aeromancy">Aeromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alomancy" title="Alomancy">Alomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromancy" title="Hydromancy">Hydromancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecanomancy" title="Lecanomancy">Lecanomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyphomancy" title="Scyphomancy">Scyphomancy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">Cleromancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acultomancy" title="Acultomancy">Acultomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichmomancy" title="Aichmomancy">Aichmomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalomancy" title="Astragalomancy">Astragalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axinomancy" title="Axinomancy">Axinomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belomancy" title="Belomancy">Belomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartomancy" title="Cartomancy">Cartomancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_astrology" title="Parrot astrology">Parrot astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot_card_reading" title="Tarot card reading">Tarot card reading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowrie-shell_divination" title="Cowrie-shell divination">Cowrie-shell divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favomancy" title="Favomancy">Favomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumalak" title="Kumalak">Kumalak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengdu" title="Mengdu">Mengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdomancy" title="Molybdomancy">Molybdomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_divination" title="Obi divination">Obi divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opele" title="Opele">Opele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opon_If%C3%A1" title="Opon Ifá">Opon Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomancy" title="Rhabdomancy">Rhabdomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sikidy" title="Sikidy">Sikidy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_(ancient_Rome)" title="Sortes (ancient Rome)">Sortes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Sanctorum" title="Sortes Sanctorum">Sortes Sanctorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasseography" title="Tasseography">Tasseography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism#Origins" title="Ventriloquism">Gastromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghairm" title="Taghairm">Taghairm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Somatomancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomancy" title="Anthropomancy">Anthropomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalonomancy" title="Cephalonomancy">Cephalonomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">Haruspex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalomancy" title="Omphalomancy">Omphalomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podomancy" title="Podomancy">Podomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapulimancy" title="Scapulimancy">Scapulimancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacomancy" title="Abacomancy">Abacomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_divination" title="African divination">African</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngg%C3%A0m" title="Nggàm">Nggàm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sikidy" title="Sikidy">Sikidy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleuromancy" title="Aleuromancy">Aleuromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphitomancy" title="Alphitomancy">Alphitomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85rsg%C3%A5ng" title="Årsgång">Årsgång</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniomancy" title="Amniomancy">Amniomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carromancy" title="Carromancy">Carromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledonomancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cledonomancy">Cledonomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">Geomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching_divination" title="I Ching divination"><i>I Ching</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">Isopsephy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onmyodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Onmyodo">Onmyodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyromancy" title="Tyromancy">Tyromancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_IntangibleCultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/AFR" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/AFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/AFR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_IntangibleCultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible<br />Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>/Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbila" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbila">Chopi timbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbofe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gbofe (page does not exist)">Afounkaha Gbofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9" title="Gẹlẹdẹ">Gẹlẹdẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyau#Dances" title="Nyau">Gule Wamkulu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State#Culture_and_tourism" title="Anambra State">Ijele Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaba" title="Kangaba">Kamablon re-roofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankurang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankurang">Kankurang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga" title="Kouroukan Fouga">Manden Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Mauritian Sega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Mbende Jerusarema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_dance_of_the_royal_drum" title="Ritual dance of the royal drum">Ritual dance of the royal drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_tambour_of_Rodrigues_Island" title="Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island">Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Ugandan barkcloth making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimbuza_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimbuza dance">Vimbuza healing dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaaral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaaral (page does not exist)">Yaaral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degal (page does not exist)">Degal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafimaniry" title="Zafimaniry">Zafimaniry woodcrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Makishi Festival">Zambian Makishi Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gule_Wamkulu_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gule Wamkulu mask; Chewa people; Malawi. 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