CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tsung-Dao Lee - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4a946e5a-32a7-4fb4-b789-73fcfe0bd29d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tsung-Dao_Lee","wgTitle":"Tsung-Dao Lee","wgCurRevisionId":1274942947,"wgRevisionId":1274942947,"wgArticleId":252081,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from February 2021","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from August 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024", "Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","Tsung-Dao Lee","1926 births","2024 deaths","American Nobel laureates","21st-century American physicists","Brookhaven National Laboratory Nobel laureates","Brookhaven National Laboratory staff","Chinese emigrants to the United States","Columbia University faculty","Institute for Advanced Study faculty","Members of Academia Sinica","Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences","Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences","Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","Nankai University alumni","Nobel laureates in Physics","Nobel laureates from the Republic of China","Particle physicists","Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class","Scientists from Shanghai","Scientists from Suzhou","Theoretical physicists","University of Chicago alumni","Zhejiang University alumni", "Academic staff of Zhejiang University","National Southwestern Associated University alumni","Naturalized citizens of the United States","American scientists of Asian descent","Fellows of the American Physical Society","Recipients of the Matteucci Medal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tsung-Dao_Lee","wgRelevantArticleId":252081,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q183679","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.categoryTree.styles":"ready","ext.imagemap.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.categoryTree","ext.imagemap","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.categoryTree.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.imagemap.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1131"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tsung-Dao Lee - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tsung-Dao_Lee rootpage-Tsung-Dao_Lee skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tsung-Dao+Lee" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tsung-Dao+Lee" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tsung-Dao+Lee" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tsung-Dao+Lee" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_research_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_research_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Life and research in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_and_research_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Educational activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_archival_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_archival_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Related archival collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_archival_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsung-Dao Lee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تسونج لي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسونج لي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsanq-Dao_Li" title="Tsanq-Dao Li – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tsanq-Dao Li" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تسونق-دائو لی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تسونق-دائو لی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="সুং-দাও লি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুং-দাও লি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD_Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C5%8D" title="Lí Chèng-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lí Chèng-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Лі Цзундаа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лі Цзундаа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8" title="Джъндао Ли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джъндао Ли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%C4%8Ceng-tao" title="Li Čeng-tao – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Li Čeng-tao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung_Dao_Lee" title="Tsung Dao Lee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsung Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CE%B9" title="Τσουνγκ Ντάο Λι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσουνγκ Ντάο Λι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung_Dao_Lee" title="Tsung Dao Lee – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tsung Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تسونگ-دائو لی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تسونگ-دائو لی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD_Ch%E1%B9%B3n-tho" title="Lí Chṳn-tho – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lí Chṳn-tho" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%A4%EC%98%A4" title="리정다오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리정다오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B8_%D4%BC%D5%AB" title="Ցզուն Դաո Լի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցզուն Դաո Լի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="त्सांग-डाव ली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्सांग-डाव ली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92-%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%99" title="צונג-דאו לי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צונג-דאו לי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80" title="ಟ್ಸುಂಗ್ ದೇವೋ ಲೀ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಸುಂಗ್ ದೇವೋ ಲೀ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D" title="ლი ჟენგდაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლი ჟენგდაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ли Чжэндао – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ли Чжэндао" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_D%C5%BEendao" title="Li Džendao – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Li Džendao" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Cseng-tao" title="Li Cseng-tao – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Li Cseng-tao" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%8F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ли Џенгдао – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ли Џенгдао" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="त्सुंग-दाओ ली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्सुंग-दाओ ली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯენდაო ლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯენდაო ლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%89" title="تسونج لى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تسونج لى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تسونگ دائو لی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تسونگ دائو لی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="चुङ्-दाओ ली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चुङ्-दाओ ली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="李政道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF-%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سنگ-ڈاؤ لی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنگ-ڈاؤ لی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ли Чжэндао – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ли Чжэндао" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%C4%8Ceng-tao" title="Li Čeng-tao – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Li Čeng-tao" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsungdao_Lee" title="Tsungdao Lee – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tsungdao Lee" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3-%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8" title="Цунг-Дао Ли – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цунг-Дао Ли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D2%96%D1%8D%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Ли Җэңдао – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ли Җэңдао" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Лі Цзундао – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лі Цзундао" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سونگ داو لی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونگ داو لی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%89%DA%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8B" title="لى جىڭداۋ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لى جىڭداۋ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Lý Chính Đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý Chính Đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="李政道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsung-Dao Lee" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李政道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="李政道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183679#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tsung-Dao_Lee" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tsung-Dao_Lee" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&oldid=1274942947" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tsung-Dao_Lee&id=1274942947&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsung-Dao_Lee"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTsung-Dao_Lee"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tsung-Dao_Lee" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183679" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese-American physicist (1926–2024)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Lee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lee (disambiguation)">Lee</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Tsung-Dao Lee</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">李政道</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TD_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg/220px-TD_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lee in 1956</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-11-24</span>)</span>November 24, 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 4, 2024<span style="display:none">(2024-08-04)</span> (aged 97)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/National_Che_Kiang_University" class="mw-redirect" title="National Che Kiang University">National Che Kiang University</a> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Yang_theory" title="Lee–Yang theory">Lee–Yang theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Yang_theorem" title="Lee–Yang theorem">Lee–Yang theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinoshita%E2%80%93Lee%E2%80%93Nauenberg_theorem" title="Kinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem">Kinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-parity" title="G-parity">G-parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-topological_soliton" title="Non-topological soliton">Non-topological solitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity violation">Parity violation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Award" title="Albert Einstein Award">Albert Einstein Award</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_1966" title="List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1966">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein_Memorial_Lecture" title="Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture">Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pi.lib.uchicago.edu/1001/cat/bib/4507481">Hydrogen Content and Energy-productive Mechanism of White Dwarfs</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1950)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Friedberg" title="Richard M. Friedberg">Richard M. Friedberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Christ" title="Norman Christ">Norman Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Feinberg" title="Gerald Feinberg">Gerald Feinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">李政道</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Zhèngdào</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Li3 Cheng4-tao4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[lì ʈʂə̂ŋ.tâʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Lî Tsěn-dâu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsung_dao_lee_signature_chinese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tsung_dao_lee_signature_chinese.jpg/150px-Tsung_dao_lee_signature_chinese.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tsung_dao_lee_signature_chinese.jpg/225px-Tsung_dao_lee_signature_chinese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Tsung_dao_lee_signature_chinese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="116" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6227214310d46ffac904ca257878eee1fb6ce726" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:24.027ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }"></span> <br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>κ</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/124ab80fcb17e2733cc17ff6f93da5e52f355c77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.468ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_topology" title="Spacetime topology">Topology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">Randomness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">Entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computation">Quantum computation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics">Atomic, molecular, and optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical physics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">Complex systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear dynamics">Non-linear dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">Plasma physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of gravitation">Theories of gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Skłodowska-Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Kramers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Kramers">Kramers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Paget_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest O. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Goudsmit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">Uhlenbeck</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_physics" title="Category:Modern physics">Modern physics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_physics" title="Template:Modern physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_physics" title="Template talk:Modern physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/211px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="211" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/317px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/422px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" title="History of quantum field theory">History</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak force">Weak force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong force">Strong force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory" title="Yang–Mills theory">Yang–Mills theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(physics)" title="Symmetry (physics)">Symmetries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge conjugation">C-symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">P-symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz symmetry">Lorentz symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Poincaré symmetry">Poincaré symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_symmetry_(mathematics)" title="Gauge symmetry (mathematics)">Gauge symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_symmetry_breaking" title="Explicit symmetry breaking">Explicit symmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noether_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Noether charge">Noether charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological charge">Topological charge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)" title="Anomaly (physics)">Anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_field_method" title="Background field method">Background field method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRST_quantization" title="BRST quantization">BRST quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function_(quantum_field_theory)" title="Correlation function (quantum field theory)">Correlation function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_(physics)" title="Crossing (physics)">Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_action" title="Effective action">Effective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_field_theory" title="Effective field theory">Effective field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_expectation_value" title="Vacuum expectation value">Expectation value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_field_theory" title="Lattice field theory">Lattice field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSZ_reduction_formula" title="LSZ reduction formula">LSZ reduction formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_function_(quantum_field_theory)" title="Partition function (quantum field theory)">Partition function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_Integral_Formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Path Integral Formulation">Path Integral Formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagator_(Quantum_Theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagator (Quantum Theory)">Propagator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(physics)" title="Quantization (physics)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(physics)" title="Regularization (physics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renormalization" title="Renormalization">Renormalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum state">Vacuum state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wick%27s_theorem" title="Wick's theorem">Wick's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wightman_axioms" title="Wightman axioms">Wightman axioms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Equations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein%E2%80%93Gordon_equation" title="Klein–Gordon equation">Klein–Gordon equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proca_action" title="Proca action">Proca equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" title="Wheeler–DeWitt equation">Wheeler–DeWitt equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargmann%E2%80%93Wigner_equations" title="Bargmann–Wigner equations">Bargmann–Wigner equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwinger-Dyson_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwinger-Dyson equation">Schwinger-Dyson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renormalization_group" title="Renormalization group">Renormalization group equation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incomplete theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">String theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersymmetry" title="Supersymmetry">Supersymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" title="Technicolor (physics)">Technicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Louis_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Louis Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Andreevich_Anselm" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexey Andreevich Anselm">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Bargmann" title="Valentine Bargmann">Bargmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Becchi" title="Carlo Becchi">Becchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belavin" title="Alexander Belavin">Belavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Berezin" title="Felix Berezin">Berezin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">Bjorken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Bleuler" title="Konrad Bleuler">Bleuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bogolyubov" title="Nikolay Bogolyubov">Bogoliubov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Brodsky" title="Stanley Brodsky">Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Buchholz" title="Detlev Buchholz">Buchholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Cachazo" title="Freddy Cachazo">Cachazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Callan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cardy" title="John Cardy">Cardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Coleman" title="Sidney Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Connes" title="Alain Connes">Connes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Dashen" title="Roger Dashen">Dashen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_DeWitt" title="Bryce DeWitt">DeWitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Doplicher" title="Sergio Doplicher">Doplicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Faddeev" title="Ludvig Faddeev">Faddeev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sergeevich_Fadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Sergeevich Fadin">Fadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fayet" title="Pierre Fayet">Fayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Fierz" title="Markus Fierz">Fierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fock" title="Vladimir Fock">Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Frampton" title="Paul Frampton">Frampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fritzsch" title="Harald Fritzsch">Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Jürg Fröhlich">Fröhlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fredenhagen" title="Klaus Fredenhagen">Fredenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_H._Furry" title="Wendell H. Furry">Furry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">Glimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldstone" title="Jeffrey Goldstone">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gribov" title="Vladimir Gribov">Gribov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraj_N._Gupta" title="Suraj N. Gupta">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Guralnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Haag" title="Rudolf Haag">Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moo-Young_Han" title="Moo-Young Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hepp" title="Klaus Hepp">Hepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Ivanenko" title="Dmitri Ivanenko">Ivanenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jackiw" title="Roman Jackiw">Jackiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jaffe" title="Arthur Jaffe">Jaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio" title="Giovanni Jona-Lasinio">Jona-Lasinio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_Jost" title="Res Jost">Jost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_K%C3%A4ll%C3%A9n" title="Gunnar Källén">Källén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toichiro_Kinoshita" title="Toichiro Kinoshita">Kinoshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jihn-eui" title="Kim Jihn-eui">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_R._Klebanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor R. Klebanov">Klebanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Kontsevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kreimer" title="Dirk Kreimer">Kreimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_A._Kuraev" title="Eduard A. Kuraev">Kuraev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Lee" title="Benjamin W. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lehmann" title="Harry Lehmann">Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Leutwyler" title="Heinrich Leutwyler">Leutwyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Lipatov" title="Lev Lipatov">Lipatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski_(physicist)" title="Jan Łopuszański (physicist)">Łopuszański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Low" title="Francis E. Low">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_L%C3%BCders" title="Gerhart Lüders">Lüders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Maldacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Matsubara" title="Takeo Matsubara">Matsubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arkadyevich_Migdal" title="Alexander Arkadyevich Migdal">Migdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(physicist)" title="Robert Mills (physicist)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_M%C3%B8ller" title="Christian Møller">Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Naimark" title="Mark Naimark">Naimark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu" title="André Neveu">Neveu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuhiko_Nishijima" title="Kazuhiko Nishijima">Nishijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Oehme" title="Reinhard Oehme">Oehme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Osborn" title="Hugh Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Osterwalder" title="Konrad Osterwalder">Osterwalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Peccei" title="Roberto Peccei">Peccei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peskin" title="Michael Peskin">Peskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Christoph_Plefka" title="Jan Christoph Plefka">Plefka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Polchinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Polyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk" title="Isaak Pomeranchuk">Pomeranchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Popov" title="Victor Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Proca" title="Alexandru Proca">Proca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Rouet" title="Alain Rouet">Rouet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Rubakov" title="Valery Rubakov">Rubakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">Ruelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_John_Sakurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jun John Sakurai">Sakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrader" title="Robert Schrader">Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schwarz" title="Albert Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Segal" title="Irving Segal">Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Seiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Walter_Semenoff" title="Gordon Walter Semenoff">Semenoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Shifman" title="Mikhail Shifman">Shifman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shirkov" title="Dmitry Shirkov">Shirkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Skyrme" title="Tony Skyrme">Skyrme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Sommerfield" title="Charles M. Sommerfield">Sommerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Stora" title="Raymond Stora">Stora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stueckelberg" title="Ernst Stueckelberg">Stueckelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sudarshan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Sudarshan">Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Symanzik" title="Kurt Symanzik">Symanzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasushi_Takahashi" title="Yasushi Takahashi">Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Thirring" title="Walter Thirring">Thirring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Tyutin" title="Igor Tyutin">Tyutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Vainshtein" title="Arkady Vainshtein">Vainshtein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano" title="Gabriele Veneziano">Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Virasoro_(physicist)" title="Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist)">Virasoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Weisskopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Wentzel" title="Gregor Wentzel">Wentzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wess" title="Julius Wess">Wess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christof_Wetterich" title="Christof Wetterich">Wetterich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Wick" title="Gian Carlo Wick">Wick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wightman" title="Arthur Wightman">Wightman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Witten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexei Zamolodchikov">Zamolodchikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Zee" title="Anthony Zee">Zee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Zimmermann" title="Wolfhart Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Zinn-Justin" title="Jean Zinn-Justin">Zinn-Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Zuber" title="Jean-Bernard Zuber">Zuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zumino" title="Bruno Zumino">Zumino</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quantum_field_theory" title="Template:Quantum field theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_field_theory" title="Template talk:Quantum field theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum_field_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quantum field theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="skin-invert-image noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/240px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/360px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/480px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" usemap="#ImageMap_af1b7d82cba73703" resource="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_af1b7d82cba73703"><area href="/wiki/Up_quark" shape="rect" coords="17,48,59,89" alt="Up quark" title="Up quark" /><area href="/wiki/Charm_quark" shape="rect" coords="60,48,102,89" alt="Charm quark" title="Charm quark" /><area href="/wiki/Top_quark" shape="rect" coords="104,48,145,89" alt="Top quark" title="Top quark" /><area href="/wiki/Gluon" shape="rect" coords="149,48,190,89" alt="Gluon" title="Gluon" /><area href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" shape="rect" coords="194,48,235,89" alt="Higgs boson" title="Higgs boson" /><area href="/wiki/Down_quark" shape="rect" coords="17,91,59,132" alt="Down quark" title="Down quark" /><area href="/wiki/Strange_quark" shape="rect" coords="60,91,102,132" alt="Strange quark" title="Strange quark" /><area href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" shape="rect" coords="104,91,145,132" alt="Bottom quark" title="Bottom quark" /><area href="/wiki/Photon" shape="rect" coords="149,91,190,132" alt="Photon" title="Photon" /><area href="/wiki/Electron" shape="rect" coords="17,137,59,178" alt="Electron" title="Electron" /><area href="/wiki/Muon" shape="rect" coords="60,137,102,178" alt="Muon" title="Muon" /><area href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" shape="rect" coords="104,137,145,178" alt="Tau (particle)" title="Tau (particle)" /><area href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons#Z_bosons}Z_boson" shape="rect" coords="149,137,190,178" alt="W and Z bosons#Z bosons}Z boson" title="W and Z bosons#Z bosons}Z boson" /><area href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="17,180,59,221" alt="Electron neutrino" title="Electron neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="60,180,102,221" alt="Muon neutrino" title="Muon neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="104,180,145,221" alt="Tau neutrino" title="Tau neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" shape="rect" coords="149,180,190,221" alt="W and Z bosons" title="W and Z bosons" /><area href="/wiki/Standard_Model" shape="rect" coords="16,8,224,19" alt="Standard Model" title="Standard Model" /><area href="/wiki/Fermion" shape="rect" coords="17,24,145,38" alt="Fermion" title="Fermion" /><area href="/wiki/Boson" shape="rect" coords="149,24,235,38" alt="Boson" title="Boson" /><area href="/wiki/Quark" shape="rect" coords="6,93,14,133" alt="Quark" title="Quark" /><area href="/wiki/Lepton" shape="rect" coords="6,176,12,219" alt="Lepton" title="Lepton" /><area href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" shape="rect" coords="227,92,233,172" alt="Scalar boson" title="Scalar boson" /><area href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" shape="rect" coords="196,143,202,219" alt="Gauge boson" title="Gauge boson" /><area href="/wiki/Vector_boson" shape="rect" coords="205,165,209,219" alt="Vector boson" title="Vector boson" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> of the Standard Model</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Constituents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">CKM matrix</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Standard Model mathematics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Limitations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Strong_CP_problem" title="Strong CP problem">Strong CP problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Physics beyond the Standard Model</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Cowan" title="Clyde Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Cabibbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(physicist)" title="Robert Mills (physicist)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Vleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Guralnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Kibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ant%C3%BAnez_de_Mayolo" title="Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo">de Mayolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">Lattes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">Zweig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Template:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Template talk:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Increasing_disorder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Increasing_disorder.svg/220px-Increasing_disorder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Increasing_disorder.svg/330px-Increasing_disorder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Increasing_disorder.svg/440px-Increasing_disorder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">Kinetic theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Particle statistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93statistics_theorem" title="Spin–statistics theorem">Spin–statistics theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indistinguishable_particles" title="Indistinguishable particles">Indistinguishable particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_statistics" title="Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics">Maxwell–Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">Fermi–Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parastatistics" title="Parastatistics">Parastatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyonic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid_statistics" title="Braid statistics">Braid statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_ensemble_(mathematical_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)">Thermodynamic ensembles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i>NVE</i> <a href="/wiki/Microcanonical_ensemble" title="Microcanonical ensemble">Microcanonical</a></li> <li><i>NVT</i> <a href="/wiki/Canonical_ensemble" title="Canonical ensemble">Canonical</a></li> <li><i>µVT</i> <a href="/wiki/Grand_canonical_ensemble" title="Grand canonical ensemble">Grand canonical</a></li> <li><i>NPH</i> <a href="/wiki/Isoenthalpic%E2%80%93isobaric_ensemble" title="Isoenthalpic–isobaric ensemble">Isoenthalpic–isobaric</a></li> <li><i>NPT</i> <a href="/wiki/Isothermal%E2%80%93isobaric_ensemble" title="Isothermal–isobaric ensemble">Isothermal–isobaric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debye_model" title="Debye model">Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_solid" title="Einstein solid">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ising_model" title="Ising model">Ising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potts_model" title="Potts model">Potts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_potential" title="Thermodynamic potential">Potentials</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy">Internal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy" title="Helmholtz free energy">Helmholtz free energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_potential" title="Grand potential">Grand potential / Landau free energy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Ehrenfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lighton_Synge" title="John Lighton Synge">Synge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ising" title="Ernst Ising">Ising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistical_mechanics" title="Template:Statistical mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistical_mechanics" title="Template talk:Statistical mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tsung-Dao Lee</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李政道</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Zhèngdào</span></i>; November 24, 1926 – August 4, 2024) was a Chinese-American physicist, known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation" title="Parity (physics)">parity violation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Yang_theorem" title="Lee–Yang theorem">Lee–Yang theorem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons, and <a href="/wiki/Soliton_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Soliton star">soliton stars</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/University_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="University professor">university professor</a> <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">New York City</a>, where he taught from 1953 until his retirement in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, at the age of 30, Lee won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Ning Yang">Chen Ning Yang</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for their work on the violation of the <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a> law in weak interactions, which <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> experimentally proved from 1956 to 1957, with her well known <a href="/wiki/Wu_experiment" title="Wu experiment">Wu experiment</a>. </p><p>Lee remains the youngest Nobel laureate in the science fields after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He is the third-youngest <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> in sciences in history after <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William L. Bragg</a> (who won the prize at 25 with his father <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William H. Bragg</a> in 1915) and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (who won in 1932 also at 30). Lee and Yang were the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese laureates</a>. Since he became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">naturalized American citizen</a> in 1962, Lee is also the youngest American ever to have won a Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lee was born in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, with his <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_home_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral home (China)">ancestral home</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>. His father Chun-kang Lee (<span lang="zh-Hant">李駿康</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Jùn-kāng</span></i>), one of the first graduates of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nanking" title="University of Nanking">University of Nanking</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industrialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a> who was involved in China's early development of modern synthesized <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>. Lee's grandfather Chong-tan Lee (<span lang="zh">李仲覃</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Zhòng-tán</span></i>) was the first Chinese Methodist Episcopal senior pastor of St. John's Church in Suzhou (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%E8%81%96%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="zh:蘇州聖約翰堂">蘇州聖約翰堂</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lee has four brothers and one sister. Educator <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._T._Lee" title="Robert C. T. Lee">Robert C. T. Lee</a> was one of T. D.'s brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee's mother Chang and brother Robert C. T. moved to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in the 1950s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lee received his secondary education in Shanghai (High School Affiliated to Soochow University, 東吳大學附屬中學) and <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> (Jiangxi Joint High School, 江西聯合中學). Due to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sino-Japanese war">Second Sino-Japanese war</a>, Lee's high school education was interrupted, thus he did not obtain his secondary diploma. Nevertheless, in 1943, Lee directly applied to and was admitted by the National Chekiang University (now <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University" title="Zhejiang University">Zhejiang University</a>). Initially, Lee registered as a student in the Department of Chemical Engineering. Very quickly, Lee's talent was discovered and his interest in physics grew rapidly. Several physics professors, including <a href="/wiki/Shu_Xingbei" title="Shu Xingbei">Shu Xingbei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ganchang" title="Wang Ganchang">Wang Ganchang</a>, largely guided Lee, and he soon transferred into the Department of Physics of <a href="/wiki/National_Che_Kiang_University" class="mw-redirect" title="National Che Kiang University">National Che Kiang University</a>, where he studied in 1943–1944.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, again disrupted by a further Japanese invasion, Lee continued at the <a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> the next year in 1945, where he studied with Professor <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ta-You" title="Wu Ta-You">Wu Ta-You</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_research_in_the_U.S.">Life and research in the U.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life and research in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Experiment">Wu Experiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weak_Interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak Interaction">Weak Interaction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chien-Shiung_Wu_(1912-1997)_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Chien-Shiung_Wu_%281912-1997%29_in_1963_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Chien-Shiung Wu, designer of the <a href="/wiki/Wu_experiment" title="Wu experiment">Wu experiment</a> that violated <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Professor Wu nominated Lee for a Chinese government fellowship for graduate study in the United States. In 1946, Lee went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and was selected by Professor <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> to become his PhD student. Lee received his PhD under Fermi in 1950 for his research work <i>Hydrogen Content of White Dwarf Stars</i>. Lee served as research associate and lecturer in physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> from 1950 to 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, Lee joined <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he remained until retirement. His first work at Columbia was on a solvable model of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> better known as the Lee model. Soon, his focus turned to <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> and the developing puzzle of <a href="/wiki/K_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="K meson">K meson</a> decays. Lee realized in early 1956 that the key to the puzzle was parity non-conservation. At Lee's suggestion, the first experimental test was on <a href="/wiki/Hyperon" title="Hyperon">hyperon</a> decay by the Steinberger group. At that time, the experimental result gave only an indication of a 2 standard deviation effect of possible <a href="/wiki/Parity_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity violation">parity violation</a>. Encouraged by this feasibility study, Lee made a systematic study of possible Time reversal (T), Parity (P), Charge Conjugation (C), and <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interactions</a> with collaborators, including C. N. Yang. After the definitive experimental confirmation by <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> and her assistants that showed that parity was not conserved, Lee and Yang were awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics. Wu was not awarded the Nobel prize, which is considered one of the largest controversies in Nobel committee history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lizhengdao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lizhengdao.jpg/220px-Lizhengdao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lizhengdao.jpg/330px-Lizhengdao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lizhengdao.jpg/440px-Lizhengdao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Tsung-Dao Lee at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1960s, Lee and collaborators initiated the important field of high-energy <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> physics. In 1964, Lee, with M. Nauenberg, analyzed the divergences connected with particles of zero rest mass, and described a general method known as the <a href="/wiki/KLN_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="KLN theorem">KLN theorem</a> for dealing with these divergences, which still plays an important role in contemporary work in QCD, with its massless, self-interacting gluons. In 1974–75, Lee published several papers on "A New Form of Matter in High Density", which led to the modern field of RHIC physics, now dominating the entire high-energy <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, Lee was active in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">hydrodynamics</a>, many body system, solid state, and lattice QCD. In 1983, Lee wrote a paper entitled, "Can Time Be a Discrete Dynamical Variable?"; which led to a series of publications by Lee and collaborators on the formulation of fundamental physics in terms of difference equations, but with exact invariance under continuous groups of translational and rotational transformations. Beginning in 1975, Lee and collaborators established the field of non-topological solitons, which led to his work on soliton stars and <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a> throughout the 1980s and 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1997 to 2003, Lee was director of the RIKEN-BNL Research Center (now director emeritus), which together with other researchers from Columbia, completed a 1 teraflops supercomputer QCDSP for lattice QCD in 1998 and a 10 teraflops <a href="/wiki/QCDOC" title="QCDOC">QCDOC</a> machine in 2001.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Leading up to 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee and <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Friedberg" title="Richard M. Friedberg">Richard M. Friedberg</a> developed a new method to solve the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>, leading to convergent iterative solutions for the long-standing quantum degenerate double-wall potential and other instanton problems. They also did work on the neutrino mapping matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee was one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_activities">Educational activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Educational activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Special:EditPage/Tsung-Dao Lee">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Soon after the re-establishment of China-American <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American relations">relations with the PRC</a>, Lee and his wife, Jeannette Hui-Chun Chin (<span lang="zh">秦惠䇹</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qín Huìjūn</span></i>), were able to go to the PRC, where Lee gave a series of lectures and seminars, and organized the <a href="/wiki/CUSPEA" title="CUSPEA">CUSPEA</a> (China-U.S. Physics Examination and Application). </p><p>In 1998, Lee established the Chun-Tsung Endowment (秦惠䇹—李政道中国大学生见习基金) in memory of his wife, who had died three years earlier. The Chun-Tsung scholarships, supervised by the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia (New York), are awarded to undergraduates, usually in their 2nd or 3rd year, at six universities, which are <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiaotong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Jiaotong University">Shanghai Jiaotong University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_University" title="Lanzhou University">Lanzhou University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soochow_University_(Suzhou)" title="Soochow University (Suzhou)">Soochow University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>. Students selected for such scholarships are named "Chun-Tsung Scholars" (䇹政学者). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lee and Jeannette Hui-Chun Chin married in 1950 and had two sons: James Lee (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李中清</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Zhōngqīng</span></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lee_(chemist)" title="Stephen Lee (chemist)">Stephen Lee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李中汉</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Zhōnghàn</span></i>). His wife died in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsung-Dao Lee died in San Francisco on August 4, 2024, at the age of 97.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Special:EditPage/Tsung-Dao Lee">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1957)</li> <li>G. Bude Medal, Collège de France (1969, 1977)</li> <li>Galileo Galilei Medal (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit, Grande Ufficiale, Italy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein_Memorial_Lecture" title="Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture">Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture and Medal</a> (1993)</li> <li>Science for Peace Prize (1994)</li> <li>China National-International Cooperation Award (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1995)</li> <li>Naming of Small Planet 3443 as the <a href="/wiki/3443_Leetsungdao" class="mw-redirect" title="3443 Leetsungdao">3443 Leetsungdao</a> (1997)</li> <li>New York City Science Award (1997)</li> <li>Pope Joannes Paulus Medal (1999)</li> <li>Ministero dell'Interno Medal of the Government of Italy (1999)</li> <li>New York Academy of Science Award (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star</a>, Japan (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics#Marcel_Grossmann_Awards" title="International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics">Marcel Grossmann Awards</a> (2015), "for his work on white dwarfs motivating Enrico Fermi’s return to astrophysics and guiding the basic understanding of neutron star matter and fields"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Memberships</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_dei_Lincei" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei">Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World Academy of Sciences">Third World Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Technical reports</dt></dl> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4221903-conservation-laws-weak-interactions">Conservation Laws in Weak Interactions</a>," <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, March 1957).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4353170-weak-interactions">Weak Interactions</a>," <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, June 1957).</li> <li>(with C.N. Yang) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4326727-elementary-particles-weak-interactions">Elementary Particles and Weak Interactions</a>," <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, October 1957).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4076374-history-weak-interactions">History of Weak Interactions</a>," <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>), July 1970).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4629305-high-energy-electromagnetic-weak-interaction-processes">High Energy Electromagnetic and Weak Interaction Processes</a>," <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> (through predecessor agency the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>, January 11, 1972).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee1981" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/particlephysicsi0000leet"><i>Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory</i></a></span>. Newark: Harwood Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-0032-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-0032-8"><bdi>978-3-7186-0032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particle+Physics+and+Introduction+to+Field+Theory&rft.place=Newark&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-7186-0032-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparticlephysicsi0000leet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeFeinberg,_G.1986" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D.; Feinberg, G. (1986). <i>Selected Papers, Vols 13</i>. Boston; Basel; Stuttgart: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3344-8"><bdi>978-0-8176-3344-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+Vols+13&rft.place=Boston%3B+Basel%3B+Stuttgart&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-3344-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft.au=Feinberg%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1988" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirtyyearssince0000unse"><i>Ed. R. Novick: Thirty Year's Since Parity Nonconservation</i></a></span>. Boston; Basel; Stuttgart: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3375-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3375-2"><bdi>978-0-8176-3375-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ed.+R.+Novick%3A+Thirty+Year%27s+Since+Parity+Nonconservation&rft.place=Boston%3B+Basel%3B+Stuttgart&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-3375-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirtyyearssince0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1988" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symmetriesasymme0000leet"><i>Symmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Particles</i></a></span>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96519-2"><bdi>978-0-295-96519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symmetries%2C+Asymmetries%2C+and+the+World+of+Particles&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-295-96519-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymmetriesasymme0000leet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeRen,_H._C.Pang,_Y.1998" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D.; Ren, H. C.; Pang, Y. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X475CBFZibAC"><i>Selected Papers, 1985-1996</i></a>. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5699-609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5699-609-3"><bdi>978-90-5699-609-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers%2C+1985-1996&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-5699-609-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft.au=Ren%2C+H.+C.&rft.au=Pang%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX475CBFZibAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D. (2000). <i>Science and Art</i>. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5323-5609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5323-5609-6"><bdi>978-7-5323-5609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Art&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Shanghai+Scientific+and+Technical+Publisher&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-7-5323-5609-6&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation book cs1">Lee, T.D. (2002). <i>The Challenge from Physics</i>. Beijing: China Economics Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5017-5622-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5017-5622-3"><bdi>978-7-5017-5622-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+from+Physics&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Economics+Publisher&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-7-5017-5622-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeCheng,_JiHuaizu,_LiuLi,_Teng2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee, T.D.; Cheng, Ji; Huaizu, Liu; Li, Teng (2004). <i>Response to the Dispute of Discovery of Parity Violation</i> (in Chinese). Lanzhou, Gansu: Gansu Science and Technology Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5424-0929-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5424-0929-4"><bdi>978-7-5424-0929-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Response+to+the+Dispute+of+Discovery+of+Parity+Violation&rft.place=Lanzhou%2C+Gansu&rft.pub=Gansu+Science+and+Technology+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-7-5424-0929-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Ji&rft.au=Huaizu%2C+Liu&rft.au=Li%2C+Teng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_Institute_of_Modern_Physics" title="Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics">Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinese people in New York City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.columbia.edu/home/2526">Home | Columbia News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430093523/http://news.columbia.edu/home/2526">Archived</a> April 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957"</a>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1957&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1957%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-laureates-by-age/">"Nobel Prize laureates by age"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+laureates+by+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fnobel-laureates-by-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713191052/http://big5.jschina.com.cn/gate/big5/english.jschina.com.cn/TodayJiangsu/23280/23356/201311/t1334166.shtml">"Suzhou St. John Church"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://big5.jschina.com.cn/gate/big5/english.jschina.com.cn/TodayJiangsu/23280/23356/201311/t1334166.shtml">the original</a> on July 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suzhou+St.+John+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbig5.jschina.com.cn%2Fgate%2Fbig5%2Fenglish.jschina.com.cn%2FTodayJiangsu%2F23280%2F23356%2F201311%2Ft1334166.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClain2024" class="citation news cs1">McClain, Dylan Loeb (August 5, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/05/science/tsung-dao-lee-dead.html">"Tsung-Dao Lee, 97, Physicist Who Challenged a Law of Nature, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tsung-Dao+Lee%2C+97%2C+Physicist+Who+Challenged+a+Law+of+Nature%2C+Dies&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft.aulast=McClain&rft.aufirst=Dylan+Loeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F08%2F05%2Fscience%2Ftsung-dao-lee-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160820165327/http://www.theeagle.com/obituaries/lee-robert-chung-tao-c-t/article_49dae41b-02ce-5578-88be-07a25b7763c2.html">"Lee, Robert Chung-tao (C.T.)"</a>. The Eagle. May 25, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeagle.com/obituaries/lee-robert-chung-tao-c-t/article_49dae41b-02ce-5578-88be-07a25b7763c2.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lee%2C+Robert+Chung-tao+%28C.T.%29&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeagle.com%2Fobituaries%2Flee-robert-chung-tao-c-t%2Farticle_49dae41b-02ce-5578-88be-07a25b7763c2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/physicists/tsung-dao-lee-info.htm">"HowStuffWorks "Lee, Tsung Dao"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930072747/http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/physicists/tsung-dao-lee-info.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HowStuffWorks+%22Lee%2C+Tsung+Dao%22&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffamous-scientists%2Fphysicists%2Ftsung-dao-lee-info.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2019" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Ethan (October 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/10/07/this-one-award-was-the-biggest-injustice-in-nobel-prize-history/?sh=5eaee6cc3d32">"This One Award Was The Biggest Injustice In Nobel Prize History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=This+One+Award+Was+The+Biggest+Injustice+In+Nobel+Prize+History&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstartswithabang%2F2019%2F10%2F07%2Fthis-one-award-was-the-biggest-injustice-in-nobel-prize-history%2F%3Fsh%3D5eaee6cc3d32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, T. D. (December 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10955-005-5476-9">"A New Approach to Solve the Low-lying States of the Schroedinger Equation"</a>. <i>Journal of Statistical Physics</i>. <b>121</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1015–</span>1071. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0501054">quant-ph/0501054</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10955-005-5476-9">10.1007/s10955-005-5476-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9613">1572-9613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Statistical+Physics&rft.atitle=A+New+Approach+to+Solve+the+Low-lying+States+of+the+Schroedinger+Equation&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1015-%3C%2Fspan%3E1071&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0501054&rft.issn=1572-9613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10955-005-5476-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10955-005-5476-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedbergLee2008" class="citation journal cs1">Friedberg, R.; Lee, T. D. (May 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003491607000917">"Hidden symmetry of the CKM and neutrino-mapping matrices"</a>. <i>Annals of Physics</i>. <b>323</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1087–</span>1105. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.4156">0705.4156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aop.2007.06.004">10.1016/j.aop.2007.06.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4916">0003-4916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Hidden+symmetry+of+the+CKM+and+neutrino-mapping+matrices&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1087-%3C%2Fspan%3E1105&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0705.4156&rft.issn=0003-4916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aop.2007.06.004&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Lee%2C+T.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0003491607000917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fire.pppl.gov/nobel_bush_fy08_050808.pdf">"A Letter from America's Physics Nobel Laureates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Letter+from+America%27s+Physics+Nobel+Laureates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffire.pppl.gov%2Fnobel_bush_fy08_050808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_28311290">"物理学家李政道逝世，享年98岁"</a>. The Paper. August 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%8C%E4%BA%AB%E5%B9%B498%E5%B2%81&rft.date=2024-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaper.cn%2FnewsDetail_forward_28311290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/nobel-prize-winning-physicist-tsung-dao-lee-dies-112574913">"Nobel Prize-winning physicist Tsung-Dao Lee dies at age 97"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize-winning+physicist+Tsung-Dao+Lee+dies+at+age+97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fnobel-prize-winning-physicist-tsung-dao-lee-dies-112574913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MG14, Marcel Grossmann Awards, Rome 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icra.it/mg/mg14/mg14_awards.pdf">ICRANet and ICRA</a>. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitchison,_Ian1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Aitchison" title="Ian Aitchison">Aitchison, Ian</a> (November 19, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW31Fy4kpkC&pg=PA540">"Review of <i>Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory</i> by T. D. Lee"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>: <span class="nowrap">540–</span>541.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Review+of+Particle+Physics+and+Introduction+to+Field+Theory+by+T.+D.+Lee&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E540-%3C%2Fspan%3E541&rft.date=1981-11-19&rft.au=Aitchison%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW31Fy4kpkC%26pg%3DPA540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggs,_Peter1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs, Peter</a> (June 30, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R19gtj49m08C&pg=PA73">"Review of <i>Symmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Physics</i> by T. D. Lee"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>: 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Review+of+Symmetries%2C+Asymmetries%2C+and+the+World+of+Physics+by+T.+D.+Lee&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1988-06-30&rft.au=Higgs%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR19gtj49m08C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsung-Dao+Lee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tsung-Dao_Lee" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdlee.ccast.ac.cn/eindex.html">T.D. Lee's English homepage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015100317/http://tdlee.ccast.ac.cn/eindex.html">Archived</a> October 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdlee.lib.sjtu.edu.cn/">T.D. Lee Digital Resource Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/fac-bios/Lee_TD/faculty.html">T.D. Lee's Home Page at Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/69">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183679#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1957 <i>Weak Interactions and Nonconservation of Parity</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/2003/bnlpr102403.htm">Tsung-Dao Lee Appointed as Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tdlee.ccast.ac.cn/tdl80/">Celebration of T.D. Lee's 80th Birthday and the 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of Parity Non-conservation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_archival_collections">Related archival collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Related archival collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=16Q1X106409S5.412547&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=rev-all&ri=&index=.GW&term=HASKELL+A.+REICH+COLLECTION+OF+STUDENT+NOTES%2C+1945-1954&oper=AND&x=11&y=4&aspect=power&index=.TW&term=&oper=AND&index=.AW&term=&oper=AND&index=.SW&term=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort=">Haskell A. Reich collection of student notes, circa 1945-1954, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> (includes lecture notes from Tsung-Dao Lee's courses at Columbia University)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1957_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1957 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1957_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1957 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">The Lord Todd</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen Ning Yang</a> (China)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners">1956</a></dd> <dd><b>1957 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Template talk:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a> (1957)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Daniel C. Tsui</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academicians_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Template:Chinese Academy of Sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Template talk:Chinese Academy of Sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Academy of Sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academicians_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="List of members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences">Academicians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Division_of_Mathematics_and_Physics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Division of Mathematics and Physics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jingrun" title="Chen Jingrun">Chen Jingrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jia%27er" title="Chen Jia'er">Chen Jia'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiangong" title="Chen Jiangong">Chen Jiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xianhui" title="Chen Xianhui">Chen Xianhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Kaijia" title="Cheng Kaijia">Cheng Kaijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._T._Cheng" title="M. T. Cheng">Cheng Minde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Chuanzeng" title="Dai Chuanzeng">Dai Chuanzeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Jiaxian" title="Deng Jiaxian">Deng Jiaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Duan" title="Feng Duan">Feng Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Kang" title="Feng Kang">Feng Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Ting_Sui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ke Ting Sui">Ge Tingsui <small>(Ke Ting Sui)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Chaohao" title="Gu Chaohao">Gu Chaohao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Yonghuai" title="Guo Yonghuai">Guo Yonghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hao_Bailin" title="Hao Bailin">Hao Bailin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xiantu" title="He Xiantu">He Xiantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zehui" title="He Zehui">He Zehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zuoxiu" title="He Zuoxiu">He Zuoxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hesheng" title="Hu Hesheng">Hu Hesheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jimin" title="Hu Jimin">Hu Jimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Ning" title="Hu Ning">Hu Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Luogeng" title="Hua Luogeng">Hua Luogeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kun" title="Huang Kun">Huang Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Zhao" title="Ke Zhao">Ke Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minhua" title="Li Minhua">Li Minhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yinyuan" title="Li Yinyuan">Li Yinyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yingming" title="Liu Yingming">Liu Yingming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Huanwu" title="Peng Huanwu">Peng Huanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Sanqiang" title="Qian Sanqiang">Qian Sanqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Qinyue" title="Qu Qinyue">Qu Qinyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Yutai" title="Rao Yutai">Rao Yutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhongci" title="Shi Zhongci">Shi Zhongci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Buqing" title="Su Buqing">Su Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_Tian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang Tian">Tian Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ganchang" title="Wang Ganchang">Wang Ganchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuan_(mathematician)" title="Wang Yuan (mathematician)">Wang Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhuxi" title="Wang Zhuxi">Wang Zhuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Wenjun" title="Wu Wenjun">Wu Wenjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Youxun" title="Wu Youxun">Wu Youxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhonghua" title="Wu Zhonghua">Wu Zhonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zezong" title="Xi Zezong">Xi Zezong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoxing_Xia" title="Daoxing Xia">Xia Daoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Jialin" title="Xie Jialin">Xie Jialin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Xide" title="Xie Xide">Xie Xide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Fujia" title="Yang Fujia">Yang Fujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang Zhenning <small>(Chen-Ning Yang)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Qisun" title="Ye Qisun">Ye Qisun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Min_(physicist)" title="Yu Min (physicist)">Yu Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jie_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Jie (scientist)">Zhang Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yuzhe" title="Zhang Yuzhe">Zhang Yuzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung-Yao_Chao" title="Chung-Yao Chao">Zhao Zhongyao <small>(Chung-Yao Chao)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guangzhao" title="Zhou Guangzhao">Zhou Guangzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Division_of_Chemistry325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Division of Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chunli" title="Bai Chunli">Bai Chunli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qirui" title="Cai Qirui">Cai Qirui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Debang" title="Hou Debang">Hou Debang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hongwen" title="Hu Hongwen">Hu Hongwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Minlon" title="Huang Minlon">Huang Minlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuanfang" title="Liu Yuanfang">Liu Yuanfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Jiaxi_(chemist)" title="Lu Jiaxi (chemist)">Lu Jiaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ke" title="Lu Ke">Lu Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Enze" title="Min Enze">Min Enze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Shaoyi" title="Peng Shaoyi">Peng Shaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Panwen" title="Shen Panwen">Shen Panwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tianhui" title="Shen Tianhui">Shen Tianhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Qiang" title="Su Qiang">Su Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_You" title="Wang You">Wang You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing_Qiyi" title="Xing Qiyi">Xing Qiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangxian" title="Xu Guangxian">Xu Guangxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Dongsheng" title="Yan Dongsheng">Yan Dongsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Xiaozeng" title="You Xiaozeng">You Xiaozeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Chengye" title="Yuan Chengye">Yuan Chengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Qifeng" title="Zhou Qifeng">Zhou Qifeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Division_of_Life_Sciences_and_Medical_Sciences325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Division of Life Sciences and Medical Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Shizhang" title="Bei Shizhang">Bei Shizhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qiao" title="Cai Qiao">Cai Qiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shixiang" title="Chen Shixiang">Chen Shixiang <small>(Sicien H. Chen)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhongwei" title="Chen Zhongwei">Chen Zhongwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhu" title="Chen Zhu">Chen Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Ziyuan" title="Chen Ziyuan">Chen Ziyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Ying" title="Ding Ying">Ding Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Shumin" title="Duan Shumin">Duan Shumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Qide" title="Han Qide">Han Qide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Jiasi" title="Huang Jiasi">Huang Jiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Guozhang" title="Jin Guozhang">Jin Guozhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bo_(ecologist)" title="Li Bo (ecologist)">Li Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhensheng_(geneticist)" title="Li Zhensheng (geneticist)">Li Zhensheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Boqiang" title="Liang Boqiang">Liang Boqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Qiaozhi" title="Lin Qiaozhi">Lin Qiaozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Tsung-lo" title="Lo Tsung-lo">Lo Tsung-lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Jingyi" title="Niu Jingyi">Niu Jingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Fazu" title="Qiu Fazu">Qiu Fazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Tongsheng" title="Sheng Tongsheng">Sheng Tongsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Jiazhen" title="Tan Jiazhen">Tan Jiazhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Feifan" title="Tang Feifan">Tang Feifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Dizhou" title="Tong Dizhou">Tong Dizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shizhen_(physician)" title="Wang Shizhen (physician)">Wang Shizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jieping" title="Wu Jieping">Wu Jieping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Mengchao" title="Wu Mengchao">Wu Mengchao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhengyi" title="Wu Zhengyi">Wu Zhengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhihong" title="Xu Zhihong">Xu Zhihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Fuyu" title="Yang Fuyu">Yang Fuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Huanming" title="Yang Huanming">Yang Huanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Zhen" title="Yao Zhen">Yao Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsiang-Tung_Chang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsiang-Tung Chang">Zhang Xiangtong <small>(Hsiang-Tung Chang)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiaoqian" title="Zhang Xiaoqian">Zhang Xiaoqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Futang" title="Zhu Futang">Zhu Futang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zuxiang" title="Zhu Zuxiang">Zhu Zuxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Division_of_Earth_Sciences325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Division of Earth Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zhongli" title="Ding Zhongli">Ding Zhongli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jiamo" title="Fu Jiamo">Fu Jiamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shan" title="Gao Shan">Gao Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Lanpo" title="Jia Lanpo">Jia Lanpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siguang" title="Li Siguang">Li Siguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Dongsheng" title="Liu Dongsheng">Liu Dongsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Ziyuan" title="Ouyang Ziyuan">Ouyang Ziyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Wenzhong" title="Pei Wenzhong">Pei Wenzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Mei%27e" title="Ren Mei'e">Ren Mei'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Qixiang" title="Tan Qixiang">Tan Qixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weng_Wenhao" title="Weng Wenhao">Weng Wenhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Xuejin" title="Xie Xuejin">Xie Xuejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yafeng" title="Shi Yafeng">Shi Yafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Duzheng" title="Ye Duzheng">Ye Duzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Benren" title="Zhang Benren">Zhang Benren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jiuzhang" title="Zhao Jiuzhang">Zhao Jiuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coching_Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coching Chu">Zhu Kezhen <small>(Coching Chu)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Division_of_Information_Technical_Sciences325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Division of Information Technical Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jifeng" title="He Jifeng">He Jifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hongjia" title="Huang Hongjia">Huang Hongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xuan_(computer_scientist)" title="Wang Xuan (computer scientist)">Wang Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yao" title="Andrew Yao">Yao Qizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Chaochen" title="Zhou Chaochen">Zhou Chaochen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Division_of_Technological_Sciences325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Division of Technological Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Da_(scientist)" title="Chen Da (scientist)">Chen Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Nengkuan" title="Chen Nengkuan">Chen Nengkuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Binglin" title="Gu Binglin">Gu Binglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kexin" title="Guo Kexin">Guo Kexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zhenxiang" title="Han Zhenxiang">Han Zhenxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Haiyan" title="Hu Haiyan">Hu Haiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Haichang" title="Hu Haichang">Hu Haichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Haiyan" title="Hu Haiyan">Hu Haiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Jun" title="Ke Jun">Ke Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guohao" title="Li Guohao">Li Guohao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tian" title="Li Tian">Li Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhijian" title="Li Zhijian">Li Zhijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Sicheng" title="Liang Sicheng">Liang Sicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Sili" title="Liang Sili">Liang Sili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gaolian" title="Liu Gaolian">Liu Gaolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yongxiang_(engineer)" title="Lu Yongxiang (engineer)">Lu Yongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yisheng" title="Mao Yisheng">Mao Yisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Jiazheng" title="Pan Jiazheng">Pan Jiazheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Kang_(architect)" title="Qi Kang (architect)">Qi Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Xinmin" title="Ren Xinmin">Ren Xinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Xianghua" title="Shao Xianghua">Shao Xianghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Changxu" title="Shi Changxu">Shi Changxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Shou%27e" title="Tu Shou'e">Tu Shou'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Caidong" title="Xu Caidong">Xu Caidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zuyao" title="Xu Zuyao">Xu Zuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Peijian" title="Ye Peijian">Ye Peijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guangdou" title="Zhang Guangdou">Zhang Guangdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhongjun" title="Zhang Zhongjun">Zhang Zhongjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhemin" title="Zheng Zhemin">Zheng Zhemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guozhi" title="Zhou Guozhi">Zhou Guozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yaohe" title="Zhou Yaohe">Zhou Yaohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wuhua" title="Zhu Wuhua">Zhu Wuhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Foreign_Members325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Foreign Members</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nam-Hai_Chua" title="Nam-Hai Chua">Cai Nanhai <small>(Nam-Hai Chua)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Chen Xingsheng <small>(Shiing-Shen Chern)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ding Zhaozhong <small>(Samuel C. C. Ting)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Feng Yuanzhen <small>(Yuan-Cheng Fung)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Gao Kun <small>(Charles K. Kao)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_S._Kuh" title="Ernest S. Kuh">Ge Shouren <small>(Ernest S. Kuh)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huang" title="Thomas Huang">Huang Xutao <small>(Thomas Huang)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Li Zhengdao <small>(Tsung-Dao Lee)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Qian Xu <small>(Shu Chien)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Qiu Chengtong <small>(Shing-Tung Yau)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap-Chee_Tsui" title="Lap-Chee Tsui">Xu Lizhi <small>(Lap-Chee Tsui)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Kwang_Mao" title="Ho-Kwang Mao">Mao Heguang <small>(Ho-Kwang Mao)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen-Ron_Shen" title="Yuen-Ron Shen">Shen Yuanrang <small>(Yuen-Ron Shen)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang-Lin_Tien" title="Chang-Lin Tien">Tian Changlin <small>(Chang-Lin Tien)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Zhu Jingwu <small>(Paul Chu)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Zhuo Yihe <small>(Alfred Yi Cho)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Matteucci_Medallists87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Template:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Template talk:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Matteucci_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Matteucci Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Matteucci_Medallists87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1851–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Helmholtz">Hermann Helmholtz</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wiedemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Wiedemann">Gustav Wiedemann</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Weber</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pacinotti" title="Antonio Pacinotti">Antonio Pacinotti</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Villari" title="Emilio Villari">Emilio Villari</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Righi" title="Augusto Righi">Augusto Righi</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolph_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolph Hertz">Heinrich Rudolph Hertz</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> (1896)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garbasso" title="Antonio Garbasso">Antonio Garbasso</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orso_Mario_Corbino" title="Orso Mario Corbino">Orso Mario Corbino</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo" title="Antonino Lo Surdo">Antonino Lo Surdo</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gwyn-Jeffreys_Moseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley">Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Venkata Raman Chandrasekhara</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Rasetti" title="Franco Rasetti">Franco Rasetti</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Touschek" title="Bruno Touschek">Bruno Touschek</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Luciano Maiani</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Wick" class="mw-redirect" title="Giancarlo Wick">Giancarlo Wick</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_De_Gennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Gilles De Gennes">Pierre-Gilles De Gennes</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Okun" title="Lev Okun">Lev Okun</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Anatole Abragam</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> (1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K.H._Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky">Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Piccioni" title="Oreste Piccioni">Oreste Piccioni</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Nicola Cabibbo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Bellettini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Bellettini (page does not exist)">Giorgio Bellettini</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Giazotto" title="Adalberto Giazotto">Adalberto Giazotto</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Tavani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Tavani (page does not exist)">Marco Tavani</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Fogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluigi Fogli (page does not exist)">Gianluigi Fogli</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Capasso" title="Federico Capasso">Federico Capasso</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Inguscio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Inguscio (page does not exist)">Massimo Inguscio</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Maritan" title="Amos Maritan">Amos Maritan</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183679#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2848" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183679#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2848" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183679#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108721185">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14836570">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/64475/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMwYQbFfGMJdbbfYrcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128146281">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80153142">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122987266">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122987266">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36210781">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0188194&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074426591">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90543638">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000041977&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810607342505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007424004405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524421306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00916045?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105785">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56122200000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:lee.tsung-dao">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/189193">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1229940">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/128146281.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/128146281">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031848141">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66w9dg9">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&oldid=1274942947">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&oldid=1274942947</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Category:Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_births" title="Category:1926 births">1926 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2024_deaths" title="Category:2024 deaths">2024 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:American Nobel laureates">American Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_physicists" title="Category:21st-century American physicists">21st-century American physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brookhaven_National_Laboratory_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory Nobel laureates">Brookhaven National Laboratory Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brookhaven_National_Laboratory_staff" title="Category:Brookhaven National Laboratory staff">Brookhaven National Laboratory staff</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_emigrants_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States">Chinese emigrants to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_University_faculty" title="Category:Columbia University faculty">Columbia University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Institute_for_Advanced_Study_faculty" title="Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty">Institute for Advanced Study faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_Academia_Sinica" title="Category:Members of Academia Sinica">Members of Academia Sinica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences">Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_members_of_the_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences">Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nankai_University_alumni" title="Category:Nankai University alumni">Nankai University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physics">Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_from_the_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Nobel laureates from the Republic of China">Nobel laureates from the Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Particle_physicists" title="Category:Particle physicists">Particle physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun,_2nd_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class">Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Shanghai" title="Category:Scientists from Shanghai">Scientists from Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_Suzhou" title="Category:Scientists from Suzhou">Scientists from Suzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theoretical_physicists" title="Category:Theoretical physicists">Theoretical physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_alumni" title="Category:University of Chicago alumni">University of Chicago alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zhejiang_University_alumni" title="Category:Zhejiang University alumni">Zhejiang University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Zhejiang_University" title="Category:Academic staff of Zhejiang University">Academic staff of Zhejiang University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Southwestern_Associated_University_alumni" title="Category:National Southwestern Associated University alumni">National Southwestern Associated University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States">Naturalized citizens of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_scientists_of_Asian_descent" title="Category:American scientists of Asian descent">American scientists of Asian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society">Fellows of the American Physical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Matteucci_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal">Recipients of the Matteucci Medal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2021">Use mdy dates from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2024">Articles needing additional references from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 04:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsung-Dao Lee</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>72 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-56d8db5f6f-cc5x4","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.313","walltime":"1.833","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8045,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":306468,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23630,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":180492,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1485.081 1 -total"," 30.44% 452.027 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 15.67% 232.699 1 Template:Chinese"," 11.39% 169.125 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.77% 130.282 8 Template:Cite_book"," 8.75% 129.941 1 Template:Modern_physics"," 8.14% 120.900 1 Template:Reflist"," 5.07% 75.359 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.55% 67.578 6 Template:Fix"," 4.48% 66.476 1 Template:Birth_date"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.802","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26962311,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-dc4c8688-xgw8d","timestamp":"20250212214056","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tsung-Dao Lee","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsung-Dao_Lee","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183679","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183679","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-24T10:40:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T04:12:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/TD_Lee.jpg","headline":"Chinese-American physicist (1926\u20132024)"}</script> </body> </html>