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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_eskualdearen_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_eskualdearen_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historia eskualdearen arabera </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia_eskualdearen_arabera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia eskualdearen arabera azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Historia_eskualdearen_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mendebaldeko_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mendebaldeko_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Mendebaldeko filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mendebaldeko_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antzinaroa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antzinaroa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Antzinaroa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antzinaroa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erdi_Aroa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdi_Aroa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Erdi Aroa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erdi_Aroa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aro_Modernoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aro_Modernoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Aro Modernoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aro_Modernoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euskal_pentsamendua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euskal_pentsamendua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Euskal pentsamendua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euskal_pentsamendua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekialde_Hurbileko_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekialde_Hurbileko_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Ekialde Hurbileko filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekialde_Hurbileko_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filosofia_aurre-islamiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_aurre-islamiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Filosofia aurre-islamiarra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_aurre-islamiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia_islamiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_islamiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Filosofia islamiarra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_islamiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekialdeko_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekialdeko_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Ekialdeko filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekialdeko_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indiar_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indiar_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Indiar filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indiar_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia_budista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_budista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Filosofia budista </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_budista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekialdeko_Asiako_filosofiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekialdeko_Asiako_filosofiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Ekialdeko Asiako filosofiak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekialdeko_Asiako_filosofiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrikako_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrikako_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Afrikako filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrikako_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ameriketako_kolonaurreko_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ameriketako_kolonaurreko_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Ameriketako kolonaurreko filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ameriketako_kolonaurreko_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofiaren_adarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofiaren_adarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Filosofiaren adarrak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filosofiaren_adarrak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Filosofiaren adarrak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Filosofiaren_adarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Estetika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Etika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Epistemologia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metafisika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metafisika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Metafisika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metafisika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Logika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adimena_eta_hizkuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adimena_eta_hizkuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Adimena eta hizkuntza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adimena_eta_hizkuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zientziaren_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zientziaren_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Zientziaren filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zientziaren_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia_politikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_politikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Filosofia politikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_politikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erlijioaren_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erlijioaren_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Erlijioaren filosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erlijioaren_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metafilosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metafilosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Metafilosofia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metafilosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emakumeak_filosofian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emakumeak_filosofian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Emakumeak filosofian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emakumeak_filosofian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oharrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oharrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Oharrak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oharrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bibliografia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ikus, gainera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Filosofia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 236 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – acehnera" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%93" title="ፍልስፍና – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍልስፍና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA%C3%B0witegung" title="Ūðwitegung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ūðwitegung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="فلسفة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="لفلسفة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لفلسفة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দৰ্শন – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দৰ্শন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakopa" title="Trakopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Trakopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lup%27intawi" title="Lup'intawi – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lup'intawi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Fəlsəfə – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Фәлсәфә – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәлсәфә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosuop%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Filosuopėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Filosuopėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pilosopiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філасофія – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філасофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філязофія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філязофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsapat" title="Pilsapat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pilsapat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သဘာဝတ္ထဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သဘာဝတ္ထဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দর্শন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prederouriezh" title="Prederouriezh – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prederouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүн ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүн ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9k-h%C5%8Fk" title="Diék-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diék-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Философи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pilosopiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AC%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%A8%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95" title="فەلسەفە – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie" title="Filozofie – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofij%C3%B4" title="Filozofijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Filozofijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Философи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athroniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Felsefe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Falsafah" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλοσοφία – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλοσοφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%AE" title="Filosofî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Filosofî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heimspeki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofii" title="Filosofii – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Filosofii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofy" title="Filosofy – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filosofy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feals%C3%BAnacht" title="Fealsúnacht – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fealsúnacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哲學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozofi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feallsanachd" title="Feallsanachd – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Feallsanachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupykuaaty" title="Arandupykuaaty – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arandupykuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloosopia" title="Piloosopia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Piloosopia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallsoonys" title="Fallsoonys – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fallsoonys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Falsafa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Chet-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chet-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פילוסופיה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दर्शनशास्त्र – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दर्शनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Filozofi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Filozófia – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Filozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փիլիսոփայություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փիլիսոփայութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիլիսոփայութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia" title="Philosophia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philosophia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – interlinguea" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlinguea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k%E1%BB%8D_na_Uche" title="Ákọ na Uche – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ákọ na Uche" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopia" title="Pilosopia – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pilosopia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Философи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filozofio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%B1%E1%92%AA%E1%93%95%E1%90%85%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ – inuitera" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuitera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filasafi" title="Filasafi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Filasafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pijyske" title="pijyske – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pijyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილოსოფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Filosofiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelseft" title="Tafelseft – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafelseft" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofii" title="Filozofii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Filozofii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyenfilosofi" title="Lyenfilosofi – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lyenfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuunerup_isumalerineq" title="Inuunerup isumalerineq – groenlandiera" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Inuunerup isumalerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ទស្សនវិជ្ជា – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទស្សនវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="철학 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Felsefe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofieth" title="Filosofieth – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Filosofieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia" title="Philosophia – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof%C3%AEa" title="Filozofîa – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Filozofîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusufia" title="Filusufia – lombardiera" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Filusufia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ປັດຊະຍາ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປັດຊະຍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofija" title="Filosofija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fia" title="Filôzôfia – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filôzôfia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Философий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Философий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофија – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തത്ത്വശാസ്ത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തത്ത്വശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүн ухаан – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүн ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯟ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Falsafah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofija" title="Filosofija – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Filosofija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဒဿနိကဗေဒ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒဿနိကဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Эрямо койтнень содамо – erziera" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эрямо койтнень содамо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesefie" title="Filesefie – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Filesefie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दर्शनशास्त्र – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दर्शनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A5%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%A5%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C" title="ߥߘߋ߬ߥߘߋ߬ߟߌ – n’koera" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߥߘߋ߬ߥߘߋ߬ߟߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’koera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoufii" title="Filosoufii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Filosoufii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marraaga" title="Marraaga – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Marraaga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਦਰਸ਼ਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਰਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya – pangasinanera" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Filosofiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ACa" title="Filosofìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Filosofìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فلاسفی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلاسفی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλοσοφία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Φιλοσοφία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachay_wayllukuy" title="Yachay wayllukuy – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yachay wayllukuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філозофія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Філозофія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi – kinyaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Filozofi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तत्त्वज्ञानम् – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusuf%C3%ACa" title="Filusufìa – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filusufìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88" title="فلسفو – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلسفو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiija" title="Filosofiija – iparraldeko samiera" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Filosofiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko samiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAnd%C3%A2ndar%C3%A4" title="Sêndândarä – sangoa" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêndândarä" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sangoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taflsuft" title="Taflsuft – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taflsuft" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දර්ශනය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දර්ශනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="فلسفہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugondamano" title="Ugondamano – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ugondamano" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtimaal" title="Murtimaal – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Murtimaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофија – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_denki" title="Sabi fu denki – sranan tongoa" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu denki" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – hegoaldeko sothoera" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="hegoaldeko sothoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Falsafa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மெய்யியல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="తత్వం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filisofia" title="Filisofia – tetuma" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Filisofia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetuma" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Фалсафа – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фалсафа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ปรัชญา – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรัชญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi%C3%BDa" title="Filosofiýa – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Filosofiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilosopiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Fəlsəfə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopi" title="Pilosopi – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pilosopi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Felsefe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-vuhleketi" title="Ntivo-vuhleketi – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-vuhleketi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Фәлсәфә – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәлсәфә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%95" title="پەلسەپە – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەلسەپە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філософія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="فلسفہ – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Falsafa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%82ozofia" title="Fiłozofia – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiłozofia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofii" title="Filosofii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Filosofii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Triết học – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosop" title="Filosop – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Filosop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofeye" title="Filozofeye – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Filozofeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Filosofiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeltu" title="Xeltu – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xeltu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哲學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifilosofi" title="Ifilosofi – xhosera" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifilosofi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosera" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილოსოფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פילאסאפיע – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פילאסאפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cm%C3%B2ye" title="Ìmòye – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìmòye" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwzyoz" title="Cwzyoz – zhuangera" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuangera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哲学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B9%BE" title="通幾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通幾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiat-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiat-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiat-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / 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Egin klik hemen informazio gehiagorako." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Auguste_Rodin_-_Grubleren_2005-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Auguste_Rodin_-_Grubleren_2005-02.jpg/250px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Grubleren_2005-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Auguste_Rodin_-_Grubleren_2005-02.jpg/500px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Grubleren_2005-02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1915" /></a><figcaption>Pentsalaria, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodinen</a> eskultura (1880-82): hausnarketan murgildutako gizonaren betiereko irudikapena.</figcaption></figure> Filosofia (<a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grezierazko</a> φιλος -filos- eta σοφος -sophos- hitzetatik, "jakintzaren maitasuna") gai orokor eta funtsezkoen azterketa sistematizatua da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Existentzia" title="Existentzia">existentziari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrazoi" title="Arrazoi">arrazoiari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezagutza" title="Ezagutza">ezagutzari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Balio">balioei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adimen" title="Adimen">adimenari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hizkuntza" title="Hizkuntza">hizkuntzari</a> buruzkoak<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>. Galdera horiek askotan aztertu edo konpondu beharreko arazo gisa planteatzen dira<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>. Iturri batzuen arabera, terminoa <a href="/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras">Pitagorasek</a> sortu zuen (k.a. 570 - k.a. 495)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>, nahiz eta teoria hau batzuek eztabaidatzen duten<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metodo_filosofiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metodo filosofiko (sortu gabe)">Metodo filosofikoek</a> <a href="/wiki/Zalantza" title="Zalantza">zalantzan</a> jartzea, <a href="/wiki/Metodo_sokratiko" title="Metodo sokratiko">eztabaida kritikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialektika" title="Dialektika">argudio arrazionala</a> eta aurkezpen sistematikoa barne hartzen dituzte<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>. Historikoki, filosofiak jakintza guztiak biltzen zituen, eta filosofo deitzen zitzaion hura praktikatzen zuenari. "<a href="/wiki/Filosofia_natural" title="Filosofia natural">Filosofia naturala</a>", antzinako Indian eta Antzinako Grezian diziplina bezala hasi zena, <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> barnebiltzen zituen<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>. Adibidez, 1687ko <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newtonen</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">filosofia naturalaren printzipio matematikoak</a> geroago fisika-liburu gisa sailkatu ziren. XIX. mendean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikerketa-unibertsitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikerketa-unibertsitate (sortu gabe)">ikerketa-unibertsitate</a> modernoen hazkundeak filosofia akademikoa eta beste diziplina batzuk <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_garaikide" title="Filosofia garaikide">profesionalizatzera</a> eta espezializatzera eraman zituen<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>. Harrezkero, tradizionalki filosofiaren parte ziren hainbat ikerketa-arlo diziplina akademiko bereizi bihurtu dira, zehazki <a href="/wiki/Gizarte-zientzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizarte-zientzia">gizarte-zientziak</a>, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">psikologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soziologia" title="Soziologia">soziologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizkuntzalaritza" title="Hizkuntzalaritza">hizkuntzalaritza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia">ekonomia</a>. Gaur egun, filosofia akademikoaren azpieremu nagusiak hauek dira: <a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">metafisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existentzia" title="Existentzia">existentziaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Errealitate" title="Errealitate">errealitatearen</a> funtsezko izaeraz arduratzen dena; <a href="/wiki/Epistemologia" title="Epistemologia">epistemologia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezagutza" title="Ezagutza">ezagutzaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sinesmen" title="Sinesmen">sinesmenaren</a> izaera aztertzen duena; <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a>, balio moralaz arduratzen dena; eta <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egia" title="Egia">egiazko</a> <a href="/wiki/Premisa" title="Premisa">premisetatik</a> <a href="/wiki/Apodosi" title="Apodosi">ondorioak</a> ateratzea ahalbidetzen duten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inferentzia-arau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inferentzia-arau (sortu gabe)">inferentzia-arauak</a> aztertzen dituena. Beste azpieremu aipagarri batzuk <a href="/wiki/Erlijioaren_filosofia" title="Erlijioaren filosofia">erlijioaren filosofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia">zientziaren filosofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_politiko" title="Filosofia politiko">filosofia politikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">estetika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hizkuntzaren_filosofia" title="Hizkuntzaren filosofia">hizkuntzaren filosofia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gogamenaren_filosofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogamenaren filosofia">gogamenaren filosofia</a> dira. Filosofia praktikatzen duen pertsonari <a href="/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo">filosofo</a> deritzo. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia_eskualdearen_arabera">Historia eskualdearen arabera</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia eskualdearen arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia eskualdearen arabera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Filosofiaren_historia" title="Filosofiaren historia">Filosofiaren historia</a>»</div> Filosofia izenez, etimologikoki, <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziatik</a> garaturiko pentsamendu korronte arrazionalen multzoa ezagutzen bada ere<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>, badira filosofiatzat jotzen diren beste zenbait jakintza-tradizio ere, munduko beste zenbait zibilizaziotan sortuak, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Indiar_filosofia" title="Indiar filosofia">indiar filosofia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Txinatar_filosofia" title="Txinatar filosofia">txinatar filosofia</a>. Aipaturiko hiru tradizio filosofiko handiek XIX. mendearen bigarren partean egin zuten bata bestearekin topo, bai Txinak eta bai Indiak Mendebaldeari ateak erabat irekitzean, edo, hobeto esanda, mendebaldar zibilizazioa indar handiz Ekialdeko bi herrialdeetara sartzean. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mendebaldeko_filosofia">Mendebaldeko filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mendebaldeko filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mendebaldeko filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_filosofia" title="Mendebaldeko filosofia">Mendebaldeko filosofia</a>»</div> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px;"></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela-logoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/28px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/42px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/56px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a> <big><big><big><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela">Ikusgela</a></big></big></big> <hr /> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="444" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_–_Platon.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=ha&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ha" label="Hausa ‪(ha)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Platon.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Platon</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="504" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm/Ikusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Aristoteles.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Aristoteles</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="399" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela-Descartes.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm/Ikusgela-Descartes.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Descartes.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>René Descartes</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela-Kant.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="453" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela-Kant.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela-Kant.webm/Ikusgela-Kant.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Kant.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Immanuel Kant</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="415" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm/Ikusgela-Nietzsche.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Nietzsche.webm&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Friedrich Nietzsche</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/40px-seek%3D16-Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="500" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm/Ikusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Karl_Marx.webm&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Karl Marx</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/40px-seek%3D16-Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="522" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm/Ikusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Michel_Foucault.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Michel Foucault</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> Ikus beherago "Euskal pentsamendua" eta "Emakumeak filosofian" sekzioak bideo gehiagorako</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antzinaroa">Antzinaroa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antzinaroa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Antzinaroa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Nahiz eta <a href="/wiki/Antzinaroa" title="Antzinaroa">Antzinaroari</a> buruz dugun ezagutza <a href="/wiki/K.a._VI._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="K.a. VI. mende">K.a. VI. mendean</a> hasi zen <a href="/wiki/Tales" title="Tales">Talesekin</a>, ezer gutxi dakigu <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokratesen</a> aurreko filosofoei buruz (<a href="/wiki/Filosofo_presokratikoak" title="Filosofo presokratikoak">presokratiko</a> bezala ezagutzen direnak). Antzinatean Greziako eskola filosofikoak nagusi izan ziren. Sokratesen irakaspenen eragin handiena izan zuten eskolak <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> Akademia Platonikoa sortu zuena eta haren ikasle <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> izan ziren, <a href="/wiki/Eskola_peripatetiko" title="Eskola peripatetiko">Peripatetika</a> eskola sortu zuena<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>. Sokratesen eragina izan zuten antzinako beste tradizio filosofiko batzuk <a href="/wiki/Zinismo_(filosofia)" title="Zinismo (filosofia)">zinismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirenismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirenismo">zirenismoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estoizismo" title="Estoizismo">estoizismoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eszeptizismo_akademiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eszeptizismo akademiko (sortu gabe)">eszeptizismo akademikoa</a> izan ziren. Beste bi tradiziok <a href="/wiki/Demokrito" title="Demokrito">Demokritoren</a> eragina jaso zuten, Sokratesen garaikidea: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirronismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirronismo (sortu gabe)">Pirronismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Epikureismo" title="Epikureismo">Epikureismoa</a>. Greziarrek gai garrantzitsuak jorratu zituzten, hala nola metafisika (<a href="/wiki/Atomismo" title="Atomismo">atomismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Monismo" title="Monismo">monismoa</a> bezalako teoria kontrajarriekin), <a href="/wiki/Kosmologia" title="Kosmologia">kosmologia</a>, ondo bizitako bizitzaren izaera (<a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a>), ezagutzaren posibilitatea eta arrazoimenaren izaera (<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>). <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_inperioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromatar inperioa">Erromatar inperioaren</a> gorakadarekin, filosofia grekoa gero eta gehiago eztabaidatu zuten latinez <a href="/wiki/Zizeron" title="Zizeron">Zizeron</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Seneka" title="Seneka">Seneka</a> bezalako erromatarrek<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erdi_Aroa">Erdi Aroa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erdi Aroa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Erdi Aroa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aroko_filosofia" title="Erdi Aroko filosofia">Erdi Aroko filosofia</a> (V-XVI. mendeak) <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Mendebaldeko Erromatar Inperioa">Mendebaldeko Erromatar Inperioa</a> erori ondorengo garaian garatu zen, eta <a href="/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun">kristautasunaren</a> gorakada izan zen nagusi; horregatik, <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologia</a>-kezka <a href="/wiki/Judeokristau" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeokristau">judeokristauak</a> islatzen ditu, eta, aldi berean, pentsamendu greko-erromatarrarekin jarraitzen du. Aldi honetan, <a href="/wiki/Jainkoa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jainkoa">Jainkoaren</a> existentzia eta izaera, <a href="/wiki/Fede" title="Fede">fedearen</a> eta arrazoimenaren izaera, metafisika eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaizkiaren_arazoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaizkiaren arazoa (sortu gabe)">gaizkiaren arazoa</a> bezalako arazoak eztabaidatu ziren. Erdi Aroko pentsalari garrantzitsu batzuk <a href="/wiki/Agustin_Hiponakoa" title="Agustin Hiponakoa">San Agustin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Akinokoa" title="Tomas Akinokoa">Tomas Akinokoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severino_Boezio" title="Severino Boezio">Boezio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselmo_Laongoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselmo Laongoa (sortu gabe)">Anselmo</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> dira. Pentsalari hauentzat filosofia laguntza bat zen teologiarentzat (ancilla theologiae), eta, beraz, beren filosofia <a href="/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia">Idazki Santuen</a> interpretazioarekin lerrokatzen saiatzen ziren. Aldi honetan <a href="/wiki/Eskolastika" title="Eskolastika">eskolastika</a> garatu zen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erdi_Aroko_unibertsitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erdi Aroko unibertsitate (sortu gabe)">Erdi Aroko unibertsitateetan</a> garatu zen testu-kritika metodo bat, irakurketa arretatsuan eta funtsezko testuei buruzko eztabaidan oinarritua. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/220px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/330px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/440px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atenasko_Eskola" title="Atenasko Eskola">Atenasko Eskola</a> margolana, <a href="/wiki/Rafael" title="Rafael">Rafaelek</a> 1509-1511n margotua, <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_greziar_filosofia" title="Antzinako greziar filosofia">Antzinako greziar filosofian</a> oinarritua. Pizkundean Antzinako Greziako filosofoek zuten garrantziaren erakusgarri da.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Errenazimentuan</a> askatzen hasi ziren ezagutza eta jakintzaren mundua eskolastikarekin zituzten lokarri estuak antzinate klasikoaren ondarea berreskuratzeko gogoak eta gizabanakoaren autonomia bilgune zuten <a href="/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo">humanismo</a>-korronte desberdinek eraginda (<a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Cusakoa" title="Nikolas Cusakoa">Nikolas Cusakoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo">Makiavelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasmo_Rotterdamgoa" title="Erasmo Rotterdamgoa">Erasmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Moro" title="Tomas Moro">Tomas Moro</a>, etab.)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>. Geroago, zientzi aurkikuntza eta teoria berriek ordu arteko hainbat filosofi ikuspegi irauli egin zituzten (<a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Koperniko" title="Nikolas Koperniko">Koperniko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, etab.), espekulazio filosofikoaren objektu ziren zenbait gai zientziaren ardurapeko bihurtuz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aro_Modernoa">Aro Modernoa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aro Modernoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Aro Modernoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Filosofia modernoaren garaian<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>, arrazoia ezagutzaren oinarritzat hartu zuten filosofo arrazionalisten aurka (<a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>), behaketa, esperimentazioa eta indukzioa azterketa filosofikoaren oinarri zuten enpiristen ikuspegia sortu zen (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> eta <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>). Ilustrazioan ordura arteko ideiak kritikatzera jo zuten, materialismotik hurbil zegoen ikuspegi batetik gainera, eta espiritu praktikoak bultzaturik, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieuk</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseauk</a> politikari lotutako filosofia garatu zuten. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> filosofoaren inguruan Alemaniako eskola idealista sortu zen (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schelling" title="Friedrich Schelling">Schelling</a>)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>; horientzat filosofiaren eginkizun nagusia arrazoiak egia iristeko duen ahalmena mugatzea da. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantek</a> adimenari emandako garrantzia kritikatuz<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegelek</a> arrazoia azpimarratu zuen errealitatea hautemateko eta erdiesteko bide gisa. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engelsek</a> munduaren interpretazio soilaren ordez, horren eraldaketa sakona proposatzen zuen <a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">marxismoa</a> hedatu zuten, klaseen arteko borroka ardatz duen historiaren interpretazio materialista emanez. Aldi berean Frantzian <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comtek</a> <a href="/wiki/Positibismo" title="Positibismo">positibismoa</a> sortu zuen<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>, Britainia Handian <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirismoan</a> oinarritutako utilitarismoa<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> nagusitu zen eta <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a> daniarrak existentzialismoaren oinarriak jarri zituen<a href="#cite_note-#1-25">[25]</a>. XX. mendearen hasierako <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologia" title="Fenomenologia">fenomenologiaren</a> ondoren (<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a>), <a href="/wiki/Existentzialismo" title="Existentzialismo">existentzialismoa</a><a href="#cite_note-#1-25">[25]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a>), <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_analitiko" title="Filosofia analitiko">filosofia analitikoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopositibism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopositibism (sortu gabe)">neopositibismoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a>) indartu dira. Gaur egun aniztasuna nagusi bada ere, bi joera nabarmentzen dira: antropologia, hizkuntzalaritza, psikologia eta <a href="/wiki/Psikoanalisi" title="Psikoanalisi">psikoanalisiarekin</a> elkarlanean diharduen humanismoa eta ikuspegi pragmatikotik lengoaia, ezagutza eta zientzia aztertzen dituen eskola analitikoa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Euskal_pentsamendua">Euskal pentsamendua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Euskal pentsamendua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Euskal pentsamendua">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px;"></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela-logoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/28px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/42px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/56px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a> <big><big><big><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela">Ikusgela</a></big></big></big> <hr /> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/40px-seek%3D20-Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="514" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Joxe_Azurmendi.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Joxe Azurmendi</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="406" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm/Ikusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Txillardegi.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Txillardegi</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> Euskal Herriko pentsamendu filosofikoa Mendebaldeko filosofiarekin bat joan da, baina oso gutxi dira nazioarteko ospea lortu duten pentsalariak<a href="#cite_note-pentsamendu-26">[26]</a>. Erdi Aroan aniztasun erlijiosoa izan zen euskal lurraldeetan. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ben_Meir_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra">Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra</a> (1092-1167) tuterarrak liburu garrantzitsuak egin zituen <a href="/wiki/Hebreera" title="Hebreera">hebreeraz</a>, eta mundu ezagunean zehar bidaiatu zuen. Gramatika, filosofia eta matematika landu zituen, eta Bibliari buruzko iruzkinak egin zituen. Garaikidea izan zen <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a> (1070-1141) tuterar<a href="#cite_note-27">[oh 1]</a> jatorriko medikua eta filosofoa. <a href="/wiki/Errodrigo_Semenoitz_Arradakoa" title="Errodrigo Semenoitz Arradakoa">Errodrigo Semenoitz Arradakoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaztelako_Erresuma" title="Gaztelako Erresuma">Gaztelako Erresumaren</a> justifikazioa egin zuen, albo-kalte gisa euskal apologistentzat bidea irekiz<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pentsamendu-26">[26]</a>. Aro Modernoarekin bat, figura erlijioso garrantzitsuak izan ziren Euskal Herrian, nabarmen <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Loiolakoa" title="Ignazio Loiolakoa">Ignazio Loiolakoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Frantzisko_Xabierkoa" title="Frantzisko Xabierkoa">Frantzisko Xabierkoa</a>. Garaikide izan zituzten <a href="/wiki/Martin_Azpilkueta" title="Martin Azpilkueta">Martin Azpilkueta</a> nafar teologo eta ekonomiaren teoriagile garrantzitsua<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joanes_Uharte_Donibanekoa" title="Joanes Uharte Donibanekoa">Joanes Uharte Donibanekoa</a> (1530-1588) mediku eta filosofoa izan zen. Euskara eta berarekin batera sortzen zen kristau zahar izaerak <a href="/wiki/Euskal_apologistak" title="Euskal apologistak">Euskal apologistak</a> ekarri zituen. Garrantzitsuenak <a href="/wiki/Martinez_Zaldibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinez Zaldibia">Martinez Zaldibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Garibai" title="Esteban Garibai">Esteban Garibai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andres_Poza" title="Andres Poza">Andres Poza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Etxabe_Orio" title="Baltasar Etxabe Orio">Baltasar Etxabe Orio</a> izan ziren. Garaikidea izan zen <a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Oihenart" title="Arnaut Oihenart">Arnaut Oihenart</a> (1592-1667), zeinak <a href="/wiki/Notitia_utriusque_Vasconiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Notitia utriusque Vasconiae">Notitia utriusque Vasconiae</a> apologia idatzi zuen (1638)<a href="#cite_note-pentsamendu-26">[26]</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg/220px-ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg/330px-ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg/440px-ArgiaTaldea_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joxemi_Zumalabe" title="Joxemi Zumalabe">Joxemi Zumalabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Uria" title="Iñaki Uria">Iñaki Uria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inaki_Irazabalbeitia" title="Inaki Irazabalbeitia">Inaki Irazabalbeitia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a> euskal prentsaren eguna iragartzen, 1988an.</figcaption></figure> Jada Aro Modernoan filosoforik nabarmenena <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Unamuno" title="Miguel Unamuno">Miguel Unamuno</a> (1864-1936) izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">liberalismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozialismo" title="Sozialismo">sozialismo</a> eta euskalduntasunari buruzko eztabaidaren erdian<a href="#cite_note-pentsamendu-26">[26]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xabier_Zubiri" title="Xabier Zubiri">Xabier Zubiri</a> ere garaikidea izan zen. <a href="/wiki/1950eko_hamarkada" title="1950eko hamarkada">1950eko hamarkada</a> eztabaida ideologiko handien garaia izan zen, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Espainiako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Espainiako Gerra Zibila">Espainiako Gerra Zibilaren</a> ostean. <a href="/wiki/Existentzialismo" title="Existentzialismo">Existentzialismoa</a> sartu zen Europatik, euskal izaerari buruz eztabaidatzeko aukera ere ematen zuena. <a href="/wiki/Txillardegi" title="Txillardegi">Txillardegi</a> izan zen korronte horren arduradun nagusia Euskal Herrian<a href="#cite_note-pentsamendu-26">[26]</a>. 1941ean jaiotako <a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Joxe Azurmendi</a> da euskal pentsamenduaren protagonista nagusietako bat, idatzitako liburuen aniztasunaren eta pentsamenduan egindako garapen osoaren ondorioz. <a href="/wiki/Andoni_Olariaga" title="Andoni Olariaga">Andoni Olariaga</a> filosofoak Askatasunaren Filosofo ezizena eman dio<a href="#cite_note-pentsamendu-26">[26]</a>, eta bere izena daraman katedra bat dago <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatean</a>. Garai antzekoan euskal pentsamendu estetikoa landu zuen <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Oteiza" title="Jorge Oteiza">Jorge Oteizak</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Javier_S%C3%A1daba" title="Javier Sádaba">Javier Sádabak</a> pentsamendu erlijiosoaren inguruan ideiak garatu ditu. <a href="/wiki/Jose_Migel_Barandiaran" title="Jose Migel Barandiaran">Jose Migel Barandiaranek</a> euskal antropologian, mitologian eta pentsamenduan aurrerapen handiak egin zituen. <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Mari_Larrazabal" title="Jesus Mari Larrazabal">Jesus Mari Larrazabal</a> (1948-2021) filosofo eta ekonomialariak <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateak</a> argitaratzen duen <a href="/wiki/Gogoa_(aldizkaria)" title="Gogoa (aldizkaria)">Gogoa</a> aldizkariaren zuzendaria izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Euskal_gatazka" title="Euskal gatazka">Euskal gatazkak</a> ere pentsamendu politikoan eta etikoan garapen handia izan du. <a href="/wiki/Xabier_Etxebarrieta" title="Xabier Etxebarrieta">Xabier Etxebarrietak</a> ekarpen handia egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Ezker_abertzalea" title="Ezker abertzalea">ezker abertzalearen</a> proposamena garatzen<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseba_Sarrionandia" title="Joseba Sarrionandia">Joseba Sarrionandiak</a> liburu ugari idatzi ditu pentsamendua, politika eta etika landuz. Aurkako espektro politikoan, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Savater" title="Fernando Savater">Fernando Savaterrek</a> etikari buruzko liburu ugari idatzi ditu, eta nazioartean ezaguna da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekialde_Hurbileko_filosofia">Ekialde Hurbileko filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekialde Hurbileko filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ekialde Hurbileko filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filosofia_aurre-islamiarra">Filosofia aurre-islamiarra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofia aurre-islamiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofia aurre-islamiarra">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ilgora_Emankorra" title="Ilgora Emankorra">Ilgora Emankorreko</a> eskualdeetan, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia">Arabian</a> ezagutzen den literatura filosofiko zaharrena dago. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Van_de_Mieroop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Van de Mieroop (sortu gabe)">Marc Van de Mieroop</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiriologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiriologia (sortu gabe)">asiriologoaren</a> arabera, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babilondar_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babilondar filosofia (sortu gabe)">filosofia babilondarra</a> oso pentsamendu-sistema garatua zen, ezagutzaren ikuspegi bakarrarekin eta idazketan, lexikografian, igarkizunean eta zuzenbidean oinarritua. Kultura intelektual elebiduna ere bazen, <a href="/wiki/Sumerrera" title="Sumerrera">sumerreran</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Akadera" title="Akadera">akaderan</a> oinarritua<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:History_of_civilization,_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_(1887)_(14577423529).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/History_of_civilization%2C_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_%281887%29_%2814577423529%29.jpg/220px-History_of_civilization%2C_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_%281887%29_%2814577423529%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/History_of_civilization%2C_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_%281887%29_%2814577423529%29.jpg/330px-History_of_civilization%2C_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_%281887%29_%2814577423529%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/History_of_civilization%2C_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_%281887%29_%2814577423529%29.jpg/440px-History_of_civilization%2C_being_a_course_of_lectures_on_the_origin_and_development_of_the_main_institutions_of_mankind_%281887%29_%2814577423529%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Ptahhotepen Maximen orrialdea, tradizioz <a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a> bisirrari esleituak (K. a. 2375-2350)</figcaption></figure> Ilgora Emankorreko jatorrizko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_jakintsua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatura jakintsua (sortu gabe)">literatura jakintsua</a> jendea ekintza etikoaz, bizitza praktikoaz eta bertuteaz kontakizun eta esaera zaharren bidez irakasten saiatzen zen generoa zen. <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Egipto" title="Antzinako Egipto">Antzinako Egipton</a>, testu hauek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebayt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebayt (sortu gabe)">sebayt</a> («irakaspenak») bezala ezagutzen ziren, eta funtsezkoak dira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antzinako_Egiptoko_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antzinako Egiptoko filosofia (sortu gabe)">Antzinako Egiptoko filosofia</a> ulertzeko. Testu hauetan ezagunena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptahhotepen_Maximak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptahhotepen Maximak (sortu gabe)">Ptahhotepen Maximak</a> da<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>. Teologia eta kosmologia egiptoar pentsamenduaren kezka nagusiak ziren. Beharbada, teologia <a href="/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo">monoteistaren</a> lehen forma Egipton ere sortu zen, <a href="/wiki/Amarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna">Amarnako</a> teologiaren (edo <a href="/wiki/Atonismo" title="Atonismo">Atonismoaren</a>) gorakadarekin <a href="/wiki/Akenaton" title="Akenaton">Akenatonekin</a> (K.a. XIV. mendea), <a href="/wiki/Aton" title="Aton">Aton</a> eguzki-sorkuntzaren jainkoa, jainko bakarra zela zioena. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Assmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Assmann (sortu gabe)">Jan Assmann</a> egiptologoak "iraultza monoteista" bezala deskribatu du, nahiz eta egiptoar pentsamenduaren aurreko garapenetan ere oinarritu zen, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Amon" title="Amon">Amon-Ran</a> oinarritutako "Eguzki Teologia Berrian"<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>. Bilakaera teologiko honek, Amarnaren ondorengo teologia <a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_Inperio_Berria" title="Egiptoko Inperio Berria">ramesidarrean</a> ere eragina izan zuen, eguzki jainko sortzaile bakar batean zentratzen jarraitu zuena (nahiz eta beste jainko batzuk, orain eguzki jainko nagusiaren agerpentzat hartzen direnak, argi eta garbi baztertu gabe). Aldi honetan, ba (arima) kontzeptua eta Jainkoarekin zuen harremana ere garatu ziren<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>. Filosofia judua eta filosofia kristaua tradizio erlijioso-filosofikoak dira, <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekialde Hurbil">Ekialde Hurbilean</a> zein Europan garatu zirenak, eta testu judu primitibo batzuk (<a href="/wiki/Tanaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanaj">Tanaj</a> batez ere) eta sinesmen monoteistak partekatzen dituztenak. <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Babilonia">Babiloniako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonidesen</a> Akademia Talmudiarretako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geonim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geonim (sortu gabe)">Geonim</a> bezalako pentsalari juduak filosofia greko eta islamiarrarekin lotu ziren. Ondorengo filosofia juduak mendebaldeko eragin intelektual handiak jaso zituen eta <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohnen</a> lanak barne hartzen ditu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskalah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskalah (sortu gabe)">Haskalah</a> (Ilustrazio judua), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Existentzialismo_judu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Existentzialismo judu (sortu gabe)">existentzialismo judua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Judaismo_erreformista" title="Judaismo erreformista">judaismo erreformistaren</a> hasiera markatu zuena<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gnostizismo" title="Gnostizismo">Gnostizismoaren</a> tradizio ezberdinak, greziar zein <a href="/wiki/Abrahamdar_erlijio" title="Abrahamdar erlijio">abrahamdar</a> korronteek eragindakoak, I. mende inguruan sortu ziren eta ezagutza espirituala (<a href="/wiki/Gnosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnosi">gnosia</a>) azpimarratzen zuten. Islamaren aurreko filosofia <a href="/wiki/Zoroastro" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastro">Zoroastroren</a> obrarekin hasten da, <a href="/wiki/Monoteismo" title="Monoteismo">monoteismoaren</a> eta ongiaren eta gaizkiaren arteko <a href="/wiki/Dualismo" title="Dualismo">dualismoaren</a> lehen sustatzaileetako bat<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>. Kosmogonia dualista horrek eragina izan zuen Iranen ondorengo garapenetan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Manikeismo" title="Manikeismo">manikeismoan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdakism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazdakism (sortu gabe)">mazdakismoan</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanismo (sortu gabe)">zurvanismoan</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filosofia_islamiarra">Filosofia islamiarra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofia islamiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofia islamiarra">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Filosofia_islamiko" title="Filosofia islamiko">Filosofia islamiko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_(Avicenna)_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_(7423560860).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg/220px-Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg/330px-Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg/440px-Avicenna_Portrait_on_Silver_Vase_-_Museum_at_BuAli_Sina_%28Avicenna%29_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_%287423560860%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avizena" title="Avizena">Avizenaren</a> erretratu bat, irandar zilarrezko ontzi batean. <a href="/wiki/Islamiar_Urrezko_Aroa" title="Islamiar Urrezko Aroa">Islamiar Urrezko Aroan</a> pertsonaia garrantzitsua izan zen.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_islamiko" title="Filosofia islamiko">Filosofia islamikoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamiar</a> tradizioan sortzen den eta gehienbat <a href="/wiki/Arabiera" title="Arabiera">arabieraz</a> egiten den lan filosofikoa da. Erlijio islamiarrean eta filosofia greko-erromatarrean oinarritzen da. <a href="/wiki/Musulmanen_konkistak" title="Musulmanen konkistak">Musulmanen konkisten</a> ondoren, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greziera-arabiera_itzulpen_mugimendua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greziera-arabiera itzulpen mugimendua (sortu gabe)">itzulpen-mugimenduak</a> (VIII. mendearen erdialdetik X. mendearen amaierara) filosofia grekoaren lanak arabieraz eskuragarri egotea eragin zuen<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a>. Filosofia islamiar goiztiarrak Greziako tradizio filosofikoak norabide berritzaile berrietan garatu zituen. Lan intelektual honek <a href="/wiki/Islamiar_Urrezko_Aroa" title="Islamiar Urrezko Aroa">Islamiar Urrezko Aroa</a> bezala ezagutzen dena inauguratu zuen. Hasierako pentsamendu islamiarraren bi korronte nagusiak hauek dira: <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a>, teologia islamiarrean zentratua, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsafa (sortu gabe)">Falsafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotelismo" title="Aristotelismo">aristotelismoan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonismo" title="Neoplatonismo">neoplatonismoan</a> oinarritua. Aristotelesen lanak eragin handia izan zuen <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> (IX. mendea), <a href="/wiki/Avizena" title="Avizena">Avizena</a> (980-1037ko ekaina) eta <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (XII. mendea) bezalako filosofoen artean. Beste batzuek, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazalik</a> kasu, gogor kritikatu zituzten aristoteliko islamiarren metodoak, eta heretikotzat jo zituzten haien ideia metafisikoak. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> bezalako pentsalari islamiarrek metodo zientifiko bat, medikuntza esperimentala, optikaren teoria bat eta filosofia juridiko bat ere garatu zituzten. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jaldun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Jaldun (sortu gabe)">Ibn Jaldun</a> pentsalari eraginkorra izan zen historiaren filosofian. Pentsamendu islamiarrak ere eragin handia izan zuen Europako garapen intelektualean, batez ere Aristotelesi buruz Averroesek egindako iruzkinen bidez. Sarritan, <a href="/wiki/Mongolen_Inperioa" title="Mongolen Inperioa">mongoliarren inbasioek</a> eta 1258an <a href="/wiki/Bagdadeko_setioa_(1258)" title="Bagdadeko setioa (1258)">Bagdad suntsitu izanak</a> Urrezko Aroaren amaiera markatu zutela uste da<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a>. Hala ere, islamiar filosofiako zenbait eskolek loratzen jarraitu zuten Urrezko Aroaren ondoren, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_iluminazionista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia iluminazionista (sortu gabe)">filosofia iluminazionista</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_sufi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia sufi (sortu gabe)">filosofia sufia</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teosofia_transzendente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teosofia transzendente (sortu gabe)">teosofia transzendentea</a> bezalako korronteak barne hartzen dituzte. XIX. eta XX. mendeetako mundu arabiarra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahda (sortu gabe)">Nahda</a> mugimenduaren lekuko izan zen (literalki "Esnatzea" esan nahi duena, "Berpizkunde arabiarra" bezala ere ezaguna), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_islamiar_garaikide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia islamiar garaikide (sortu gabe)">filosofia islamiar garaikidean</a> eragin nabarmena izan zuena. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekialdeko_filosofia">Ekialdeko filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekialdeko filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ekialdeko filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_filosofia" title="Ekialdeko filosofia">Ekialdeko filosofia</a>»</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indiar_filosofia">Indiar filosofia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indiar filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Indiar filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Indiar_filosofia" title="Indiar filosofia">Indiar filosofia</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/330px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg/440px-Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5146" data-file-height="7262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> da filosofo <a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">hinduen</a> artean gehien ikasten den bat<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indiar_filosofia" title="Indiar filosofia">Indiar filosofia</a> (sanskritoa: darśana, literalki «ikuspuntu» edo «perspektiba»<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a>) antzinatik <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">indiar azpikontinentean</a> sortu ziren tradizio filosofikoen multzoa da. Indiako filosofia epistemologiaz, kontzientziaren eta gogamenaren teoriez eta errealitatearen propietate fisikoez arduratzen da nagusiki<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-1-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-1-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-2-47">[46]</a>. Indiako tradizio filosofikoek hainbat kontzeptu eta ideia gako partekatzen dituzte, modu desberdinetan definitzen direnak eta tradizio ezberdinek onartzen edo baztertzen dituztenak. Horien artean, besteak beste, honako kontzeptu hauek daude: <a href="/wiki/Dh%C3%A1rma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhárma">dhárma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pramāṇa (sortu gabe)">pramāṇa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du%E1%B8%A5kha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duḥkha (sortu gabe)">duḥkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokṣa">mokṣa</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a>. Kontserbatzen diren indiar testu filosofiko zaharrenetako batzuk azken <a href="/wiki/Garai_vediko" title="Garai vediko">garai vedikoko</a> <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a>ak dira (K.a. 1000-500), <a href="/wiki/Brahmanismo" title="Brahmanismo">brahmanismoaren</a> ideiak gordetzen dituztela uste baita. Indiako tradizio filosofikoak <a href="/wiki/Vedak" title="Vedak">Vedekin</a> duten erlazioaren eta dituzten ideien arabera multzokatu ohi dira. <a href="/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo">Jainismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismoa</a> aldi vedikoaren amaieran sortu ziren, <a href="/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo">hinduismoaren</a> pean elkartutako tradizio ezberdinak, berriz, vedikoaren ondoren sortu ziren tradizio independente bezala. Indiarrek, tradizio filosofiko indiarrak, ortodoxoak (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80stika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āstika (sortu gabe)">āstika</a>) edo heterodoxoak (nāstika) bezala sailkatzen dituzte, Veden autoritatea eta bertan dauden <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">brahman</a>aren eta <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ātman">ātman</a>aren teoriak onartzen dituzten arabera<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a>. Upanishaden pentsamenduarekin lerrokatzen diren eskolak, tradizio "ortodoxoak" edo "hinduak" deiturikoak, sei darśanatan edo filosofiatan sailkatu ohi dira: <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%81nkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sānkhya (sortu gabe)">Sānkhya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_(filosofia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga (filosofia) (sortu gabe)">Yoga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ny%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyāya (sortu gabe)">Nyāya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (sortu gabe)">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mim%C4%81ms%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimāmsā (sortu gabe)">Mimāmsā</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ved%C4%81nta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedānta">Vedānta</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>. Veden eta Upanishaden doktrinak modu ezberdinean interpretatu zituzten indiar filosofiako sei eskola hauek, gainjartze maila ezberdinekin. "Testu-lotura partekatzen duten ikuspuntu filosofikoen bilduma" irudikatzen dute, Chadharen arabera<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a>. Era berean, hinduismoaren barruko interpretazio filosofikoen aniztasunarekiko tolerantzia islatzen dute, eta, aldi berean, oinarri bera dute<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a>. Sei eskola ortodoxoetako filosofo hinduek epistemologia-sistemak (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pramana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pramana (sortu gabe)">pramana</a>) garatu zituzten, eta metafisika, etika, psikologia (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guṇa (sortu gabe)">guṇa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutika" title="Hermeneutika">hermeneutika</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soteriologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soteriologia (sortu gabe)">soteriologia</a> bezalako gaiak ikertu zituzten ezagutza vedikoaren esparruan, eta, aldi berean, interpretazio ugari aurkeztu zituzten<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>. Normalean sei eskola ortodoxo esaten zaie hinduismo klasikoaren "sintesi hindua" deitu izan denaren aurkako tradizio filosofikoei<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>. Badira beste pentsamendu-eskola batzuk ere, askotan "hindutzat" hartzen direnak, baina ez nahitaez ortodoxotzat (izan ere, eskritura ezberdinak onar ditzakete arautzat, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Agamak eta Shaiva Tantrak</a> kasu), eta horien artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shabismo (sortu gabe)">shabismo</a>-eskola batzuk daude, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashupata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pashupata (sortu gabe)">Pashupata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaiva_Siddhanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaiva Siddhanta (sortu gabe)">Shaiva Siddhanta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaxmirreko_Shavismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaxmirreko Shavismo (sortu gabe)">shavismo tantriko</a> ez-duala (hau da, Trika, Kaula, etab.)<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/220px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/330px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg/440px-Medieval_Jain_temple_Anekantavada_doctrine_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Itsuen eta elefantearen parabolak <a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C4%93k%C4%81ntav%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anēkāntavāda (sortu gabe)">anēkāntavāda</a> doktrina jainista garrantzitsua ilustratzen du.</figcaption></figure> Tradizio "hinduak" eta "ortodoxoak" tradizio "ez ortodoxoekin" kontrajarri ohi dira (ez-ortodoxoak, literalki "arbuiatzen dutenak"), nahiz eta eskola "ez ortodoxoek" erabiltzen ez duten etiketa izan. Tradizio hauek Vedak autoritate bezala arbuiatzen dituzte, eta askotan, eskola ortodoxoek (hala nola, Ātman, Brahman, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%AA%C5%9Bvara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Īśvara (sortu gabe)">Īśvara</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-3-62">[61]</a> onartzen dituzten kontzeptu eta ideia garrantzitsuak baztertzen dituzte. Eskola ez-ortodoxo horien artean daude, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Jainismo" title="Jainismo">jainismoa</a> (ātman onartzen du baina Īśvara, Vedak eta Brahmana ukatzen ditu), <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budismoa</a> (kontzeptu ortodoxo guztiak arbuiatzen ditu, berpizkundea eta <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> izan ezik), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charvaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charvaka (sortu gabe)">Charvaka</a> (materialistak, berpizkundea eta karma ere arbuiatzen dituztenak) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80j%C4%ABvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ājīvika (sortu gabe)">Ājīvika</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patua (sortu gabe)">patuaren</a> doktrinarengatik ezagunak)<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-3-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_jainista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia jainista (sortu gabe)">Filosofia jainista</a> da bizirik dirauten bi tradizio "ez-ortodoxo" bakarretako bat (budismoarekin batera). Oro har, arima iraunkor (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiva (sortu gabe)">jiva</a>) baten kontzeptua bost <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astikayas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astikayas (sortu gabe)">astikaietako</a> bat bezala onartzen du (existentziaren substantzia osatzen duten betiereko eta amaigabeko kategoriak). Beste lauak <a href="/wiki/Dh%C3%A1rma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhárma">dhárma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adharma (sortu gabe)">adharma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ākāśa (sortu gabe)">ākāśa</a> ('espezaioa'), eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pudgala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pudgala (sortu gabe)">pudgala</a> ('materia') dira. Pentsamendu jainistak dio existentzia oro ziklikoa, betierekoa eta sortu gabekoa dela<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-4-68">[67]</a>. Jainismoaren filosofiaren elementurik garrantzitsuenetako batzuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karmaren_teoria_jainista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karmaren teoria jainista (sortu gabe)">karmaren teoria jainista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indarkeria_eza" title="Indarkeria eza">indarkeriarik ezaren</a> doktrina (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahiṃsā (sortu gabe)">ahiṃsā</a>) eta "ikuspegi anitzen" teoria edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C4%93k%C4%81ntav%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anēkāntavāda (sortu gabe)">Anēkāntavāda</a> dira. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tattvartha_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tattvartha Sutra (sortu gabe)">Tattvartha Sutra</a> jainismoaren filosofiaren bildumarik zaharrena, osatuena eta onartuena da<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-4-68">[67]</a>. Europako fisikari kuantiko nagusiek, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, Vedei egozten dizkiete euren esperimentuetako ideietako batzuk<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-2-47">[46]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filosofia_budista">Filosofia budista</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofia budista»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofia budista">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Filosofia_budista" title="Filosofia budista">Filosofia budista</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_9" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/220px--Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery,_2013.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery,_2013.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Monje budistak eztabaidan Tibeten, 2013an. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Westerhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Westerhoff (sortu gabe)">Jan Westerhoffen</a> arabera, "eztabaida publikoak dira elkartruke filosofikoaren ezaugarririk agerikoenak" antzinako Indiako bizitza intelektualean<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[69]</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Filosofia_budista" title="Filosofia budista">Filosofia budista</a> <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Buda Gautamaren</a> pentsamenduarekin hasten da (K.a. VI. eta IV. mendeen artean) eta lehen testu budistetan gordetzen da. Indiako <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a> eskualdean sortu zen, eta, ondoren, Indiako gainerako azpikontinentera, <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Asia" title="Ekialdeko Asia">Ekialdeko Asiara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Erdialdeko Asiara</a> eta Asiako hego-ekialdera hedatu zen. Eskualde horietan, pentsamendu budista hainbat hizkuntza (<a href="/wiki/Tibetera" title="Tibetera">tibetera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera">txinerara</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Pali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali">palira</a>) erabiltzen zituzten tradizio filosofikoetan garatu zen. Filosofia budista fenomeno transkulturala eta nazioartekoa da. Ekialdeko Asiako nazioetan nagusi diren tradizio filosofiko budistak nagusiki Indiako <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> budismoan oinarritzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> eskolaren filosofia nagusi da Asiako hego-ekialdeko herrialdeetan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmania">Birmanian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Thailandia" title="Thailandia">Thailandian</a>. Gauzen benetako izaeraren <a href="/wiki/Ezjakintasun" title="Ezjakintasun">ezjakintasuna</a> sufrimenduaren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dukkha_(budismoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dukkha (budismoa) (sortu gabe)">dukkha</a>) sustraietako bat denez, filosofia budista epistemologiaz, metafisikaz, etikaz eta psikologiaz arduratzen da. Testu filosofiko budistak ere <a href="/wiki/Praktika_meditatibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Praktika meditatibo">praktika meditatiboen</a> testuinguruan ulertu behar dira, zenbait aldaketa kognitibo eragiten dituztela suposatzen baita<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[69]</a>. Funtsezko kontzeptu berritzaileen artean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lau_Egia_Zintzoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lau Egia Zintzoak (sortu gabe)">Lau Egia Zintzoak</a> daude, dukkha, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anicca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anicca (sortu gabe)">anicca</a> (iraunkortasunik eza) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatta (sortu gabe)">anatta</a> (ez-izatea) aztertzeko<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a>. Budaren heriotzaren ondoren, talde batzuk bere irakaspen nagusiak sistematizatzen hasi ziren, azkenik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhidharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhidharma (sortu gabe)">Abhidharma</a> izeneko sistema filosofiko integralak garatuz. Abhidharma eskolei jarraiki, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> bezalako indiarrek, Mahayana filosofoek, "fenomeno guztien hutsaltasuna" eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vij%C3%B1apti-matra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijñapti-matra (sortu gabe)">vijñapti-matra</a> ("itxura bakarrik"), fenomenologia edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idealismo_transzendental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idealismo transzendental (sortu gabe)">idealismo transzendentalaren</a> teoriak garatu zituzten. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dign%C4%81ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dignāga (sortu gabe)">Dignāga</a> eskolaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pramāṇa (sortu gabe)">pramāṇa</a> («ezagutza-baliabideak») <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistemologia_budista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistemologia budista (sortu gabe)">epistemologia budistaren</a> modu sofistikatua sustatu zuen<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[69]</a>. Antzinako eta Erdi Aroko Indian filosofia budistako eskola, azpi-eskola eta tradizio ugari egon ziren. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Westerhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Westerhoff (sortu gabe)">Jan Westerhoff</a> Oxfordeko filosofia budistako irakaslearen arabera, K.a. 300. urtetik 1000. urtera arte Indiako eskola nagusiak hauek izan ziren: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahere_ghika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahere ghika (sortu gabe)">Mahere ghika</a> tradizioa (gaur egun desagertua), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sthavira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sthavira (sortu gabe)">Sthavira</a> eskolak (hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvusivda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvusivda (sortu gabe)">Sarvusivda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibhajyavere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibhajyavere (sortu gabe)">Vibhajyavere</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pudgalavda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pudgalavda (sortu gabe)">Pudgalavda</a>) eta Mahayana eskolak. Tradizio horietako asko beste eskualde batzuetan ere aztertu ziren, Erdialdeko Asian eta Txinan esaterako, misiolari budistek hara eraman ondoren<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[69]</a>. Budismoa Indiatik desagertu ondoren, tradizio filosofiko horietako batzuk tibetar, ekialdeko Asiako budista eta theravada budisten tradizioetan garatzen jarraitu zuten. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekialdeko_Asiako_filosofiak">Ekialdeko Asiako filosofiak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekialdeko Asiako filosofiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ekialdeko Asiako filosofiak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Txinatar_filosofia" title="Txinatar filosofia">Txinatar filosofia</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in,_c._1802-1816,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_6156.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in%2C_c._1802-1816%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6156.1.JPG/220px-%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in%2C_c._1802-1816%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6156.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in%2C_c._1802-1816%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6156.1.JPG/330px-%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in%2C_c._1802-1816%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6156.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in%2C_c._1802-1816%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6156.1.JPG/440px-%27The_Three_Vinegar_Tasters%27_by_Kano_Isen%27in%2C_c._1802-1816%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_6156.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edo_Aroa" title="Edo Aroa">Edo Aroan</a> egindako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiru_Ozpin_Dastatzaileak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiru Ozpin Dastatzaileak (sortu gabe)">Hiru Ozpin Dastatzaileak</a> margolanak <a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Laozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konfuzio" title="Konfuzio">Konfuzio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Buda</a> erakusten ditu. Hiruak daude <a href="/wiki/Ozpin" title="Ozpin">ozpina</a> hartzen, eta bakoitzak erantzun bat du: Konfuziorentzat <a href="/wiki/Garratz" title="Garratz">garratza</a> da; Budarentzat <a href="/wiki/Mingots" title="Mingots">mingotsa</a>; Laozirentzat <a href="/wiki/Gozo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gozo">gozoa</a>. Bizitzaren aurrean duten hiru jarreren metafora da.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Asia" title="Ekialdeko Asia">Ekialdeko Asiako</a> pentsamendu filosofikoa antzinako <a href="/wiki/Txina" class="mw-redirect" title="Txina">Txinan</a> hasi zen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txinako_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txinako filosofia (sortu gabe)">Txinako filosofia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendebaldeko_Zhou_dinastia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendebaldeko Zhou dinastia (sortu gabe)">Mendebaldeko Zhou dinastian</a> eta hura erori ondorengo aldietan hasi zen, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehun_Pentsamendu_Eskolak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehun Pentsamendu Eskolak (sortu gabe)">Ehun Pentsamendu Eskolak</a>" loratu zirenean (K.a. VI. mendetik 221ra bitarte)<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a>. Garai honek garapen intelektual eta kultural garrantzitsua izan zuen ezaugarri, eta Txinako eskola filosofiko nagusiak sortzen ikusi zituen, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Konfuzianismo" title="Konfuzianismo">konfuzianismoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legalismo_(Txinatar_filosofia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalismo (Txinatar filosofia) (sortu gabe)">legalismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Taoismo" title="Taoismo">taoismoa</a>, baita eragin txikiagoa zuten beste eskola ugari ere, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohismo (sortu gabe)">mohismoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalismoaren_Eskola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalismoaren Eskola (sortu gabe)">naturalismoa</a>. Tradizio filosofiko horiek teoria metafisiko, politiko eta etikoak garatu zituzten, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin_eta_yang" title="Yin eta yang">Yin eta yang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren_(filosofia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ren (filosofia) (sortu gabe)">Ren</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_(konfuzianismoa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li (konfuzianismoa) (sortu gabe)">Li</a>. Pentsamendu eskola hauek garatzen jarraitu zuten <a href="/wiki/Han_dinastia" title="Han dinastia">Han</a> (K.a. 206 - 220) eta <a href="/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="Tang dinastia">Tang</a> (618-907) aroetan, mugimendu filosofiko berriak eratuz, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanxue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanxue (sortu gabe)">Xuanxue</a> (neo-taoismo ere deitua) eta <a href="/wiki/Neokonfuzianismo" title="Neokonfuzianismo">neokonfuzianismoa</a>. Neokonfuzianismoa filosofia sinkretikoa zen, Txinako tradizio filosofiko desberdinetako ideiak biltzen zituena, budismoa eta taoismoa kasu. Neokonfuzianismoak hezkuntza sistema menderatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia">Song dinastian</a> (960-1297), eta bere ideiak klase ofizial eruditoarentzako azterketa inperialen oinarri filosofiko izan ziren. Pentsalari neokonfuziar garrantzitsuenetako batzuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Han_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Han Yu (sortu gabe)">Tang Han Yu</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Ao (sortu gabe)">Li Ao</a> jakintsuak dira, baita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Zhou_Dunyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Zhou Dunyi (sortu gabe)">Song Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017-1073) eta <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130-1200) pentsalariak ere. Zhu Xik konfuziar kanona bildu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Lau_Liburuak_eta_Bost_Klasikoak" title="Lau Liburuak eta Bost Klasikoak">Lau Liburuez</a> osatua (Irakaskuntza Handia, Ingurunearen Doktrina, Konfuzio eta Mentzioren Analisiak). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_Wang_Yangming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming Wang Yangming (sortu gabe)">Ming Wang Yangming</a> (1472-1529) jakintsua ere tradizio honetako ondorengo filosofo garrantzitsua da. Budismoa Txinara iristen hasi zen Han dinastiaren garaian, <a href="/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea">Zetaren Bidea</a> zeharreko transmisio mailakatu baten bidez, eta eragin autoktonoen bidez forma txinatar desberdinak garatu zituen (Txan/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, esaterako), Ekialdeko Asiako kultur esparru osoan zabaldu zirenak. Txinako kulturak eragin handia izan zuen Ekialdeko Asiako beste estatu batzuetako tradizioetan, eta bere filosofiak eragin zuzena izan zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koreako_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koreako filosofia (sortu gabe)">Koreako</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamgo_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamgo filosofia (sortu gabe)">Vietnamgo</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japoniako_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japoniako filosofia (sortu gabe)">Japoniako filosofietan</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a>. Geroko dinastia txinatarretan, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ming_dinasti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ming dinasti (sortu gabe)">Ming dinastian</a> (1368-1644), baita <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseon_dinastia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseon dinastia (sortu gabe)">Joseon dinastia</a> korearrean ere (1392-1897), <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (1472-1529) bezalako pentsalariek gidatutako neokonfuzianismoa, pentsamendu eskola nagusi bihurtu zen eta Estatu inperialak sustatu zuen. Japonian, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunerria" title="Tokugawa shogunerria">Tokugawa shogunerriak</a> (1603-1867) konfuziar filosofiaren eragin handia izan zuen<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a>. Gaur egun, konfuzianismoak eragina izaten jarraitzen du Txinako kultura-esferako nazioen ideietan eta mundu-ikuskeran. Aro Modernoan, pentsalari txinatarrek mendebaldeko filosofiaren ideiak txertatu zituzten. <a href="/wiki/Maoismo" title="Maoismo">Txinako filosofia marxista</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedongen</a> eraginpean garatu zen, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_Shih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu Shih (sortu gabe)">Hu Shihk</a>, berriz, Txinatar pragmatismo bat garatu zen. Antzinako filosofia tradizionalak ere berresten hasi ziren XX. mendean. Adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfuzianismo_Berria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfuzianismo Berria (sortu gabe)">Konfuzianismo Berriak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiong_Shili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiong Shili (sortu gabe)">Xiong Shili</a> bezalako figurek gidatua, eragin handia izan du. Era berean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budismo_humanista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budismo humanista (sortu gabe)">budismo humanista</a> mugimendu budista modernista berria da. Bitartean, pentsamendu japoniar modernoa mendebaldeko eragin indartsuen pean garatu zen, hala nola mendebaldeko zientzien ikerketa (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangaku (sortu gabe)">Rangaku</a>) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meirokusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meirokusha (sortu gabe)">Meirokusha</a> gizarte intelektual modernista, europar pentsamendu ilustratuan inspiratu zena eta erreforma liberalak sustatu zituena, baita mendebaldeko filosofiak ere, <a href="/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo">liberalismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo">utilitarismoa</a> kasu. Japoniako filosofia modernoaren beste korronte bat "Estudio Nazionalen" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (sortu gabe)">Kokugaku</a>) tradizioa izan zen. Korronte intelektual horrek antzinako japoniar pentsamendua eta kultura aztertu eta sustatu nahi zituen. Kokugakuko pentsalariek, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motoori_Norinaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motoori Norinaga (sortu gabe)">Motoori Norinagak</a> kasu, <a href="/wiki/Sintoismo" title="Sintoismo">sintoismo</a> deitzen zioten japoniar tradizio garbi batera itzuli nahi zuten, kanpoko elementuek kutsatu gabekotzat jotzen zutena. XX. mendean zehar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyotoko_Eskola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyotoko Eskola (sortu gabe)">Kyotoko Eskola</a>, eragin handiko japoniar eskola filosofiko berezia, mendebaldeko fenomenologiatik eta Erdi Aroko japoniar filosofia budistatik abiatuta garatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Dogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen">Dogen</a> bezala. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrikako_filosofia">Afrikako filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Afrikako filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Afrikako filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrikako_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrikako filosofia (sortu gabe)">Afrikako filosofia</a> afrikar herriak sortutako filosofia da, munduaren, ideia eta gai afrikarren ikuspegiak aurkezten dituen filosofia, edo Afrikako metodo filosofiko bereizgarriak erabiltzen dituen filosofia. Afrikar pentsamendu modernoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnofilosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnofilosofia (sortu gabe)">etnofilosofiaz</a> arduratu da, hau da, Afrikako filosofiaren esanahia eta bere ezaugarri bakarrak eta afrikarra izateak zer esan nahi duen definitzeaz<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>. <a href="/wiki/XVII._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XVII. mende">XVII. mendean</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiopiako_filosofia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiopiako filosofia (sortu gabe)">Etiopiako filosofiak</a> literatur tradizio sendoa garatu zuen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zera_Yacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zera Yacob (sortu gabe)">Zera Yacobek</a> erakutsi bezala. Afrikako lehen filosofoetako beste bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Wilhelm_Amo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Wilhelm Amo (sortu gabe)">Anton Wilhelm Amo</a> (1703-1759) izan zen, Alemanian filosofo errespetatua bihurtu zena. Afrikako ideia filosofikoen artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujamaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ujamaa (sortu gabe)">Ujamaa</a>, "Indarra" ren ideia bantua, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9gritude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Négritude (sortu gabe)">Négritude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panafrikanismo" title="Panafrikanismo">Panafrikanismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(filosofia)" title="Ubuntu (filosofia)">Ubuntu</a> nabarmentzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Afrikako_deskolonizazioa" title="Afrikako deskolonizazioa">Afrikako deskolonizazioaren</a> garaian pentsalari garrantzitsua izan zen <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antilla_Frantsesak" title="Antilla Frantsesak">antillarra</a>. Afrikar pentsamendu garaikidea filosofia profesionalaren eta afrikar filosofiaren garapenaren lekuko ere izan da, <a href="/wiki/Afrikar_diaspora" title="Afrikar diaspora">afrikar diasporaren</a> literatura filosofikoa, <a href="/wiki/Afroamerikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroamerikar">afroamerikarren</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Existentzialismo_beltza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Existentzialismo beltza (sortu gabe)">existentzialismo beltza</a> bezalako korronteak barne hartzen dituena. Afrikako pentsalari moderno batzuek <a href="/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo">marxismoaren</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_afroamerikar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatura afroamerikar (sortu gabe)">literatura afroamerikarraren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teoria_kritiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria kritiko">teoria kritikoaren</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arrazaren_teoria_kritiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arrazaren teoria kritiko (sortu gabe)">arrazaren teoria kritikoaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postkolonialismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Postkolonialismo">postkolonialismoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Feminismo" title="Feminismo">feminismoaren</a> eragina izan dute. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ameriketako_kolonaurreko_filosofia">Ameriketako kolonaurreko filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ameriketako kolonaurreko filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ameriketako kolonaurreko filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg/250px-Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg/330px-Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg/500px-Pachacuteckoricancha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pachacutec" title="Pachacutec">Pachacutec</a> <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a> (Eguzki jainkoa) gurtzen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coricancha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coricancha (sortu gabe)">Coricanchan</a>, XVII. mendeko <a href="/wiki/Martin_Murua" title="Martin Murua">Martin Murua</a> euskaldunaren bigarren kroniketan. Pachacutec agintari, egile eta poeta inka garrantzitsua izan zen.</figcaption></figure> Pentsamendu filosofiko indigena-amerikarra kultura amerikar ezberdinen arteko sinesmen eta tradizio ugaritan datza. <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batu">Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako</a> komunitate indigena batzuen artean, hasiera batean "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Espiritu_Handia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espiritu Handia (sortu gabe)">Espiritu Handia</a>" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakan_tanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakan tanka (sortu gabe)">wakan tanka</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gitche_manitou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gitche manitou (sortu gabe)">gitche manitou</a>) izeneko sinismena dago. Beste kontzeptu oso partekatu bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orenda (sortu gabe)">orenda</a> zen ('botere espirituala'). Whiteleyren arabera (1998), amerikar bertakoentzat, "adimenak kritikoki informatzen du esperientzia transzendentala (ametsak, ikuspegiak eta abar), baita arrazoia ere"<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>. Esperientzia garrantzitsu horietara iristeko praktikei <a href="/wiki/Xamanismo" title="Xamanismo">xamanismo</a> esaten zaie. Amerikako kosmobisio indigenen beste ezaugarri bat etika gizakienak ez diren animalietara eta landareetara hedatzea zen. <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerika" title="Mesoamerika">Mesoamerikan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_azteka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia azteka (sortu gabe)">nahua filosofia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlamatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlamatini (sortu gabe)">tlamatini</a> («zerbait dakitenak») izeneko gizabanakoek garatutako tradizio intelektuala zen<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a>, eta bere ideiak zenbait <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodize_azteka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodize azteka (sortu gabe)">kodize aztekatan</a> eta testu zatikatutan gordetzen dira. Filosofo horietako batzuk izenez ezagutzen dira, hala nola <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nezahualcoyotl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nezahualcoyotl (sortu gabe)">Nezahualcoyotl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquiauhtzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquiauhtzin (sortu gabe)">Aquiauhtzin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xayacamach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xayacamach (sortu gabe)">Xayacamach</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tochihuitzin_coyolchiuhqui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tochihuitzin coyolchiuhqui (sortu gabe)">Tochihuitzin coyolchiuhqui</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuauhtencoztli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuauhtencoztli (sortu gabe)">Cuauhtencoztli</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-5-79">[78]</a>. Autore horiek poetak ere baziren, eta haien lan batzuk jatorrizko <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">nahuatlean</a> bizirik atera dira. Filosofo aztekek metafisika, epistemologia, balio eta estetika teoriak garatu zituzten. Azteken etika tlamatiliztliaren («ezagutza», «jakinduria») bilaketan oinarritzen zen, moderazioan eta orekan oinarritzen zena ekintza guztietan, nahua esaera zaharrean bezala, «erdiko ongia beharrezkoa da»<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a>. Nahua kosmobisioak <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Cmete%C5%8Dtl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ōmeteōtl (sortu gabe)">Ōmeteōtl</a> («energia kosmiko duala») izeneko azken energia edo indar unibertsalaren kontzeptua aldarrikatzen zuen, etengabe aldatzen ari zen mundu "irristakor" batekin orekan bizitzeko modu bat bilatzen zuena. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teotl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teotl (sortu gabe)">Teotl</a>en teoria <a href="/wiki/Panteismo" title="Panteismo">panteismo</a>-modutzat har daiteke. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Maffie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Maffie (sortu gabe)">James Maffieren</a> arabera, nahua metafisikak teotla "energia edo indar sakratu bakarra, bizia, dinamikoa, bizigarria, beti autogeneratzailea eta autoasmatua, baita autoerregeneratzailea eta autopentsatua ere" dela aldarrikatzen zuen. Indar hori unibertsoaren beraren bizi-indartzat hartzen zen<a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-5-79">[78]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inken_zibilizazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Inken zibilizazioa">Inken zibilizazioak</a> ere bazuen filosofo jakintsuen elite bat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amawtakuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amawtakuna (sortu gabe)">amawtakuna</a> edo amautak izenekoak, eta garrantzitsuak ziren inken hezkuntza-sisteman, hala nola filosofia, teologia, astronomia, poesia, zuzenbidea, musika, morala eta historiako irakasleak<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a>. Inken noble gazteak diziplina horietan trebatzen ziren <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzcoko</a> Yacha-huasi estatu-ikastetxean, non <a href="/wiki/Quipu" class="mw-redirect" title="Quipu">quipuaren</a> artea ere ikasten zuten. Inken filosofiak (baita Andeetako pentsamenduaren kategoriarik zabalenak ere) unibertsoa bizi-indar dinamiko bakar batek (batzuetan camaquen edo camac, baita upani eta amaya ere) animatzen duela zioen. Indar berezi hori indar dual osagarri baina kontrajarrien multzo gisa ere sortzen da. "Kontrako osagarri" horiei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanantin (sortu gabe)">yanantin</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masintin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masintin (sortu gabe)">masintin</a> deitzen zaie. Hainbat polaritate edo dualtasun gisa adierazten dira (maskulino-femeninoa, iluna-argia, bizitza eta heriotza, gora eta behera), eta elkarren arteko elkarrekikotasun eta elkartruke prozesuaren bidez unibertso harmoniatsuari, ayni izenekoari, laguntzen diote. Inken kosmobisioak <a href="/wiki/Jainko_sortzaile" title="Jainko sortzaile">Jainko sortzaile</a> batean (<a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Berraragitze" class="mw-redirect" title="Berraragitze">berraragitzean</a> sinestea ere barne hartzen zuen<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>. Espainiar konkistaren ostean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Waman_Poma_de_Ayala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipe Waman Poma de Ayala (sortu gabe)">Felipe Waman Poma de Ayala</a> bezalako idazleek pentsamendu nabarmena garatu zuten<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filosofiaren_adarrak">Filosofiaren adarrak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofiaren adarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofiaren adarrak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Galdera filosofikoak zenbait adarretan multzokatu daitezke. Talde horiek aukera ematen diete filosofoei antzeko gaiak jorratzeko eta galdera beretan interesa duten beste pentsalari batzuekin elkarrekin aritzeko. Zatiketa horiek ez dira ez zehatzak ez baztertzaileak. (Filosofo bat <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kanten</a> epistemologian, <a href="/wiki/Platonismo" title="Platonismo">Platonen</a> estetikan edo filosofia politiko modernoan espezializa liteke). Gainera, ikerketa filosofiko horiek elkarren artean eta beste ikerketa batzuekin gainjartzen dira batzuetan, hala nola zientziarekin, erlijioarekin edo matematikarekin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estetika">Estetika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Estetika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Estetika">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">Estetika</a>»</div>Estetika "arteari, kulturari eta naturari buruzko hausnarketa kritikoa" da.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Artearen</a> izaera, <a href="/wiki/Edertasun" title="Edertasun">edertasuna</a> eta gustua, gozamena, <a href="/wiki/Balio_(etika)" title="Balio (etika)">balio</a> emozionalak, <a href="/wiki/Pertzepzio" title="Pertzepzio">pertzepzioa</a> eta edertasunaren sorkuntza eta hautematea lantzen ditu.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Zehaztasun handiagoz definitzen da balio sentsorial edo sentsorioemozionalen azterketa gisa, batzuetan zentzu- eta gustu-judizio deritzenak. Bere zatiketa nagusiak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artearen_teoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artearen teoria (sortu gabe)">artearen teoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literatura_teoria" title="Literatura teoria">literatura-teoria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinearen_teoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinearen teoria (sortu gabe)">zinearen teoria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Teoria_musikal" title="Teoria musikal">musikaren teoria</a> dira. Artearen teoriaren adibide bat artista edo mugimendu artistiko jakin baten lanaren azpian dauden printzipioen multzoa bereiztea da, estetika <a href="/wiki/Kubismo" title="Kubismo">kubista</a> kasu.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etika">Etika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Etika">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">Etika</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:JohnStuartMill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/220px-JohnStuartMill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/330px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/JohnStuartMill.jpg/440px-JohnStuartMill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>"Doktrina utilitarista da zoriontasuna desiragarria dela, eta desiragarria den bakarra, helburu gisa; gainerako gauza guztiak desiragarriak dira helburu horretarako bitarteko gisa". — John Stuart Mill, Utilitarismoa (1863)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">Etika</a>, filosofia morala ere esaten zaio, jokabide ona eta txarra, <a href="/wiki/Balio_(etika)" title="Balio (etika)">balio</a> zuzenak eta okerrak eta asmatzea eta akatsa zer diren aztertzen du. Ikerketa primarioetan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bizitza_on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bizitza on (sortu gabe)">bizitza on</a> bat nola bizi eta moraltasun-estandarrak nola identifikatu aztertzen da. Horrez gain, bizitzeko modu hoberik edo estandar moral unibertsalik dagoen ere ikertu behar da, eta, baiezkoan, nola ikasten dugun horri buruz. Etikaren adar nagusiak <a href="/wiki/Etika_normatibo" title="Etika normatibo">etika normatiboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etika_normatibo" title="Etika normatibo">metaetika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Etika_aplikatua" title="Etika aplikatua">etika aplikatua</a> dira.<a href="#cite_note-IEP_Ethics-89">[88]</a> Ekintza morala osatzen duenari buruzko etikaren hiru ikuspegi nagusiak hauek dira:<a href="#cite_note-IEP_Ethics-89">[88]</a> <ul><li>Kontsekuentzialismoa, bere ondorioetan oinarritutako ekintzak epaitzen dituena.<a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[89]</a> Horietako bat <a href="/wiki/Utilitarismo" title="Utilitarismo">utilitarismoa</a> da, sortzen duten zoriontasun garbian (edo plazerrean) eta/edo sufrimendu faltan (edo minean) oinarritutako ekintzak epaitzen dituena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontologia" title="Deontologia">Deontologia</a>, eginbehar moralarekin ados dauden ala ez oinarri duten ekintzak epaitzen dituena.<a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant-ek</a> aldeztutako forma estandarrean, deontologia kezkatzen da hautapen batek beste pertsonen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agentzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agentzia (sortu gabe)">agentzia</a> morala errespetatzen ote duen, haren ondorioak edozein direla ere.<a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[89]</a></li> <li>Bertutearen etika, ekintza horiek gauzatzen dituen agentearen izaera moralean oinarritutako ekintzak epaitzen dituena, eta eragile birtualki bertutetsu batek egingo lukeenari egokitzen zaizkion.<a href="#cite_note-auto-90">[89]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemologia">Epistemologia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Epistemologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Epistemologia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Epistemologia" title="Epistemologia">Epistemologia</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dignaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dignaga.jpg/220px-Dignaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dignaga.jpg/330px-Dignaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dignaga.jpg/440px-Dignaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Dignagak epistemologia eta logika budistako eskola bat sortu zuen.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Epistemologia" title="Epistemologia">Epistemologia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezagutza" title="Ezagutza">ezagutza</a> aztertzen duen filosofiaren adarra da.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-91">[90]</a> Epistemologoek ezagutza-iturri putatiboak aztertzen dituzte, <a href="/wiki/Pertzepzio" title="Pertzepzio">pertzepzio-esperientzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrazoi" title="Arrazoi">arrazoia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoria_(gogamena)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoria (gogamena) (sortu gabe)">memoria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Lekukotasun" title="Lekukotasun">lekukotza</a> barne. <a href="/wiki/Egia" title="Egia">Egiaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinesmen" title="Sinesmen">sinesmenaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justifikazioaren_teoria" title="Justifikazioaren teoria">justifikazioaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arrazionaltasun" title="Arrazionaltasun">arrazionaltasunaren</a> izaerari buruzko gaiak ere ikertzen dituzte.<a href="#cite_note-SEP_Epistemology-92">[91]</a> Seszep filosofikoaizismoa, ezagutzari buruzko baieztapen batzuei edo guztiei buruzko zalantzak sortzen dituena, gai interesgarria izan da filosofiaren historian zehar. Goiz sortu zen <a href="/wiki/Filosofo_presokratikoak" title="Filosofo presokratikoak">filosofia presokratikoan</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Pirro_Epirokoa" title="Pirro Epirokoa">Pirrorekin</a> formalizatu zen, eszeptizismo filosofikoko lehen mendebaldeko eskolaren fundatzailearekin. Leku nabarmena du <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> eta <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> filosofo modernoen lanetan, eta gai nagusia izaten jarraitu du gaur egungo eztabaida epistemologikoetan.<a href="#cite_note-SEP_Epistemology-92">[91]</a> Eztabaida epistemologiko garrantzitsuenetako bat <a href="/wiki/Enpirismo" title="Enpirismo">enpirismoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arrazionalismo_(filosofia)" title="Arrazionalismo (filosofia)">arrazionalismoa</a> dira.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-93">[92]</a> Enpirismoak behaketaren ebidentzia azpimarratzen du, esperientzia sentsorialaren bidez, ezagutza-iturri gisa.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-93">[92]</a> Enpirismoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_posteriori_ezagutza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A posteriori ezagutza (sortu gabe)">a posteriori</a> lortutako ezagutzarekin lotzen da, eta ezagutza hori esperientziaren bidez lortzen da (<a href="/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia">ezagutza zientifikoa</a> bezala).<a href="#cite_note-auto3-93">[92]</a> Arrazionalismoak arrazoia azpimarratzen du ezagutza-iturri gisa.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-93">[92]</a> Arrazionalismoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_priori_ezagutza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A priori ezagutza (sortu gabe)">a prioriko ezagutza</a> batekin lotzen da, <a href="/wiki/Esperientzia_(filosofia)" title="Esperientzia (filosofia)">esperientziarekin</a> (logikarekin eta matematikarekin bezala) independentea den ezagutza batekin. Epistemologia garaikidean, funtsezko eztabaida bat dago sineste bat ezagutza bihurtzeko beharrezko baldintzei buruz, <a href="/wiki/Egia" title="Egia">egia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Justifikazioaren_teoria" title="Justifikazioaren teoria">justifikazioa</a> barne har ditzakeena. Gettierren arazoa konpontzeko saiakeren emaitza izan zen, hein handi batean, eztabaida hori.<a href="#cite_note-SEP_Epistemology-92">[91]</a> Eztabaida garaikideen beste gai komun bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erregresioaren_arazoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erregresioaren arazoa (sortu gabe)">erregresioaren arazoa</a> da, edozein sinesmen, adierazpen edo proposamenen froga edo justifikazioa eskaintzean gertatzen dena. Arazoa da justifikazio-iturria edozein dela ere, iturri hori justifikaziorik gabe erabili behar dela (kasu horretan, sinesmenaren oinarri arbitrariotzat hartu behar da), edo justifikazio gehigarriren bat izan behar duela (kasu horretan, justifikazioak arrazoibide zirkular baten emaitza izan behar du, <a href="/wiki/Koherentismo" title="Koherentismo">koherentzian</a> bezala, edo erregesio infinitu baten emaitza, infinitismoan bezala).<a href="#cite_note-SEP_Epistemology-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metafisika">Metafisika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Metafisika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Metafisika">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">Metafisika</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Aristotle,_Metaphysics,_Incunabulum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg/220px-Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg/330px-Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg/440px-Aristotle%2C_Metaphysics%2C_Incunabulum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption>Aristotelesen <a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">Metafisikaren</a> hasiera, eskuz margotutako miniaturekin apaindutako inkunabueloan</figcaption></figure> Metafisika <a href="/wiki/Errealitate" title="Errealitate">errealitatearen</a> ezaugarri orokorrenak aztertzea da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Existentzia" title="Existentzia">existentzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbora" title="Denbora">denbora</a>, objektuak eta haien propietateak, osotasunak eta haien zatiak, gertaerak, prozesuak eta <a href="/wiki/Kausalitate" title="Kausalitate">kausalitatea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gogamen" title="Gogamen">gogoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Giza_gorputz" title="Giza gorputz">gorputzaren</a> arteko harremana.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Metafisikak <a href="/wiki/Kosmologia" title="Kosmologia">kosmologia</a>, munduaren osotasuna eta <a href="/wiki/Ontologia" title="Ontologia">ontologia</a>, izatearen azterketa eta espazioaren eta denboraren filosofia hartzen ditu bere baitan. Eztabaidarako puntu garrantzitsu bat <a href="/wiki/Errealismo_filosofiko" title="Errealismo filosofiko">errealismoa</a> da, zeinak esaten baitu badirela entitate batzuk euren inguruko pertzepzio mentala edozein dela ere, eta <a href="/wiki/Idealismo" title="Idealismo">idealismoa</a>, errealitatea mentalki eraikia dela dioena edo, bestela, materiagabea. Metafisika identitatearen gaia da. <a href="/wiki/Esentzia" title="Esentzia">Esentzia</a> da objektu batek funtsean duen ezaugarri bat, galtzen badu bere identitatea ere galtzen duena; <a href="/wiki/Akzidente_(filosofia)" title="Akzidente (filosofia)">istripua</a>, berriz, objektuak duen propietatea da, eta hori gabe objektuak bere identitatea gorde dezake oraindik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partikular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partikular (sortu gabe)">Partikularrak</a> espazioan eta denboran existitzen direla esaten den objektuak dira, objektu abstraktuak ez bezala, hala nola zenbakiak; eta unibertsalak ez bezala, banako askok partekatzen dituzten ezaugarriak direla, hala nola gorritasuna edo generoa. Unibertsal eta objektu abstraktuen existentzia mota, halakorik bada, eztabaidagai bat da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logika">Logika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Logika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Logika">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">Logika</a>»</div>Arrazoibidea eta argumentua aztertzea da <a href="/wiki/Logika" title="Logika">logika</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arrazoibide_deduktibo" title="Arrazoibide deduktibo">Arrazoibide deduktiboa</a> da, zenbait premisa kontuan hartuta, ondorioek <a href="/wiki/Apodosi" title="Apodosi">ezinbestean</a> zerikusia dutenean.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Inferentzia-arauak erabiltzen dira ondorioak ateratzeko, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Modus_ponendo_ponens" title="Modus ponendo ponens">modus ponens</a>, non "A" emanda "baldin eta A orduan B", ondorioztatu behar dugun "B". Arrazoibidea zientzia, gizarte zientzia eta hanitate guztien funtsezko elementua denez, logika <a href="/wiki/Zientzia_formal" title="Zientzia formal">zientzia formal</a> bihurtu zen.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Azpieremuetan <a href="/wiki/Logika_matematiko" title="Logika matematiko">logika matematikoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logika_filosofiko" title="Logika filosofiko">logika filosofikoa</a>, logika modala, logika konputazionala eta logika ez-klasikoa sartzen dira. <a href="/wiki/Matematikaren_filosofia" title="Matematikaren filosofia">Matematikaren filosofiaren</a> galdera garrantzitsu bat da ea matematika-entitateak objektiboak eta aurkituak diren, errealismo matematiko deritzenak, edo asmatuak, antirealismo matematiko deritzenak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adimena_eta_hizkuntza">Adimena eta hizkuntza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Adimena eta hizkuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Adimena eta hizkuntza">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Hizkuntzaren_filosofia" title="Hizkuntzaren filosofia">Gogamenaren filosofia</a>»</div><a href="/wiki/Hizkuntzaren_filosofia" title="Hizkuntzaren filosofia">Hizkuntzaren filosofiak</a> hizkuntzaren izaera, jatorria eta erabilera aztertzen ditu. <a href="/wiki/Adimenaren_filosofia" title="Adimenaren filosofia">Adimenaren filosofiak</a> adimenaren izaera eta gorputzarekin duen harremana aztertzen ditu, <a href="/wiki/Materialismo" title="Materialismo">materialismoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Dualismo" title="Dualismo">dualismoaren</a> arteko liskarrek tipifikatua. Azken urteetan, adar hau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zientzia_kognitibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zientzia kognitibo (sortu gabe)">zientzia kognitiboarekin</a> lotu da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zientziaren_filosofia">Zientziaren filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zientziaren filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Zientziaren filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia">Zientziaren filosofia</a>»</div><a href="/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia">Zientziaren filosofiak</a> zientziaren oinarriak, metodoak, historia, ondorioak eta helburua aztertzen ditu. Azpizatiketa asko zientziaren adar espezifikoei dagozkie. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Biologiaren_filosofia" title="Biologiaren filosofia">biologiaren filosofiak</a> gai metafisiko, epistemologiko eta etikoei buruz dihardu bereziki, zientzia biomedikoetan eta bizitzaren zientzietan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofia_politikoa">Filosofia politikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Filosofia politikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofia politikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Filosofia_politiko" title="Filosofia politiko">Filosofia politiko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, 1651ko <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(liburua)" title="Leviathan (liburua)">Leviathan</a> liburuagatik ezaguna, <a href="/wiki/Gizarte-kontratua" title="Gizarte-kontratua">gizarte-kontratuaren</a> teoriaren formulazio eragingarria azaldu zuen.</figcaption></figure> Filosofia politikoa <a href="/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu">gobernua</a> eta gizabanakoek (edo familiek eta klanek) komunitateekin duten harremana aztertzea da, estatua barne. Justizia, zuzenbidea, jabetza eta herritarren eskubide eta betebeharrei buruzko galderak biltzen ditu. Filosofia politikoa, etika eta estetika tradizioz lotutako gaiak dira, balioaren teoriaren alderdi orokorraren pean, alderdi arauemaile edo ebaluatzaile bat biltzen baitute. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erlijioaren_filosofia">Erlijioaren filosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erlijioaren filosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Erlijioaren filosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Erlijioaren_filosofia" title="Erlijioaren filosofia">Erlijioaren filosofia</a>»</div> Tradizioz, erlijio-kontuak ez ziren filosofiatik bertatik bereizitako eremu gisa ikusten, eta eremu bereizi baten ideia XIX. mendean baino ez zen sortu. Galderek barne hartzen dituzte Jainkoaren existentzia, arrazoiaren eta <a href="/wiki/Fede" title="Fede">fedearen</a> arteko erlazioa, epistemologia erlijiosoari buruzko gaiak, erlijioaren eta zientziaren arteko harremana, esperientzia erlijiosoak nola interpretatu, geroko bizitza bat izateko aukerari buruzko galderak, hizkuntza erlijiosoaren arazoa eta <a href="/wiki/Arima" title="Arima">arimak</a> izatea eta aniztasun erlijiosoari eta aniztasunari emandako erantzunak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metafilosofia">Metafilosofia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Metafilosofia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Metafilosofia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Metafilosofiak filosofiaren helburuak, mugak eta metodoak aztertzen ditu. Eztabaidatzen da ea metafilosofia filosofiaren aurretik datorren gaia den edo filosofiaren parte den. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emakumeak_filosofian">Emakumeak filosofian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Emakumeak filosofian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Emakumeak filosofian">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px;"></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ikusgela-logoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/28px-Ikusgela-logoa.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/42px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ikusgela-logoa.png/56px-Ikusgela-logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3334" /></a> <big><big><big><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela" title="Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela">Ikusgela</a></big></big></big> <hr /> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_10" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/40px-seek%3D20-Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="416" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm/Ikusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela-Mary_Wollstonecraft.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Mary Wollstonecraft</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_11" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="440" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm/Ikusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=ha&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ha" label="Hausa ‪(ha)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Hannah_Arendt.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Hannah Arendt</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_12" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="509" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_–_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm/Ikusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=ha&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ha" label="Hausa ‪(ha)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_%E2%80%93_Simone_de_Beauvoir.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Simone de Beauvoir</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_13" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="428" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm/Ikusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_bell_hooks.webm&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>bell hooks</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_14" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="516" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm/Ikusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Sally_Haslanger.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Sally Haslanger</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_15" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/40px-seek%3D36-Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="40" height="23" data-durationhint="468" data-mwtitle="Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm/Ikusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIkusgela_-_Judith_Butler.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Bideoa</figcaption></figure> <big>Judith Butler</big> <div style="clear:both;"></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> Gizonek eskuarki diskurtso filosofikoa menperatu duten arren, emakume filosofoek historian zehar parte hartu dute diziplinan. Historian zehar emakume filosofoen zerrenda izugarria da. Antzinako adibideak <a href="/wiki/Hiparkia" title="Hiparkia">Hiparkia</a> (K.a. 325 inguruan aktibo) eta <a href="/wiki/Arete_Zirenekoa" title="Arete Zirenekoa">Arete Zirenekoa</a> dira. Emakume filosofo batzuk Erdi Aroan eta aro modernoan onartuak izan ziren, baina bakar bat ere ez zen mendebaldeko kanonaren parte izatera iritsi XX. eta XXI. mendeak arte. Gaur egun <a href="/w/index.php?title=G.E.M._Anscombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G.E.M. Anscombe (sortu gabe)">G.E.M. Anscombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Longino" title="Helen Longino">Helen Longino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Susanne Langer</a> unibertsitate gehienetako kanonean sartzen dira<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a>. XIX. mendearen hasieran, Erresuma Batuko eta Estatu Batuetako fakultate eta unibertsitate batzuk emakumeak onartzen hasi ziren, eta horrek akademiko gehiago sortu zituen. Hala ere, AEBetako Hezkuntza Sailaren 1990eko hamarkadako txostenek adierazten dutenez, emakume gutxik amaitu zuten filosofia ikasten, eta hori da giza zientzien arloan emakumeen eta gizonen proportzio txikiena duen eremuetako bat: ikerketa batzuen arabera, filosofiako irakasleen %17tik %30era bitarte emakumeak dira. XXI. mendeko filosofo nabarmenen artean, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onora_O%27Neill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onora O'Neill (sortu gabe)">Onora O'Neill</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a> daude<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oharrak">Oharrak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oharrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Oharrak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Baliteke Tuteran beharrean <a href="/wiki/Toledo" title="Toledo">Toledon</a> jaio izana. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy">«Philosophy | Definition, Systems, Fields, Schools, & Biographies | Britannica»</a> www.britannica.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142405/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/philosophy">«philosophy | Definition of philosophy in English by Oxford Dictionaries»</a> web.archive.org 2019-03-28 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consc.net/papers/facing.html">«Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness»</a> www.consc.net (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Henderson, Leah. (2018-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/induction-problem/">The Problem of Induction. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14988/14988-h/14988-h.htm">«Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, On the Nature of the Gods, On the Commonwealth»</a> www.gutenberg.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Jaeger, Werner. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/aristotlefundame0000jaeg_h0w3">Aristotle : fundamentals of the history of his development. </a> Oxford : Clarendon Press (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> Guthrie, W. K. C.. (1962-1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4679552">A history of Greek philosophy. </a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-05159-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-05159-2">0-521-05159-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4679552">4679552</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Adler, Mortimer Jerome. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680284007">How to think about the great ideas : from the great books of Western civilization. </a> Open Court <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8126-9693-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8126-9693-6">978-0-8126-9693-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=680284007">680284007</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> (Ingelesez) HONDERICH, TED AUTOR. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sI4YAAAAIAAJ">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. </a> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0">978-0-19-866132-0</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Lindberg, David C.. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156874785">The beginnings of western science : the European scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) University of Chicago Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-226-48205-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-226-48205-7">978-0-226-48205-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156874785">156874785</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Phillips, Stephen. (2021). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/epistemology-india/">«Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy»</a> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Shapin, Steven. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34548543">The scientific revolution. </a> University of Chicago Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-226-75020-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-226-75020-5">0-226-75020-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34548543">34548543</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Briggle, Robert Frodeman and Adam. (2016-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/11/when-philosophy-lost-its-way/">«When Philosophy Lost Its Way»</a> Opinionator (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-14). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> Fraile, Guillermo. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47687048">Historia de la filosofía. </a> (7a ed. argitaraldia) Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7914-291-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7914-291-X">84-7914-291-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=47687048">47687048</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Whitehead, Alfred North. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000452947">Process and Reality.. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Free Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4391-1836-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4391-1836-8">978-1-4391-1836-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1000452947">1000452947</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> Kenny, Anthony. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437109465">Ancient Philosophy.. </a> Oxford University Press, UK <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-152497-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-152497-4">978-0-19-152497-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=437109465">437109465</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-philosophy/Renaissance-philosophy">«Western philosophy - Renaissance philosophy | Britannica»</a> www.britannica.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> Kenny, A. J. P.. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/778339512">Medieval Philosophy : a New History of Western Philosophy.. </a> OUP Oxford <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-162253-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-162253-3">978-0-19-162253-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=778339512">778339512</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163567206">Philosophic classics : from Plato to Derrida. </a> (Combined ed., 5th ed. argitaraldia) Pearson/Prentice Hall 2008 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1">978-0-13-158591-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=163567206">163567206</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> (Gaztelaniaz) Fazio, Mario. (2005). Introducción. Historia de la filosofía IV. Filosofía contemporánea. . </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> (Gaztelaniaz) Shand, John. (2005). Trabajos centrales de la filosofía (volumen 3): El siglo XIX. McGill-Queen's University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Bourdeau, Michel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/comte/">«Auguste Comte»</a> plato.stanford.edu (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fpositivism%2F108682">«Britannica Academic»</a> academic.eb.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Driver, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/utilitarianism-history/">«The History of Utilitarianism»</a> plato.stanford.edu (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_25-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) Crowell, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/existentialism/">«Existentialism»</a> plato.stanford.edu (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-04-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-pentsamendu-26">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pentsamendu_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentsamendu_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentsamendu_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentsamendu_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentsamendu_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pentsamendu_26-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864226129">Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida. </a> Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea 2012 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-435-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-435-9">978-84-8438-435-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=864226129">864226129</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Perez, Ander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1943/034/001/2016-05-08/literaturak-ez-du-islatzen-errealitatea-sortu-egiten-du.htm">««Literaturak ez du islatzen errealitatea: sortu egiten du»»</a> Berria (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> Arantzabal, Oskar. (D.L. 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890273646">Azpilkueta, ekonomiaren aitzindari. </a> Pamiela <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7681-821-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-7681-821-3">978-84-7681-821-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=890273646">890273646</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Lujambio Múgica, Ángel. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redined.educacion.gob.es/xmlui/handle/11162/90499">Interpretación estética del alma vasca : su formación y perturbación según Jorge de Oteiza. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Lorenzo Espinosa, José María. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107170549">Txabi Etxebarrieta : armado de palabra y obra. </a> (Segunda edición de Txalaparta, Tafalla, mayo de 2018. argitaraldia) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-17065-46-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-17065-46-1">978-84-17065-46-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1107170549">1107170549</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Van de Mieroop, Marc. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/928406324">Philosophy before the Greeks.. </a> Princeton University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/1-4008-7411-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/1-4008-7411-4">1-4008-7411-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=928406324">928406324</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Lichtheim, Miriam. (1973-1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/705628">Ancient Egyptian literature : a book of readings. </a> University of California Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-520-09443-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-520-09443-3">0-520-09443-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=705628">705628</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Najovits, Simson R.. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/742514035">The consequences : how Egypt became the trunk of the tree. </a> Algora Pub <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-87586-201-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-87586-201-2">0-87586-201-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=742514035">742514035</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518232700/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/2354/1/Assmann_Theological_responses_to_Amarna_2004.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a> web.archive.org 2020-05-18 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/179147185">History of Jewish philosophy. </a> Routledge 1997 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-203-98310-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-203-98310-6">0-203-98310-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179147185">179147185</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Bartholomew, Craig G.. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/826685432">Christian philosophy : a systematic and narrative introduction. </a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8010-3911-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8010-3911-9">978-0-8010-3911-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=826685432">826685432</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229454284">An anthology of philosophy in Persia. </a> I.B. Tauris Publishers 2008-<2015> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84511-541-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84511-541-8">978-1-84511-541-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=229454284">229454284</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Keddie, Nikki R.. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882232365">Iran : religion, politics, and society : collected essays. </a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-203-04334-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-203-04334-9">978-0-203-04334-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=882232365">882232365</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Blois, François de. (2000-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/dualism-in-iranian-and-christian-traditions1/33DCC51D173D1B05D5CB9EC526EEDEE2">«Dualism in Iranian and Christian Traditions1»</a> Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10 (1): 1–19.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300011913">10.1017/S1356186300011913</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1474-0591">1474-0591</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> Gutas, Dimitri. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70768786">Greek thought, Arabic culture : the Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early ʻAbbāsid society (2nd-4th/8th-10th centuries). </a> Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-92635-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-134-92635-0">978-1-134-92635-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=70768786">70768786</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> Cooper, William W.. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/663881291">Challenges of the muslim world : present, future and past. </a> (1st ed. argitaraldia) Elsevier <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84950-812-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84950-812-4">978-1-84950-812-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=663881291">663881291</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Isaeva, N. V.. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24953669">Shankara and Indian philosophy. </a> State University of New York Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7914-1281-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7914-1281-4">0-7914-1281-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24953669">24953669</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203813010/routledge-companion-philosophy-religion-chad-meister-paul-copan">«Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion | Chad Meister, Paul Cop»</a> Taylor & Francis  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203813010">10.4324/9780203813010</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Johnson, W. J.. (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250;jsessionid=F6D29558CFEE12988A82E37403358382">A Dictionary of Hinduism. </a> Oxford University Press  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198610250.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0">978-0-19-861025-0</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-1-46">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-1_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-1_46-1">b</a> Phillips, Stephen. (2021). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/epistemology-india/">«Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy»</a> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-2-47">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-2_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-2_47-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) Kulkarni, Viraj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.thewire.in/society/history/erwin-schrodinger-quantum-mechanics-philosophy-of-physics-upanishads/">What Erwin Schrödinger Said About the Upanishads – The Wire Science. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> Young, William A.. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56733561">The world's religions : worldviews and contemporary issues. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Pearson Prentice Hall <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-13-183010-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-13-183010-4">0-13-183010-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56733561">56733561</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/992437701">Religions of India : an introduction. </a> (Second edition. argitaraldia) 2018 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-315-54596-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-315-54596-7">978-1-315-54596-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=992437701">992437701</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36771508">The Oxford dictionary of world religions. </a> 1997 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-19-213965-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-19-213965-7">0-19-213965-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=36771508">36771508</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Doniger, Wendy. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870588575">On Hinduism.. </a> Oxford University Press, USA <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-936008-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-936008-6">978-0-19-936008-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=870588575">870588575</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Kesarcodi-Watson, Ian; Philosophy Documentation Center. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/oom/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=&rft.imuse_id=ipq_1978_0018_0004_0413_0432&svc_id=info:www.pdcnet.org/collection">«Hindu Metaphysics and Its Philosophies: Śruti and Darsána»</a> International Philosophical Quarterly 18 (4): 413–432.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq197818440">10.5840/ipq197818440</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0019-0365">0019-0365</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907773465">The Routledge handbook of contemporary philosophy of religion. </a> 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-51592-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-317-51592-0">978-1-317-51592-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=907773465">907773465</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> Sharma, Arvind. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645086376">A Hindu perspective on the philosophy of religion. </a> Macmillan <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-349-20799-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-349-20799-2">978-1-349-20799-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=645086376">645086376</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864899285">Bloomsbury companion to Hindu studies. </a> 2014 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4725-6717-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4725-6717-8">978-1-4725-6717-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=864899285">864899285</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> Olson, Carl. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71810118">The many colors of Hinduism : a thematic-historical introduction. </a> Rutgers University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8135-4067-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8135-4067-2">978-0-8135-4067-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=71810118">71810118</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44914158">Indian philosophy : a collection of readings. </a> Garland 2000 [i.e.] 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8153-3609-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8153-3609-8">0-8153-3609-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44914158">44914158</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> Grimes, John A.. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34410952">A concise dictionary of Indian philosophy : Sanskrit terms defined in English. </a> (New and rev. ed. argitaraldia) State University of New York Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7914-3067-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7914-3067-7">0-7914-3067-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34410952">34410952</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13823252">Modern Indian interpreters of the Bhagavadgita. </a> State University of New York Press 1986 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-88706-297-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-88706-297-0">0-88706-297-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=13823252">13823252</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bhagavadgita">«Bhagavadgita | Definition, Contents, & Significance | Britannica»</a> www.britannica.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Acharya, Madhava. (2020-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/The_Sarva_Darsana_Samgraha_Or_Review_of.html?id=-cXZzQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y">The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha, Or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy. </a> Alpha Editions <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-93-5415-333-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-93-5415-333-4">978-93-5415-333-4</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-3-62">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-3_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-3_62-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/861081750">Indian pilosophy : a collection of readings. Volume 4, Philosophy of Religion. </a> 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-135-70322-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-135-70322-6">978-1-135-70322-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=861081750">861081750</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> Bhaṭṭācārya, Rāmakr̥shṇa. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/782044598">Studies on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata. </a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-85728-992-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-85728-992-6">978-0-85728-992-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=782044598">782044598</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Basham, A. L.. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499955602">History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas : a vanished Indian religion. </a> Motilal Banarsidass <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-208-1204-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-208-1204-2">81-208-1204-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=499955602">499955602</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Jayatilleke, Kulatissa Nanda. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7844123">Early Buddhist theory of knowledge. </a> Motilal Banarsidass <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-208-0619-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-208-0619-0">81-208-0619-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7844123">7844123</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Dundas, Paul. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252916273">The Jains. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-203-39827-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-203-39827-0">0-203-39827-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=252916273">252916273</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> Hemacandra. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38016671">The lives of the Jain Elders. </a> Oxford University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-19-283227-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-19-283227-1">0-19-283227-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=38016671">38016671</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-4-68">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-4_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-4_68-1">b</a> Umāsvāti, approximatelyapproximately 219. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30438277">That which is = Tattvārtha Sūtra. </a> HarperCollinsPublishers <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-06-068985-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-06-068985-4">0-06-068985-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=30438277">30438277</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> Jaini, Padmanabh S.. ((2001 printing)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50996235">The Jaina path of purification. </a> (1st pbk. ed. argitaraldia) Motilal Banarsidass <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-208-0700-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-208-0700-6">81-208-0700-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=50996235">50996235</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-3">d</a> Westerhoff, Jan. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037096118">The golden age of Indian Buddhist philosophy. </a> (First edition. argitaraldia) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-104704-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-104704-6">978-0-19-104704-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1037096118">1037096118</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> Gombrich, Richard F.. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67552948">Theravāda Buddhism : a social history from ancient Benares to modern Colombo. </a> Routledge & Kegan Paul <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-203-13025-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-203-13025-1">0-203-13025-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=67552948">67552948</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859536678">The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. </a> 2013 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8">978-1-4008-4805-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=859536678">859536678</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/551198943">The Oxford handbook of world philosophy. </a> Oxford University Press 2010 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-532899-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-532899-8">978-0-19-532899-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=551198943">551198943</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiasociety.org/chinese-religions-and-philosophies">«Chinese Religions and Philosophies»</a> Asia Society (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> Perez, Louis G.. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51689128">The history of Japan. </a> Greenwood Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-313-00793-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-313-00793-4">0-313-00793-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=51689128">51689128</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:0739136682">«isbn:0739136682 - Google Bilaketa»</a> www.google.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> Whiteley, Peter M.. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/native-american-philosophy/v-1">«Native American philosophy»</a> Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Routledge)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-n078-1">10.4324/9780415249126-n078-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6">978-0-415-25069-6</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> León Portilla, Miguel. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/181727">Aztec thought and culture : a study of the ancient Nahuatl mind. </a> ([1st ed.]. argitaraldia) University of Oklahoma Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8061-0569-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8061-0569-0">0-8061-0569-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=181727">181727</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-5-79">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-5_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-1ž7ep-5_79-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) Maffie, James. (2002-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004839310203200104">«Why Care about Nezahualcoyotl?: Veritism and Nahua Philosophy»</a> Philosophy of the Social Sciences 32 (1): 71–91.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F004839310203200104">10.1177/004839310203200104</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0048-3931">0048-3931</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/aztec-philosophy/">Aztec Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. </a> (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> meridian.allenpress.com  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2308%2F0148-4184.10.2.39">10.2308/0148-4184.10.2.39</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Maffie, James. (2009-12-04). Nuccetelli, Susana ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444314847.ch1">«Pre-Columbian Philosophies»</a> A Companion to Latin American Philosophy (Wiley-Blackwell): 7–22.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444314847.ch1">10.1002/9781444314847.ch1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4443-1484-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4443-1484-7">978-1-4443-1484-7</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> Webb, Hillary S.. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781636139">Yanantin and Masintin in the Andean world : complementary dualism in modern Peru. </a> University of New Mexico Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8263-5074-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8263-5074-9">978-0-8263-5074-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=781636139">781636139</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> Gabilondo, Joseba. (2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10230623/_Spanish_Nationalist_Excess_A_Decolonial_and_Postnational_Critique_of_Iberian_Studies_Prosopopeya_revista_de_cr%C3%ADtica_contempor%C3%A1nea_8_2014_23_60">«“Spanish Nationalist Excess: A Decolonial and Postnational Critique of Iberian Studies”. Prosopopeya: revista de crítica contemporánea 8 (2014): 23-60.»</a> Prosopopeya. Revista de crítica contemporánea. Número 8. Pp. 23-60. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> Kelly, Michael (Editor in Chief) (1998) Encyclopedia of Aesthetics. New York, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 4 vol. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5">ISBN 978-0-19-511307-5</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (sortu gabe)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-511307-5">978-0-19-511307-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Riedel, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlisna.org/artdoc/vol18/iss2/01.pdf">«[Review:</a> Encyclopedia of Aesthetics»] Art Documentation 18 (2). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> "<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aesthetic" class="extiw" title="mwod:aesthetic">Aesthetic</a>." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merriam-Webster_dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merriam-Webster dictionary (sortu gabe)">Merriam-Webster dictionary</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/aesthetic">«aesthetic»</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexico (sortu gabe)">Lexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary.com (sortu gabe)">Dictionary.com</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-IEP_Ethics-89">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_Ethics_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_Ethics_89-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/">«Ethics»</a> Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-90">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introduction-to-the-law-of-property-estate-planning-and-insurance/s05-02-major-ethical-perspectives.html">«Major Ethical Perspectives»</a> saylordotorg.github.io. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_91-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology">«Epistemology»</a> Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP_Epistemology-92">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_Epistemology_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_Epistemology_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_Epistemology_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_Epistemology_92-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/">«Epistemology»</a> Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_93-3">d</a> Steup, Matthias; Neta, Ram. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology/">«Epistemology»</a> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> van Inwagen, Peter; Sullivan, Meghan. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/">«Metaphysics»</a> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Alina, Bradford. (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html">«Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning»</a> Live Science. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> Carnap, Rudolf. (1953). «Inductive Logic and Science» Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 80 (3): 189–197.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F20023651">10.2307/20023651</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609133754/http://read.hipporeads.com/why-i-left-academia-philosophys-homogeneity-needs-rethinking/">«Why I Left Academia: Philosophy’s Homogeneity Needs Rethinking | Hippo Reads»</a> web.archive.org 2017-06-09 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> Haldane, John. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20131480">«In Memoriam: G. E. M. Anscombe (1919-2001)»</a> The Review of Metaphysics 53 (4): 1019–1021. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0034-6632">0034-6632</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Barham, James; Updated, Dr Brian CarlsonPublished:. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicinfluence.com/rankings/people/women-scholars/philosophy">«Influential Women in Philosophy From the Last 10 Years | Academic Influence»</a> academicinfluence.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> Witt, Charlotte; Shapiro, Lisa; Van Dyke, Christina; Moland, Lydia L.. (2021). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/feminism-femhist/">«Feminist History of Philosophy»</a> The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-15). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaitz_Aizpuru" title="Alaitz Aizpuru">Aizpuru, Alaitz</a> (koord.) (2012): Euskal Herriko pentsamenduaren gida, Bilbo, UEU. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-435-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-435-9">ISBN 978-84-8438-435-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Apodaka" title="Eduardo Apodaka">Apodaka, Eduardo</a> (2024): Subjektuaren zainak eta adarrak, Bilbo, UEU. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-897-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-897-5">ISBN 978-84-8438-897-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agustin_Arrieta_Urtizberea" title="Agustin Arrieta Urtizberea">Arrieta, Agustin</a> (2002): Zertaz dihardu filosofiak?, Donostia, Jakin <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-95234-16-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-95234-16-5">ISBN 84-95234-16-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agustin_Arrieta_Urtizberea" title="Agustin Arrieta Urtizberea">Arrieta, Agustin</a> (koord.) (2008): Filosofiaren historia, Donostia, Elkar. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9783-403-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9783-403-2">ISBN 978-84-9783-403-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haritz_Azurmendi_Arrue" title="Haritz Azurmendi Arrue">Azurmendi, Haritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Garmendia_Casta%C3%B1os" title="Alba Garmendia Castaños">Garmendia, Alba</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Jon_Mentxakatorre_Odriozola" title="Jon Mentxakatorre Odriozola">Mentxakatorre, Jon</a> (argtz.) (2024): Euskal pentsamenduaren garabideak, Bilbo, UEU. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-906-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-906-4">ISBN 978-84-8438-906-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (1997): Gizakiaren filosofia ilustratutik antropologia filosofikora, Donostia, Jakin. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-922537-4-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-922537-4-6">ISBN 84-922537-4-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (argk.) (2004): Filosofiako gida, Bilbo, UEU. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-8438-048-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-8438-048-3">ISBN 84-8438-048-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (2020): Pentsamenduaren historia Euskal Herrian, Leioa/Andoain, EHU/Jakin. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-949759-0-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-949759-0-5">ISBN 978-84-949759-0-5</a></li> <li>Baztarrika, Patxi (et al.) (1992): Zer da zientzia teoria delako hori?, Bilbo, EHU <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-7585-377-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-7585-377-3">ISBN 84-7585-377-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Bengoetxea" title="Juan Bautista Bengoetxea">Bengoetxea, Juan Bautista</a> (2000): Filosofia eta zientzia. Vienako zirkulua, Donostia, Jakin <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-95234-08-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-95234-08-4">ISBN 84-95234-08-4</a></li> <li>Bengoetxea, Juan Bautista (2003): Dogmak zientzian? Feyerabend, Kuhn, Popper, Donostia, Jakin <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-95234-19-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-95234-19-X">ISBN 84-95234-19-X</a></li> <li>Eizagirre, Xabier (1998): Zientzi razionaltasun berriranzko urratsak: Popper ala Khun?, Bilbo, EHU <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/84-8373-101-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/84-8373-101-0">ISBN 84-8373-101-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ander_Iturriotz" title="Ander Iturriotz">Iturriotz, Ander</a> (2007): Lehen filosofia Heladen, Donostia, Jakin. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-95234-32-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-95234-32-2">ISBN 978-84-95234-32-2</a></li> <li>Jimenez, Jon eta Olariaga, Andoni (2009): Modernitatearen auziaz, Donostia, Jakin <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-95234-40-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-95234-40-7">ISBN 978-84-95234-40-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoni_Olariaga" title="Andoni Olariaga">Olariaga, Andoni</a> (2019): Erlatibismoaren egiak, Bilbo, UEU. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-691-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-8438-691-9">ISBN 978-84-8438-691-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera">Ikus, gainera</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zerrenda:Filosofoak" title="Zerrenda:Filosofoak">Zerrenda:Filosofoak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div 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