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href="#Public_bathing_in_the_Islamic_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Public bathing in the Islamic context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_bathing_in_the_Islamic_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathing_practices_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathing_practices_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Bathing practices and services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bathing_practices_and_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bathing practices and services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bathing_practices_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Massage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_function:_gendered_social_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_function:_gendered_social_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Social function: gendered social space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_function:_gendered_social_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 General design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maghreb_and_al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb_and_al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Maghreb and al-Andalus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb_and_al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_baths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_baths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Ottoman baths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_baths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Regional examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Andalus_(Spain_and_Portugal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Andalus_(Spain_and_Portugal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Al-Andalus (Spain and Portugal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Andalus_(Spain_and_Portugal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Azerbaijan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 North Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimea_(Ukraine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimea_(Ukraine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15 Crimea (Ukraine) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimea_(Ukraine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammams_in_Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammams_in_Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hammams in Western Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hammams_in_Western_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hammams in Western Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hammams_in_Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_British_Isles_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_Isles_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 The British Isles in the 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_Isles_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France,_post_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France,_post_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 France, post World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France,_post_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe,_post_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe,_post_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Europe, post World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe,_post_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_representations_of_the_hammam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_representations_of_the_hammam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cultural representations of the hammam </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_representations_of_the_hammam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural representations of the hammam subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_representations_of_the_hammam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Movies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hammam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkse_bad" title="Turkse bad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkse bad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="حمام عام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمام عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Һамам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һамам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хамам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bany_turc" title="Bany turc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bany turc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хаммам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хаммам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tureck%C3%A1_l%C3%A1ze%C5%88" title="Turecká lázeň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecká lázeň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkisk_bad" title="Tyrkisk bad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkisk bad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi_saun" title="Türgi saun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi saun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Χαμάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαμάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%B1o_turco" title="Baño turco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baño turco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamo" title="Hamamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hamamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiar_bainu" title="Turkiar bainu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkiar bainu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_(%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="حمام (گونه معماری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمام (گونه معماری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hammam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%B1o_turco" title="Baño turco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baño turco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A7%98" title="하맘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하맘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Համամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="हम्माम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हम्माम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hammam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9D" title="חמאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хаммам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хаммам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_pirts" title="Turku pirts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turku pirts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6kf%C3%BCrd%C5%91" title="Törökfürdő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökfürdő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ഹമ്മം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹമ്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89" title="حمام عمومى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمام عمومى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хаммам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хаммам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ハンマーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンマーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkisk_bad" title="Tyrkisk bad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkisk bad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banh_turc" title="Banh turc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Banh turc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammom" title="Hammom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hammom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hammam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamame" title="Hamame – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hamame" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хаммам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хаммам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamami" title="Hamami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hamami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hammam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Турско купатило – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турско купатило" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkkilainen_sauna" title="Turkkilainen sauna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkkilainen sauna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хамам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хамам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترکی حمام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکی حمام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_t%E1%BA%AFm_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nhà tắm Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà tắm Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B4" title="土耳其浴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其浴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Hammam" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28077#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="View the content page [c]" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hammam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hammam (disambiguation)">Hammam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Turkish bath" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turkish bath (disambiguation)">Turkish bath (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam,_Isfahan,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam%2C_Isfahan%2C_Iran.jpg/330px-Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam%2C_Isfahan%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam%2C_Isfahan%2C_Iran.jpg/500px-Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam%2C_Isfahan%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam%2C_Isfahan%2C_Iran.jpg/960px-Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam%2C_Isfahan%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10428" data-file-height="9257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Gholi_Agha_hammam" title="Ali Gholi Agha hammam">Ali Gholi Agha hammam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> A hammam (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حمّام, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ḥammām), also often called a Turkish bath by Westerners,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Steam_bath" title="Steam bath">steam bath</a> or a place of <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathing</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>. It is a prominent feature in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">culture of the Muslim world</a> and was inherited from the model of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> Muslim bathhouses or hammams were historically found across the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (Islamic <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman rule</a>. In Islamic cultures the significance of the hammam was both religious and civic: it provided for the needs of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual ablutions</a> but also provided for general <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> in an era before private plumbing and served other social functions such as offering a gendered meeting place for men and for women.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archeological</a> remains attest to the existence of bathhouses in the Islamic world as early as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad period</a> (7th–8th centuries) and their importance has persisted up to modern times.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Their architecture evolved from the layout of Roman and <a href="/wiki/Greek_baths" title="Greek baths">Greek</a> bathhouses and featured a regular sequence of rooms: an <a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">undressing room</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">cold room</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">warm room</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">hot room</a>. Heat was produced by <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnaces</a> which provided hot water and <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, while smoke and hot air was channeled through <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">conduits under the floor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> In a modern hammam visitors undress themselves, while retaining some sort of modesty garment or <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a>, and proceed into progressively hotter rooms, inducing <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>. They are then usually washed by male or female staff (matching the gender of the visitor) with the use of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> and vigorous rubbing, before ending by washing themselves in warm water.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> Unlike in Roman or Greek baths, bathers usually wash themselves with running water instead of immersing themselves in standing water since this is a requirement of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> though immersion in a pool used to be customary in the hammams of some regions such as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> While hammams everywhere generally operate in fairly similar ways, there are some regional differences both in usage and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "hammam" (حَمَّام) is a noun meaning "bath", "bathroom", "bathhouse", "swimming pool", etc. derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">triconsonantal root</a> H-M-M (<big>ح م م</big>) which yields meanings related to heat or heating.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From Arabic حمّام<big>,</big> it passed on to <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (حمام) and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (hamam).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In English, the inaccurate term "Turkish bath" is also used to refer to hammams. This stems from the tendency of historical Western writers to conflate ethnic and religious terms by referring to Muslims as "Turk" and because they presented hammams largely as an Ottoman cultural feature.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The first recorded use of the term 'Turkish bath' in English was in 1644.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_early_development">Origins and early development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and early development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG/250px-THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG/330px-THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG/500px-THERMES_D_ANTONIN_7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Antoninus" title="Baths of Antoninus">Antonine Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">ancient Carthage</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> Public bathhouses were a prominent civic and urban institution in Roman and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> culture and were found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> world. They remained important in the cities of the early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> up to around the mid-6th century, after which the construction of new bathhouses declined and existing ones were gradually abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:202-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG/250px-20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG/330px-20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG/500px-20100922_qasr_amra14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qusayr_%27Amra" title="Qusayr 'Amra">Qusayr 'Amra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, among the earliest known examples of Islamic bathhouses, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> period (7th–8th century)</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">expansion of Arab Muslim</a> rule over much of the Middle East and North Africa in the 7th and 8th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">emerging Islamic societies</a> were quick to adapt the bathhouse to their own needs. Its importance to Muslim society lay in the religious requirement to perform ablutions (<a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a>) before praying and because of the general Islamic emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">physical and spiritual purity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> although the scholar Mohammed Hocine Benkheira has argued that hammams were not in fact necessary for religious purposes in early Islam and that this relationship was partly assumed by later historians.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> He suggests that the hammam's initial appeal derived at least in part from its convenience for other services (such as <a href="/wiki/Shaving" title="Shaving">shaving</a>), from its endorsement by some <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Muslim doctors</a> as a form of therapy, and from the continued popular appreciation of its pleasures in a region where they had already existed for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> He also notes that there was initially strong opposition from many <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars (ulama)</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> scholars, to the use of hammams.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> These scholars viewed hammams as unnecessary for full-body ablutions (ghusl) and questioned whether public bathing spaces could be sufficiently clean to achieve proper <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">purification</a>. They also worried that spaces for collective bathing could become spaces for illicit sexual activity. Nevertheless, this opposition progressively faded and by the 9th century most scholars were no longer interested in debating the validity of hammams, although it continued to be seen with suspicion in some conservative circles.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG/220px-Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG/330px-Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG/440px-Jericho_byzantinische_Mosaike_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4131" data-file-height="3269" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of Life</a>" <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> in a reception room of the bathhouse at <a href="/wiki/Hisham%27s_Palace" title="Hisham's Palace">Khirbat al-Majfar</a>, a 7th or 8th century Umayyad-era archeological site in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest known Islamic hammams were built in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750) as part of palaces and <a href="/wiki/Desert_castles" title="Desert castles">desert castles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qusayr_%27Amra" title="Qusayr 'Amra">Qusayr 'Amra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Sarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammam al-Sarah">Hammam al-Sarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hisham%27s_Palace" title="Hisham's Palace">Khirbat al-Majfar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> Shortly after this period, archaeology reveals the existence of Islamic bathhouses across much of the Muslim world, with hammams appearing as far west as <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> (itself a former Roman colony) in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a> period (late 8th to early 9th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> Historical texts and archeological evidence also indicate the existence of hammams in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a> and other cities of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> in the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, which did not previously have a strong culture of public bathing, historical texts mention the existence of bathhouses in the 10th century as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> for therapeutic purposes; however, there has been relatively little archeological investigation to document the early presence and development of hammams in this region.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> Muslims retained many of the main elements of the classical bathhouses while leaving out functions which were less relevant to their practices. For example, the progression from <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">cold room</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">hot room</a> was maintained, but it was no longer common practice to take a plunge in cold water after leaving the hot room, nor was exercise incorporated into bathing culture as it was in classical <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasiums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Likewise, Muslim bathers usually washed themselves in running water rather than immersing themselves in standing water.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> Although in early Islamic history women did not normally patronise hammams, by around the 10th century many places started to provide separate hours (or separate facilities) for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The hammam then took on an important role in women's social life as one of the few public spaces where they could gather and socialise apart from men.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-20">[20]</a> Some hammams were privately owned or formed parts of palaces and mansions, but in many cases they were civic or charitable institutions which formed part of larger religious/civic complexes. Such complexes were governed by <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> agreements, and hammams often acted as a source of revenue for the upkeep of other institutions such as mosques.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Islamic_baths">Later Islamic baths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later Islamic baths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg/250px-Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg/330px-Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg/500px-Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Haseki Hürrem Sultan Bathhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Roxelana</a> and designed by <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> (16th century)</figcaption></figure>In the 11th century the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> conquered much of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, eventually leading to the complete conquest of the remnants of the old empire in the 15th century. During those centuries of war, peace, alliance, trade and competition, these intermixing cultures (Eastern Roman, Islamic Persian and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>) had tremendous influence on each other. Later the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> became prolific patrons of hammams. Since they were social centres as well as baths, they were built in almost every city across their European, Asian, and African territories. The Ottomans were thus responsible for introducing hammams to much of eastern and central Europe, where many still exist today in various states of restoration or disrepair. Such Turkish baths are found as far as <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a> Many early Ottoman hammams survive in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, as well as in Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, but hammams became even more numerous and architecturally ambitious in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople (Istanbul)</a>, thanks to its royal patronage, its large population and its access to plentiful water.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek</a> inhabitants had retained a strong Eastern Roman bath culture, with the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a> constituting one early example.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Ottoman architects expanded on the experience of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architects</a> to create particularly well-balanced designs with greater symmetry and regularity in the arrangement of space than could be seen in hammams in other parts of the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> Some of the city's oldest monumental hammams are the <a href="/wiki/Tahtakale_Hamam" title="Tahtakale Hamam">Tahtakale Hamam</a> (probably built right after 1454), the <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam" title="Mahmut Pasha Hamam">Mahmut Pasha Hamam</a> (built in 1466), and the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hamam</a> (built some time between 1500 and 1507).<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a> The monumental hammams designed by the 16th-century Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> (1489–1588), such as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1" title="Çemberlitaş Hamamı">Çemberlitaş Hamamı</a>, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Hamam" title="Süleymaniye Hamam">Süleymaniye Hamam</a> (in the complex of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamam</a>, are major examples of hammams that were built later in the era of classical <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a> When Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> issued a decree halting the construction of new public baths in the city in 1768, it seems to have resulted in an increase in the number of private hammams among the wealthy and the elites, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus</a> suburbs where they built luxurious summer homes.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg/250px-Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg/330px-Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg/500px-Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10040" data-file-height="8255" /></a><figcaption>16th-century <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse" title="Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse">Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, Iran. Part of it is now used as a <a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">teahouse</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Iran, many examples of hammams survive from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> period (16th–18th centuries) onward, with the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> in particular containing many examples.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a> The spread of Muslim rule in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> also introduced hammams to this region, with many examples surviving in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">architecture</a> (16th–19th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary era">edit</a>]</div> Hammams continued to be a vital part of urban life in the Muslim world until the early 20th century when the spread of <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">indoor plumbing</a> in private homes rendered public baths unnecessary for personal hygiene.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> This has resulted in a decline in their use – although to varying degrees depending on regional cultural practices. In many regions hammams have been abandoned, demolished or converted to serve as commercial buildings or cultural venues. Some have been converted into museums or <a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">art galleries</a>, as with the examples of the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hamam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, which now houses a hammam museum, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Macedonia">Davud Pasha (or Daut Pasha) Hamam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-28">[28]</a> In Turkey many historic hammams continue to operate either for locals or for tourists; in some cases this has led to neglected historic hammams such as the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex">Kılıç Ali Pasa Hamamı</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Hürrem Sultan Hamamı</a> being renovated and returned to their original function, while others were abandoned or repurposed.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-28">[28]</a> In Morocco, many hammams continue to serve locals in historic cities such as <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, where they are especially useful to the urban poor residing in the old cities (<a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medina</a>s).<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_Transitions_2015-31">[31]</a> In many other regions, however, hammams have become obsolete and have either been abandoned or converted to other uses. In Iran, some baths continue to operate in the historic districts of cities like Isfahan where they continue to serve religious functions, but there is an overall decline in their numbers. Many surviving Iranian examples have been converted to other uses, most notably as restaurants and <a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">teahouses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, only thirteen hammams were still operating in 2004, mostly in the old city; many others had been either demolished or repurposed.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> contained an estimated 77 operational hammams at the beginning of the 19th century but only eight were still in business by the start of the 21st century, with many others abandoned or neglected.<a href="#cite_note-:7-32">[32]</a> In the former European territories of the Ottoman Empire such as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, many hammams became defunct or were neglected in modern times, although some have now been restored and turned into historic monuments or cultural centres.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_bathing_in_the_Islamic_context">Public bathing in the Islamic context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public bathing in the Islamic context">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almiralll04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Almiralll04.jpg/250px-Almiralll04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Almiralll04.jpg/330px-Almiralll04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Almiralll04.jpg/500px-Almiralll04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Hammam interior, showing water buckets and tilted floor (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%B1os_del_Almirante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baños del Almirante (page does not exist)">Baños del Almirante</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_del_Almirante" class="extiw" title="es:Baños del Almirante">es</a>], <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fouta_bohemeria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fouta_bohemeria.JPG/250px-Fouta_bohemeria.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fouta_bohemeria.JPG/330px-Fouta_bohemeria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fouta_bohemeria.JPG/500px-Fouta_bohemeria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Peshtemal" title="Peshtemal">Peshtemal</a>, hammam towel</figcaption></figure> Prayer is one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a> and it is customary to perform <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ablutions</a> before praying. The two Islamic forms of ablution are <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a>, a full-body cleansing, and <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a>, a cleansing of the face, hands, and feet.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Mosques always provide a place to wash, but hammams are often located nearby for deeper cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> Many are actually part of mosque complexes. Hammams, particularly in Morocco, evolved from their Roman origins to meet the needs of ritual purification according to Islam. For example, in most Roman-style hammams, there was a cold pool for submersion of the body, a style of bathing that finds less favour with Islam which regards bathing under running water without being fully submerged more appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>, a prominent Muslim theologian of the 11th century, wrote Revival of the Religious Sciences, a multi-volume work discussing the appropriate forms of conduct for many aspects of Muslim life and death. One of the volumes, entitled The Mysteries of Purity, details the proper technique for performing ablutions before prayer and the major ablution (ghusil) after anything which renders it necessary, such as the emission of semen.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> For al-Ghazali, the hammam is a primarily male institution, and he cautions that women should only enter a hammam after childbirth or illness. However, even al-Ghazali thought it admissible for men to prohibit their wives or sisters from using the hammam. For al-Ghazali the main point of contention surrounding hammams was nakedness, and he warned that overt nakedness was to be avoided ("… he should shield it from the sight of others and second, guard against the touch of others.") <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> His writing focused especially on the need to avoid touching the penis during bathing and after urination, and wrote that nakedness was decent only when the area between a man's knees and lower stomach was hidden. For women he suggested that only exposure of the face and palms was appropriate. According to al-Ghazali, nakedness in the hammam could incite indecent thoughts and behaviours, hence its controversial nature.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In Islam ritual ablution is also required before or after sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph_2003-38">[38]</a> Knowing that, <a href="/wiki/May_Telmissany" title="May Telmissany">May Telmissany</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, argues that the image of a hyper-sexualised woman leaving the hammam is an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> way of looking at things that sees leaving or attending the hammam as an indicator of sexual behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-:7-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bathing_practices_and_services">Bathing practices and services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bathing practices and services">edit</a>]</div> Most hammams expect their clients to undress down to a modesty garment or <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a>, before proceeding from a cold room to progressively hotter rooms. Men are usually washed by male bath attendants and women by female attendants before they are given a massage. Some details of the process vary from region to region, such as the presence or absence of pools where visitors can immerse themselves in water.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> In more conservative areas women are less likely to bathe in just their underwear while in areas where hammams have become the preserve mainly of tourists there is more likelihood that women will bathe naked. Some hammam complexes contain separate sections for men and women; elsewhere men and women are admitted at different times in which case the hours for women are usually far more limited than those for men. Traditionally hammams, especially those for women, doubled as places of entertainment with dancing and food being shared. It was common to visit hammams before weddings or religious holidays, to celebrate births, to swap beauty tips, etc. Women also used visits to the hammam to size up potential wives for their sons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some accessories from Roman times survive in modern hammams, such as the <a href="/wiki/Peshtamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshtamal">peştemal</a> (a special cloth of silk and/or cotton to cover the body, like a <a href="/wiki/Pareo" title="Pareo">pareo</a>) and the kese (a rough mitten used for scrubbing). However, other accoutrements of the hammam experience such as jewel boxes, gilded soap boxes, mirrors, metal <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> bowls, perfume bottles and nalın (wooden or mother-of-pearl <a href="/wiki/Clogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Clogs">clogs</a> that prevented slipping on the wet floor) can now only be seen in museums.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditionally, the bathhouse masseurs (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: tellak) were young men who soaped and scrubbed their clients. However, the tellaks were replaced by adult attendants during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massage">Massage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Massage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massage#Hammam_("Turkish_bath")_massage" title="Massage">Massage § Hammam ("Turkish bath") massage</a></div> A massage in a hammam is likely to involve not just vigorous muscle kneading, but also <a href="/wiki/Cracking_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracking joints">joint cracking</a> - "not so much a tender working of the flesh as a pummelling, a cracking of joints, a twisting of limbs".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Hammams aiming for a tourist clientele are likely to also offer an array of different types of massage similar to what might be offered in a spa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_function:_gendered_social_space">Social function: gendered social space</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social function: gendered social space">edit</a>]</div> Arab hammams are gendered spaces where being a woman or a man can make someone included or excluded. Therefore, they represent a departure from the public sphere in which one is physically exposed amongst other women or men. This declaration of sexuality merely by being nude makes hammams a site of gendered expression. One exception to this gender segregation is the presence of young boys who often accompany their mothers until they reach the age of five or six when they switch to attending the male hammam with their fathers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_2003-38">[38]</a> Women's hammams play a special role in society. Valerie Staats finds that the women's hammams of Morocco serve as a social space where traditional and modern women from urban and rural areas of the country come together, regardless of their religiosity, to bathe and socialise.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The bathing regulations laid down by al-Ghazali and other Islamic intellectuals are not usually upheld in the everyday interactions of Moroccans in the hammam. Staats argues that hammams are places where women can feel more at ease than in many other public interactions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In addition, in his work Sexuality in Islam, <a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Bouhdiba" title="Abdelwahab Bouhdiba">Abdelwahab Bouhdiba</a> cites the hammam as a place where homosexual encounters in general can take place.<a href="#cite_note-:25-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He notes that some historians found evidence of hammams as spaces for sexual expression among women, which they believed was a result of the universality of nudity in these spaces.<a href="#cite_note-:25-46">[46]</a> Hammams have also been associated with male homosexuality over the centuries and up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-:25-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>: 14 <a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Styles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> Features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Styles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> Features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij (Arabian Peninsula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq (Levant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq (Mesopotamia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset (Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb (North Africa)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Headwear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidara" title="Sidara">Sidara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> Clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarab" title="Tarab">Tarab</a></li></ul> Art music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> Folk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic">Paleo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saj%27" title="Saj'">Saj (ryhmed prose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> Genres <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> Concepts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> Texts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> Fictional Arab people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">North Arabian deities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> South Arabian deities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_design">General design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General design">edit</a>]</div> The hammam combines the functionality and structural elements of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> with the Islamic tradition of steam bathing, ritual cleansing and respect for water.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Islamic bathhouses were often constructed as a part of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">mosque complexes</a> which acted as both community centres and places of worship.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> Although there were variations across different regions and periods, the general plan and architectural principles of hammams were very similar. They consisted of a sequence of rooms which bathers visited in the same order: the changing room or undressing room (corresponding to the Roman <a href="/wiki/Apodyterium" title="Apodyterium">apodyterium</a>), the cold room (like the Roman <a href="/wiki/Frigidarium" title="Frigidarium">frigidarium</a>), the warm room (like the <a href="/wiki/Tepidarium" title="Tepidarium">tepidarium</a>), and the hot room (like the <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a>). The nomenclature for these different rooms varied from region to region. The changing room was known generally as al-mashlaḥ or al-maslakh in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, or by local vernacular terms like goulsa in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) and maḥras in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, whereas it was known as the camekân in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and the sarbineh in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. The cold room was known as the bayt al-barid in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, el-barrani in Fez, bayt awwal in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and soğukluk in Turkish. The warm room or intermediate room was known as bayt al-wastani in al-Andalus and many other regions, as el-wasti in Fez, as bīt əs-skhūn in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, and as ılıklık in Turkish. The hot room was called the bayt al-sakhun in al-Andalus, ad-dakhli in Fez, harara in Cairo, garmkhaneh in Persian, and hararet or sıcaklık in Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> The main chambers of the hammam were usually covered with vaulted or domed ceilings, giving them a distinctive profile. The domes and vaults of the steam rooms (especially the hot room) were usually pierced with small holes or <a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">skylights</a> which provided natural light during the day while allowing excess steam to escape.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> The ceiling and walls were clad with steam-proof materials such as varnished <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> or (for the lower walls and floors) <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> The vestibule, or changing room, was often one of the most highly decorated chambers, featuring a central fountain surrounded by benches.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> In Ottoman baths, the main changing room often offered multi-level wooden galleries giving access to smaller changing rooms.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a>: 160  Toilets or <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a> were often included in the complex.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona,_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona%2C_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG/220px-398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona%2C_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona%2C_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG/330px-398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona%2C_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona%2C_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG/440px-398_Banys_%C3%80rabs_de_Girona%2C_hipocaust_del_tepidarium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caldarium" title="Caldarium">caldarium</a> (hot room) of the Arab baths in <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, Spain (late 12th-century)</figcaption></figure> Most historic hammams made use of some version or derivation of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust</a> underfloor system for heating.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> A furnace or set of furnaces were located in a service room behind the walls of the hot room and set at a lower level than the steam rooms. The furnaces were used to heat water (usually in a large <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldron</a> above them) which was then delivered to the steam rooms. At the same time, hot air and smoke from the furnaces was channeled through pipes or conduits under the floor of the steam rooms, thus heating the rooms, before rising through the walls and out the chimneys. As hot water was constantly needed, they were kept burning throughout the hours of operation. Although wood was continuously needed for fuel, some hammams, such as those in Morocco, Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, also made use of recycled organic materials from other industries such as wood shavings from <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>' workshops and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> pits from the <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_extraction" title="Olive oil extraction">olive presses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a> Some hammams were "double" hammams, having separate facilities for women and men.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Several of Istanbul's larger hammams were like this, including the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hamam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> Unusually for Morocco, the <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Saffarin" title="Hammam Saffarin">Hammam as-Saffarin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fes</a> is another example.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maghreb_and_al-Andalus">Maghreb and al-Andalus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maghreb and al-Andalus">edit</a>]</div> Regional variations in hammam architecture usually relate to the relative proportions of each room or the absence of one type of room. In the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and especially in al-Andalus, the largest and most important steam room was typically the warm room (al-wastani). The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Baths_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Arab Baths of Jaén">Arab Baths of Jaén</a> is one of the more extreme examples of this since the warm room is as large as both the cold and hot rooms combined, possibly because it was also used for <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">body massages</a> and other services.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> The changing room was also fairly large and was typically the only space to feature any significant architectural decoration.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Banos_califales_warm_room_DSCF6877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed interior of the Caliphal Baths in Cordoba, Spain (10th century)"><img alt="Reconstructed interior of the Caliphal Baths in Cordoba, Spain (10th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Banos_califales_warm_room_DSCF6877.jpg/250px-Banos_califales_warm_room_DSCF6877.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Banos_califales_warm_room_DSCF6877.jpg/330px-Banos_califales_warm_room_DSCF6877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed interior of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_Baths" title="Caliphal Baths">Caliphal Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>, Spain (10th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C3%B1os_moros,_Alc%C3%A1zar,_Jerez_de_la_Frontera,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-07,_DD_82-84_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaulted ceiling of warm room in the hammam of the Almohad-era Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera in Spain (12th century)"><img alt="Vaulted ceiling of warm room in the hammam of the Almohad-era Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera in Spain (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ba%C3%B1os_moros%2C_Alc%C3%A1zar%2C_Jerez_de_la_Frontera%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-07%2C_DD_82-84_HDR.jpg/250px-Ba%C3%B1os_moros%2C_Alc%C3%A1zar%2C_Jerez_de_la_Frontera%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-07%2C_DD_82-84_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ba%C3%B1os_moros%2C_Alc%C3%A1zar%2C_Jerez_de_la_Frontera%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-07%2C_DD_82-84_HDR.jpg/330px-Ba%C3%B1os_moros%2C_Alc%C3%A1zar%2C_Jerez_de_la_Frontera%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-07%2C_DD_82-84_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6617" data-file-height="5092" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vaulted ceiling of warm room in the hammam of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera">Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera</a> in Spain (12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Baths_in_Ronda_Spain_(18535883696).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The warm room of the Arab baths (Baños Arabes) of Ronda, Spain, late 13th century[17]"><img alt="The Arab baths (Baños Arabes) of Ronda, Spain, late 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arab_Baths_in_Ronda_Spain_%2818535883696%29.jpg/250px-Arab_Baths_in_Ronda_Spain_%2818535883696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Arab_Baths_in_Ronda_Spain_%2818535883696%29.jpg/330px-Arab_Baths_in_Ronda_Spain_%2818535883696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The warm room of the Arab baths (Baños Arabes) of <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>, Spain, late 13th century<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sala_t%C3%A8bia_dels_banys_de_l%27Almirall_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Room at the Baños del Almirante, a historic Andalusi bathhouse in Valencia, Spain (c. 1320)[citation needed]"><img alt="Room at the Baños del Almirante, a historic Andalusi bathhouse in Valencia, Spain (c. 1320)[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sala_t%C3%A8bia_dels_banys_de_l%27Almirall_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG/250px-Sala_t%C3%A8bia_dels_banys_de_l%27Almirall_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sala_t%C3%A8bia_dels_banys_de_l%27Almirall_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG/330px-Sala_t%C3%A8bia_dels_banys_de_l%27Almirall_de_Val%C3%A8ncia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4251" data-file-height="3071" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Room at the Baños del Almirante, a historic <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> bathhouse in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1320)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marinid-era hammam at Chellah, Morocco (14th century)"><img alt="Marinid-era hammam at Chellah, Morocco (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg/150px-Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg/225px-Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg/300px-Chellah_DSCF7253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a>-era hammam at <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>, Morocco (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Granada_Albayzin_Alhambra_(121)_(51210944632).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warm room of the Nasrid-era Comares Baths at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)"><img alt="Warm room of the Nasrid-era Comares Baths at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Granada_Albayzin_Alhambra_%28121%29_%2851210944632%29.jpg/250px-Granada_Albayzin_Alhambra_%28121%29_%2851210944632%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Granada_Albayzin_Alhambra_%28121%29_%2851210944632%29.jpg/330px-Granada_Albayzin_Alhambra_%28121%29_%2851210944632%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Warm room of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Comares_Baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Comares Baths">Comares Baths</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (14th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_baths">Ottoman baths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ottoman baths">edit</a>]</div> In Ottoman baths the cold room is often either omitted completely or combined with the changing room (known as the camekân or soyunmalık).<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a>: 160 <a href="#cite_note-:21-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> This room is often the largest domed chamber in the complex, with the dome supported on <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a>, "Turkish triangles", or decorative <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a>. It usually features a central fountain (<a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">şadırvan</a>) and is ringed with wooden galleries and is used as a place to relax, drink <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sherbet_(powder)" title="Sherbet (powder)">sherbet</a>, and socialise before and after bathing.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a>: 160–161  In contrast with hammams in al-Andalus or the Maghreb, the warm room (ılıklık) was de-emphasised architecturally and was sometimes little more than a transition space between the cold and hot rooms.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a>: 27  The hot room (hararet or sıcaklık) was usually the focus of the richest architectural embellishments.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a>: 161  Its layout typically consisted of a central domed space flanked by up to four iwans to form a <a href="/wiki/Four-iwan_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-iwan layout">cruciform layout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a>: 161 <a href="#cite_note-:21-52">[52]</a> The corners between these iwans are often occupied by smaller domed chambers, or halvets, which were used for private bathing.<a href="#cite_note-:21-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a>: 161  The center was usually occupied by a large heated marble table (göbektaşı or navel stone) for customers to lie on. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF1329.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Mahmut Pasha Hamam (now used for shops) in Istanbul, Turkey (1476)"><img alt="Interior of the Mahmut Pasha Hamam (now used for shops) in Istanbul, Turkey (1476)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF1329.jpg/120px-Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF1329.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF1329.jpg/250px-Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF1329.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam" title="Mahmut Pasha Hamam">Mahmut Pasha Hamam</a> (now used for shops) in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (1476)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Küçük Mustafa Paşa Hamam in Istanbul (c. 1477)[53]"><img alt="Küçük Mustafa Paşa Hamam in Istanbul (c. 1477)[53]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg/150px-Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg/225px-Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg/300px-Mustafa_Pasha_Hamam_DSCF9319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2212" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Küçük Mustafa Paşa Hamam in Istanbul (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1477)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daut_Pasha_Amam,_detail_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muqarnas decoration around the domes of the Ottoman-era Davud Pasha Hamam in Skopje, North Macedonia (late 15th century)"><img alt="Muqarnas decoration around the domes of the Ottoman-era Davud Pasha Hamam in Skopje, North Macedonia (late 15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Daut_Pasha_Amam%2C_detail_3.jpg/250px-Daut_Pasha_Amam%2C_detail_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Daut_Pasha_Amam%2C_detail_3.jpg/330px-Daut_Pasha_Amam%2C_detail_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a> decoration around the domes of the Ottoman-era <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Macedonia">Davud Pasha Hamam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (late 15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurrem_Sultan_Hamam_Interior.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Renovated interior of the Haseki Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse in Istanbul (16th century)"><img alt="Renovated interior of the Haseki Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse in Istanbul (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hurrem_Sultan_Hamam_Interior.png/120px-Hurrem_Sultan_Hamam_Interior.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hurrem_Sultan_Hamam_Interior.png/250px-Hurrem_Sultan_Hamam_Interior.png 1.5x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="532" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renovated interior of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia_Hurrem_Sultan_Bathhouse" title="Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse">Haseki Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse</a> in Istanbul (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Baths of the Sultan and the Queen Mother at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul (late 16th century)"><img alt="Baths of the Sultan and the Queen Mother at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul (late 16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG/104px-Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG/156px-Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG/208px-Hunkar_ve_Valide_Hamamlari_Harem_Topkapi_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="3084" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace#Baths_of_the_Sultan_and_the_Queen_Mother" title="Topkapı Palace">Baths of the Sultan and the Queen Mother</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in Istanbul (late 16th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In Iran a shared pool or basin of hot water is commonly present in the middle of the hot room where bathers could immerse themselves, a feature which was rare or absent in the hamams of other regions (except Egypt).<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Iranian hammam architecture was also characterised by the polyhedral shape of its rooms (sometimes rectangular but often octagonal or hexagonal), which were covered by a dome with a central skylight. The Iranian hot room (garmkhaneh) was in some cases divided into several rooms: a large main one with a central pool (chal howz) and smaller ones for individual ablutions or which could be used as private rooms for special guests.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rooftop view of the domes of the Sultan Amir Ahmed Hamam in Kashan, Iran (16th century)"><img alt="Rooftop view of the domes of the Sultan Amir Ahmed Hamam in Kashan, Iran (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg/150px-Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg/225px-Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg/300px-Roof_of_Sultan_Amir_Ahmand%27s_Bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rooftop view of the domes of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Amir_Ahmad_Bathhouse" title="Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse">Sultan Amir Ahmed Hamam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, Iran (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehdi_Qoli_Beyk_Hammam_2015-06-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frescoed/painted decoration in a hammam from the reign of Shah Abbas I in Mashhad, Iran (16th or 17th century)"><img alt="Frescoed/painted decoration in a hammam from the reign of Shah Abbas I in Mashhad, Iran (16th or 17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mehdi_Qoli_Beyk_Hammam_2015-06-29.jpg/250px-Mehdi_Qoli_Beyk_Hammam_2015-06-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mehdi_Qoli_Beyk_Hammam_2015-06-29.jpg/330px-Mehdi_Qoli_Beyk_Hammam_2015-06-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frescoed/painted decoration in a hammam from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (16th or 17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hammam of the Ganjali Khan Complex in Kerman, Iran (late 16th to early 17th century)"><img alt="Hammam of the Ganjali Khan Complex in Kerman, Iran (late 16th to early 17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg/112px-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg/169px-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg/225px-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hammam of the <a href="/wiki/Ganjali_Khan_Complex" title="Ganjali Khan Complex">Ganjali Khan Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>, Iran (late 16th to early 17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%C3%B1os_de_Vakil,_Shiraz,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_36-38_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The changing room or vestibule of the Vakil Hammam in Shiraz, Iran (18th century)"><img alt="The changing room or vestibule of the Vakil Hammam in Shiraz, Iran (18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Vakil%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_36-38_HDR.jpg/250px-Ba%C3%B1os_de_Vakil%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_36-38_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ba%C3%B1os_de_Vakil%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_36-38_HDR.jpg/330px-Ba%C3%B1os_de_Vakil%2C_Shiraz%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_36-38_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8104" data-file-height="5192" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The changing room or vestibule of the <a href="/wiki/Vakil_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakil Bath">Vakil Hammam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (18th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_examples">Regional examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regional examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quseir_Amra,_Jordan_(44990711422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Quseir_Amra%2C_Jordan_%2844990711422%29.jpg/250px-Quseir_Amra%2C_Jordan_%2844990711422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Quseir_Amra%2C_Jordan_%2844990711422%29.jpg/330px-Quseir_Amra%2C_Jordan_%2844990711422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Quseir_Amra%2C_Jordan_%2844990711422%29.jpg/500px-Quseir_Amra%2C_Jordan_%2844990711422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Vaulted chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> bathhouse at <a href="/wiki/Qusayr_%27Amra" title="Qusayr 'Amra">Qusayr 'Amra</a>, covered in Late Roman or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> (7th or 8th century)</figcaption></figure> Jordan contains several hammams from the Umayyad era (7th to 8th centuries), making them the oldest known examples of Islamic bathhouses. Many of these are attached to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Desert_castles" title="Desert castles">desert castles</a>", including <a href="/wiki/Qusayr_%27Amra" title="Qusayr 'Amra">Qusayr 'Amra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Sarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammam al-Sarah">Hammam al-Sarah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> Qusayr 'Amra is particularly notable for the frescoes in late Roman style that decorate the chambers, presenting a highly important example of Islamic art in its early historical stages.<a href="#cite_note-:032-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Andalus_(Spain_and_Portugal)">Al-Andalus (Spain and Portugal)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus (Spain and Portugal)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg/250px-El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg/330px-El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg/500px-El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4611" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>The large warm room of the <a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo" title="El Bañuelo">Bañuelo</a> hammam in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> Although the traditions of the hammams eventually disappeared in the centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">end of Muslim rule</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 1492, many historic hammam structures have nonetheless been preserved to varying degrees across many cities, especially in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Many of them are now archeological sites or open to tourists as historical attractions. These hammams are partly distinguished from others by their larger and more monumental warm rooms (bayt al-wastani) and changing rooms (bayt al-maslaj), a feature also shared with some Moroccan hammams.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-55">[55]</a> An early example (partially destroyed now) were the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_Baths" title="Caliphal Baths">Caliphal Baths</a> which were attached to the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_the_Caliphs_(C%C3%B3rdoba)" title="Alcázar of the Caliphs (Córdoba)">Umayyad royal palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a> (later turned into the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_de_los_Reyes_Cristianos" title="Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos">Christian Alcazar</a>) and later expanded by the Almohads (12th to early 13th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-:32-56">[56]</a> Other notable examples of preserved Andalusian baths include the <a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo" title="El Bañuelo">Bañuelo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, the Arab Baths of <a href="/wiki/Ronda" title="Ronda">Ronda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Baths_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Arab Baths of Jaén">Arab Baths of Jaén</a>, and the baths in the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Alcázar of Jerez de la Frontera">Alcazar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> of Granada also contains two preserved bathhouses: a small one near its main mosque, and a much more lavish one attached to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Myrtles" title="Court of the Myrtles">Comares Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> In 2020 a well-preserved 12th-century Almohad-period bathhouse, complete with painted geometric decoration, was discovered during renovations of a local <a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">tapas</a> bar in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a> tower.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Morocco">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marocco_Fez(26855722427).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/250px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/330px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg/500px-Marocco_Fez%2826855722427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Domes of the <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Saffarin" title="Hammam Saffarin">Hammam as-Saffarin</a> in the old city of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> The ruins of the oldest known Islamic hammam in Morocco, dating back to the late 8th century, can be found in <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> Many historic hammams have been preserved in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid_Transitions_2015-31">[31]</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, partly because they continue to be used by locals.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> Among the best known examples is the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Saffarin" title="Hammam Saffarin">Saffarin Hammam</a> in Fes, which has been restored and rehabilitated.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> Moroccan hammams were typically smaller than Roman or Byzantine baths. They are often close to mosques to facilitate the performance of ablutions. Because of their private nature, their entrances are often discreet and their façades are typically windowless. Vestiges of the Roman bathing style can be seen in the three-room layout, which was widespread during the Roman/Byzantine period. It's sometimes difficult to identify hammams from the outside but the roof has a series of characteristic domes that indicate the different chambers.<a href="#cite_note-Sibley_2009-61">[61]</a> They often occupy irregularly shaped plots to fit into the dense urban fabric. They are significant sites of culture and socialisation as they are integrated into city life in proximity to mosques, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> (schools) and <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souqs</a> (markets). Magda Sibley, an expert on Islamic public baths, wrote that many specialists in Islamic architecture and urbanism found the hammams to be second in importance only to the mosques as the most significant buildings in Islamic <a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">medinas</a> (historic cities).<a href="#cite_note-Sibley_2009-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg/250px-Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg/330px-Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg/500px-Bain_Maure_Nedroma_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Hammam al-Bali in <a href="/wiki/Nedroma" title="Nedroma">Nedroma</a> (12th century)</figcaption></figure> The architecture of historic hammams in Algeria can be divided roughly two types: those with linear floor plans, influenced by Andalusi architecture (mostly up to the 15th century), and those with a centralized floor plan, influenced by Ottoman architecture (mostly from the 16th century onward).<a href="#cite_note-:26-62">[62]</a> The oldest known Islamic baths in Algeria are those uncovered by archeologists, including one in <a href="/wiki/Tahert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahert">Tahert</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid</a> period (8th–9th centuries), one near the mosque of Agadir (part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>), and one at the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a> palace of <a href="/wiki/Achir" title="Achir">'Ashir</a>. A more significant example has also been found in the Qasr al-Bahr palace at <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Qal'at Bani Hammad">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid</a> capital, likely dating from the 11th to mid-12th century.<a href="#cite_note-:26-62">[62]</a> Several medieval hammams also survive in and around Tlemcen today, including the Hammam al-Sabbaghin (late 11th or 12th century), the Hammam al-Bali in nearby <a href="/wiki/Nedroma" title="Nedroma">Nedroma</a> (12th century), and the Hammam Sidi Bu Madyan which, along with the baths of the ruined <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Sultan" title="Dar al-Sultan">Dar al-Sultan</a> nearby, belonged to the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boumediene_Mosque" title="Sidi Boumediene Mosque">complex of Sidi Bu Madyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-62">[62]</a> The first two examples have a floor plan arranged around two <a href="/wiki/Orthogonality" title="Orthogonality">orthogonal</a> axes and a large central warm room occupying the center, while those of the Sidi Bu Madyan complex are of the linear type planned around one main axis.<a href="#cite_note-:26-62">[62]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, a large number of hammams were built during the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Ottoman regency period</a> (16th to early 19th centuries). A study by Nabila Chérif, published in 2009, identified nine hammam buildings that are still preserved or partly preserved in the city. The best-preserved ones are Hammam Sidi Ramdan (pre-Ottoman, possibly from the 10th or 11th centuries), Hammam Basha Sidna (circa 1550), Hammam Sirkadji (mid-17th century), Hammam al-Fitwa (mid-17th century), and Hammam Sidi 'Abd Allah (late 18th century).<a href="#cite_note-:26-62">[62]</a> Apart from the older Hammam Sidi Ramdan, most of these are organized into two main sections: the cold section, which included the changing room and provided a place to rest after bathing, and the warm section, which included the heated warm and hot rooms. The hot room is generally much larger than the warm room and is centrally-planned, consisting of a square room covered by a dome, with a platform for massages in the center and various private alcoves around the edges.<a href="#cite_note-:26-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> A legend claims that <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> once had 365 hammams, one for each day of the year. For centuries, these hammams formed an integral part of community life and some 50 of those in Damascus survived until the 1950s. However, by 2012, as a result of modernisation and the installation of home bathrooms, fewer than twenty Damascene hammams were still working.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> According to many historians, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> was home to 177 medieval hammams before the Mongol invasion when many of the city's vital structures were destroyed. Until 1970, around forty hammams were still operating. In 2010, before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian War</a>, roughly eighteen hammams still operated in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">ancient part of the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Notable examples included: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam_al-Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammam al-Sultan (page does not exist)">Hammam al-Sultan</a>, built in 1211 by <a href="/wiki/Az-Zahir_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahir Ghazi">Az-Zahir Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a>, built during the 12th century near Khan al-Nahhaseen</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam_al-Bayadah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammam al-Bayadah (page does not exist)">Hammam al-Bayadah</a>, built in 1450 during the Mamluk era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a> built in 1491 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Emir of Aleppo</a> Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Hammam al-Jawhary, Gammam Azdemir, Hammam Bahram Pasha, <a href="/wiki/Hammam_Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Hammam Bab al-Ahmar">Hammam Bab al-Ahmar</a> and others</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Citadel_16_-_Hammam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the hammam at the Citadel of Aleppo, Syria (c. 1200)"><img alt="Remains of the hammam at the Citadel of Aleppo, Syria (c. 1200)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aleppo_Citadel_16_-_Hammam.jpg/250px-Aleppo_Citadel_16_-_Hammam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aleppo_Citadel_16_-_Hammam.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Citadel_16_-_Hammam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of the hammam at the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammam_Yalbougha_al-Nasri,_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hammam Yalbugha in Aleppo, Syria (1491)"><img alt="Hammam Yalbugha in Aleppo, Syria (1491)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hammam_Yalbougha_al-Nasri%2C_Aleppo.jpg/250px-Hammam_Yalbougha_al-Nasri%2C_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hammam_Yalbougha_al-Nasri%2C_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Hammam_Yalbougha_al-Nasri%2C_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2085" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Syria (1491)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin in Aleppo, Syria, originally built in the 12th century"><img alt="Hammam al-Nahhasin in Aleppo, Syria, originally built in the 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/250px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg/330px-Hammam_Al-Nahhasseen_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a> in Aleppo, Syria, originally built in the 12th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamam_Inal_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hamam_Inal_%2811%29.jpg/250px-Hamam_Inal_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hamam_Inal_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Hamam_Inal_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hamam_Inal_%2811%29.jpg/500px-Hamam_Inal_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Inal_Hammam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Inal Hammam">Sultan Inal Hammam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, dating from 1456 (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> period)</figcaption></figure> As in neighbouring regions, bathhouses had existed in Egypt for centuries before the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">arrival of the Arab Muslims in Egypt</a> in the 7th century. <a href="/wiki/Greek_baths" title="Greek baths">Greek bathhouses</a> were present in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, a capital of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic culture</a>, as well as in other cities like <a href="/wiki/Karanis" title="Karanis">Karanis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> During the subsequent Islamic period, bathhouses continued to be built by Muslim rulers and patrons, sometimes as part of larger religious and civic complexes. Although not many have survived intact to the present day, numerous public baths were built by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> (10th–12th centuries), the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> (12th–13th centuries), the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> (13th–16th centuries), and the Ottomans (16th–19th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-68">[68]</a> One well-preserved medieval example is the restored <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Inal_Hammam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Inal Hammam">Hammam of Sultan Inal</a>, dating from 1456 and located at <a href="/wiki/Bayn_al-Qasrayn" title="Bayn al-Qasrayn">Bayn al-Qasrayn</a> in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-:03-69">[69]</a> Private hammams were also built as part of palaces, with surviving examples at the <a href="/wiki/Amir_Taz_Palace" title="Amir Taz Palace">Palace of Amir Taz</a> (14th century) and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Military_Museum" title="Egyptian National Military Museum">Harim Palace</a> (19th century), and of local aristocratic mansions such as <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Al-Razzaz_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt Al-Razzaz palace">Bayt al-Razzaz</a> (15th–18th centuries) and <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Al-Suhaymi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt Al-Suhaymi">Bayt al-Suhaymi</a> (17th–18th centuries).<a href="#cite_note-:03-69">[69]</a> In many Egyptian hammams a pool of hot water is present in the hot room and used for immersion and bathing,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> a feature shared with the hammams of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:11-19">[19]</a> Today, the cultural practice of visiting hammams has significantly receded in Egypt. Cairo contained an estimated 77 operational hammams at the beginning of the 19th century, but only 33 were operating in 1969 and only eight were still operating at the start of the 21st century, with many others abandoned or neglected.<a href="#cite_note-:18-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-32">[32]</a> Of the few still functioning hammams, many are also in precarious condition and scholars have indicated that they are likely to disappear or stop functioning in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-:18-70">[70]</a> A few hammams, mainly in the neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Historic Cairo</a>, have been restored or earmarked for restoration as historic monuments, including the Sultan Inal Hammam, the monumental but ruined hammam of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad (behind the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Sultan_al-Muayyad" title="Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad">al-Mu'ayyad Mosque</a>), the Hammam al-Gamaliyya (in the Gamaliya neighbourhood), the Hammam al-Sinaniya (in <a href="/wiki/Boulaq" title="Boulaq">Bulaq</a>), and the Hammam al-Sukariya (in <a href="/wiki/Al-Darb_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Darb al-Ahmar">Darb al-Ahmar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:18-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg/250px-Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg/330px-Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg/500px-Beyazit_hammam_DSCF6006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hammam</a> (originally part of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Bayezid II Mosque</a>) was built at the beginning of the 16th century and now serves as a museum.</figcaption></figure> Public baths were a feature of life in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in Ancient Greek and Roman times, and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> continued to build hammams here.<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> The majority of historic hammams, however, survive from the Ottoman period (14th–20th centuries). Many examples of early Ottoman hammams remain, particularly in the early Ottoman capitals of <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, where many of their early structural and decorative features were established.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a> Many were built in association with particular mosques or religious complexes (külliyes). Notable examples from the pre-1453 period include the Orhan Bey Hamam in Bursa (built around 1339<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>), the Demirtaş Hamam in Bursa (14th century<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>), the Hacı Hamza Hamam in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Iznik</a> (late 14th or early 15th century<a href="#cite_note-:0522-73">[73]</a>), the Çelebi Sultan Mehmet Hamam in <a href="/wiki/Merzifon" title="Merzifon">Merzifon</a> (1413<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>), the Mahkeme Hamam in Bursa (1421<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>), the Gazi Mihal Hamam in Edirne (1422, now partly ruined<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Emir_Sultan_Mosque" title="Emir Sultan Mosque">Emir Sultan</a> Hamam in Bursa (1426<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>), the Beylerbeyi Hamam in Edirne (1429, now partly ruined<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>), and the Karacabey Hamam in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (1444<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>).<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg/250px-%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg/330px-%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg/500px-%C3%87EK%C4%B0RGE-ESK%C4%B0_KAPLICA_-_panoramio_-_HALUK_COMERTEL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Eski Kaplıca Hamamı ('Old Thermal Baths') in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, dating from the 14th century and using one of Bursa's <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">thermal springs</a></figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Constantinople">conquest of Constantinople</a> in 1453, Istanbul became a centre of Ottoman architectural patronage. The city's oldest hammams include the <a href="/wiki/Tahtakale_Hamam" title="Tahtakale Hamam">Tahtakale Hamam</a> (built soon after 1453), the <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Hamam" title="Mahmut Pasha Hamam">Mahmut Pasha Hamam</a> (built in 1466 and part of the <a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Pasha_Mosque,_Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Mahmut Pasha Mosque, Eminönü">Mahmut Pasha Mosque</a> complex), the Gedik Ahmet Pasha Hamam (built in 1475), the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Hamam" title="Bayezid II Hamam">Bayezid II Hamam</a> (built some time between 1500 and 1507), and the Küçük Mustafa Pasha Hamam (built before 1512 near the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl_Mosque" title="Gül Mosque">Gül Mosque</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> Several major hammams in the city were designed by the famous Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> in the 16th century. These include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87inili_Hamam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çinili Hamam (page does not exist)">Çinili Hamam</a> (built in 1545 in the <a href="/wiki/Zeyrek" title="Zeyrek">Zeyrek neighbourhood</a>), the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Hamam" title="Süleymaniye Hamam">Süleymaniye Hammam</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> complex built in 1550–1557), the Mihrimah Sultan Hamam (part of the <a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque,_Edirnekap%C4%B1" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Edirnekapı">Mihrimah Sultan Mosque</a> complex built in 1562–1565), the Kılıç Ali Pasha Hamam (part of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex">Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex</a> completed in 1580), as well as a lesser-known but architecturally interesting hammam in <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%87emberlita%C5%9F_Hamam%C4%B1" title="Çemberlitaş Hamamı">Çemberlitaş Hamam</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Mese_(Constantinople)" title="Mese (Constantinople)">Divanyolu Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Constantine" title="Column of Constantine">Çemberlitaş</a> neighbourhood), completed in 1584 or earlier, is also attributed to Mimar Sinan.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> The largest hammam designed by Sinan is the <a href="/wiki/Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_Hamam%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı">Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamam</a> which was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Süleyman I</a>'s consort, <a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hürrem Sultan</a>, and completed in 1556 on the site of the historical <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a> for the religious community of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> Outside Istanbul, Sinan also designed the Sokullu Mehmet Pasha Hamam in Edirne around 1568–1569.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Among the hammams built after the 16th century one of the most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu_Hamam" title="Cağaloğlu Hamam">Cağaloğlu Hamam</a>, finished in 1741 and one of the last major hammams to be built in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a> Turkey also has a number of <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> which have been developed as public baths for centuries. The Eski Kaplıca ("Old <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">Thermal Baths</a>") of Bursa, built by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> (ruled 1360–1389),<a href="#cite_note-:0523-83">[83]</a> and the nearby Yeni ("New") Kaplıca built by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCstem_Pasha" title="Rüstem Pasha">Rüstem Pasha</a> in 1552,<a href="#cite_note-:12-81">[81]</a> are two of the most notable examples and are still used today. Several older hot-spring baths were also built by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuks</a> in the 13th century and the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Akkoyunlu</a> in the late 14th century, some of which are still operating today.<a href="#cite_note-:0523-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg/250px-Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg/330px-Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg/500px-Divan_Asia_Istanbul_Hamam_1140059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A modern hotel hammam catering to tourists in Istanbul</figcaption></figure> Although far fewer in number than in the past, many Turkish hammams still operate today. With the growth in tourism, some have been restored or modernised recently with differing degrees of historical authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-28">[28]</a> Other hammam buildings have ceased functioning as public baths but have been repurposed as markets or cultural venues, as for example the <a href="/wiki/Tahtakale_Hamam" title="Tahtakale Hamam">Tahtakale Hamam</a> in Istanbul which contains shops and cafes, the Hoca Paşa Hamam in Istanbul which is used for performances by whirling dervishes, the Küçük Mustafa Paşa Hamamı in Istanbul which is used for art exhibitions, and the Orhan Bey Hamam in Bursa which is part of the Covered Bazaar.<a href="#cite_note-:14-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In some cases hamam buildings have been turned into storage depots or factories, though this has usually led to neglect and damage to their historic fabric.<a href="#cite_note-:14-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg/250px-Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg/330px-Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg/500px-Part_of_Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs_Hammam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Part of the hammam at the Palace of the Shirvanshahs</figcaption></figure>Hammams have traditionally been important in the lives of Azerbaijanis, and more than seven have been named in Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_reserves_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of historical reserves in Azerbaijan">List of historical reserves</a>. For centuries, local benefactors would build hammams to serve the needs of the people in their vicinity, often naming them after themselves, a practice still evident as late as the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> At the other extreme lies the 15th century hammam within the Palace of the Shirvanshahs built solely for the use of the shah and his family. Discovered during archaeological excavations in 1939, the hammam had twenty-six rooms. The ruins lie within <a href="/wiki/Icherisheher_State_Historical-Architectural_Reserve_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Icherisheher State Historical-Architectural Reserve Department">Icherisheher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)" title="Old City (Baku)">Old City of Baku</a>, historical core of the capital, and a UNESCO World Heritage Centre.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_%282%29.jpg/220px-Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_%282%29.jpg/330px-Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_%282%29.jpg/440px-Yeralt%C4%B1_Hamam_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Baku's underground Yeraltı Hammam</figcaption></figure>Within the Old City, the building of baths continued over the years. The <a href="/wiki/Underground_Bath_(Baku)" title="Underground Bath (Baku)">Yeraltı Hammam</a> is said to have been built in the 17th century and, like others, is located underground, helping to maintain steady temperatures inside.<a href="#cite_note-87">[a]</a> The 18th century <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mikayil_Bath" title="Agha Mikayil Bath">Agha Mikayil Bath</a> near the fortress gates, is the oldest hammam still open in Baku and is one of the few with women's days. Its four central pillars allow large square bathrooms with pointed arches, covered with a variety of cupolas and domes. Another 19th century bath, the Agha Zeynal Hammam, is atypical in that it is housed in a residential building, although the interior maintains the more traditional layout.<a href="#cite_note-relax-88">[87]</a> In the centre of Baku, the Tazabay Hammam was built in 1886 in Islamic style, though with separate rooms. It was fully 'restored' in 2003 and currently has many additional modern facilities, such as manicure and three saunas, which help to make it popular with tourists while still attracting local residents.<a href="#cite_note-relax-88">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG/250px-%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG/330px-%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG/500px-%C5%9E%C9%99ki_Yeralti_Hamam_koridor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The "Underground Bath" in Sheki</figcaption></figure>Two other important 19th century hammams are to be found in northwestern Azerbaijan in <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Sheki</a>, where the centre of the city was inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage List">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> in 2019. The first is <a href="/wiki/Dara_Bathhouse" title="Dara Bathhouse">Dara Bathhouse</a> which has been unusable since the 1980s, but is protected and included in the list of architectural monuments. The bath is 6 metres underground, has pools with hot and cold water, and is lit from above by small holes in the domes which cover it. The second is the Yeraltı Hammam, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Bath_(Sheki)" title="Underground Bath (Sheki)">Underground Bath</a> or Abdulsalam Bath. In fact, it is located within the Juma Mosque, and only part of it is 4 metres below ground. The building is no longer used as a hammam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> Public baths have ancient precedents in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indian civilisation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Bath,_Mohenjo-daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro">Great Bath</a> located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is a notable example dating from the 3rd millennium BC at the archeological site of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Islamic hammams were introduced after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">spread of Muslim rule in the subcontinent</a> starting mainly with the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in the 13th century and continuing through the later <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period</a> (16th–19th centuries). Historically, however, public bathhouses in the Indian subcontinent were less common and less important than in other Muslim territories such as the Middle East and North Africa. This was due to the fact that, unlike most cities in those regions, water was readily available across much of India, making hammams less essential for bathing and performing <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">full ablutions</a>. While there were many elaborate hammams in private palaces and mansions, few Indian hammams were as important as those of Muslim cities further west.<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> still have multiple working Turkish baths, which date back to the Mughal period in the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-siasat-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Two prominent examples are the <a href="/wiki/Hammam-e-Qadimi" title="Hammam-e-Qadimi">Hammam-e-Qadimi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammam_(Red_Fort)" title="Hammam (Red Fort)">Hammam-e-Lal Qila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gianani2016-95">[94]</a> In Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Hammam" title="Shahi Hammam">Shahi Hammam</a> or the Royal Bathhouse of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, located in the historic <a href="/wiki/Walled_City_of_Lahore" title="Walled City of Lahore">Walled City</a>, is one of the best preserved examples of a Mughal-era hammam. It was built in 1634 by the Mughal governor of Lahore, Hakim Ilmuddin Ansari, during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammam,_Mandu_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dome of a hammam in Mandu, India"><img alt="Dome of a hammam in Mandu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hammam%2C_Mandu_04.jpg/150px-Hammam%2C_Mandu_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hammam%2C_Mandu_04.jpg/225px-Hammam%2C_Mandu_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hammam%2C_Mandu_04.jpg/300px-Hammam%2C_Mandu_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dome of a hammam in <a href="/wiki/Mandu,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mandu, Madhya Pradesh">Mandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_du_hammam_du_palais_Shahi_Qila_(Burhanpur,_Inde)_(16864981308).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The hammam of the Shahi Qila Palace in Burhanpur, India (17th century)"><img alt="The hammam of the Shahi Qila Palace in Burhanpur, India (17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Salle_du_hammam_du_palais_Shahi_Qila_%28Burhanpur%2C_Inde%29_%2816864981308%29.jpg/120px-Salle_du_hammam_du_palais_Shahi_Qila_%28Burhanpur%2C_Inde%29_%2816864981308%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Salle_du_hammam_du_palais_Shahi_Qila_%28Burhanpur%2C_Inde%29_%2816864981308%29.jpg/250px-Salle_du_hammam_du_palais_Shahi_Qila_%28Burhanpur%2C_Inde%29_%2816864981308%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The hammam of the <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Qila,_Burhanpur" title="Shahi Qila, Burhanpur">Shahi Qila Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur" title="Burhanpur">Burhanpur</a>, India (17th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 17th-century Shahi Hammam in Lahore, Pakistan, is elaborately decorated with Mughal-era frescoes."><img alt="The 17th-century Shahi Hammam in Lahore, Pakistan, is elaborately decorated with Mughal-era frescoes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg/150px-Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg/225px-Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg/300px-Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5018" data-file-height="3457" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Hammam" title="Shahi Hammam">Shahi Hammam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, is elaborately decorated with <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a>-era frescoes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaunpur_Fort_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hammam inside Shahi Qila, Jaunpur"><img alt="Hammam inside Shahi Qila, Jaunpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jaunpur_Fort_12.jpg/250px-Jaunpur_Fort_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jaunpur_Fort_12.jpg/330px-Jaunpur_Fort_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hammam inside <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Qila,_Jaunpur" title="Shahi Qila, Jaunpur">Shahi Qila, Jaunpur</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg/250px-THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg/330px-THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg/500px-THES-Bey_Hamam_hot_chamber_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Hot room of the <a href="/wiki/Bey_Hamam" title="Bey Hamam">Bey Hamam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, built in 1444</figcaption></figure> Greece once had many historic hammams dating from the Ottoman period, from the late 14th century to the 18th century. Two of the oldest remaining examples are the Gazi Evrenos Hamam in <a href="/wiki/Giannitsa" title="Giannitsa">Giannitsa</a>, dating from 1392, and the Oruç Pasha Hammam in <a href="/wiki/Didymoteicho" title="Didymoteicho">Didymoteicho</a>, dating from 1398.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a> Most have been abandoned, demolished or survive in a state of decay, but recently a growing number have been restored and converted to serve new cultural functions as historic sites or exhibitions spaces. A 2004 study by Elena Kanetaki counted 60 remaining hammam buildings on Greek territory.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeni_Hamam_Baths_(Rhodes)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Yeni_Hamam_Baths_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg/250px-Yeni_Hamam_Baths_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Yeni_Hamam_Baths_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg/330px-Yeni_Hamam_Baths_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Yeni_Hamam_Baths_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg/500px-Yeni_Hamam_Baths_%28Rhodes%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>Domes of the 16th-century Yeni Hamam on the skyline of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></figcaption></figure>In <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, formerly a major Ottoman city, the <a href="/wiki/Bey_Hamam" title="Bey Hamam">Bey Hamam</a> was built in 1444 by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>. It is a double bath, for men and women, with notable architectural decoration. The baths remained in use, called the Baths of Paradise, until 1968. They were restored by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Archaeological_Service" title="Greek Archaeological Service">Greek Archaeological Service</a> and are now used as a cultural venue.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The late 16th-century Yeni Hamam has also been partially restored and now serves as a music venue.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[98]</a> The Pasha Hamam, also known as the Phoenix Baths, was built circa 1520 or 1529 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> and operated until 1981.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> It now houses archeological finds from construction work for the Thessaloniki metro.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Elsewhere in Greece, the Abid Efendi Hamam, built between 1430 and 1669 near the Roman Forum in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, restored in the 1990s and converted to the Center of Documentation in Body Embellishment.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, a double bath called the Yeni Hamam dates from the 16th century and was restored in 1992–1995. It is now one of only two Turkish baths still operating as a bathhouse in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-:15-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg/220px-Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg/330px-Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg/440px-Nicosia_01-2017_img11_Omeriye_Hammam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%96meriye_Hamam" title="Ömeriye Hamam">Ömeriye Hamam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Hamam_Omerye_Baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamam Omerye Baths">Omeriye Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lefkosia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lefkosia">Lefkosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, date to the 15th century and form part of the larger complex of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96meriye_Mosque" title="Ömeriye Mosque">Ömeriye Mosque</a> (dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar">Omar</a>). The complex was founded by <a href="/wiki/Lala_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Lala Mustafa Pasha">Lala Mustafa Pasha</a> in the 1570s, soon after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Ottoman conquest of Cyprus</a>, repurposing the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> church of St. Mary which was damaged in the Ottoman siege.<a href="#cite_note-:17-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> The hamam was restored in 2002–2004 as part of the Lefkosia Master Plan and is still in use today.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In 2005 it won a <a href="/wiki/Europa_Nostra" title="Europa Nostra">Europa Nostra</a> award for conservations.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> On the Turkish side of the Cypriot border in <a href="/wiki/Lefko%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lefkoşa">Lefkoşa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Hamam" title="Büyük Hamam">Büyük Hamam</a>ı dates from the same period and is still in operation for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-:17-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> Some significant historic Ottoman hammams have also been preserved in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. Two of the major examples in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> are now part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Macedonia">National Gallery of Macedonia</a>: the Daut Pasha Hamam (built in the late 15th century) and the <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cifte_Hammam" title="Čifte Hammam">Čifte Hammam</a> (mid-15th century).<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> The city of <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, which was the most important city in the area during Ottoman rule, had eight baths in the mid-17th century when <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> visited.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Of these, only two have survived .<a href="#cite_note-:23-111">[110]</a> The best-preserved is the large <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plovdivbg.info/objects/chifte-banya-old-time-baths-a-contemporary-art-center/?lang=en">Chifte Banya</a> or Çifte Hamam (also known as the Ancient Bath), which now serves as an art gallery.<a href="#cite_note-:23-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> It was built in the 1460s, probably by <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sfendiyar_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="İsfendiyar Bey">Isfandiyaroğlu Ismail Bey</a>, the deposed ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Isfendiyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfendiyarids">Isfendiyarid Beylik</a> in Anatolia. It is one of the largest preserved Ottoman hammams in the Balkans and its decoration includes some <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg/250px-Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg/330px-Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg/500px-Torok_furdo_Budapest_Ganz_utca_PB010341-lev-1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Király Baths building on Ganz Street, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spas_in_Budapest" title="Spas in Budapest">'City of Spas'</a>, has four Turkish baths, all from the 16th century: <a href="/wiki/Rudas_Baths" title="Rudas Baths">Rudas Baths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kir%C3%A1ly_Baths" title="Király Baths">Király Baths</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1cz_Thermal_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Rácz Thermal Bath">Rácz Thermal Bath</a>, and Veli bej (Császár) Bath (reopened to the public in December 2012).<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Currently only Rudas and Veli bej are open to the public, Rácz was closed in 2003 while Király was closed in 2020 for renovations. <a href="/wiki/Eger" title="Eger">Eger</a> also has a working hammam, simply called Török Fürdő (Turkish Bath), from the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimea_(Ukraine)">Crimea (Ukraine)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Crimea (Ukraine)">edit</a>]</div> In Bakhchisarai, by order of the Crimean Khan Sahib I Geray, the Sarı-Güzel hamam was built in 1532.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hammams_in_Western_Europe">Hammams in Western Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hammams in Western Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Turkish_baths" title="Victorian Turkish baths">Victorian Turkish baths</a></div> Aside from Al-Andalus (the mainly Spanish and Portuguese parts of Europe which were Muslim ruled until 1492) modern Western Europe has no legacy of historic hammams. Nevertheless, derivatively named Hummums existed in London's <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a> in the first half of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Sweating and bathing facilities were located there for some part of that period and, at other times, coffee houses, hotels, and houses of ill repute <a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">(bagnios)</a> merged with, or replaced them, until a major fire destroyed them in 1768. But there have been no historic hammam structures in London which could have been considered part of the Islamic hammam tradition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_Isles_in_the_19th_century">The British Isles in the 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: The British Isles in the 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(1829)_MADDEN,_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%281829%29_MADDEN%2C_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg/120px-%281829%29_MADDEN%2C_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%281829%29_MADDEN%2C_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg/180px-%281829%29_MADDEN%2C_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%281829%29_MADDEN%2C_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg/240px-%281829%29_MADDEN%2C_Richard_Robert_in_Syrian_Costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>Madden, writer, in Syrian Costume</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_William_Lane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Edward_William_Lane.jpg/150px-Edward_William_Lane.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Edward_William_Lane.jpg/225px-Edward_William_Lane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Edward_William_Lane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Edward William Lane, orientalist, in costume</figcaption></figure>In the 19th century, readers of books in English were not ignorant of the existence of hammams, and there was no shortage of contemporary accounts describing what they were, and how travellers were fascinated by them. Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Robert_Madden" title="Richard Robert Madden">Richard Robert Madden</a> (in 1829),<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a> (in 1836),<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> and, in lighter vein, <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> (in 1846),<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> had described them in their books, though most were typically <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> in approach. In 1828, an anonymous (and still unknown) author self-published Strictures on the personal cleanliness of the English, with a description of the hammams of the Turks, &c.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> in a limited edition of 250 copies. It was distributed by the radical publisher of The Republican, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carlile" title="Richard Carlile">Richard Carlile</a>, who had realised that in Strictures the author was not denigrating the Turks in the manner of orientalist authors; on the contrary, he was positioning them as a people to be emulated, by describing customs which his readers should adopt themselves. The unknown author wrote that he had wanted "to erect baths at the expense of government in different parts of London, after the manner of the Roman thermæ, publicly endowed like hospitals for the use of the people," and that in 1818 he had unsuccessfully tried to interest George III in his project. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Urquhart_(1805-1877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/David_Urquhart_%281805-1877%29.jpg/170px-David_Urquhart_%281805-1877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/David_Urquhart_%281805-1877%29.jpg/255px-David_Urquhart_%281805-1877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/David_Urquhart_%281805-1877%29.jpg/340px-David_Urquhart_%281805-1877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="2023" /></a><figcaption>David Urquhart</figcaption></figure>In 1850, David Urquhart's travel book, The Pillars of Hercules, was published.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> This recounted his travels in Morocco and Spain in 1848. Two chapters described the hammams of Morocco and Turkey in considerable detail, and Urquhart became an advocate of what were then known in the English-speaking world as "Turkish baths" because those most often described in travel books were located in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Barter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Richard_Barter.jpg/250px-Richard_Barter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Richard_Barter.jpg/330px-Richard_Barter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Richard_Barter.jpg/500px-Richard_Barter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Dr Richard Barter</figcaption></figure>The book had no direct impact on the construction of a hammam until it was read in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barter_(physician)" title="Richard Barter (physician)">Dr Richard Barter</a>, an Irish physician and <a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">hydropathist</a>. Barter, to the consternation of orthodox hydropathists, was already using the vapour bath cabinet therapeutically at St Ann's, his hydropathic establishment near Cork. He immediately realised that the bath described by Urquhart was a major improvement on his vapour cabinets. He contacted Urquhart and offered him men, money, and materials, "besides a number of patients upon whom experiments might be made", if he would visit St Ann's, and build one for their use.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> This first experimental beehive-shaped bath was unsuccessful, mainly because it had not been possible to heat the air to the required high temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Recollections-126">[125]</a> This is the only documented 19th century attempt to build a hammam in Western Europe, after which the attempt was abandoned. Instead, Dr Barter sent his architect, also named <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barter_(sculptor)" title="Richard Barter (sculptor)">Richard Barter</a> but unrelated to him,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Recollections-126">[125]</a>: p.36  to Rome to study how the ancient thermae were constructed there. On his return he designed and supervised the building of what has become known as the first <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Turkish_baths" title="Victorian Turkish baths">Victorian Turkish bath</a>—a hot-air bath using hot dry air instead of the moist air of the hammam.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalfe1912-128">[127]</a> Back in England the following year (1857), Urquhart helped build the first such bath in Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> As a Turcophile, he argued strongly for calling the new bath a Turkish bath, though others unsuccessfully maintained that it should be called an Anglo-Roman bath,<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> or as in Germany and elsewhere, the Irish,<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> or Irish-Roman bath.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> But all future 19th century hot-air baths in the British Isles were either based on the Irish-Roman model or later, and then only occasionally towards the end of the century, on the Russian steam bath. After Barter's initial attempt, the hammam is not recorded as appearing again in Western Europe until after World War I. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France,_post_World_War_I">France, post World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: France, post World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_@_Paris_(31443486675).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_%40_Paris_%2831443486675%29.jpg/220px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_%40_Paris_%2831443486675%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_%40_Paris_%2831443486675%29.jpg/330px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_%40_Paris_%2831443486675%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_%40_Paris_%2831443486675%29.jpg/440px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris_%40_Paris_%2831443486675%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Grande Mosquée de Paris, rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 2016. The separate entrance through a tearoom leads to the hammam (on the left)</figcaption></figure>The first permanent mosque in modern France, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">La Grande Mosquée de Paris et Institut musulman</a>, was not opened till 1926. Covering an area of 7,500 square metres, it also includes a madrasa (school), library, conference hall and, beyond the Moorish gardens, an annexe housing a hammam and a tearoom with a direct entrance to the street. The building commemorates the many thousand Muslims who died fighting for France during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> It was built by architects Robert Fournez, Maurice Mantout, and Charles Heubès, following the plans of Maurice Tranchant de Lunel, General Inspector of Fine Arts in Morocco. Constructed in reinforced concrete, the decorative green tiles, earthenware, mosaics, and wrought iron work come from Maghreb countries, and were fitted by craft workers from there. In 1983, the building was inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>, the database of French monumental and architectural heritage, created and maintained by the French Ministry of Culture.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The hammam was originally open at separate times for men and women.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> It can be seen as it was in the mid-1960s, because it appears in a scene in Gérard Oury's French-British comedy film <a href="/wiki/La_Grande_Vadrouille" title="La Grande Vadrouille">La Grande Vadrouille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Bathers are shown being served drinks while reclining on long continuous cushioned platforms which are divided into cubicles by bead curtains. The cool wading pool in one of the hot rooms also appears. Some time after a major refurbishment in the 2010s, the hammam's admission policy changed. It appears that the mosque authorities now lease it to a private company which runs it, for women only, as a wellness centre with beauty treatments.<a href="#cite_note-137">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe,_post_World_War_II">Europe, post World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Europe, post World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammam,_Marseille_(France).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hammam%2C_Marseille_%28France%29.jpg/250px-Hammam%2C_Marseille_%28France%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hammam%2C_Marseille_%28France%29.jpg/330px-Hammam%2C_Marseille_%28France%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hammam%2C_Marseille_%28France%29.jpg/500px-Hammam%2C_Marseille_%28France%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>La Bastide des Bains, rue Sainte, Marseille (France)</figcaption></figure>The second half of the 20th century saw a new generation of war-weary, air-travelling holidaymakers returning from Turkey and other countries where they had discovered the hammam. But their discovery was not specifically seen as an extremely important part of Islamic culture, but as what had become, as a result of diminishing local use, a significant tourist leisure attraction. It was not long before baths based on the internal appearance of the hammam, with its central area and göbek tasi (belly-stone), started appearing in European hotels, health spas, and even as standalone hammam establishments. In Spain, for example, after nearly five centuries' absence, hammams are reappearing in cities such as Cordoba, Granada, Seville, and Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Drawing on centuries of mixed traditions, their signs in Spanish and English, they are promoting a new view of the hammam to a younger generation of bathers, thereby attracting both tourists and locals, a trend currently developing around the continent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_representations_of_the_hammam">Cultural representations of the hammam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cultural representations of the hammam">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> Within the Muslim world, hammams appeared in some artistic depictions such as <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniatures</a>, including the work of <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a> (or Bihzad).<a href="#cite_note-:052-5">[5]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihhzad_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bathhouse scene by Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, 1495"><img alt="Bathhouse scene by Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, 1495" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bihhzad_001.jpg/150px-Bihhzad_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bihhzad_001.jpg/225px-Bihhzad_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bihhzad_001.jpg/300px-Bihhzad_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1955" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bathhouse scene by <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a>, 1495</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Enderuni2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women's bath, illustration from Husein Fâzıl-i Enderuni's Zanan-Name, 18th century"><img alt="Women's bath, illustration from Husein Fâzıl-i Enderuni's Zanan-Name, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Enderuni2.jpg/250px-Enderuni2.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Enderuni2.jpg/330px-Enderuni2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="579" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women's bath, illustration from <a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBnlu_F%C3%A2z%C4%B1l" title="Enderûnlu Fâzıl">Husein Fâzıl-i Enderuni</a>'s Zanan-Name, 18th century</div> </li> </ul> In <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> art, especially in the context of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, the hammam is often portrayed as a place of sexual looseness, disinhibition and mystery. These Orientalist ideas paint the Arab or Turkish "<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">other</a>" as mystical and sensuous, lacking morality in comparison to their Western counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> A famous painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres">Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres</a>, Le Bain Turc ("<a href="/wiki/The_Turkish_Bath" title="The Turkish Bath">The Turkish Bath</a>"), depicts these spaces as magical and sexual. There are several women touching themselves or one another sensually, while some dance to music played by the woman in the centre of the painting. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Sleigh" title="Sylvia Sleigh">Sylvia Sleigh</a>, has painted a gender-reversal take on Ingres's painting. Her version also counters Ingres's orientalist fantasy brothel figures by using her husband and some of her friends as real life models in more realistic surroundings. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 579px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Hamam, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1870"><img alt="Le Hamam, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg/150px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg/225px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg/300px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Moorish_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Le Hamam, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerome_baigneuses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baigneuses, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, circa 1889"><img alt="Baigneuses, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, circa 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gerome_baigneuses.jpg/250px-Gerome_baigneuses.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gerome_baigneuses.jpg/330px-Gerome_baigneuses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="2950" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baigneuses, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, circa 1889</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Après le bain, by Jean-Léon Gérôme"><img alt="Après le bain, by Jean-Léon Gérôme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg/150px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg/225px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg/300px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_After_the_Bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Après le bain, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Bain_Turc,_by_Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres: The Turkish Bath, 1862 (Louvre, Paris)"><img alt="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres: The Turkish Bath, 1862 (Louvre, Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Le_Bain_Turc%2C_by_Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/250px-Le_Bain_Turc%2C_by_Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Le_Bain_Turc%2C_by_Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/330px-Le_Bain_Turc%2C_by_Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15556" data-file-height="15488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres: <a href="/wiki/The_Turkish_Bath" title="The Turkish Bath">The Turkish Bath</a>, 1862 (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sylvia Sleigh: The Turkish bath, 1972 (Smart Museum, University of Chicago)"><img alt="Sylvia Sleigh: The Turkish bath, 1972 (Smart Museum, University of Chicago)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg/150px-Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg/225px-Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg/300px-Sylvia_Sleigh-The_Turkish_Bath-1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="259" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sylvia Sleigh: The Turkish bath, 1972 (Smart Museum, University of Chicago)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Movies">edit</a>]</div> Turkish director <a href="/wiki/Ferzan_%C3%96zpetek" title="Ferzan Özpetek">Ferzan Özpetek</a>'s 1997 film <a href="/wiki/Hamam_(film)" title="Hamam (film)">Hamam</a> told the story of a man who inherited a hammam in Istanbul from his aunt, restored it and found a new life for himself in the process.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In Zélie Elkihel's 5 minute animation, Hammam, a French-Moroccan woman shares a memory of her first enlightening visit to a hammam when she was 12.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Visiting a hammam was very much a part of the Western tourist experience from the 18th century onwards and many travellers left accounts of what they had seen in the bathhouses. One such was the British diplomat's wife, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu" title="Lady Mary Wortley Montagu">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</a>, who visited a hammam in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> in 1717 and wrote about it in her Turkish Embassy Letters, first published in 1763.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> In 1836 another British woman, the traveller and novelist, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Pardoe" title="Julia Pardoe">Julia Pardoe</a>, left a description of taking part in the hammam ritual in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>/<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in her book The City of the Sultan and Domestic Manners of the Turks, published in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> In 1814 another wife of a British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Liston" title="Henrietta Liston">Henrietta Liston</a>, visited a hammam in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> and wrote about it in her belatedly published diary.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In her Romance of the Bosphorus, <a href="/wiki/Dorina_Neave" title="Dorina Neave">Dorina Clifton</a>, a British woman who grew up in Constantinople/Istanbul, left a rare account of a visit to a local hammam in <a href="/wiki/Kandilli,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Kandilli, Üsküdar">Kandilli</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosphorus</a> villages, before the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Several more contemporary accounts of using hammams in Turkey appeared in Tales from the Expat Harem, published in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gell%C3%A9rt_Baths" title="Gellért Baths">Gellért Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jjimjilbang" title="Jjimjilbang">Jjimjilbang</a>, the Korean equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Baths,_Gibraltar" title="Moorish Baths, Gibraltar">Moorish Baths, Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">sentō</a>, the Japanese equivalents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_shower" title="Steam shower">Steam shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> In these very brief descriptions of some Azerbaijani hammams, sources have not generally been given as they could not easily be checked; instead, links have been provided to those pages which do include them, and which have here been used. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hipparis.com/spa-therapy-navigating-paris-hammam-scene/">'Spa therapy: navigating Paris' hammam scene' Hip Paris. Retrieved 12 May 2024</a> is an illustrated account of a visit to the mosque's hammam made by the writer Badaude in 2021. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeteet2024" class="citation book cs1">Peteet, Julie (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYHgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">The Hammam through Time and Space</a>. Gender, Culture, and Politics in the Middle East. Syracuse University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815638322" title="Special:BookSources/9780815638322"><bdi>9780815638322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hammam+through+Time+and+Space&rft.series=Gender%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780815638322&rft.aulast=Peteet&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYHgEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. 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American Univ in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-243-5"><bdi>978-977-416-243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Hammams+of+Cairo%3A+A+Disappearing+Bathhouse+Culture&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-977-416-243-5&rft.aulast=Talmis%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Mayy&rft.au=Gandossi%2C+Eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErdoğanAlikTemel_Akarsu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Erdoğan, Nevnihal; Alik, Belma; Temel Akarsu, Hikmet (2018). "The Ottoman-Turkish Hamams in Urban History and Culture in Balkan Countries". 14th International Conference in "Standardization, Prototypes, and Quality: A Means of Balkan Countries' Collaboration": 93–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=14th+International+Conference+in+%22Standardization%2C+Prototypes%2C+and+Quality%3A+A+Means+of+Balkan+Countries%27+Collaboration%22&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman-Turkish+Hamams+in+Urban+History+and+Culture+in+Balkan+Countries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Erdo%C4%9Fan&rft.aufirst=Nevnihal&rft.au=Alik%2C+Belma&rft.au=Temel+Akarsu%2C+Hikmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReinhart1990" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhart, A. Kevin (August 1990). "Impurity/No Danger". History of Religions. 30 (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463212">10.1086/463212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Impurity%2FNo+Danger&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463212&rft.aulast=Reinhart&rft.aufirst=A.+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhazali1975" class="citation book cs1">Ghazali, Abu Hammid (1975). The Mysteries of Purity: Being a Translation with Notes of the Kitāb Asrār Al-ṭahārah of Al-Ghazzāli's Iḥyāʼ ʻulūm Al-dīn. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysteries+of+Purity%3A+Being+a+Translation+with+Notes+of+the+Kit%C4%81b+Asr%C4%81r+Al-%E1%B9%ADah%C4%81rah+of+Al-Ghazz%C4%81li%27s+I%E1%B8%A5y%C4%81%CA%BC+%CA%BBul%C5%ABm+Al-d%C4%ABn&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Muhammad+Ashraf&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ghazali&rft.aufirst=Abu+Hammid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhazali1975" class="citation book cs1">Ghazali, Abu Hammid (1975). The Mysteries of Purity: Being a Translation with Notes of the Kitāb Asrār Al-ṭahārah of Al-Ghazzāli's Iḥyāʼ ʻulūm Al-dīn. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysteries+of+Purity%3A+Being+a+Translation+with+Notes+of+the+Kit%C4%81b+Asr%C4%81r+Al-%E1%B9%ADah%C4%81rah+of+Al-Ghazz%C4%81li%27s+I%E1%B8%A5y%C4%81%CA%BC+%CA%BBul%C5%ABm+Al-d%C4%ABn&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Muhammad+Ashraf&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ghazali&rft.aufirst=Abu+Hammid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouhdiba2013" class="citation book cs1">Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab (2013). Sexuality in Islam. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203706916">10.4324/9780203706916</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-03038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-03038-4"><bdi>978-1-135-03038-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+in+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203706916&rft.isbn=978-1-135-03038-4&rft.aulast=Bouhdiba&rft.aufirst=Abdelwahab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_2003-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_2003_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_2003_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephAfsaneh_Najmabadi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suad_Joseph" title="Suad Joseph">Joseph, Suad</a>; Afsaneh Najmabadi (2003). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Women_and_Islamic_Cultures" title="Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures">Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures</a>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+%26+Islamic+Cultures&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Suad&rft.au=Afsaneh+Najmabadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNkrumah2009" class="citation news cs1">Nkrumah, Gamal (23 July 2009). "Tales from the Hammam". Al-Ahram Weekly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly&rft.atitle=Tales+from+the+Hammam&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.aulast=Nkrumah&rft.aufirst=Gamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYılmazkaya2005" class="citation book cs1">Yılmazkaya, Orhan (2005). Turkish Baths: A Light onto a Tradition and Culture. Istanbul: Çitlembik Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9756663806" title="Special:BookSources/978-9756663806"><bdi>978-9756663806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Baths%3A+A+Light+onto+a+Tradition+and+Culture&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=%C3%87itlembik+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9756663806&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1lmazkaya&rft.aufirst=Orhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> discusses occasional licentious activity </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Richard Boggs, Hammaming in the Sham: A Journey Through the Turkish Baths of Damascus, Aleppo and Beyond, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859643256" title="Special:BookSources/1859643256">1859643256</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uoMH_psyizoC&pg=PT161">p. 161</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Russell_(naturalist)" title="Alexander Russell (naturalist)">Alexander Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Aleppo" title="The Natural History of Aleppo">The Natural History of Aleppo</a>, 1756, 2nd edition, 1794, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtTkC5ek_a8C&pg=PT134">p. 134-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilitoPatricia_Geesey1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kilito, Abdelfettah; Patricia Geesey (1992). "Architecture and the Sacred: A Season in the Hamam". Research in African Literatures. 23 (2): 203–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+African+Literatures&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+the+Sacred%3A+A+Season+in+the+Hamam&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kilito&rft.aufirst=Abdelfettah&rft.au=Patricia+Geesey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaats1994" class="citation journal cs1">Staats, Valerie (1994). "Ritual, Strategy, or Convention: Social Meanings in the Traditional Women's Baths in Morocco". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 14 (3): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3346678">10.2307/3346678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346678">3346678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Ritual%2C+Strategy%2C+or+Convention%3A+Social+Meanings+in+the+Traditional+Women%27s+Baths+in+Morocco&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3346678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346678%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Staats&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaats1994" class="citation journal cs1">Staats, Valerie (1994). "Ritual, Strategy, or Convention: Social Meanings in the Traditional Women's Baths in Morocco". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 14 (3): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3346678">10.2307/3346678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346678">3346678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Ritual%2C+Strategy%2C+or+Convention%3A+Social+Meanings+in+the+Traditional+Women%27s+Baths+in+Morocco&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3346678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346678%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Staats&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouhdiba2008" class="citation book cs1">Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab (2008) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIRsgQ5639oC&dq=hammam+homosexuality&pg=PA167">Sexuality in Islam</a>. Routledge. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135030377" title="Special:BookSources/9781135030377"><bdi>9781135030377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexuality+in+Islam&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135030377&rft.aulast=Bouhdiba&rft.aufirst=Abdelwahab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIRsgQ5639oC%26dq%3Dhammam%2Bhomosexuality%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Jarrod (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJQrcxq2TPcC&dq=hammam+homosexuality&pg=PA65">Queer Nations: Marginal Sexualities in the Maghreb</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32105-9"><bdi>978-0-226-32105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Nations%3A+Marginal+Sexualities+in+the+Maghreb&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32105-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJQrcxq2TPcC%26dq%3Dhammam%2Bhomosexuality%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPasi̇n2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pasi̇n, Burkay (14 November 2016). "A Critical Reading Of The Ottoman-Turkish Hammam As A Representational Space Of Sexuality". METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. 33 (2): 121–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4305%2Fmetu.jfa.2016.2.9">10.4305/metu.jfa.2016.2.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11511%2F50673">11511/50673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=METU+Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Architecture&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Reading+Of+The+Ottoman-Turkish+Hammam+As+A+Representational+Space+Of+Sexuality&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11511%2F50673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4305%2Fmetu.jfa.2016.2.9&rft.aulast=Pasi%CC%87n&rft.aufirst=Burkay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGermen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Germen, Baran (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18573%2Fipics.76">"Of Parks and Hamams: Queer Heterotopias in the Age of Neoliberal Modernity and the Gay Citizen"</a>. 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London: Virago. pp. 57–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853816795" title="Special:BookSources/1853816795"><bdi>1853816795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkish+Embassy+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Virago&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1853816795&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Lady+Mary+Wortley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPardoe1838" class="citation book cs1">Pardoe, Julia (1838). The City of the Sultan and Domestic Manners of the Turks (2nd ed.). London: Henry Colburn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+the+Sultan+and+Domestic+Manners+of+the+Turks&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Pardoe&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Henrietta Liston's Travels: The Turkish Journals, 1812-1820 (1st ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2020. pp. 178–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474467360" title="Special:BookSources/9781474467360"><bdi>9781474467360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henrietta+Liston%27s+Travels%3A+The+Turkish+Journals%2C+1812-1820&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781474467360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeave1949" class="citation book cs1">Neave, Dorina Lady (1949). Romance of the Bosphorus (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson. pp. 37–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romance+of+the+Bosphorus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Neave&rft.aufirst=Dorina+Lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Tales from the Expat Harem: Foreign Women in Modern Turkey (1st ed.). Istanbul: Doğan Kitap. 2005. pp. 105–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9752933726" title="Special:BookSources/9752933726"><bdi>9752933726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+the+Expat+Harem%3A+Foreign+Women+in+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Do%C4%9Fan+Kitap&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9752933726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeunierTyckaert2005" class="citation cs2">Meunier, Pascal; Tyckaert, Maud (2005), Hammams, Paris: Dakota, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84640-148-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84640-148-9"><bdi>2-84640-148-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hammams&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Dakota&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-84640-148-9&rft.aulast=Meunier&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Tyckaert%2C+Maud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeteet2024" class="citation cs2">Peteet, Julie (2024), The hammam through time and space (Gender, culture, and politics in the Middle East), Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3832-2"><bdi>978-0-8156-3832-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hammam+through+time+and+space+%28Gender%2C+culture%2C+and+politics+in+the+Middle+East%29&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3832-2&rft.aulast=Peteet&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYılmazkaya2006" class="citation book cs1">Yılmazkaya, Orhan (2006). A Light Onto a Tradition and Culture: Turkish Baths, a Guide to the Historic Turkish Baths of Istanbul. Çitlembik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-6663-80-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-6663-80-6"><bdi>978-975-6663-80-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Light+Onto+a+Tradition+and+Culture%3A+Turkish+Baths%2C+a+Guide+to+the+Historic+Turkish+Baths+of+Istanbul&rft.pub=%C3%87itlembik&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-975-6663-80-6&rft.aulast=Y%C4%B1lmazkaya&rft.aufirst=Orhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHammam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammam&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hammams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hammams">Hammams</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Palin" title="Michael Palin">Michael Palin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ij8YuHIpOjw">at Turkish baths in Istanbul – BBC</a> (From <a href="/wiki/Pole_to_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole to Pole">Pole to Pole</a>) uploaded by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Worldwide" title="BBC Worldwide">BBC Worldwide</a> to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Ilkhanid architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Ilkhanid architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art#Architecture_and_urbanism" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(For overview, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_lodge" title="Sufi lodge">Sufi lodge</a> (khanqah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/20px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28077#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata938" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28077#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata938" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28077#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/828755/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4311646-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012352">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135571264">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135571264">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284632805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050843451">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nudity482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nudity" title="Template:Nudity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nudity" title="Template talk:Nudity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nudity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nudity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nudity482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nakedness and clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nudity" title="History of nudity">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">Prehistory of nakedness and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakedness_and_colonialism" title="Nakedness and colonialism">Nakedness and colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_nudity" title="Childhood nudity">Childhood nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_religion" title="Nudity in religion">Nudity in religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public" title="Breastfeeding in public">Breastfeeding in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">Toplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom" title="Topfreedom">Topfreedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_toplessness_in_Canada" title="Female toplessness in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_toplessness_in_the_United_States" title="Female toplessness in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_protest" title="Nudity and protest">Nudity and protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Clothing laws by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_sexuality" title="Nudity and sexuality">Nudity and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">Intimate part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mooning" title="Mooning">Mooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking" title="Streaking">Streaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">Stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_stripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist stripper">Feminist stripper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasyrma" title="Anasyrma">Anasyrma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candaulism" title="Candaulism">Candaulism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_social_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Issues in social nudity">Issues in social nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexualization" title="Sexualization">Sexualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornification" title="Pornification">Pornification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction" title="Wardrobe malfunction">Wardrobe malfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">Strip search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturist_resort" title="Naturist resort">Naturist resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_naturism" title="Christian naturism">Christian naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur">Freikörperkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_naturism" title="Gay naturism">Gay naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosophy" title="Gymnosophy">Gymnosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturist_magazines" title="Category:Naturist magazines">Naturist magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_organizations" title="List of social nudity organizations">Social nudity organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Anarchist naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_social_nudity" title="Timeline of social nudity">Timeline of social nudity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">Nude recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_beach" title="Nude beach">Nude beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming" title="Nude swimming">Nude swimming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming_in_US_indoor_pools" title="Nude swimming in US indoor pools">Nude swimming classes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_party" title="Naked party">Naked party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_wedding" title="Nude wedding">Nude wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nude_beaches" title="Category:Nude beaches">Nude beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing-optional_events" title="Category:Clothing-optional events">Clothing-optional events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_social_nudity_is_practised" title="List of places where social nudity is practised">By location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Africa" title="List of social nudity places in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Asia" title="List of social nudity places in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Europe" title="List of social nudity places in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_North_America" title="List of social nudity places in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in Seattle">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Oceania" title="List of social nudity places in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_South_America" title="List of social nudity places in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_nudity_advocates" title="Category:Social nudity advocates">Social nudity advocates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Barthel" title="Kurt Barthel">Kurt Barthel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Baxandall" title="Lee Baxandall">Lee Baxandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bindrim" title="Paul Bindrim">Paul Bindrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilsley_Boone" title="Ilsley Boone">Ilsley Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Huntington" title="Henry S. Huntington">Henry S. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor" title="Heinrich Pudor">Heinrich Pudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_Raymond_Shaw" title="Elton Raymond Shaw">Elton Raymond Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ungewitter" title="Richard Ungewitter">Richard Ungewitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">Depictions of nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">Nude (art)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_nude_in_art" title="History of the nude in art">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Nude modeling (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nude photography (art)">Nude photography (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_live_performance" title="Nudity in live performance">Nudity in live performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_painting" title="Body painting">Body painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">Nudity in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_American_television" title="Nudity in American television">Nudity in American television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudity in music videos">Nudity in music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_print_media" title="Nudity in print media">Nudity in print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Nudity in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic photography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagery_of_nude_celebrities" title="Imagery of nude celebrities">Imagery of nude celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_calendar" title="Nude calendar">Nude calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_News" title="Naked News">Naked News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_combat" title="Nudity in combat">Nudity in combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_clause" title="Nudity clause">Nudity clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_psychotherapy" title="Nude psychotherapy">Nude psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nudity" title="Category:Nudity">Category</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nudity" title="Portal:Nudity">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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