CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913413bd4a0c9e2f',cH: 'VJYxUTlXLEhBR8Ls25nm2h88rbN5LKIWpLFpqKbwEqU-1739777479-1.2.1.1-RaRc6sOBfJX3exo16MxFC2vo8oPTKuLvOL0s3SKJJhZceCDhvYW3RXpnDJfVs1TA',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=bio-electrochemical&__cf_chl_tk=sQRhUi1exsuxIv6JbXAPzgImQ4Y1ZKQGGWMPHNSczyo-1739777479-1.0.1.1-LtEq3PXJ2btY55.gxVz0JVg81TWTKei0Pjy2yhOxJEo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777479',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=bio-electrochemical&__cf_chl_f_tk=sQRhUi1exsuxIv6JbXAPzgImQ4Y1ZKQGGWMPHNSczyo-1739777479-1.0.1.1-LtEq3PXJ2btY55.gxVz0JVg81TWTKei0Pjy2yhOxJEo",md: "OFxmMVwBVFN59S4st0QAhM_A2xgdbxKVvESbFswar8k-1739777479-1.2.1.1-PaHCXQSlmnBnhxuNuJ1uVHRdQyWvT9dxfEeZhIhkPcpRBvqizz_oZbTXjAzizLCTIsqJng_AbZAPBX3WNXpcGPPPdjDU9N8B0Ko1bWORkKdIh9rUEH_CJjnkPguJjBSwoBwxaHwqRpl8w2KEblY9_3aAgnULDVTIp04xe5Xm7gy1POUZuIxnKM_w4AHGlRoZW7ni8tRp2YuyReGIIVXXY2tjypcxRZv37e81y_M5Sr_CxuNdcythm26kaHTalV0jN4HSGDtDjUvrHVivqhrppN91K2tHpfSblRjelldSd55vfZPh6ymuYIEweSTXI906PAQb6ERHqXE90GL2JZlmbPxy0HzCjIiRbHzu953Ew6NmipBkiA4hiMHHg9gL4CqwNcYRsg_kM2BnlxaFHK1MjquYHjMRaDEAEejY3NHVi5gThauZb_RQFugNwmsm2ZM1r7neQQ9pw.kPSrwGdn8Y5Xm..uIr1MVenfMIYyo9VEJTpcHMyj1T2anUIUlvrDpaRpJB9hKCQbcTOfZZNhiTZl5A9c4vFRtH.ObNEhs3tTWvL4JrK5j3NN_._Bfn2jlGvjMiLqGLTVvScId7DwKdU0TQNFNQVVkgvXi7MEcbshSxbrCn2NXFqd3XiKZR9aKfak7lmO_OpaUdOHAATvW0apZUwjXfCo2Xo0fiPIfXSeY_sso0TbAZKBjfUIhtBXRiK5YCmd8uJUynwAXwL6IWI6fk6PNaTX4Cls934E_nHVOGiU8tTrWmr73_glI08isKrWj5uOA7SUHbVJCeLIrozl7gfWreAauJMDErCR3z9tv_wvL9Xdc2loOpsanIukGn_6B4aeic19J.AQMVuuwOPsJO7R0lgCFZpRgMKf5yn8Tkn14oMgGYnu83eVpl39co9oFW9guoqiXoVJ7vkYvktwqCfnQRkybOcin33H09NE5bwU2zM33WHUeXR8ZL_jJpOaxP45p0sS9xNmIU2zvXa03mATNUExEo5yiQloI.FJ8K3X138nFayZrWuDP9VHO_6ilQmeo_JsJL5nY8RVoDsv3xIYAKBuQi57rcDb6QVrTxWrI37bw2m7YChD0BROmnmjd.OX2yHrBUNs5eIouXmu73GpWq8GhStuSD_nfnG2EFkdppp36q7Lc0UGt5FKIofl5laMDPLcJygCrU8Wb2bFPXJAHU9ZKC8ppub2YPeJr6fKFR7mYUQ.dON0xcsxT86n0USkgpKBxdARCstxf09WVZNqFXM7UdVuiFuu6mrSPtqRk_R_7.Ct0ApYYy4pEq8BZWigBFU9Ej_nxr1SB99SaiWAJV7Vw8JnX9PVZhvY0qJMGlcQksmwPYUPo5nXFgDNKEUgs0JEBvA1Gl8GKPtnhrJg_tdXTHZCRvpM9S5diepcfU0x.pqS1tupmn1htr6Pnho0UDgXrJ5hSIvQ5AheZuuNoYZ_gQkuLT3pZJK4N4pPsDZxx0AwrRhmUvWk_MCoAKfLYCb5eaM5ND4BE6x8dAvu1YPstivyp9q2f2K1G5RmQOn4lggnJca0medyQeLhX5aSNnMCVNPVraCE.JUvWRxUBGq3thdUVCcvbQTax2eX.5v3azu9bUyEbg.yPYh_e3l9DRLvMJ51thd56dM0S.KoekCJP.LBT3_HfOmdaEVculDUqKjKMt13x76ggVIjXG34Ex6svEgD78gPwz8A4vbjMuB5Ykr1CBt.XFK5dkN6iPUBuwyQ6mkgZK0nkv9ztTnareRL4RaD8ixiUI1ui8n.X92mavJUyu9lz41vWv59srlqAbXg2uYQ_G_ROgrEWLqKiwo1IYT9RSli.O70Gwo3CyaZqDc5JZhVMrzj.XXHudWG29.NN8ZRtDkfDjzysPeBCQTDtcELgpbGDGvFpnZzGex7SzNI8FCcOyYun4pb.ociZy33iBmifnY4aDAfinWAjYg3LnG0OcNnDqSKkE64mQsNp4sD.ALO6HI_0",mdrd: "yzr.xaU63GdIbfruaezLG9zf0LT00gPUJsjxcrHcc9A-1739777479-1.2.1.1-7S3EqUQv_cF_Ef.TbBEVwGSHAkO4PRyCi6rlyvX_UnQLUO.NoCwUH5Y_C58Ivw.uU.QThN1PlXaAL4_faxnBDk0Zgu2CK2_8cURmZ__tBBVX_AOY99xjPENMdvN0j8oLFVnI.B9dg_7b3HTkUVwgSaKCZWpi8yTY.TVKdEUuh85IgBUv_j5KIe43.eqDRzrwc7cV23TcJlmiHTooUyISPvH.53yly240HA_npG8ghnsKE_H.LhSoveYlaw.hP7TPWi058MgjxqAtFcoZw88EU8Kn_AaVFT3e6uYRDq5V.MiETIBLWcoTz8qHWoqWaLUTTvLCcpy8e1oGTutwt22xYzWSu2_MRRar.zPhmurojUPkcM.cl22bq6foPF6PnPXSvIsU04vSRaOfFgZnArU1j2S9nxLPKXFXnIk80PlG2W2vRAO63YziH_zQDoxRXuD4mjIrBbe8PUDWzMqN61HQzTgzE_EkiNeup0RpBRRmPraVxzOltcGylNR4FgPEVzeXcd.VYZmRGLTkry9Lw1vwVOVmkkkrPlCOgvTbeufpOUCWBe5f1a6Z6xWjwcTmdVK25YbLMLJX5NzNFg3iecWjxp_X.mckDNEV26MXLo9NxsJRQA95.mV6rz0mqtP_vDUqHVLYVwpPtiAML6klnbdO6hJVaC345p2sCHYyhVbikEvWrgR2Qc7MbNqHZwyFN0b2AW65kAct2cWCzr1k2fF6FdegIEWFdYsFTdbRU4oGhT5Fe.wFMsM064KolXznrgvzgbZ4AgUXCm20LV_38s5Hqej2DxiRLdFINV_hrUkKIRa0I5dVgRNonSLIpRF8HNRf_WHZZYeujvUHR5Q227dEEga3Cmzx_9A0IUqOGfw0qoZAOgOGsrF3YF5Pm5bt1A3DtApwCMKiWH4E.B7oV0NkB2Kw4pqacJ_J6AjtcfaaHe_fIvGO9NgGdpxxq4wh6rkO8NYrHXRvtC8VLbV5Xkj3qITY0yxFrVU9Kp.JIpDvlr_R.miA1J6wZbhCi260AhOD1rHty6W_.HN7kN9pDCrI7v8XU7xzoadJ6yP3zHvFfiJAHusA3fOwELht.9bTTKvhBTlt.18HCjHyE0ONyhNZxy4KpUKimoCtimsNt7kqe9Or_KpVezUHSaj_1OaSCQgf12wu6pYi25ABjSjUjPkSA6_J9K_f7qa8oToHdKYS.drRzcRs1vLgax206YmCNX_k5vH96vpafC7W09Q2zo99.wV85yT3jV3rheUmq2fR9P_QtYS5tbXjP8o7VtxZNztPhGt3cERu6R3CnWde8qjeCpj5UuWLsFwYzhHDOZ_WBJAm33MbTAoSQbvAVULl_Jgfv5ngWKvFREu.0vj9r.MXfC.ysyMC3OltgZvzvd6wKwF5jZT7B26JrhwW17Nam.downQxfxWkjdZFk.EebZ1lTr1jc4r.Rztbz06.M7khafOeEdioqlt8HcckvsuGeCGZ4AnOxSCVPBsdQjx1HwRhK8OEHQ35qa9L2ykbR25E8n.DDaI..EHyk_6d2FuDQfi4UPXM3_tsinU5wf268DzwhP0e_uYhlCF1qRyzEY_XsFWcmtqLqfS6L1Avj9fp.qKxRgMeVJ_TiHCF5bEHOqIRXBEl6ks2uBg6R1Uu91tOixzs2rDb25VVdtdAm0MFMDdX9SuRqVXDSjFF.5H3Ib3iXRZ04cHVUQIc7UyX7RpUlrmX1B35xPwW_oTWjxCslKQsT4rycjBn4Sc3pcNb8xUV3vPm1KdK4SYo8wuQ2RZUeLuY_ZzyS7.XONuLPcVwyhPaCm7yxajLNNmASp68HYn.1a26x2g8Qfz9B7guANS1VjYDN15ZLwn.3QE3BXYWCSVSnXxN2dBkB07Y.pZ16NFZ8lnGb4kZ8t089mZJ0DF7f9Tap0VdphysoKaogXMXWZOipONod0gHqG2B5t1HrvYZ_YacZPyZ520a49_0jMiJfYp_At_xwAbkb5WhKHk1QaU6"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913413bd4a0c9e2f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=bio-electrochemical&__cf_chl_rt_tk=sQRhUi1exsuxIv6JbXAPzgImQ4Y1ZKQGGWMPHNSczyo-1739777479-1.0.1.1-LtEq3PXJ2btY55.gxVz0JVg81TWTKei0Pjy2yhOxJEo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>