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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><title>A history of Henry II</title><meta name="description" content="Arguably one of the most effective Kings ever to wear the English crown and the first of the great Plantagenet dynasty, the future Henry II was born at Le Mans" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><meta name="theme-color" content="#960c17" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/bootstrap-grid.min.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/global.css" /></head><body><nav class="fixed-nav-bar" aria-label="fixed navigation bar"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-12"><i class="nav-s nav-s-smr"><a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=&title=" aria-label="reddit" title="Submit to Reddit" onclick="window.open('http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL) + '&title=' + encodeURIComponent(document.title)); return false;" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></i><i class="nav-s nav-s-smt"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?" aria-label="twitter" title="Tweet" onclick="window.open('https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%20Check%20out%20this%20awesome%20website%20' + encodeURIComponent(document.title) + ':%20 ' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL)); 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He was the son of that ill-matched pair, <a href="plantagenet_42.html">Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou</a> and <a href="normans_21.html">Matilda</a>, (known as the Empress, from her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor) the daughter of <a href="normans_3.htm">Henry I of England</a>. </p><b>Geoffrey, Count of Anjou</b><img src="images/geoffrey1.jpg" alt="Geoffrey, Count of Anjou" width="160" height="347" /><p> Henry's parents never cared for each other, their's was a union of convenience. Henry I, chose Geoffrey to sire his grandchildren because his lands were strategically placed on the Norman frontiers and he required the support of Geoffrey's father, his erstwhile enemy, Fulk of Anjou. He accordingly forced his highly reluctant daughter to marry the fifteen-year-old Geoffrey. The pair disliked each other from the outset of their union and neither was of a nature to pretend otherwise and so the scene was set for an extremely stormy marriage. They were, however, finally prevailed upon by the formidable Henry I to do their duty and produce an heir to England. They had three sons, Henry was the eldest of these and always the favourite of his adoring mother. </p><p> When the young Henry was a few months old, his delighted grandfather, Henry I, crossed over the channel from England to see his new heir and is said to have dandled the child on his knee. He was to grow very attached to his new grandson, the old warrior was said to spend much time playing with the young Henry. </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><p> Henry's father Geoffrey's nickname derived from a sprig of bloom, or Planta Genista, that he liked to sport in his helmet. Thus was coined the surname of one of England's greatest dynasties, which ruled the country for the rest of the medieval era, although Plantagenet was not adopted as a surname until the mid-fifteenth century. Henry's was a vast inheritance, from his father, he received the Counties of Anjou and Maine, the Duchy of Normandy and his claim to the Kingdom of England. Henry married the legendary heiress, <a href="plantagenet_19.htm">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, which added Aquitaine and Poitou to his dominions. He then owned more land in France than the French King himself. </p><h3>Reign</h3><p> On the death of King Stephen in 1154, Henry came to the English throne at the age of 21 following the terms of the Treaty of Wallingford. He landed in England on 8 December 1154 and took oaths of loyalty from the barons after which he was crowned at Westminster Abbey alongside his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine on 19 December. </p><p> A short but strongly built man of leonine appearance, Henry II was possessed of dynamic energy and a formidable temper. He had the red hair of the Plantagenets, grey eyes that grew bloodshot in anger and a round, freckled face. Described by Peter of Blois as:- </p><p> "The lord king has been red-haired so far, except that the coming of old age and gray hair has altered that color somewhat. His height is medium, so that neither does he appear great among the small, nor yet does he seem small among the great. His head is spherical...his eyes are full, guileless, and dove-like when he is at peace, gleaming like fire when his temper is aroused, and in bursts of passion they flash like lightning. As to his hair he is in no danger of baldness, but his head has been closely shaved. He has a broad, square, lion-like face. Curved legs, a horseman's shins, broad chest, and a boxer's arms all announce him as a man strong, agile and bold... he never sits, unless riding a horse or eating... In a single day, if necessary, he can run through four or five day-marches and, thus foiling the plots of his enemies, frequently mocks their plots with surprise sudden arrivals...Always are in his hands bow, sword, spear and arrow, unless he be in council or in books." </p><p> He spent so much time in the saddle that his legs became bowed. Henry's voice was reported to have been harsh and cracked, he did not care for magnificent clothing and was never still. The new King was intelligent and had acquired an immense knowledge both of languages and law. </p><b>Eleanor of Aqiutaine effigy at Fontevraud</b><img src="images/eleanor.jpg" alt="Eleanor of Aquitaine" width="464" height="293" /><h3>Eleanor of Aqiutaine</h3><p> Eleanor of Aquitaine, Henry's wife, was the daughter of William X, Duke of Aquitaine and Aenor de Chatellerault. She had previously been the wife of Louis VII, King of France, who had divorced her prior to her marriage to Henry. It was rumoured that the pair had been lovers before her divorce, as she had reportedly also been the paramour of Henry's father, Geoffrey. (The formidable Matilda's reaction to this event has unfortunately not been recorded.) </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><p> Eleanor was eleven years older than Henry but in the early days of their marriage that did not seem to matter. Both were strong characters, used to getting their way, the result of two such ill-matched temperaments was an extremely tempestuous union. Beautiful, intelligent, cultured and powerful, Eleanor was a remarkable woman. One of the great female personalities of her age, she had been celebrated and idolized in the songs of the troubadours of her native Aquitaine. </p><p> Henry was possessed of the fearful Angevin temper, apparently a dominant family trait. In his notorious uncontrollable rages, he would lie on the floor and chew at the rushes and was never slow to anger. Legend clung to the House of Anjou, one such ran that they were descended from no less a person than Satan himself. It was related that Melusine, the daughter of Satan, was the demon ancestress of the Angevins. Her husband the Count of Anjou was perplexed when Melusine always left church before hearing of the mass. After pondering the matter he had her forcibly restrained by his knights while the service took place. Melusine reportedly tore herself from their grasp and flew through the roof, taking two of the couple's children with her and was never seen again. </p><p> Henry and Eleanor had a large brood of children. Sadly, their firstborn, William (b.1153) created Count of Poitiers, the traditional title of the heirs to the Dukes of Aquitaine, who died at the age of 2 at Wallingford Castle. He was buried at the feet of his great-grandfather, Henry I. </p><p> Like his grandfather before him, Henry was a man of strong passions and a serial adulterer. When Henry introduced his illegitimate son, Geoffrey, to the royal nursery, Eleanor was furious, Geoffrey had been born in the early days of their marriage, the result of a dalliance with Hikenai, a prostitute. Eleanor was deeply insulted and the rift between the couple grew steadily over time into a gaping gulf. </p><p> On inheriting England's crown, the young Henry Plantagenet eagerly and with characteristic energy set about restoring law and order in his new kingdom. All illegal castles erected in King Stephen's anarchic reign were demolished. He was a tireless administrator and clarified and overhauled the entire English judicial system. </p><h3>Henry II and Thomas à Becket</h3><p> Henry's quarrels with <a href="plantagenet_66.html">Thomas Becket</a> have cast a long shadow over his reign. The son of a wealthy London merchant of Norman extraction, Becket was appointed Chancellor. Becket was at first worldly and unlike the King, dressed extravagantly. A story is related that riding through London together on a cold winters day, Henry saw a pauper shivering in his rags. He asked Thomas would it not be charitable for someone to give the man a cloak, Becket agreed that it would. Whereupon Henry laughingly grasped Thomas' expensive fur cloak. There followed an unseemly struggle in which the King attempted to wrest the unwilling Becket's cloak from him. Finally succeeding and most amused at Thomas's reaction, he threw it to the beggar. </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><p> Becket was sent on a mission to the court of France to negotiate a marriage between Henry and Eleanor's eldest surviving son, known as Young Henry and Margaret, the daughter of the King of France by his second marriage. This he carried out with aplomb, travelling with a great retinue, his lavish style made a vivid impression on the French. </p><p> On the death of Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, Henry II decided to appoint Thomas Becket to the position. He assumed that Thomas would make an amenable Archbishop through whom he could gain control of the churches legal system. Becket, however, was unwilling to oblige and on his appointment resigned the Chancellorship. Henry flew into a furious rage. Becket, undeterred, then entered into a disagreement with the king regarding the rights of church and state when he prevented a cleric found guilty of rape and murder from receiving punishment in the lay court. </p><p> A council was held at Westminster in October 1163, Becket was not a man to compromise, neither, however, was Henry. Eventually, Becket agreed to adhere to the 'ancient customs of the realm'. Adamant to win in the matter, Henry proceeded to clearly define those ancient customs in a document referred to as the Constitutions of Clarendon. Becket did eventually back down, but their quarrel continued and became more embittered, culminating in Beckett fleeing the country. </p><b>Henry II and Thomas Becket in stained glass from Chester Cathedral</b><img src="images/h11_tab.jpg" alt="Henry II and Thomas Becket" width="360" height="627" /><p> Four years later, Henry was anxious to have his eldest son, the <a href="plantagenet_33.html">young Henry</a>, crowned in his own lifetime to avoid a disputed succession, such as occurred after the death of his grandfather, Henry I. In January 1169, Henry and Becket met again at a conference at Momtmirail in Normandy, which broke up in quarrels between the pair, with the immovable Becket angrily excommunicating some of Henry's followers. Irritated at such behaviour and refusing to be thwarted, Henry had the coronation of his son carried out by the Archbishop of York to insult Thomas further. In a resultant meeting, a compromise was finally reached and Thomas returned to England. </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><p> Disputes again arose between them over similar issues and Henry, exasperated and enraged at Becket's intransigence, (which matched his own ) uttered those final, fatal words "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?". Four knights, taking him at his word, proceeded to England. They rode to Canterbury where they confronted the Archbishop in the Cathedral calling him a traitor, they attempted to drag him out of the building. Thomas refused to leave and inviting martyrdom, declared himself as "No traitor but a priest of God." When one of the knights struck him on the head with his sword the others joined in and Thomas fell to the Cathedral floor having suffered fatal head injuries. </p><p> Europe was a-buzz with the scandal, Henry's fury subsided into grief. England fell under the threat of ex-communication. In order to weather the storm, the King did public penance for his part in the affair, walking barefoot into Canterbury Cathedral, where he allowed the monks to scourge him as a sign of contrite penance. </p><h3>The Rebellion of Henry's Sons</h3><p> Henry was faced with a new threat, this time it came from within his own dysfunctional family, in the form of his malcontented Queen, Eleanor and his unruly sons. Henry, the Young King, "A restless youth born for the undoing of many", was dissatisfied, he possessed grand titles but no real power. When Henry II tried to negotiate a marriage for his youngest son, John, the prospective father-in-law asked that John be given some property. The King responded by granting John three castles in Anjou. The young Henry promptly objected and demanded either England, Normandy or Anjou to rule in his own right and fled to the French court. Led on by his father-in-law, the King of France, who had his own axe to grind, the young Henry rebelled against his father. He was joined at the court of France by his equally turbulent brothers, Richard, Duke of Aquitaine and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany since his marriage to the heiress Constance of Brittany. </p><p> Henry's relationship with his wife had deteriorated after the birth of their last child, John. Eleanor, twelve years older than Henry, was now decidedly middle-aged. She was grievously insulted by Henry's long affair with the beautiful Rosamund Clifford, the mother of two of his illegitimate sons, whom he was said to genuinely love. Eleanor was captured attempting to join her sons in France dressed as a man. She was imprisoned by her husband for ten long years. Normandy was attacked, but the French King then retreated and Henry was able to make peace with his rebellious brood of sons. </p><b>The Angevin Empire</b><img src="images/angevin_empire.jpg" alt="The Angevin Empire" width="410" height="516" /><p> Further disputes arose between young Henry and his equally fiery tempered brother, Richard. The Young King objected to a castle Richard had built on what he claimed to be his territory. Henry, aided by his brother Geoffrey, attempted to subdue Richard and the affair provided a further excuse to rebel against their father. Richard allied himself with their father. The Young King began to ravage Aquitaine. </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><h3>The Death of Henry, 'the Young King'</h3><p> The Young King plundered the rich shrine of Rocamadour, after which he fell mortally ill. When he knew death was inevitable, he asked his followers to lay him on a bed of ashes spread on the floor as a sign of repentance and begged his father to forgive and visit him. The King, suspecting a trap, refused to visit his son, but sent a sapphire ring, once owned by his grandfather Henry I, to the young Henry as a sign of his forgiveness. A few days later the Young King was dead, Henry and Eleanor mourned the loss of their errant son sincerely. </p><p> Henry planned to re-divide the Angevin Empire, giving Anjou, Maine, Normandy and England to Richard and asking him to relinquish his mother's province of Aquitaine to John. In the finest Plantagenet tradition, Richard, incensed, absolutely refused to do so. John and Geoffrey were dispatched to Aquitaine to wrest the province from their brother by force but were no match for him. The King then ordered all of his turbulent sons to England. Richard and Geoffrey now thoroughly detested each other and arguments, as ever, prevailed amongst the family. Geoffrey, a treacherous and untrustworthy youth, was killed at a Paris tournament in 1186. </p><h3>The Death of Henry II</h3><p> Phillip Augustus of France was eager to play on the rifts in the Plantagenet family to further his own ends of increasing the power of the French crown by regaining the Plantagenet lands. He planted further seeds of distrust by suggesting to Richard that Henry II wished to disinherit him, in favour of his known favourite, John. Richard, who now totally distrusted his father, demanded full recognition of his position as heir to the Angevin Empire. Henry haughtily refused to comply. Further rebellion was the inevitable result. </p><b>Chinon Castle</b><img src="images/Chinon_castle.jpg" alt="Chinon Castle" width="410" height="250" /><p> The ageing King began to feel the weight of his years and fell sick whilst at Le Mans. Richard believed him to be creating delays. He and his ally Phillip attacked the town, Henry ordered the southern suburbs of Le Mans to be set on fire to impede their advance, but it must have seemed as if the elements themselves had also conspired against him when the wind changed, spreading the fire and setting alight his much loved birthplace. Henry, greatly aggrieved, was forced into flight before his son. Pausing on a hill top to watch the blaze, with bruised pride, he raged against God in an outburst of Plantagenet passion and fury and in his immense bitterness, frenziedly denied him his soul. </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><p> A conference was arranged between the warring parties, near Tours, at which King Henry was humiliatingly forced to accept all of Richard's terms. Phillip of France, shocked at the King's gaunt appearance, offered his cloak to enable him to sit on the ground. With a flash of his old spirit, Henry proudly refused the offer. Compelled to give his son the kiss of peace, Henry whispered in his ear "God grant that I die not until I have avenged myself on thee". Henry's only request was to be provided with a list of those who had rebelled against him. </p><b>Henry II effigy at Fontevraud</b><img src="images/h11tmb.jpg" alt="Henry II" width="446" height="295" /><p> Grievously sick, the ailing lion retreated to Chinon to lick his wounds. The requested list arrived, the first name on it was that of his beloved John, the son he had trusted and fought for had deserted him to join the victors. </p><p> Utterly crushed, he wished to hear no more. The faithful <a href="plantagenet_57.html">William Marshall</a> and his illegitimate son <a href="plantagenet_79.html">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a> remained by him to the end. "You are my true son," he told Geoffrey bitterly, "the others, they are the bastards" As his condition continued to deteriorate he was heard to utter "now let everything go as it will, I care no longer for myself or anything else in this world". </p><p> Suffering from a perforated ulcer, he lingered semi-conscious, breathing his last on 6th July 1189. His last words were "Shame, shame on a conquered King". King Henry II, defeated, at last, turned his face to the wall and died. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Richard I </p><p> The king's body was laid out in the chapel of Chinon Castle, where the corpse was stripped by his servants. William Marshall and Geoffrey found a crown, sceptre and ring, which were probably taked from a religious statue. It was then taken to the Abbey of Fontevraud, located in the village of Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, near Chinon, in Anjou for burial. </p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div><p> The new King Richard I was summoned by William Marshall and gazed at his father's corpse without emotion. After lying in state the body of the great Henry II was buried, according to his wishes, at the Abbey of Fontevrault, which was to become the mausoleum of the Angevin Kings. </p><h3>The Ancestry of Henry II</h3><p>Henry II</p><p>Father: Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou</p><p>Paternal Grandfather: Fulk V of Anjou Fulk IV, Count of Anjou</p><p>Paternal Great-grandmother:Bertrade de Montfort</p><p>Paternal Grandmother: Ermengarde, Countess of Maine</p><p>Paternal Great-grandfather: Elias I, Count of Maine</p><p>Paternal Great-grandmother: Mathilda of Château-du-Loire</p><p>Mother: Empress Matilda</p><p>Maternal Grandfather: King Henry IOf England</p><p>Maternal Great-grandfather: <a href="normans.htm">William I the Conqueror</a></p><p>Maternal Great-grandmother: Matilda of Flanders</p><p>Maternal Grandmother: Edith of Scotland</p><p>Maternal Great-grandfather: Malcolm II, King of Scots</p><p>Maternal Great-grandmother: St. Margaret</p><h3>The Children and Grandchildren of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine</h3><p>(1) Prince William, Count of Poiters 1153-56 died in infancy</p><p>(2) Henry, 'the Young King' 1155-83 m. Margaret of France.</p><p>Issue:- (i) William b. & d. 1177</p><p>(3) Matilda of England 1156-1189 m. Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony.</p><p>Issue:-</p><p>(i) Matilda of Saxony 1172-1216 m. Geoffrey III, Count of Perche</p><p>(ii) Henry I, Count Palatine of the Rhine 1173-1227</p><p>(iii) Lothaire 1174-1190</p><p>(iv) OTTO THE GREAT, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR 1175-1219</p><p>(v) William, Duke of Luneberg 1184-1213</p><p>(4) RICHARD I ' the Lionheart' 1157-99 m. Berengaria of Navarre.</p><p>No legitimate issue</p><p>(5) Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany 1158-86 m. Constance of Brittany.</p><p>Issue:-</p><p>(i) Eleanor of Brittany 1184-1241</p><p>(ii) Matilda of Brittany 1185-1189</p><p>(iii) Arthur, Duke of Brittany 1187-1203</p><p>(6) Eleanor of England 1161-1214 m. ALPHONSO VIII OF CASTILLE.</p><p>Issue:-</p><p>(i) BERENGARIA, QUEEN OF CASTILLE 1180-1214</p><p>(ii) Sancho of Castille b. & d. 1181</p><p>(iii) Sancho of Castille 1182-84</p><p>(iv) Matilda of Castille 1183?-1204</p><p>(v) Urraca of Castille 1186-1220 m. ALPHONSO II OF PORTUGAL</p><p>(vi) Blanche of Castille m. LOUIS VIII OF FRANCE</p><p>(vii) Ferdinand of Castille 1189-1216</p><p>(viii) Constance of Castille b 1196?</p><p>(ix) Eleanor of Castille 1200-44 m. JAMES I OF ARAGON</p><p>(x) Constance of Castille 1203?-43</p><p>(xi) HENRY I OF CASTILLE 1204-1217</p><p>(7) Joanna of England 1165-99 m. (1) WILLIAM II OF SICILY (2) Raymond VI of Toulouse</p><p>Issue:- by (2)</p><p>(i) Raymond VII of Toulouse</p><p>(ii) Richard of Toulouse b. & d. 1199</p><p>(8) KING JOHN 1167-1217 m. (1) Isabella of Gloucester (2) Isabella of</p><p>Angouleme</p><p>Issue:- by (2)</p><p>(i) HENRY III 1207-72 m. Eleanor of Provence</p><p>(ii) Richard, Earl of Cornwall 1209-72 m. (1) Isabella Marshall (2) Sanchia of Provence</p><p>(iii) Joanna of England 1210-38 m. ALEXANDER II, KING OF SCOTS</p><p>(iv) Isabella of England 1214-41 m. FREDERICK II HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR</p><p>(v) Eleanor of England b.1215 m. (1) William Marshall (2) Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester</p><p>Hamelin de Warrene-</p><p>half-brother of Henry II</p><div class="cls-ad"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block; width: 99%" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7894831814388455" data-ad-slot="6478924421" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="false"></ins><script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div></div></div></div><section class="right-menu"><div class="col-lg-12 col-xl-3"><div class="row"><div class="side-menu2"><div class="col-lg-12 col-sm-3"><div class="well"><h2>Popular Plantagenets</h2></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="side-menu"><div class="col-lg-12 col-sm-3"><div class="well"><a href="plantagenet_2.htm" aria-label="Richard I the Lionheart"><b>Richard I the Lionheart</b></a><picture><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="images/sidebar/plantagenet/ric.jpg" /><source media="(max-width: 1199px)" srcset="images/sidebar/small.png" /><img src="images/sidebar/small.png" alt="Richard I the Lionheart" /></picture></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="side-menu"><div class="col-lg-12 col-sm-3"><div class="well"><a href="plantagenet_5.htm" aria-label="Edward I"><b>Edward I</b></a><picture><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="images/sidebar/plantagenet/ed1.jpg" /><source media="(min-width: 1199px)" srcset="images/sidebar/small.png" /><img src="images/sidebar/small.png" alt="Edward I" /></picture></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="side-menu"><div class="col-lg-12 col-sm-3"><div class="well"><a href="plantagenet_14.htm" aria-label="Richard III"><b>Richard III</b></a><picture><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="images/sidebar/plantagenet/ric3.jpg" /><source media="(min-width: 1199px)" srcset="images/sidebar/small.png" /><img src="images/sidebar/small.png" alt="Richard III" /></picture></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="side-menu"><div class="col-lg-12 col-sm-3"><div class="well"><a href="plantagenet_6.htm" aria-label="Edward II"><b>Edward II</b></a><picture><source media="(min-width: 1200px)" srcset="images/sidebar/plantagenet/ed2.jpg" /><source media="(min-width: 1199px)" srcset="images/sidebar/small.png" /><img src="images/sidebar/small.png" alt="Edward II" /></picture></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div><div class="social"><ul id="sprite"><li id="sprite_s"><i class="sprite sprite-1"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=&t=" aria-label="facebook" onclick="window.open('https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL) + '&t=' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL)); return false;" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></i><i class="sprite sprite-2"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?" aria-label="twitter" title="Tweet" onclick="window.open('https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%20Check%20out%20this%20awesome%20website%20' + encodeURIComponent(document.title) + ':%20 ' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL)); return false;" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></i><i class="sprite sprite-3"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=&title=&summary=&source=" aria-label="linkedin" title="Share on LinkedIn" onclick="window.open('http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL) + '&title=' + encodeURIComponent(document.title)); return false;" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></i><i class="sprite sprite-4"><a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=&title=" aria-label="reddit" title="Submit to Reddit" onclick="window.open('http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=' + encodeURIComponent(document.URL) + '&title=' + encodeURIComponent(document.title)); return false;" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow"></a></i></li></ul></div><div class="container"><div class="next"><div class="col-lg-12 col-xl-9"><p><span><a href="plantagenet_18.htm" aria-label="Previous page">Plantagenet Kings and Queens</a> Previous</span><span>Next <a href="plantagenet_2.htm" aria-label="Next page">Richard I</a></span></p></div></div></div></section><footer class="footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-12 col-xl-9"><p><span>Copyright © 2004 - 2022 www.englishmonarchs.co.uk All rights reserved All rights reserved ®</span><a href="privacy.html" aria-label="privacy">Privacy Policy</a></p></div></div></div></footer><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-89969642-1"></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("config", "UA-89969642-1"); </script></body></html>