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Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses | IGI Global Scientific Publishing
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-us"><head id="ctl00_ctl00_Head"><meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en-us" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no" /><meta name="theme-color" content="#23498e" /><title> Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses | IGI Global Scientific Publishing </title><link href="/bundles/css/gateway?v=0yiarecyonmi2bvih8zte0fksxllibsy4xsgigojcru1" rel="stylesheet"/><script src="/bundles/js/gateway?v=ij5mf9uq-o70x4ap3t0nzm-j4s41avc8bmuz2a4ng-81"></script><!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-4Y3CX4YME3"></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-4Y3CX4YME3'); </script><link href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon" /><meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM)" /><meta name="citation_publisher" content="IGI Global" /><meta name="citation_authors" content="Garani, Georgia; Helmer, Sven" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="8" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="22" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="40" /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.4018/jdwm.2012100102" /><meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.igi-global.com/article/integrating-star-snowflake-schemas-data/74754" /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=74754&isxn=9781466610446" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="1548-3924" /><meta name="citation_language" content="en" /><meta name="citation_keywords" /><meta name="citation_date" content="2012" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses" /><meta property="og:description" content="A fundamental issue encountered by the research community of data warehouses (DWs) is the modeling of data. In this paper, a new design is proposed, named the starnest schema, for the logical modeling of DWs. Using nested methodology, data semantics can be explicitly represented. Part of the design..." /><meta property="og:url" content="www.igi-global.com/gateway/article/74754" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://coverimages.igi-global.com/cover-images/covers/ijdwm.png" /><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses" /><link href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" rel="schema.DC" /><meta name="DC.creator" content="Garani, Georgia" /><meta name="DC.creator" content="Helmer, Sven" /><meta name="DC.date" content="0001-01-01" /><meta name="DC.identifier" content="1548-3924 DOI: 10.4018/jdwm.2012100102" /><meta name="DC.title" content="Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses" /><meta name="DC.publisher" content="IGI Global" /><meta name="DC.type" content="article" /><meta name="DC.format" content="electronic" /><meta name="DC.source" content="https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/jdwm.2012100102" /><meta name="DC.language" content="English" /><meta 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" 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itemprop="image" alt="Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses" class="cover-img-b" /></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-9 col-md-10"><h1 class="bottom-space"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lblTitleName">Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses</span><span title="Unowned" class="font-size-18 margin-left-5 glyphicon glyphicon-remove-circle" style="color: #adadad;" ></span></h1><div class="bottom-space-10 font-14 affiliate-font"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lblAffiliates" class="notranslate">Georgia Garani, Sven Helmer</span></div><div class="bottom-space" style="font-size:12px;margin-bottom:4px;"><div><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lblSource"><span class="color-888">Source Title: </span><a href="/gateway/journal/1085">International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM)</a><span class="margin-left-5"><a href="/gateway/issue/59576">8(4)</a></span></span></div><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lblReleaseDate"><span class="text-group"><span class="color-888">Copyright: </span>© 2012 <span class="isbn-divider">|</span></span><span class="line-break"></span></span><span class="text-group"><span class="color-888">Volume: </span> 8 <span class="isbn-divider">|</span></span><span class="line-break"></span><span class="text-group"><span class="color-888">Issue: </span> 4 <span class="isbn-divider">|</span></span><span class="line-break"></span><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lblPages"><span class="color-888">Pages: </span>19</span></div><div class="isbn-doi-outer-platform margin-bottom-10"><div class="isbn-doi-inner-platform"><div class="top"><span class="text-group"><span class="isbn-label">ISSN: </span><span title="ISSN: 1548-3924">1548-3924</span></span><span class="isbn-divider">|</span><span class="line-break"></span><span class="text-group"><span class="isbn-label">EISSN: </span><span title="EISSN: 1548-3932">1548-3932</span></span><span class="isbn-divider">|</span><span class="line-break"></span><span class="text-group"><span class="isbn-label">EISBN13: </span><span title="EISBN13: 9781466610446">9781466610446</span></span><span class="isbn-divider">|</span><span class="line-break"></span><span class="text-group"><span class="isbn-label">DOI: </span><span title="DOI: 10.4018/jdwm.2012100102">10.4018/jdwm.2012100102</span></span></div></div></div><div><span id="citeContent" tabindex="0" class="useremail "><span id="spanCiteContent" class="button-alt-sm"> Cite Article <span id="iconCiteContent" class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-down"></span></span></span><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#citation" class="navlinkl pnlHide"> Cite Article </a><div id="citation" class="useroptions cite-container-gateway"><h3> MLA </h3><div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lblCitationMla">Garani, Georgia, and Sven Helmer. "Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses." <i>IJDWM</i> vol.8, no.4 2012: pp.22-40. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2012100102</span></div><h3> APA </h3><div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lblCitationApa">Garani, G. & Helmer, S. (2012). Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses. <i>International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM), 8</i>(4), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2012100102</span></div><h3> Chicago </h3><div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lblCitationChicago">Garani, Georgia, and Sven Helmer. "Integrating Star and Snowflake Schemas in Data Warehouses," <i>International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM)</i> 8, no.4: 22-40. https://doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2012100102</span></div><h3> Export Reference </h3><span class="GrayButton cite-ext-btn"><input type="image" name="ctl00$ctl00$cphMain$cphSection$ucCiteContent$lnkSubmitToRefWorks" id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lnkSubmitToRefWorks" src="https://coverimages.igi-global.com/images/reworks.jpg" alt="RefWorks" onclick="this.form.target="_blank";" style="border-width:0px;" /></span><span class="GrayButton cite-ext-btn"><input type="image" name="ctl00$ctl00$cphMain$cphSection$ucCiteContent$lnkSubmitToEasyBib" id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lnkSubmitToEasyBib" src="https://coverimages.igi-global.com/images/easybib.jpg" alt="EasyBib" onclick="this.form.target="_blank";" /></span><span class="GrayButton cite-ext-btn"><input type="image" name="ctl00$ctl00$cphMain$cphSection$ucCiteContent$lnkSubmitToEndNote" id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lnkSubmitToEndNote" src="https://coverimages.igi-global.com/images/endnote.png" alt="EndNote" onclick="this.form.target="_blank";" /></span><span class="GrayButton cite-ext-btn"><a id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucCiteContent_lnkMendeley" href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.igi-global.com/gateway/article/74754/" target="_blank"><img src="https://coverimages.igi-global.com/images/mendeley.png" alt="Mendeley" /></a></span></div><script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { $("#citeContent").keydown(function(event) { if (event.which === 13) { toggleOptions('citation', 'CiteContent'); //hide the stRef object (Source Title) $('#stRef').hide(); } }); $("#citeContent").on("click", function() { toggleOptions('citation', 'CiteContent'); }); }); </script><span id="favoriteContainer" tabindex="0" class="button-alt-sm" onclick="LoginToFavorite()"> Favorite <span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucFavorite_spanFavorite" class="glyphicon glyphicon-star"></span></span><span id="msgFavorite"></span><script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { $("#favoriteContainer").keydown(function(event) { if (event.which === 13) { this.click(); } }); }); </script><a onclick="DownloadAvailabilityOnClick(); FocusBsModalMessage();" id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lnkDownloadFullPdf" JournalElectronicIssn="1548-3932" CopyrightYear="2012" FileName="IJDWM-8(4)" JournalTitleId="1085" class="button-alt-sm" FullTitle="International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM) 8(4)" TitleId="59576" Doi="10.4018/IJDWM.20121001" Isxn1="9781466610446" Subtitle="" Title="International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM)" BookstoreUrl="/journal/international-journal-data-warehousing-mining/1085" JournalIssn="1548-3924" href="javascript:__doPostBack('ctl00$ctl00$cphMain$cphSection$lnkDownloadFullPdf','')"> Full-Issue Download <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-save"></span></a></div><div id="pnlSciteBadge"><div class="scite-badge" data-doi="meta:citation_doi" data-layout="horizontal" data-tooltip-placement="bottom" data-show-zero="false" data-small="false" data-show-labels="true" data-tally-show="true"></div></div><div class="row full-text-control"><div id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucViewFullText_divViewXml" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="/gateway/article/full-text-html/74754" id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucViewFullText_lnkViewXml" style="display: flex"><span class="btn btn-primary product-page-button"> View Full Text HTML <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-right"></span></span></a></div><div id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucViewFullText_divViewPdf" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-4 col-lg-3"><a href="/gateway/article/full-text-pdf/74754" id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucViewFullText_lnkViewPdf" style="display: flex;"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_ucViewFullText_spanViewPdf" class="btn btn-primary product-page-button"> View Full Text PDF <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-right"></span></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><span id="ctl00_ctl00_cphMain_cphSection_lblAbstract" class="margin-bottom-10"><h2 class="margin-top-15">Abstract</h2>A fundamental issue encountered by the research community of data warehouses (DWs) is the modeling of data. In this paper, a new design is proposed, named the starnest schema, for the logical modeling of DWs. Using nested methodology, data semantics can be explicitly represented. Part of the design involves providing a translation mechanism from the star/snowflake schemas to a nested representation. The novel schema proposed in this paper is accomplished by converting the fact-dimension schema to a fact-nested dimension schema. The transformation of the denormalized dimension tables to nested dimension tables increases the efficiency of query execution by reducing the number of tuples accessed for query retrieval since dimensional attributes can be used directly in the Group-by clause. 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