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id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasurer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasurer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Treasurer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasurer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burghley,_Cecil_House_and_Theobalds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burghley,_Cecil_House_and_Theobalds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Burghley, Cecil House and Theobalds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burghley,_Cecil_House_and_Theobalds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicholas_White" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicholas_White"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nicholas White</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicholas_White-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84)" title="وليام سيسيل (بارون بورغلي الأول) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليام سيسيل (بارون بورغلي الأول)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Уилям Сесил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Сесил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1._baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1. baron Burghley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Cecil, 1. baron Burghley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_barwn_Burghley" title="William Cecil, barwn Burghley – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Cecil, barwn Burghley" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1._Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1. Baron Burghley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Cecil, 1. Baron Burghley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1._Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1. Baron Burghley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Cecil, 1. Baron Burghley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil" title="William Cecil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Cecil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil" title="William Cecil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Cecil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_Lordo_Burghley" title="William Cecil, Lordo Burghley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Cecil, Lordo Burghley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil_(1er_baron_Burghley)" title="William Cecil (1er baron Burghley) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Cecil (1er baron Burghley)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_Baron_Burghley_Pertama" title="William Cecil, Baron Burghley Pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Cecil, Baron Burghley Pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_I_barone_Burghley" title="William Cecil, I barone Burghley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Cecil, I barone Burghley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ויליאם ססיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם ססיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Cecil" title="Gulielmus Cecil – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Cecil" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil_(1520-1598)" title="William Cecil (1520-1598) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Cecil (1520-1598)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5)" title="ウィリアム・セシル (初代バーリー男爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・セシル (初代バーリー男爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1._baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1. baron Burghley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Cecil, 1. baron Burghley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil" title="William Cecil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Cecil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil" title="William Cecil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Cecil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_I_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, I Baron Burghley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Cecil, I Baron Burghley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC,_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Сесил, Уильям, 1-й барон Бёрли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сесил, Уильям, 1-й барон Бёрли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ویلیام سیسیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلیام سیسیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil" title="William Cecil – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Cecil" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1:e_baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1:e baron Burghley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Cecil, 1:e baron Burghley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="วิลเลียม เซซิล บารอนเบิร์กลีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม เซซิล บารอนเบิร์กลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Вільям Сесіл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Сесіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94" title="第一代伯利男爵威廉·塞西尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代伯利男爵威廉·塞西尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English statesman and chief adviser to Queen Elizabeth I (1520–1598)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lord Burghley" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see <a href="/wiki/Baron_Burghley" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Burghley">Baron Burghley</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Burghley</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_(2)FXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29FXD.jpg/240px-William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29FXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29FXD.jpg/360px-William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29FXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29FXD.jpg/480px-William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_from_NPG_%282%29FXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3022" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait attributed to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1572 – 4 August 1598</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">The Marquess of Winchester</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">The Earl of Dorset</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1590–1598</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Walsingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Cecil">Sir Robert Cecil</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1571–1572</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(courtier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bacon (courtier)">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard,_1st_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham">The Lord Howard of Effingham</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 November 1558 – 13 July 1572</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Boxall" title="John Boxall">John Boxall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Thomas Smith (diplomat)">Thomas Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 September 1550 – 19 July 1553</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wotton" title="Nicholas Wotton">Nicholas Wotton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Cecil</div><br />13 September 1520<br /><a href="/wiki/Bourne,_Lincolnshire" title="Bourne, Lincolnshire">Bourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 August 1598<span style="display:none">(1598-08-04)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cecil_House" title="Cecil House">Cecil House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">London</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Stamford" title="St Martin's Church, Stamford">St Martin's Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&params=52.649_N_0.4774_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LIN&title=St+Martin%27s+Church%2C+Stamford"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°38′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°28′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.6490°N 0.4774°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.6490; -0.4774</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">St Martin's Church, Stamford</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Cheke (d. 1543) <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cooke" title="Mildred Cooke">Mildred Cooke</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 December 1546">1546</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="4 April 1589">1589</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter">Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter</a></li> <li>Frances Cecil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Vere,_Countess_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Vere, Countess of Oxford">Anne de Vere, Countess of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Cecil-Wentworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Cecil-Wentworth (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Cecil-Wentworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cecil_(courtier)" title="Richard Cecil (courtier)">Sir Richard Cecil</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Heckington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Heckington (page does not exist)">Jane Heckington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cecil_House" title="Cecil House">Cecil House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Theobalds_House" title="Theobalds House">Theobalds House</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Signature_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg/92px-Signature_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Signature_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg/138px-Signature_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Signature_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg/184px-Signature_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg/243px-Arms_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg.png" decoding="async" width="243" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg/365px-Arms_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg/486px-Arms_of_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Quartered arms of William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, KG</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg/300px-Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg/450px-Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg/600px-Coat_of_arms_William_Cecil_1597.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of William Cecil as found in John Gerard's <i>The herball or Generall historie of plantes</i> (1597)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (13 September 1520 – 4 August 1598) was an English statesman, the chief adviser of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> for most of her reign, twice <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> (1550–1553 and 1558–1572) and <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> from 1572. In his description in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">A.F. Pollard</a> wrote, "From 1558 for forty years the biography of Cecil is almost indistinguishable from that of Elizabeth and from the history of England."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cecil set as the main goal of English policy the creation of a united and Protestant British Isles. His methods were to complete the control of Ireland, and to forge an alliance with Scotland. Protection from invasion required a powerful Royal Navy. While he was not fully successful, his successors agreed with his goals.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1587, Cecil persuaded the Queen to order the execution of the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, after she was implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth. </p><p>He was the father of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</a>, and founder of the Cecil dynasty (marquesses of <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Marquess of Exeter">Exeter</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a>), which has produced many politicians including two prime ministers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cecil was born in <a href="/wiki/Bourne,_Lincolnshire" title="Bourne, Lincolnshire">Bourne, Lincolnshire</a>, in 1520, the son of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cecil_(courtier)" title="Richard Cecil (courtier)">Sir Richard Cecil</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley</a> <a href="/wiki/Estate_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate (house)">estate</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford, Lincolnshire</a>), and his wife, Jane Heckington. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigrees</a>, elaborated by Cecil himself with the help of <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a> the <a href="/wiki/Antiquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquary">antiquary</a>, associated him with the Welsh Cecils or Seisyllts of Allt-Yr-Ynys, <a href="/wiki/Walterstone" title="Walterstone">Walterstone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the border of <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cecil</i> is an anglicisation of the Welsh <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Seisyllt</i></span>. Lord Burghley acknowledged that the family was from the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> in a family pedigree painted at <a href="/wiki/Theobalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobalds">Theobalds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lord Treasurer's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/David_Cecil_(courtier)" title="David Cecil (courtier)">David Cecil</a>, had moved to Stamford. David Cecil secured the favour of the first Tudor king, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, to whom he was yeoman of the chamber. He was elected Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Stamford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)">Stamford</a> five times, between 1504 and 1523. He was <a href="/wiki/Serjeant-at-Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Serjeant-at-Arms">Sergeant-of-Arms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in 1526, <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Northamptonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff of Northamptonshire">Sheriff of Northamptonshire</a> in 1532, and a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">Justice of the Peace</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, according to Burghley's enemies, kept the best <a href="/wiki/Public_house#Inns" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">inn</a> in Stamford. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cecil_(courtier)" title="Richard Cecil (courtier)">Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a> of the Wardrobe (died 1554), married Jane, daughter of William Heckington of Bourne, and was father of three daughters and the future Lord Burghley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William, the only son, was put to school at <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Grantham" title="The King's School, Grantham">The King's School, Grantham</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Stamford_School" title="Stamford School">Stamford School</a>, which he later saved and endowed. In May 1535, at the age of fourteen, he went to <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was brought into contact with the foremost scholars of the time, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a>, and acquired an unusual knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. He also acquired the affections of Cheke's sister, Mary, and was in 1541 removed by his father to <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a>, without having taken a <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degree</a>, as was common at the time for those not intending to enter the Church. The precaution proved useless and four months later Cecil committed one of the rare rash acts of his life in marrying Mary Cheke. The only child of this marriage, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter">Thomas</a>, the future Earl of Exeter, was born in May 1542, and in February 1543 Cecil's first wife died. On 21 December 1546 he married <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cooke" title="Mildred Cooke">Mildred Cooke</a>, who was ranked by Ascham with <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> as one of the two most learned ladies in the kingdom, (aside from another of Ascham's pupils, Elizabeth Tudor, who was later <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>) and whose sister, Anne, was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(courtier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bacon (courtier)">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a> and mother of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Bacon">Sir Francis Bacon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_(English)_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_(1520%E2%80%931598),_1st_Baron_Burghley,_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_%28English%29_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_%281520%E2%80%931598%29%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley%2C_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg/220px-British_%28English%29_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_%281520%E2%80%931598%29%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley%2C_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_%28English%29_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_%281520%E2%80%931598%29%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley%2C_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg/330px-British_%28English%29_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_%281520%E2%80%931598%29%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley%2C_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_%28English%29_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_%281520%E2%80%931598%29%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley%2C_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg/440px-British_%28English%29_School_-_Sir_William_Cecil_%281520%E2%80%931598%29%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley%2C_KG_-_537580_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of William Cecil, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> after 1570</figcaption></figure> <p>William Cecil's early career was spent in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a> (a brother of the late queen, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>), who was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> during the early years of the reign of his nephew, the young <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>. Cecil accompanied Somerset on his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie_Cleugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pinkie Cleugh">Pinkie</a> campaign of 1547 (part of <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Rough_Wooing" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Rough Wooing">the "Rough Wooing"</a>), being one of the two Judges of <a href="/wiki/Marshalsea_Court" title="Marshalsea Court">the Marshalsea</a>. The other was <a href="/wiki/William_Patten_(historian)" title="William Patten (historian)">William Patten</a>, who states that both he and Cecil began to write independent accounts of the campaign, and that Cecil generously contributed his notes for Patten's narrative, <i>The Expedition into Scotland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cecil, according to his autobiographical notes, sat in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> in 1543; but his name does not occur in the imperfect parliamentary returns until 1547, when he was elected for the family <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stamford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stamford (UK Parliament constituency)">Stamford</a>. In 1548, he was described as the Protector's Master of Requests, which apparently means that he was clerk or registrar of the court of requests which Somerset, possibly at <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a>'s instigation, illegally set up in <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a> to hear poor men's complaints. He also seems to have acted as private secretary to the Protector, and was in some danger at the time of the Protector's fall in October 1549. The lords opposed to Somerset ordered his detention on 10 October, and in November he was in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cecil ingratiated himself with <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, then Earl of Warwick</a>, and after less than three months he was out of the Tower. On 5 September 1550 Cecil was sworn in as one of King Edward's two <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">secretaries of state</a>. In April 1551, Cecil became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Chancellor of the Order of the Garter">chancellor of the Order of the Garter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But service under Warwick (by now the Duke of Northumberland) carried some risk, and decades later in his diary, Cecil recorded his release in the phrase "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex misero aulico factus liber et mei juris</i></span>" ("I was freed from this miserable court").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To protect the Protestant government from the accession of a Catholic queen, Northumberland forced King Edward's lawyers to create an instrument setting aside the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a> on 15 June 1553. (The document, which Edward titled "My Devise for the Succession", barred both Elizabeth and Mary, the remaining children of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, from the throne, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>.) Cecil resisted for a while, in a letter to his wife, he wrote: "Seeing great perils threatened upon us by the likeness of the time, I do make choice to avoid the perils of God's displeasure." However, at Edward's royal command he signed,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not only the <i>devise</i>, but also the bond among the conspirators and the letters from the council to Mary Tudor of 9 June 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Years afterwards, he pretended that he had only signed the devise as a witness, but in his apology to Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>, he did not venture to allege so flimsy an excuse; he preferred to lay stress on the extent to which he succeeded in shifting the responsibility on to the shoulders of his brother-in-law, Sir John Cheke, and other friends, and on his intrigues to frustrate the Queen to whom he had sworn allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no doubt that Cecil saw which way the wind was blowing, and disliked Northumberland's scheme; but he had not the courage to resist the duke to his face. As soon as the duke had set out to meet Mary, however, Cecil became the most active intriguer against him,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to these efforts, of which he laid a full account before Queen Mary, he mainly owed his immunity. He had, moreover, had no part in the divorce of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> or in the humiliation of Mary during Henry's reign, and he made no scruple about conforming to the Catholic reaction. He went to <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, confessed, and in no particular official capacity went to meet <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Pole">Cardinal Pole</a> on his return to England in December 1554, again accompanying him to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> in May 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Cecil was elected to Parliament as <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_shire" title="Knight of the shire">knight of the shire</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Lincolnshire</a> in 1553 (probably), 1555 and 1559 and for <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Northamptonshire</a> in 1563."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January of that year, he wrote to Sir Thomas Smith: "The Parliament is begun and I trust will be short, for matters of moment to pass are not many, reviving of some old laws for penalties of some felonies and the grant of a subsidy. I think somewhat will be attempted to ascertain the realm of a successor to this crown, but I fear the unwillingness of her Majesty to have such a person known will stay the matter."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was rumoured in December 1554 that Cecil would succeed Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Petre" title="William Petre">William Petre</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a>, an office which, with his chancellorship of the Garter, he had lost on Mary's accession to the throne. Probably the Queen had more to do with this rumour than Cecil, though he is said to have opposed, in the parliament of 1555 (in which he represented Lincolnshire), a bill for the confiscation of the estates of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>. The story, even as told by his biographer,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not represent Cecil's conduct as having been very courageous; and it is more revealing that he found no seat in the parliament of 1558, for which Mary had directed the return of "discreet and good <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">members</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_of_Elizabeth">Reign of Elizabeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Elizabeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duke of Northumberland had employed Cecil in the administration of the lands of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Princess Elizabeth</a>. Before Mary died he was a member of the "old flock of Hatfield", and from the first, the new Queen relied on Cecil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the cousin of <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Parry" title="Blanche Parry">Blanche Parry</a>, Elizabeth's longest serving gentlewoman and close confidante. Elizabeth appointed Cecil <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a>. His tight control over the finances of the Crown, leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, and the creation of a capable intelligence service under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a> made him the most important minister for the majority of Elizabeth's reign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dawson argues that Cecil's long-term goal was a united and Protestant British Isles, an objective to be achieved by completing the conquest of Ireland and by creating an Anglo-Scottish alliance. With the land border with Scotland safe, the main burden of defence would fall upon the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, Cecil proposed to strengthen and revitalise the Navy, making it the centrepiece of English power. He did obtain a firm Anglo-Scottish alliance reflecting the common religion and shared interests of the two countries, as well as an agreement that offered the prospect of a successful conquest of Ireland. However, his strategy ultimately failed. His idea that England's safety required a united British Isles became an axiom of English policy by the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though a Protestant, Cecil was not a religious purist; he aided the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> and Dutch just enough to keep them going in the struggles which warded danger from England's shores. However, Cecil never developed that passionate aversion to decided measures which became a second nature to Elizabeth. His intervention in Scotland in 1559–1560 showed that he could strike hard when necessary; and his action over the execution of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, proved that he was willing to take on responsibilities from which the Queen shrank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally he was in favour of more decided intervention on behalf of continental Protestants than Elizabeth would have liked, but it is not always easy to ascertain the advice he gave. He left endless <a href="/wiki/Memoranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoranda">memoranda</a> lucidly (nevertheless sometimes bordering on the ridiculous) setting forth the pros and cons of every course of action; but there are few indications of the line which he actually recommended when it came to a decision. How far he was personally responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Anglican Settlement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a>, and the foreign policy of the reign, remains to a large extent a matter of conjecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816–817_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816–817-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is most likely that Cecil's views carried the day in the politics of <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan England">Elizabethan England</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> contends that Cecil was the <i>de facto</i> ruler of England during his tenure as Secretary; pointing out that in instances where his and Elizabeth's wills diverged, it was Cecil's will that was imposed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Leimon and Parker argue that Cecil was the principal protector of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford_(diplomat)" title="Edward Stafford (diplomat)">Edward Stafford</a>, the English ambassador to Paris and a paid spy who helped the Spanish at the time of the Spanish Armada. However, they do not claim Cecil knew of Stafford's treason.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_politics">Domestic politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_I;_Sir_Francis_Walsingham;_William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_I%3B_Sir_Francis_Walsingham%3B_William_Cecil%2C_1st_Baron_Burghley_by_William_Faithorne_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Queen Elizabeth I, William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham, by <a href="/wiki/William_Faithorne" title="William Faithorne">William Faithorne</a>, 1655</figcaption></figure> <p>William Cecil's share in the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Religious Settlement</a> of 1559 was considerable, and it coincided fairly with his own Anglican religious views. Like the mass of the nation, he grew more Protestant as time wore on; he was happier to persecute Catholics than <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>; and he had no love for ecclesiastical jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prosecution of the English Catholics made him a recurring character in the "evil counsellor polemics", written by Catholic exiles across the channel. In these pamphlets, polemicists painted a black picture of Burghley as a corrupting influence over the queen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Queen will listen to none but unto him", exiled Catholic intelligencer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Verstegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Verstegan">Richard Verstegan</a> wrote, "and somtymes, she is faine to come to his bedsyde to entreat him in some-things."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warmly remonstrated with <a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, over his persecuting Articles of 1583. The finest encomium was passed on him by the queen herself, when she said, "This judgment I have of you, that you will not be corrupted with any manner of gifts, and that you will be faithful to the state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Cecil sought to ensure that policy was commensurate with the royal finances, which often led him advocating a cautious policy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His economic ideas were influenced by the Commonwealthmen of Edward VI's reign: he believed in the necessity of safeguarding the social hierarchy, the <a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">just price</a> and the moral duties due to labour.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his economic policy he was motivated by a variety of factors, including those of national independence and self-sufficiency, as well as seeking to balance the interests of the Crown and the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecil did not believe that economics and politics were separate or that there was a dichotomy between power and plenty. One of his biographers asserted that, for Burghley, "power was for defence from external enemies; plenty for security at home. Cecil pursued both power and plenty. They were the foreign and domestic aspects of his <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deplored the reliance on "foreign corn" and during an economic depression sought to ensure employment due to his fears of "tumults".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecil used patronage to ensure the loyalty of the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Parliament">In Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg/220px-Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg/330px-Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg/440px-Cecil_Court_of_Wards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>Cecil presiding over the Court of Wards</figcaption></figure> <p>William Cecil represented <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lincolnshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Lincolnshire</a> in the Parliament of 1555 and 1559, and <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Northamptonshire</a> in that of 1563, and he took an active part in the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> until his elevation to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">peerage</a>; but there seems no good evidence for the story that he was proposed as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_English_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the English House of Commons">Speaker</a> in 1563. In January 1561, he was given the lucrative office of Master of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Wards_and_Liveries" title="Court of Wards and Liveries">Court of Wards and Liveries</a> in succession to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parry_(Comptroller_of_the_Household)" title="Thomas Parry (Comptroller of the Household)">Sir Thomas Parry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Master of the Court of Wards, Cecil supervised the raising and education of wealthy, aristocratic boys whose fathers had died before they reached maturity. These included <a href="/wiki/Edward_de_Vere,_17th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford">Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton">Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Manners,_5th_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland">Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland</a>. He is widely credited with reforming an institution notorious for its corruption, but the extent of his reforms has been disputed by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1559, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> in succession to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Pole">Cardinal Pole</a>; he was created <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">M.A.</a> of that university on the occasion of Elizabeth's visit in 1564, and M.A. of Oxford on a similar occasion in 1566.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a>, between 1592 and 1598.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 February 1571, Queen Elizabeth elevated him as Baron Burghley. That Cecil continued to act as Secretary of State after his elevation illustrates the growing importance of the office, which under his son became a secretary of the ship of state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1572 Cecil privately admonished the queen for her "doubtful dealing with the Queen of Scots". He made a strong attack on everything he thought Elizabeth had done wrong as queen. In his view, Mary had to be executed because she had become a rallying cause for Catholics and played into the hands of the Spanish and of the pope, who excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570 and sent in Jesuits to organise a Catholic underground. Following the Harleyford Conference of July 1586 these missionaries would set up a highly effective underground system for the transport and support of priests arriving from the Continent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth's indecision was maddening; finally in 1587 Elizabeth had Mary executed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasurer">Treasurer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treasurer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1572, <a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">Lord Winchester</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> under Edward, Mary and Elizabeth, died. His vacant post was offered to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>, who declined it and proposed Burghley, stating that the latter was the more suitable candidate because of his greater "learning and knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Lord Treasurer's hold over the queen strengthened with the years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burghley,_Cecil_House_and_Theobalds"><span id="Burghley.2C_Cecil_House_and_Theobalds"></span>Burghley, Cecil House and Theobalds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burghley, Cecil House and Theobalds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg/220px-Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg/330px-Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg/440px-Front_of_Burghley_House_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4113" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption>Burghley House</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley House</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford</a>, was built for Cecil, between 1555 and 1587, and modelled on the privy lodgings of <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bk1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bk1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bk2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bk2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subsequently the residence of his descendants, the earls and marquesses of Exeter. The house is one of the principal examples of 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan architecture</a>, reflecting the prominence of its founder, and the lucrative wool trade of the Cecil estates. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cecil_House#Exeter_House" title="Cecil House">Cecil House</a> was built as his London residence, an expansion of an existing building.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Elizabeth I supped with him there, in July 1561, "before my house was fully finished", Cecil recorded in his diary, calling the place "my rude new cottage."<sup id="cite_ref-AH_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inherited by his elder son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter">Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter</a>, it was known as "Exeter House". </p><p>A new <a href="/wiki/Theobalds_House" title="Theobalds House">Theobalds House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshunt" title="Cheshunt">Cheshunt</a> was built between 1564 and 1585 by the order of Cecil, intending to build a mansion partly to demonstrate his increasingly dominant status at the <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">Royal Court</a>, and to provide a palace fine enough to accommodate the Queen on her visits.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen visited there eight times, between 1572 and 1596. An entertainment for Elizabeth, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hermit%27s_Welcome_at_Theobalds" title="Hermit's Welcome at Theobalds">Hermit's Welcome at Theobalds</a></i> in May 1591 alluded to Burghley's retirement from public life.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamford,_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley,_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Stamford%2C_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley%2C_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg/220px-Stamford%2C_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley%2C_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Stamford%2C_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley%2C_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg/330px-Stamford%2C_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley%2C_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Stamford%2C_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley%2C_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg/440px-Stamford%2C_St_Martin_-_Tomb_of_Lord_Burghley%2C_d._1598_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1497790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of William Cecil in <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Stamford" title="St Martin's Church, Stamford">St Martin's Church, Stamford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Burghley collapsed (possibly from a stroke or heart attack) in 1598. Before he died, Robert, his only surviving son by his second wife, was ready to step into his shoes as the Queen's principal adviser. Having survived all his children except Robert and Thomas, Burghley died at his London residence, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_House" title="Cecil House">Cecil House</a> on 4 August 1598, and was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Stamford" title="St Martin's Church, Stamford">St Martin's Church, Stamford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Cecil first married Mary Cheke (Cheek), daughter of Peter Cheke of Cambridge and Agnes Duffield (and sister of <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a>), and they had issue: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Cecil">Sir Thomas Cecil</a> (born 5 May 1542), who inherited the Barony of Burghley upon the death of his father, and was later created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Exeter">Earl of Exeter</a>.</li></ul> <p>Secondly, he married <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cooke" title="Mildred Cooke">Mildred Cooke</a>, eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Cooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Cooke">Sir Anthony Cooke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gidea_Hall" title="Gidea Hall">Gidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> and Anne Fitzwilliam, and they had the following issue: </p> <ul><li>Frances Cecil (born c. 1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cecil" title="Anne Cecil">Anne Cecil</a> (born 5 December 1556), who was the first wife of <a href="/wiki/Edward_de_Vere,_17th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford">Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford</a>, and, before marriage, served as a <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Maid of Honour">Maid of Honour</a> to Queen Elizabeth I.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Cecil">Sir Robert Cecil</a> (born 1 June 1563), who inherited his father's political mantle, taking on the role of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ministers_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ministers of England">Chief Minister</a>, and arranging a smooth transfer of power to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> administration under King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>. He was created Baron Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, and finally <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a>.</li> <li>Elizabeth Cecil (born 1 July 1564), who married William Wentworth of Nettlestead (c. 1555–1582), eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_2nd_Baron_Wentworth" title="Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth">Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth</a>.</li></ul> <p>Cecil's descendants include the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Marquess of Exeter">Marquesses of Exeter</a>, descended from his elder son Thomas; and the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Marquesses of Salisbury</a>, descended from his younger son Robert. One of the latter branch, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a> (1830–1903), served three times as Prime Minister, under <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and her son, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>. The latter's nephew <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, who succeeded Salisbury as Prime Minister, was also a descendant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Cecil's private life was upright; he was a faithful husband, a careful father and a dutiful master. A book-lover and antiquarian, he made a special hobby of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>. It was the conscious and unconscious aim of the age to reconstruct a new landed <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> on the ruins of the old, Catholic order. As such, Burghley was a great builder, planter and patron. All the arts of architecture and horticulture were lavished on Burghley House and Theobalds, which his son exchanged for Hatfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cecil wrote more than 128 letters to his son Robert Cecil over the course of his life, containing words of guidance and perseverance. The collection of letters show the close direction and counsel he gave his son in seeking and obtaining the office of principal secretary, 1593–1598. They describe the task of receiving and crafting a wide and large array of papers on behalf of Queen Elizabeth I and her Privy Council; finance, administration, foreign policy, and religion figure prominently, as does the shift from continental war to Ireland. These letters reveal the intimate relationship between the father and son; Burghley's care for his family, his thoughts of death, and a unique record of illness and old age are framed by his political and spiritual anxieties for the future of the Queen and her realms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_conduct">Public conduct</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public conduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Albert Pollard</a>, in his article on Cecil in the <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, wrote:</p><blockquote><p>"William Cecil's public conduct does not present itself in quite so amiable a light. As his predecessor, Lord Winchester, said of himself, he was sprung "from the willow rather than the oak". Neither Cecil nor Lord Winchester were men to suffer for the sake of obstinate convictions. The interest of the state was the supreme consideration for Burghley, and to it he had no hesitation in sacrificing individual consciences. He frankly disbelieved in toleration; "that state", he said, "could never be in safety where there was a toleration of two religions. For there is no enmity so great as that for religion; and therefore they that differ in the service of their God can never agree in the service of their country".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a maxim such as this, it was easy for him to maintain that Elizabeth's coercive measures were political and not religious. To say that he was Machiavellian is meaningless, for every statesman is so, more or less; especially in the 16th century men preferred efficiency to principle. On the other hand, principles are valueless without law and order; and Burghley's craft and subtlety prepared a security in which principles might find some scope."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicholas_White">Nicholas White</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nicholas White"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_White_(lawyer)" title="Nicholas White (lawyer)">Nicholas White (lawyer)</a></div> <p>The most prolonged of Cecil's surviving personal correspondences, lasting from 1566 until 1590, is with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_White_(lawyer)" title="Nicholas White (lawyer)">Nicholas White</a>, an Irish judge. It is contained in the <i>State Papers Ireland 63</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_MS." class="mw-redirect" title="Lansdowne MS.">Lansdowne MS.</a> 102</i>, but receives hardly a mention in the literature on Cecil.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White had been a tutor to Cecil's children during his student days in London, and the correspondence suggests that he was held in lasting affection by the family. In the end, White fell into a Dublin controversy over the confessions of an intriguing priest, which threatened the authority of the Queen's deputised government in Ireland; out of caution Cecil withdrew his longstanding protection and the judge was imprisoned in London and died soon after. </p><p>White's most remarked-upon service for Cecil is his report on his visit to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, in 1569, during the early years of her imprisonment. It was an acrimonious encounter in which he angrily refuted Mary's contention that Elizabeth was treating her harshly. However, he admitted in his subsequent letter to Cecil that despite his hostility towards Mary, he had found her to be somewhat alluring and advised that she be kept under strict confinement for fear that she would have a similar impact on others. Elizabeth was jealous of her Scottish rival and, although he was at pains to stress that Mary in no way surpassed her in charm and beauty, White could well have forfeited his recently acquired favour had this relation been communicated to his queen; Cecil seems to have kept it from his royal mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1581, White demonstrated his independence in council, refusing to sign a letter to the queen regarding <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malby" title="Nicholas Malby">Nicholas Malby</a>'s actions in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">Munster rebellion</a> since he was away in England during the deliberations of the meeting. Again, on 28 August 1582 White was accused of withholding his signature to conciliar deliberations on the actions of the deputy during <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a> rebellion. He continued to demonstrate his valuable insights to Burghley in regular correspondence throughout the period, including letters of December 1581 on the miseries of war, the need for temperate government, and his fear that the wild Irish were glad to see the weakness of English blood in Ireland. In a missive of 13 September 1582 White complained of the unfriendly dealings of <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Dillon_(judge)" title="Lucas Dillon (judge)">Lucas Dillon</a>, his erstwhile companion and fellow Irish-born councillor, stating they had been for a long time of 'contrary minds'. In spite of his sympathies for the native Irish he was apparently the author of an extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat#16th_century" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat in September 1583</a> in which Teig MacGilpatrick O'Connor and Conor MacCormac O'Connor died. His usefulness as an Irish speaker and a nominal protestant made White an essential privy councillor for two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cecil has been a character in many works of fiction connected with Elizabeth I's reign. </p><p>He has long been considered a likely model for the character of the King's calculating minister <a href="/wiki/Polonius" title="Polonius">Polonius</a> in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> depicted him in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(film)" title="Elizabeth (film)">Elizabeth</a></i> (1998), although the portrayal was inaccurate in many ways, including in regards to age and length of service. He was played by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Webster_(actor)" title="Ben Webster (actor)">Ben Webster</a> in the 1935 film <i><a href="/wiki/Drake_of_England" title="Drake of England">Drake of England</a></i>. He was a prominent supporting character in the 1937 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Over_England" title="Fire Over England">Fire Over England</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Robson" title="Flora Robson">Flora Robson</a>; Burghley (spelled Burleigh in the film) was played by <a href="/wiki/Morton_Selten" title="Morton Selten">Morton Selten</a>. He also appears in the 2005 television mini-series <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(2005_TV_series)" title="Elizabeth I (2005 TV series)">Elizabeth I</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid" title="Ian McDiarmid">Ian McDiarmid</a>; was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hines" title="Ronald Hines">Ronald Hines</a> in the 1971 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R" title="Elizabeth R">Elizabeth R</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Howard" title="Trevor Howard">Trevor Howard</a> in the 1971 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_(1971_film)" title="Mary, Queen of Scots (1971 film)">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></i>; and by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hart" title="Ian Hart">Ian Hart</a> in the 2005 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Queen_(TV_serial)" title="The Virgin Queen (TV serial)">The Virgin Queen</a></i>. He is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/David_Thewlis" title="David Thewlis">David Thewlis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(2011_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (2011 film)">Anonymous</a></i> (2011). Cecil is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Willbond" title="Ben Willbond">Ben Willbond</a> in the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="BAFTA Award">BAFTA Award</a>-winning children's comedy television series <a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)" title="Horrible Histories (2009 TV series)"><i>Horrible Histories</i></a>; in the spin-off film, <a href="/wiki/Bill_(2015_film)" title="Bill (2015 film)"><i>Bill</i></a> (2015), he was played by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Baynton" title="Mathew Baynton">Mathew Baynton</a>. In the BBC TV miniseries <i>Elizabeth I's Secret Agents</i> (2017, broadcast on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 2018 as <i>Queen Elizabeth's Secret Agents</i>), he is played by Philip Rosch. </p><p>As a stage character Cecil features in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>'s verse drama <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(Schiller_play)" title="Mary Stuart (Schiller play)"><i>Mary Stuart</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bolt" title="Robert Bolt">Robert Bolt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vivat!_Vivat_Regina!" title="Vivat! Vivat Regina!">Vivat! Vivat Regina!</a></i>. Bolt portrays him as intelligent, pragmatic, ruthless and driven by the interests of the State and the Crown. </p><p>Cecil appears as a character in the novels <i>I, Elizabeth</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Miles_(author)" title="Rosalind Miles (author)">Rosalind Miles</a>, <i>The Virgin's Lover</i> and <i>The Other Queen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Gregory" title="Philippa Gregory">Philippa Gregory</a>, and is a prominent secondary character in several books by <a href="/wiki/Bertrice_Small" title="Bertrice Small">Bertrice Small</a>. He is a prominent character in <i>Legacy</i>, a novel of Elizabeth I by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Kay" title="Susan Kay">Susan Kay</a>. He also appears in the alternative history <i>Ruled Britannia</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>, in which he and his son Sir Robert Cecil are conspirators and patrons of William Shakespeare in an attempt to restore Elizabeth to power after a Spanish invasion and conquest of England. In addition, he is portrayed as a young man in <a href="/wiki/Lamentation_(novel)" title="Lamentation (novel)"><i>Lamentation</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/C._J._Sansom" title="C. J. Sansom">C. J. Sansom</a>. Burghley also appears in the espionage novels of <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiona Buckley">Fiona Buckley</a>, featuring Elizabeth I's half-sister, Ursula Blanchard. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guy_Pearce" title="Guy Pearce">Guy Pearce</a> portrays Cecil in the 2018 historical drama <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_(2018_film)" title="Mary Queen of Scots (2018 film)">Mary Queen of Scots</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Josie_Rourke" title="Josie Rourke">Josie Rourke</a>. </p><p>William Cecil appears as a character in <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Harkness" title="Deborah Harkness">Deborah Harkness</a>’ novel <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Night" title="Shadow of Night">Shadow of Night</a></i>, which is the second instalment of her “All Souls” Trilogy. Cecil is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Rawlins" title="Adrian Rawlins">Adrian Rawlins</a> in the television adaptation of the triogy, <a href="/wiki/A_Discovery_of_Witches_(TV_series)" title="A Discovery of Witches (TV series)"><i>A Discovery of Witches</i></a>. </p><p>The Elizabethan-class <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Ambassador" title="Airspeed Ambassador">Airspeed Ambassador</a> G-ALZU that crashed in the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Munich_air_disaster" title="Munich air disaster">Munich air disaster</a>, was named <i>Lord Burghley</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Manor_House" title="Wimbledon Manor House">Wimbledon Manor House</a></li></ul> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exeter_and_Salisbury_family_tree" title="Template:Exeter and Salisbury family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exeter_and_Salisbury_family_tree" title="Template talk:Exeter and Salisbury family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exeter_and_Salisbury_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exeter and Salisbury family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>Cecil family tree, including earls of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Exeter">Exeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Salisbury</a> (1605) and marquesses of <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Marquess of Exeter">Exeter</a> (1801) and <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil_(courtier)" title="David Cecil (courtier)">David Cecil</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1540</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cecil_(courtier)" title="Richard Cecil (courtier)">Richard Cecil</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1495</span>–1553</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Burghley" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Burghley">Baron Burghley</a>, 1571</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Cecil</a><br />1520–1598<br /><b>1st Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cooke" title="Mildred Cooke">Mildred Cooke</a><br />1526–1589</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Exeter">Earl of Exeter</a>, 1605</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Baron_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Cecil">Baron Cecil</a>, 1603<br /><a href="/wiki/Viscount_Cranborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Cranborne">Viscount Cranborne</a>, 1604<br /><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> (5th creation), 1605</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter">Thomas Cecil</a><br />1542–1623<br /><b>1st Earl of Exeter, 2nd Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil</a><br />1563–1612<br /><b>1st Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Viscount_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Wimbledon">Viscount Wimbledon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baron_Cecil_of_Putney" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Cecil of Putney">Baron Cecil of Putney</a>, 1625</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Exeter" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter">William Cecil</a><br />1566–1600<br /><b>2nd Earl of Exeter, 3rd Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cecil_(died_1633)" title="Richard Cecil (died 1633)">Richard Cecil</a><br />1570–1633</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Wimbledon" title="Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon">Edward Cecil</a><br />1572–1638<br /><b>1st Viscount Wimbledon and Baron Cecil of Putney</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk</a><br />1561–1626<br />1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Earl of Suffolk">Earl of Suffolk</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i>Barony Cecil of Putney and viscounty Wimbledon extinct, 1638</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_3rd_Earl_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter">David Cecil</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1643<br /><b>3rd Earl of Exeter, 4th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William Cecil</a><br />1591–1668<br /><b>2nd Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cecil,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Catherine Cecil, Countess of Salisbury">Catherine</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span>–1673</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil,_4th_Earl_of_Exeter" title="John Cecil, 4th Earl of Exeter">John Cecil</a><br />1628–1678<br /><b>4th Earl of Exeter, 5th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Charles Cecil<br />1619–1660<br /><i>styled Viscount Cranborne</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Manners,_8th_Earl_of_Rutland" title="John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland">John Manners</a><br />1604–1679<br />8th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Rutland" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Rutland">Earl of Rutland</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil,_5th_Earl_of_Exeter" title="John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter">John Cecil</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1648</span>–1700<br /><b>5th Earl of Exeter, 6th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Cecil,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">James Cecil</a><br />1648–1683<br /><b>3rd Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cecil,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Cecil, Countess of Salisbury">Margaret</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1682</span></span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil,_6th_Earl_of_Exeter" title="John Cecil, 6th Earl of Exeter">John Cecil</a><br />1674–1721<br /><b>6th Earl of Exeter, 7th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Cecil,_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="James Cecil, 4th Earl of Salisbury">James Cecil</a><br />1666–1694<br /><b>4th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tufton,_6th_Earl_of_Thanet" title="Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet">Thomas Tufton</a><br />1644–1729<br />6th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Thanet" title="Earl of Thanet">Earl of Thanet</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cecil,_7th_Earl_of_Exeter" title="John Cecil, 7th Earl of Exeter">John Cecil</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span>–1722<br /><b>7th Earl of Exeter, 8th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_8th_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Brownlow Cecil, 8th Earl of Exeter">Brownlow Cecil</a><br />1701–1754<br /><b>8th Earl of Exeter, 9th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Cecil,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="James Cecil, 5th Earl of Salisbury">James Cecil</a><br />1691–1728<br /><b>5th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cecil,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Anne Cecil, Countess of Salisbury">Anne</a><br />1693–1757</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_9th_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Brownlow Cecil, 9th Earl of Exeter">Brownlow Cecil</a><br />1725–1793<br /><b>9th Earl of Exeter, 10th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Cecil,_6th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="James Cecil, 6th Earl of Salisbury">James Cecil</a><br />1713–1780<br /><b>6th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Wills Hill</a><br />1718–1793<br />1st <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Marquess of Downshire">Marquess of Downshire</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Marquess of Exeter">Marquess of Exeter</a> (2nd creation), 1801</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a>, 1789</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cecil,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter">Henry Cecil</a><br />1725–1793<br /><b>1st Marquess of Exeter, 10th Earl of Exeter, 11th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Cecil,_1st_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Cecil, 1st Marquess of Salisbury">James Cecil</a><br />1743–1823<br /><b>1st Marquess of Salisbury, 7th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Cecil,_Marchioness_of_Salisbury" title="Emily Cecil, Marchioness of Salisbury">Emily</a><br />1750–1835</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter">Brownlow Cecil</a><br />1795–1867<br /><b>2nd Marquess of Exeter, 11th Earl of Exeter, 12th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury">James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br />1791–1868<br /><b>2nd Marquess of Salisbury, 8th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="William Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter">William Allen Cecil</a><br />1825–1895<br /><b>3rd Marquess of Exeter, 12th Earl of Exeter, 13th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">James Emilius William Evelyn Gascoyne-Cecil<br />1821–1865<br /><i>styled Viscount Cranborne</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br />1830–1903<br /><b>3rd Marquess of Salisbury, 9th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:bottom"><i><a href="/wiki/Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Viscount Cecil of Chelwood</a>, 1923</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Brownlow Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter">Brownlow Henry George Cecil</a><br />1849–1898<br /><b>4th Marquess of Exeter, 13th Earl of Exeter, 14th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rothes_Margaret_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Rothes Margaret Cecil</a><br />1857–1919<br />2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Cecil_(courtier)" title="Lord William Cecil (courtier)">William Cecil</a><br />1854–1943</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br />1861–1947<br /><b>4th Marquess of Salisbury, 10th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br />1864–1958<br /><b>1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><i>Viscounty Cecil of Chelwood extinct, 1958</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="William Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter">William Thomas Brownlow Cecil</a><br />1876–1956<br /><b>5th Marquess of Exeter, 14th Earl of Exeter, 15th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">William Amherst Cecil<br />1886–1914</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br />1893–1972<br /><b>5th Marquess of Salisbury, 11th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David George Brownlow Cecil</a><br />1905–1981<br /><b>6th Marquess of Exeter, 15th Earl of Exeter, 16th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter">William Martin Alleyne Cecil</a><br />1909–1988<br /><b>7th Marquess of Exeter, 16th Earl of Exeter, 17th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">William Alexander Evering Cecil<br />1912–1980<br />3rd Baron Amherst of Hackney</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br />1916–2003<br /><b>6th Marquess of Salisbury, 12th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cecil,_8th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Michael Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter">William Michael Anthony Cecil</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1935</span><br /><b>8th Marquess of Exeter, 17th Earl of Exeter, 18th Baron Burghley</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">William Hugh Amherst Cecil<br />1940–2009<br />4th Baron Amherst of Hackney</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil</a><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1946</span><br /><b>7th Marquess of Salisbury, 13th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon</b></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Anthony Cecil<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1970</span><br /><i>styled Lord Burghley</i><br /><i>Exeter heir apparent</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Hugh William Amherst Cecil<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1968</span><br />5th Baron Amherst of Hackney<br /><i>2nd in line to Exeter</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Robert Edward "Ned" William Gascoyne-Cecil<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1970</span><br /><i>styled Viscount Cranborne</i><br /><i>Salisbury heir apparent</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">James Richard Gascoyne-Cecil<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1976</span><br /><i>2nd in line to Salisbury</i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911817_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1911">Pollard 1911</a>, p. 817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane E. A. Dawson, "William Cecil and the British Dimension of early Elizabethan foreign policy," <i>History</i> 74#241 (1989): 196-216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burghley's cousin was buried in Walterstone Church; the Cecil coat-of-arms, depicted in stained-glass, originally came from Al(l)t-yr-Ynys</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1911">Pollard 1911</a>, p. 816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, John, <i>The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth</i>, London 1832, vol. III p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/cecil-david-1460-1540">"CECIL DAVID, (c. 1460-?1540), of Stamford, Lincs"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CECIL+DAVID%2C+%28c.+1460-%3F1540%29%2C+of+Stamford%2C+Lincs&rft.pub=Hist+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1509-1558%2Fmember%2Fcecil-david-1460-1540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADCCL535W" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=CCL535W&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Cecil, William (Lord Burghley) (CCL535W)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cecil%2C+William+%28Lord+Burghley%29+%28CCL535W%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DCCL535W%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Chamberlin: <i>Elizabeth and Leycester</i> Dood, Mead & Co. 1939 pp.61,62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.W. Beckingsale: <i>Burghley Tudor Statesman</i> (New York: Macmillan 1967) pp.45-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Chamberlin: <i>Elizabeth and Leycester</i> Dood, Mead & Co. 1939 pp.63-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/P._F._Tytler" class="mw-redirect" title="P. F. Tytler">P. F. Tytler</a>: <i>England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary</i> London 1839 vol.II pp.192-195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. F. Tytler: <i>England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary</i> London 1839 vol.II pp.201-207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/cecil-sir-william-1521-98">"CECIL, Sir William (1520 or 1521-98), of Little Burghley, Northants., Stamford, Lincs., Wimbledon, Surr., Westminster, Mdx. and London"</a>. 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Dawson, "William Cecil and the British Dimension of Early Elizabethan Foreign Policy," <i>History</i>, June 1989, Vol. 74 Issue 241, pp 196-216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816–817-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1911816–817_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollard1911">Pollard 1911</a>, pp. 816–817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell Leimon and Geoffrey Parker, "Treason and plot in Elizabethan diplomacy: The 'fame of Sir Edward Stafford' reconsidered," <i>English Historical Review</i> (1996) 111#444 pp 1134-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefania Tutino, <i>Law and Conscience: Catholicism in Early Modern England, 1570-1625</i> (Aldershot: Ashgate 2007) pp. 61-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. 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Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3961-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3961-8"><bdi>978-0-8166-3961-8</bdi></a>. <q>Queen and council shared this worry…the return of "Jesuitized" gentlemen…and developed a…system…of detection…to make manifest the treasonous practices of the Jesuit underground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Error%2C+Misuse%2C+Failure%3A+Object+Lessons+From+The+English+Renaissance&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3961-8&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolini1854" class="citation book cs1">Nicolini, Giovanni (1854). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bohn">Henry Bohn</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjesuits00nicouoft/page/153">153</a>–168. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/776882">776882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+Jesuits+throughout+Europe&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jesuits&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-168&rft.pub=Henry+Bohn&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F776882&rft.aulast=Nicolini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjesuits00nicouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Weston_(Jesuit)" title="William Weston (Jesuit)">Weston, William</a> (1955). Caraman, Philip (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyfro0000west"><i>An Autobiography from the Jesuit Underground</i></a></span>. 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Herbert Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871569-47-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871569-47-6"><bdi>978-1-871569-47-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burghley%3AThe+life+of+a+great+house&rft.pub=Herbert+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-871569-47-6&rft.aulast=Leatham&rft.aufirst=Lady+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburghleylifeofgr0000leat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AH_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AH_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusselbyHenderson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Husselby, Jill; Henderson, Paula (2002). "Location, Location, Location! Cecil House on the Strand". <i>Architectural History</i>. <b>45</b>. SAHGB Publications: 160–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1568781">10.2307/1568781</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568781">1568781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+History&rft.atitle=Location%2C+Location%2C+Location%21+Cecil+House+on+the+Strand&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=160-164&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1568781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1568781%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Husselby&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loades, D., <i>The Cecils: Privilege and Power behind the throne</i> (The National Archives, 2007). pp. 124-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel Heaton, 'Elizabethan Entertainments in Manuscript: The Harefield Festivities and the Dynamics of Exchange', in Jayne Elisabeth Archer, Elizabeth Goldring, Sarah Knight, <i>Progresses, Pageants, and Entertainments of Queen Elizabeth</i> (Oxford, 2007), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcres2017" class="citation book cs1">Acres, William (2017). <i>The Letters of Lord Burghley, Willam Cecil, to his son Sir Robert Cecil, 1593–1598</i> (Volume 53 ed.). Cambridge University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108424554" title="Special:BookSources/9781108424554"><bdi>9781108424554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Lord+Burghley%2C+Willam+Cecil%2C+to+his+son+Sir+Robert+Cecil%2C+1593%E2%80%931598&rft.edition=Volume+53&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781108424554&rft.aulast=Acres&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See citation in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Stone2001" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Stone (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ctPut3Pj_gC&pg=PA83"><i>The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415266734" title="Special:BookSources/9780415266734"><bdi>9780415266734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+the+English+Revolution%2C+1529-1642&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415266734&rft.au=Lawrence+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ctPut3Pj_gC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavin" class="citation web cs1">Clavin, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/white-sir-nicholas-a9006">"White, Sir Nicholas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White%2C+Sir+Nicholas&rft.aulast=Clavin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fwhite-sir-nicholas-a9006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavin" class="citation web cs1">Clavin, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/white-sir-nicholas-a9006">"White, Sir Nicholas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White%2C+Sir+Nicholas&rft.aulast=Clavin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fwhite-sir-nicholas-a9006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Crawford, Jon G (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-29263">"White, Sir Nicholas"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29263">10.1093/ref:odnb/29263</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White%2C+Sir+Nicholas&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29263&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Jon+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-29263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French, George Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcetext.com/sourcebook/essays/polonius/texts.html">"Notes on Hamlet."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010231838/http://www.sourcetext.com/sourcebook/essays/polonius/texts.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In <i>Shakspeareana Genealogica</i>. London: Macmillan & Co., 1869. pp. 299–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066652/">"Elizabeth R"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. Imdb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0066652%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/6/newsid_2535000/2535961.stm">"1958: United players killed in air disaster"</a>. 6 February 1958 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1958%3A+United+players+killed+in+air+disaster&rft.date=1958-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F6%2Fnewsid_2535000%2F2535961.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2015" class="citation web cs1">McConnell, Paul (5 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/gallery/munich-air-disaster-5110362">"Munich Air Disaster"</a>. <i>mirror</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mirror&rft.atitle=Munich+Air+Disaster&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fgallery%2Fmunich-air-disaster-5110362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The house, on the site of the rectory of <a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a>, was built by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palmer_(died_1553)" title="Thomas Palmer (died 1553)">Thomas Palmer</a>, disgraced for his support of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> and executed with <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a> in 1553.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, Albert Frederick</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Burghley,_William_Cecil,_Baron" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Burghley, William Cecil, Baron">Burghley, William Cecil, Baron</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 816–817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burghley%2C+William+Cecil%2C+Baron&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=816-817&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Albert+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alford,_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alford, Stephen">Alford, Stephen</a>. <i>Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I</i> (Yale University Press, 2008); sees him as power behind the throne</li> <li>Beckingsale, B. W. <i>Burghley: Tudor statesman</i> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collinson,_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Collinson, Patrick">Collinson, Patrick</a>. "The monarchical republic of Queen Elizabeth I." (1987) in Collinson, <i>Elizabethan essays</i> (1994); highly influential essay stressed elements of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._McDiarmid2007" class="citation book cs1">John F. McDiarmid, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jDjxxyp4mkC&pg=PR7"><i>The Monarchical Republic of Early Modern England: Essays in Response to Patrick Collinson</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754654346" title="Special:BookSources/9780754654346"><bdi>9780754654346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchical+Republic+of+Early+Modern+England%3A+Essays+in+Response+to+Patrick+Collinson&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754654346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jDjxxyp4mkC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Dawson, Jane E. A. "William Cecil and the British Dimension of early Elizabethan foreign policy," <i>History</i> 74#241 (1989): 196–216.</li> <li>Graves, M. A. R. <i>Burghley</i> (1998).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume,_Martin_Andrew_Sharp1898" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Martin Andrew Sharp (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatlordburghl00humegoog"><i>The great Lord Burghley: a study in Elizabethan statecraft</i></a>. J. Nisbet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+Lord+Burghley%3A+a+study+in+Elizabethan+statecraft&rft.pub=J.+Nisbet&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Hume%2C+Martin+Andrew+Sharp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatlordburghl00humegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Cecil%2C+1st+Baron+Burghley" class="Z3988"></span>, full text online of classic</li> <li>Jones, Norman. <i>Governing by Virtue: Lord Burghley and the Management of Elizabethan England</i> (Oxford UP, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KfiJCgAAQBAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loades,_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Loades, David">Loades, David</a>, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 1: 239–40, historiography</li> <li>Loades, David. <i>The Cecils: Privilege and Power behind the Throne</i> (2007).</li> <li>Loades, David. <i>Elizabeth I: A Life</i> (2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_T._MacCaffrey" title="Wallace T. MacCaffrey">MacCaffrey, Wallace T.</a> "Cecil, William, first Baron Burghley (1520/21–1598)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,</i> Oxford University Press, 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4983,">accessed 5 Dec 2012</a> doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4983</li> <li>MacCaffrey, Wallace T. <i>The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime, 1558–1572</i> (1968), advanced scholarly analysis</li> <li>MacCaffrey, Wallace T. <i>Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588.</i> (1981), advanced scholarly analysis</li> <li>Maginn, Christopher. <i>William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State</i> (Oxford University Press, 2012).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Read" title="Conyers Read">Read, Conyers</a>. <i>Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth</i> (vol 1 1955); <i>Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth</i> (vol. 2 1961); highly detailed narrative</li> <li>Smith, Alan G. R. <i>William Cecil, Lord Burghley: Minister of Elizabeth I</i> (Bangor, Wales, 1991), short biography; sees him as power behind the throne</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Acres, William, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M63ZDwAAQBAJ"><i>Letters of Lord Burghley to Sir Robert Cecil, 1593–8</i>, Camden Fifth Series, vol. 53, Cambridge University Press, 2018 </a></li> <li>Burghley, William Cecil, baron, <i>The Execution of Justice in England</i>, 1583. Facsimile ed., 1936, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8201-1175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8201-1175-9">978-0-8201-1175-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/cal-cecil-papers"><i>HMC Calendar of Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury: The Cecil Manuscripts, 1306–1595</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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with extracts from his private and official correspondence, and other papers, now first published from the originals</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsoflifeadm01nare">Volume I</a> (1828), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsoflifeadm02nare">Volume II</a> (1830), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsoflifeadm03nare">Volume III</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a>'s essay <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/364#lf1227-02_head_003">"Burleigh and His Times"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i>, April 1832, at Online Library of Liberty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/burghley.htm">William Cecil (1521–98)</a> at luminarium.org, Excerpted from Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol IV.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Lincolnshire" title="Custos Rotulorum of Lincolnshire">Custos Rotulorum of Lincolnshire</a> </b><br />1549–aft. 1584 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cecil">Thomas Cecil</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Manners,_3rd_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland">The Earl of Rutland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire">Lord Lieutenant of Lincolnshire</a> </b><br />1587–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Manners,_5th_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland">The Earl of Rutland</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">The Earl of Leicester</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Essex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Essex">Lord Lieutenant of Essex</a> </b><br />1588–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Radclyffe,_5th_Earl_of_Sussex" title="Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex">The Earl of Sussex</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire">Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire</a> </b><br />1588–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Cecil">Sir Robert Cecil</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wotton" title="Nicholas Wotton">Nicholas Wotton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Petre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Petre">Sir William Petre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1550–1553 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Petre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Petre">Sir William Petre</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Bourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Bourne">Sir John Bourne</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Petre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Petre">Sir William Petre</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Boxall" title="John Boxall">John Boxall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1558–1572 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Thomas Smith (diplomat)">Sir Thomas Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(courtier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bacon (courtier)">Sir Nicholas Bacon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1571–1572 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard,_1st_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham">The Lord Howard of Effingham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">The Marquess of Winchester</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> </b><br />1572–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">The Earl of Dorset</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Walsingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1590–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Cecil">Sir Robert Cecil</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a> </b><br />1592–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">The Earl of Essex</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Burghley" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Burghley">Baron Burghley</a> </b><br />1571–1598 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cecil">Thomas Cecil</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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(1501–1509)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_Rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/100px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/150px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/200px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><br />(1509–1547)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk</a> (1509–1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a> (1522–1546)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br />(1547–1553)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset</a> (1547–1549)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester</a> (1550–1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a><br />(July 1553)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester</a> (July 1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a><br />(July 1553–1558)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester</a> (July 1553–1558)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br />(1558–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester</a> (1558–1572)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a> (1572–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset</a> (1599–1603)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_Lord_Chancellors_under_the_House_of_Tudor_(1485–1603)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Tudor_Lord_Chancellors" title="Template:House of Tudor Lord Chancellors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:House_of_Tudor_Lord_Chancellors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:House of Tudor Lord Chancellors (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Tudor_Lord_Chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Tudor Lord Chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_Lord_Chancellors_under_the_House_of_Tudor_(1485–1603)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellors</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a> (1485–1603)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a><br />(1485–1509)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a> (1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alcock_(bishop)" title="John Alcock (bishop)">John Alcock</a> (1485–1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a> (1486–1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a> (1500–1502)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> (1502–1509)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><br />(1509–1547)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> (1509–1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> (1515–1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (1529–1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Audley,_1st_Baron_Audley_of_Walden" title="Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden">1st Baron Audley of Walden</a> (1532–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_1st_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton">1st Earl of Southampton</a> (1544–1547)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br />(1547–1553)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paulet,_1st_Marquess_of_Winchester" title="William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester">1st Marquess of Winchester</a> (1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rich,_1st_Baron_Rich" title="Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich">1st Baron Rich</a> (1547–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodrich" title="Thomas Goodrich">Thomas Goodrich</a> (1552–1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a><br />(July 1553)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodrich" title="Thomas Goodrich">Thomas Goodrich</a> (July 1553)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a><br />(July 1553–1558)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a> (1553–1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a> (1555–1558)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br />(1558–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bacon_(Lord_Keeper)" title="Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)">Nicholas Bacon</a> (1558–1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bromley" title="Thomas Bromley">Thomas Bromley</a> (1579–1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a> (1587–1591)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Baron Burghley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Carey,_1st_Baron_Hunsdon" title="Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon">1st Baron Hunsdon</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Brooke,_10th_Baron_Cobham" title="William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham">10th Baron Cobham</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">1st Earl of Dorset</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gerard_(judge)" title="Gilbert Gerard (judge)">Gilbert Gerard</a></i> (1591–1592)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Puckering" title="John Puckering">John Puckering</a> (1592–1596)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">1st Viscount Brackley</a> (1596–1603)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate service when the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Greal Seal</a> was held in Commission</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Template:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the Order of the Garter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" title="Chancellor of the Order of the Garter">Chancellors of the Order of the Garter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Salisbury (1477–1550)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp_(bishop)" title="Richard Beauchamp (bishop)">Richard Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Woodville" title="Lionel Woodville">Lionel Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langton" title="Thomas Langton">Thomas Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blyth_(bishop)" title="John Blyth (bishop)">John Blyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Deane_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Henry Deane (archbishop of Canterbury)">Henry Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Audley" title="Edmund Audley">Edmund Audley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Most_Noble_Order_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lay chancellors (1551–1671)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir William Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petre" title="William Petre">Sir William Petre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Thomas Smith (diplomat)">Sir Thomas Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Sir Francis Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amias_Paulet" title="Amias Paulet">Sir Amias Paulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wolley_(MP)" title="John Wolley (MP)">Sir John Wolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dyer" title="Edward Dyer">Sir Edward Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Secretary_of_State)" title="John Herbert (Secretary of State)">Sir John Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_More" title="George More">Sir George More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crane" title="Francis Crane">Sir Francis Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roe" title="Thomas Roe">Sir Thomas Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Palmer_(1585%E2%80%931658)" title="James Palmer (1585–1658)">Sir James Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Vic" title="Henry de Vic">Sir Henry de Vic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Salisbury (1671–1837)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Ward_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)">Seth Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Talbot_(bishop)" title="William Talbot (bishop)">William Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Willis_(bishop)" title="Richard Willis (bishop)">Richard Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly" title="Benjamin Hoadly">Benjamin Hoadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Gilbert (archbishop of York)">John Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Winchester)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Winchester)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_Drummond" title="Robert Hay Drummond">Robert Hay Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Salisbury)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hume_(bishop)" title="John Hume (bishop)">John Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shute_Barrington" title="Shute Barrington">Shute Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Douglas (bishop of Salisbury)">John Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Fisher (bishop of Salisbury)">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burgess_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="Thomas Burgess (bishop of Salisbury)">Thomas Burgess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Oxford (1837–1937)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bagot_(bishop)" title="Richard Bagot (bishop)">Richard Bagot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackarness" title="John Mackarness">John Mackarness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Paget" title="Francis Paget">Francis Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gore" title="Charles Gore">Charles Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Burge" title="Hubert Burge">Hubert Burge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Strong_(bishop)" title="Thomas Strong (bishop)">Thomas Strong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Knights and Ladies Companion (since 1937)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_6th_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">The Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyttelton,_10th_Viscount_Cobham" title="Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham">The Viscount Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevill,_5th_Marquess_of_Abergavenny" title="John Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny">The Marquess of Abergavenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">The Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_5th_Duke_of_Abercorn" title="James Hamilton, 5th Duke of Abercorn">The Duke of Abercorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Manningham-Buller" title="Eliza Manningham-Buller">The Baroness Manningham-Buller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121428768">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88788847">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/10999/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyhhQfC76P7ThWQp4tBT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118668064">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50032698">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12064931d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12064931d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080602001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4827856">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068156634">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000187710&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn2463083pcz9jc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810682193805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/362346">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270704805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14188131">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500273196">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797730">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118668064.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118668064">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028911385">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tq6197">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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