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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Similar-looking_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar-looking_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Similar-looking plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar-looking_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_allergenic_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_allergenic_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Similar allergenic plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_allergenic_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Toxicodendron radicans</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D_%E1%88%90%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%8D" title="መርዝ ሐረግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መርዝ ሐረግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%B1" title="سماق سام متجذر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سماق سام متجذر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heura_metzinosa" title="Heura metzinosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heura metzinosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedovatec_ko%C5%99enuj%C3%ADc%C3%AD" title="Jedovatec kořenující – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jedovatec kořenující" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_giftsumak" title="Almindelig giftsumak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig giftsumak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletternder_Giftsumach" title="Kletternder Giftsumach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kletternder Giftsumach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BC%C3%ADsh%C3%ADshj%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81zh" title="Kʼíshíshjį́į́zh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kʼíshíshjį́į́zh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roniv_m%C3%BCrgipuu" title="Roniv mürgipuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roniv mürgipuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پیچک سمی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیچک سمی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumac_grimpant" title="Sumac grimpant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sumac grimpant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidhne%C3%A1n_nimhe" title="Eidhneán nimhe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eidhneán nimhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पॉइज़न आइवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉइज़न आइवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrovni_br%C5%A1ljan" title="Otrovni bršljan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otrovni bršljan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಿಷಯುಕ್ತ ಹಸಿರು ಸಸ್ಯದ ಜಾತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಷಯುಕ್ತ ಹಸಿರು ಸಸ್ಯದ ಜಾತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="നഞ്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഞ്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifsumak" title="Gifsumak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gifsumak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giftsumak" title="Giftsumak – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giftsumak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8F" title="Токсикодендрон укореняющийся – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Токсикодендрон укореняющийся" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poison ivy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaanimyrkkysumakki" title="Liaanimyrkkysumakki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liaanimyrkkysumakki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A4ttersumak" title="Klättersumak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klättersumak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanipay" title="Kanipay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanipay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நஞ்சுப் படர்க்கொடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நஞ்சுப் படர்க்கொடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" title="Toxicodendron radicans – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Toxicodendron radicans" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E6%BC%86%E8%97%A4" title="毒漆藤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毒漆藤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing,_New_Jersey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/220px-2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/330px-2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG/440px-2014-10-29_13_43_39_Poison_Ivy_foliage_during_autumn_leaf_coloration_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">During autumn </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_radicans,_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of green poison ivy leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Toxicodendron_radicans%2C_leaves.jpg/220px-Toxicodendron_radicans%2C_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Toxicodendron_radicans%2C_leaves.jpg/330px-Toxicodendron_radicans%2C_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Toxicodendron_radicans%2C_leaves.jpg/440px-Toxicodendron_radicans%2C_leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">In spring, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucnredlist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucnredlist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Toxicodendron" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron" title="Toxicodendron"><i>Toxicodendron</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>T. radicans</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Toxicodendron radicans</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(L.) Kuntze</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png/220px-Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png/330px-Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png/440px-Eastern_Poison_Ivy_Range.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="422" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> range map in the United States and Canada </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Rhus radicans</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i>Rhus verrucosa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Scheele, syn of subsp. verrucosum</span></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Toxicodendron radicans</b></i>, commonly known as <b>eastern poison ivy</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>poison ivy</b>, is a species of allergenic <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a>. It has numerous subtaxons and forms both vines and shrubs. Despite its common name, it is not a true <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a>, but rather a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> family <a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a>. It is different from western poison ivy, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_rydbergii" title="Toxicodendron rydbergii">Toxicodendron rydbergii</a></i>, and resembles a number of species. </p><p>The species is found in North America. Although commonly eaten by animals, with birds consuming the seeds, <i>T. radicans</i> is considered a <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">noxious weed</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>, if causes <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a> in most people who touch it, producing an itchy, irritating, and sometimes painful rash. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> of <i>T.Toxicodendron rydbergii radicans</i> are known.<sup id="cite_ref-WeeksJr.2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeeksJr.2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be found growing in any of the following forms, all having woody stems: </p> <ul><li>as a climbing <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> that grows on <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> or some other support</li> <li>as a <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> up to 1.2 metres (4 feet) tall</li> <li>as a trailing vine that is 10–25 centimetres (4–10 inches) tall</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> of <i>T. radicans</i> are <a href="/wiki/Trifoliate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifoliate">trifoliate</a> with three <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Leaflet_(botany)" title="Leaflet (botany)">leaflets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-feis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaf color ranges from light green (usually the younger leaves) to dark green (mature leaves), turning bright red in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">fall</a>; though other sources say leaves are reddish when expanding, turn green through maturity, then back to red, orange, or yellow in the fall. The leaflets of mature leaves are somewhat shiny. The leaflets are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3–12 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long, rarely up to 30 cm (12 in). Each leaflet has a few or no teeth along its edge, and the leaf surface is smooth. Leaflet clusters are <a href="/wiki/Alternate_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate leaf">alternate</a> on the vine, and the plant has no thorns. Vines growing on the trunk of a tree become firmly attached through numerous aerial rootlets.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vines develop <a href="/wiki/Adventitious_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventitious roots">adventitious roots</a>, or the plant can spread from <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Root_crown" title="Root crown">root crowns</a>. The milky sap of poison ivy darkens after exposure to the air. </p> <p><i>T. radicans</i> spreads either <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexuality">sexually</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>; flowering occurs from May to July. The yellowish- or greenish-white flowers are typically inconspicuous and are located in clusters up to 8 cm (3 in) above the leaves. The berry-like fruit, a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, mature by August to November with a grayish-white colour.<sup id="cite_ref-feis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison_ivy_vine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T. radicans vine with typical reddish "hairs""><img alt="T. radicans vine with typical reddish "hairs"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Poison_ivy_vine.jpg/90px-Poison_ivy_vine.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Poison_ivy_vine.jpg/135px-Poison_ivy_vine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Poison_ivy_vine.jpg/180px-Poison_ivy_vine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>T. radicans</i> vine with typical reddish "hairs"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T. radicans in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin"><img alt="T. radicans in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg/120px-Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg/180px-Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg/240px-Poison_Ivy_in_Perrot_State_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>T. radicans</i> in <a href="/wiki/Trempealeau_County,_Wisconsin" title="Trempealeau County, Wisconsin">Trempealeau County, Wisconsin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower detail, with bee"><img alt="Flower detail, with bee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg/80px-Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg/120px-Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg/160px-Toxicodendron_radicans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower detail, with bee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poison ivy on a roadside"><img alt="Poison ivy on a roadside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg/90px-Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg/135px-Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg/180px-Poison_ivy-roadside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poison ivy on a roadside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves may be smooth or notched on the same plant."><img alt="Leaves may be smooth or notched on the same plant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg/120px-Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg/180px-Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg/240px-Poison_ivy_in_May_beside_Appalachian_Trail_in_Rockfish_Gap_VA_area_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves may be smooth or notched on the same plant.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhus_radicans_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Batiscan, Quebec, Canada"><img alt="In Batiscan, Quebec, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rhus_radicans_006.jpg/120px-Rhus_radicans_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rhus_radicans_006.jpg/180px-Rhus_radicans_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rhus_radicans_006.jpg/240px-Rhus_radicans_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Batiscan,_Quebec" title="Batiscan, Quebec">Batiscan, Quebec</a>, Canada</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These four characteristics are sufficient to identify poison ivy in most situations: (a) clusters of three leaflets, (b) alternate leaf arrangement, (c) lack of thorns, and (d) each group of three leaflets grows on its own stem, which connects to the main vine, the middle stem is longer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of poison ivy can vary greatly among environments, and even within a large area. Identification by experienced people is often made difficult by leaf damage, the plant's leafless condition during winter, and unusual growth forms due to environmental or genetic factors. Various <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> rhymes describe the characteristic appearance of poison ivy:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"Leaves of three, let it be" is the best known and most useful cautionary rhyme. It applies to <a href="/wiki/Poison_oak" title="Poison oak">poison oak</a>, as well as to poison ivy. However, some other innocuous plants have similar leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosby2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosby2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Hairy vine, no friend of mine"<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Berries white, run in fright" and "Berries white, danger in sight"<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings2010_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poison ivy warning"><img alt="Poison ivy warning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg/200px-Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg/300px-Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg/400px-Poison_Ivy_warning_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poison ivy warning</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T. radicans leaf and berries"><img alt="T. radicans leaf and berries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg/200px-Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg/300px-Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg/400px-Red_River_Gorge_-_Poison_Ivy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>T. radicans</i> leaf and berries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="T. radicans foliage"><img alt="T. radicans foliage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG/200px-Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG/300px-Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG/400px-Toxicodendron_radicans_Foliage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>T. radicans</i> foliage</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similar-looking_plants">Similar-looking plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similar-looking plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Box elder (<i><a href="/wiki/Acer_negundo" title="Acer negundo">Acer negundo</a></i>) saplings have leaves that can look very similar to those of poison ivy, although the <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> of the plant itself is very different. While box elders often have five or seven leaflets, three leaflets are also common, especially on smaller saplings. The two can be differentiated by observing the placement of the leaves where the leaf stalk meets the main branch (where the three leaflets are attached). Poison ivy has alternate leaves, which means the three-leaflet leaves alternate along the main branch. Boxelder has <a href="/wiki/Opposite_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite leaves">opposite leaves</a>; another leaf stalk directly on the opposite side is characteristic of box elder.</li> <li>Virgin's bower (<i><a href="/wiki/Clematis_virginiana" title="Clematis virginiana">Clematis virginiana</a></i>) is a vine of the <a href="/wiki/Buttercup_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttercup family">buttercup family</a> native to eastern North America. This vine can climb up to 10–20 feet (3.0–6.1 m) tall. It grows on the edges of the woods, moist slopes, and fence rows, and in thickets and streambanks. It produces white, fragrant flowers about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter between July and September.</li> <li>Virginia creeper (<i><a href="/wiki/Parthenocissus_quinquefolia" title="Parthenocissus quinquefolia">Parthenocissus quinquefolia</a></i>) vines can look like poison ivy. The younger leaves can consist of three leaflets but have a few more serrations along the leaf edge, and the leaf surface is somewhat wrinkled. However, most Virginia creeper leaves have five leaflets. Virginia creeper and poison ivy very often grow together, even on the same tree. Even those who do not get an allergic reaction to poison ivy may be allergic to the oxalate crystals in Virginia creeper sap.</li> <li>Western poison oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum" title="Toxicodendron diversilobum">Toxicodendron diversilobum</a></i>) leaflets also grow in threes on the end of a stem, but each leaflet is shaped somewhat like an <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> leaf. Western poison oak grows only in western North America, although many people refer to poison ivy as poison oak, because poison ivy grows in either the ivy-like form or the brushy oak-like form depending on the moisture and brightness of its environment. The ivy form likes shady areas with only a little sun, tends to climb the trunks of trees, and can spread rapidly along the ground.</li> <li>Poison sumac (<i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernix" title="Toxicodendron vernix">Toxicodendron vernix</a></i>) has compound leaves with 7–15 leaflets. Poison sumac never has only three leaflets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">Kudzu</a> (<i>Pueraria lobata</i>) is a nontoxic edible vine that scrambles extensively over lower vegetation or grows high into trees. Kudzu is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in the southern United States. Like poison ivy, it has three leaflets, but the leaflets are bigger than those of poison ivy and are <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Surface_of_the_leaf" title="Leaf">pubescent</a> underneath with hairy margins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">Blackberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raspberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberries">raspberries</a> (<i>Rubus</i> spp.) can resemble poison ivy, with which they may share territory; however, blackberries and raspberries almost always have thorns on their stems, whereas poison ivy stems are smooth. Also, the three-leaflet pattern of some blackberry and raspberry leaves changes as the plant grows: Leaves produced later in the season have five leaflets rather than three. Blackberries and raspberries have many fine teeth along the leaf edge, the top surface of their leaves is very wrinkled where the veins are, and the bottom of the leaves is light minty-greenish white. Poison ivy is all green. The stem of poison ivy is brown and cylindrical, while blackberry and raspberry stems can be green, can be squared in cross-section, and can have prickles. Raspberries and blackberries are never truly vines; they do not attach to trees to support their stems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">Strawberries</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">Fragaria</a></i>), wild or cultivated, have trifoliate leaves and a red vine, and can be found in similar ecosystems. However, strawberry leaflets are serrated and have same-length petiolules. The stems also have small trichomes, which poison ivy lacks.</li> <li>The thick vines of <a href="/wiki/Vitis_riparia" title="Vitis riparia">riverbank grape</a> (<i>Vitis riparia</i>), with no rootlets visible, differ from the vines of poison ivy, which have so many rootlets that the stem going up a tree looks furry. Riverbank grapevines are purplish in color, tend to hang away from their support trees, and have shreddy bark; poison ivy vines are brown, attached to their support trees, and do not have shreddy bark.</li> <li>Fragrant sumac (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_aromatica" title="Rhus aromatica">Rhus aromatica</a></i>) has a very similar appearance to poison ivy. While both species have three leaflets, the center leaflet of poison ivy is on a long stalk, while the center leaflet of fragrant sumac does not have an obvious stalk. When crushed, fragrant sumac leaves have a fragrance similar to citrus, while poison ivy has little or no distinct fragrance. Fragrant sumac produces flowers before the leaves in spring, while poison ivy produces flowers after the leaves emerge. Flowers and fruits of fragrant sumac are at the end of the stem but occur along the middle of the stem of poison ivy. Fragrant sumac fruit ripens to a deep reddish color and is covered with tiny hairs, while poison ivy fruit is smooth and ripens to a whitish color.</li> <li>Hoptree (<i><a href="/wiki/Ptelea_trifoliata" title="Ptelea trifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</a></i>) has leaves that are remarkably similar. It is, however, a much larger plant, so confusion is unlikely for any but the smallest specimens. The flowers and seeds are also easily distinguished from those of poison ivy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similar_allergenic_plants">Similar allergenic plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Similar allergenic plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_rydbergii" title="Toxicodendron rydbergii">Toxicodendron rydbergii</a></i> (western poison ivy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smodingium_argutum" class="mw-redirect" title="Smodingium argutum">Smodingium argutum</a></i> (African poison ivy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_pubescens" title="Toxicodendron pubescens">Toxicodendron pubescens</a></i> (poison oak – eastern)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum" title="Toxicodendron diversilobum">Toxicodendron diversilobum</a></i> (poison oak – western)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernix" title="Toxicodendron vernix">Toxicodendron vernix</a></i> (poison sumac)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gluta" title="Gluta">Gluta</a> spp</i> (rengas tree)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum" title="Toxicodendron vernicifluum">Toxicodendron vernicifluum</a></i> (Japanese lacquer tree)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lithraea_molleoides" title="Lithraea molleoides">Lithraea molleoides</a></i> (<i>aruera</i> – South America)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Subspecies<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>barkleyi</i> <small>Gillis</small></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>divaricatum</i> <small>(Greene) Gillis</small></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>eximium</i> <small>(Greene) Gillis</small></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>hispidum</i> <small>(Greene) Gillis</small></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>negundo</i> <small>(Greene) Gillis</small></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>pubens</i> <small>(Engelm. ex S. Watson) Gillis</small></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>radicans</i></li> <li><i>T. r.</i> subsp. <i>verrucosum</i> <small>(Scheele) Gillis</small></li></ul> <p><i>Caquistle</i> or <i>caxuistle</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> term for the species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>T. radicans</i> grows throughout much of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, including the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritime provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and all US states east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the mountainous areas of Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-feis_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to around 1,500 m (4,900 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-iucnredlist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucnredlist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normally found in wooded areas, especially along edge areas where the tree line breaks and allows sunshine to filter through. It also grows in exposed rocky areas, open fields, and disturbed areas. </p><p>It may grow as a <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> plant, although it is only somewhat <a href="/wiki/Shade-tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Shade-tolerant">shade-tolerant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-feis_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant is extremely common in suburban and exurban areas of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>. The similar species <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum" title="Toxicodendron diversilobum">T. diversilobum</a></i> (western poison oak) and <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_rydbergii" title="Toxicodendron rydbergii">T. rydbergii</a></i> (western poison ivy) are found in western North America, and <i><a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_orientale" title="Toxicodendron orientale">T. orientale</a></i> in Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Sakhalin. </p><p><i>T. radicans</i> rarely grows at altitudes above 1,500 m (4,900 ft), although the altitude limit varies in different locations.<sup id="cite_ref-feis_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants can grow as a shrub up to about 1.2 m (4 ft) tall, as a <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">groundcover</a> 10–25 cm (4–10 in) high, or as a climbing vine on various supports. Older vines on substantial supports send out lateral branches that may be mistaken for tree limbs at first glance. </p><p>It grows in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> types, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a> from 6.0 (<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>) to 7.9 (moderately <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a>). It is not particularly sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a>, although it does not grow in <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> conditions. It can grow in areas subject to seasonal <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-feis_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is more common now than when Europeans first arrived in North America. The development of real estate adjacent to wild, undeveloped land has engendered "<a href="/wiki/Edge_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge effect">edge effects</a>", enabling poison ivy to form vast, lush colonies in these areas. It is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Noxious_weed" title="Noxious weed">noxious weed</a> in the US states of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and in the Canadian province of Ontario. </p><p>Poison ivy is particularly sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels, greatly benefiting from higher concentrations in the atmosphere. Higher carbon dioxide levels increase the rate of plant growth, and cause them to produce more unsaturated urushiol, which causes stronger reactions in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poison ivy's growth and potency has already doubled since the 1960s, and it could double again once carbon dioxide levels reach 560 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-gazette_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fruits are a favorite winter food of some birds and other animals, including wild <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Professor2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Professor2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds are <a href="/wiki/Zoochory" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoochory">spread mainly by animals</a> and remain viable after passing through the digestive tract. Birds may spread the seeds by <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/290px--How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="158" data-mwtitle="How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm/How_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_Poison_Ivy_Works.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A video describing the effects of poison ivy on the body</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg/290px-Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg/435px-Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg/580px-Urushiol_induced_contact_dermatitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blisters</a> from contact with poison ivy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a></div> <p>Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis is the <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reaction</a> caused by poison ivy. In extreme cases, a reaction can progress to <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. Around 15 to 25 percent of people have no allergic reaction to urushiol, but most people have a greater reaction with repeated or more concentrated exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-hsw_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the rash from the urushiol oil lasts about five to twelve days, but in extreme cases, it can last a month or more.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 350,000 people are affected by urushiol annually in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pentadecyl <a href="/wiki/Catechols" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechols">catechols</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oleoresin" title="Oleoresin">oleoresin</a> within the sap of poison ivy and related plants causes the allergic reaction; the plants produce a mixture of pentadecylcatechols, which collectively is called urushiol. After injury, the sap leaks to the surface of the plant where the urushiol becomes a blackish <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> after contact with oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Barceloux2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barceloux2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RietschelFowler2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RietschelFowler2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urushiol binds to the skin on contact, where it causes severe itching that develops into reddish inflammation or uncoloured bumps, and then <a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">blistering</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesions">lesions</a> may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">Calamine</a> lotion, <a href="/wiki/Burow%27s_solution" title="Burow's solution">Burow's solution</a> compresses, dedicated commercial poison ivy itch creams, or baths to relieve discomfort,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though recent studies have shown some traditional medicines to be ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">Over-the-counter</a> products to ease itching—or simply oatmeal baths and <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a>—are now recommended by <a href="/wiki/Dermatologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatologists">dermatologists</a> for the treatment of poison ivy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plant-based remedy cited to counter urushiol-induced contact dermatitis is <a href="/wiki/Impatiens" title="Impatiens">jewelweed</a>, though jewelweed extracts had no positive effect in clinical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that prevention of lesions is easy if one practices effective washing, using plain soap, scrubbing with a washcloth, and rinsing three times within 2–8 hours of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oozing fluids released by scratching blisters do not spread the poison. The fluid in the blisters is produced by the body and it is not urushiol itself.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of a spreading rash indicates that some areas received more of the poison and reacted sooner than other areas or that contamination is still occurring from contact with objects to which the original poison was spread. Those affected can unknowingly spread the urushiol inside the house, on phones, doorknobs, couches, counters, desks, and so on, thus in fact repeatedly coming into contact with poison ivy and extending the length of time of the rash. If this has happened, wipe down the surfaces with bleach or a commercial urushiol removal agent. The blisters and oozing result from blood vessels that develop gaps and leak fluid through the skin; if the skin is cooled, the vessels constrict and leak less.<sup id="cite_ref-Prevention2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prevention2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If plant material with urushiol is burned and the smoke then inhaled, this rash will appear on the lining of the lungs, causing extreme pain and possibly fatal respiratory difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If poison ivy is eaten, the mucous lining of the mouth and digestive tract can be damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1998_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1998-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An urushiol rash usually develops within a week of exposure and can last 1–4 weeks, depending on severity and treatment. In rare cases, urushiol reactions may require hospitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urushiol oil can remain active for several years, so handling dead leaves or vines can cause a reaction. In addition, oil transferred from the plant to other objects (such as pet fur) can cause the rash if it comes into contact with the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faq_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clothing, tools, and other objects that have been exposed to oil should be washed to prevent further reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who are sensitive to urushiol can also experience a similar rash from <a href="/wiki/Mangoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangoes">mangoes</a>. Mangoes are in the same family (Anacardiaceae) as poison ivy; the sap of the mango tree and skin of mangoes has a chemical compound similar to urushiol.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related allergenic compound is present in the raw shells of <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar reactions have been reported occasionally from contact with the related Fragrant Sumac (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_aromatica" title="Rhus aromatica">Rhus aromatica</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum" title="Toxicodendron vernicifluum">Japanese lacquer tree</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These other plants are also in the family Anacardiaceae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis#Treatments" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis § Treatments</a></div> <p>Immediate washing with soap and cold water or <a href="/wiki/Rubbing_alcohol" title="Rubbing alcohol">rubbing alcohol</a> may help prevent a reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a reaction, Calamine lotion or <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> may help mitigate symptoms. <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a>, either applied to the skin or taken by mouth, may be appropriate in extreme cases. An astringent containing aluminum acetate (such as <a href="/wiki/Burow%27s_solution" title="Burow's solution">Burow's solution</a>) may also provide relief and soothe the uncomfortable symptoms of the rash.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pileolaria_brevipes" title="Pileolaria brevipes">Poison ivy rust</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucnredlist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucnredlist_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucnredlist_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBárrios,_S.Copeland,_A.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bárrios, S. & Copeland, A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/124270453/192137361">"<i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2021</b>: e.T124270453A192137361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T124270453A192137361.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T124270453A192137361.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Toxicodendron+radicans&rft.volume=2021&rft.pages=e.T124270453A192137361&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T124270453A192137361.en&rft.au=B%C3%A1rrios%2C+S.&rft.au=Copeland%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F124270453%2F192137361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatureServe2023" class="citation web cs1">NatureServe (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152689/Toxicodendron_radicans">"<i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>"</a>. <i>NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer</i>. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Network+Biodiversity+Location+Data+accessed+through+NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Toxicodendron+radicans&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.au=NatureServe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152689%2FToxicodendron_radicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRCS" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">NRCS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/TORA2">"<i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>"</a>. <i>PLANTS Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PLANTS+Database&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EToxicodendron+radicans%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.au=NRCS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.sc.egov.usda.gov%2Fplant-profile%2FTORA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeeksJr.2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WeeksJr.2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks,_Sally_S.Weeks,_Harmon_P._Jr.2012" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Sally S.; Weeks, Harmon P. Jr. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-S6uVDWTjoC&pg=PA356"><i>Shrubs and Woody Vines of Indiana and the Midwest: Identification, Wildlife Values, and Landscaping Use</i></a>. Purdue University Press. pp. 356–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-610-5"><bdi>978-1-55753-610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shrubs+and+Woody+Vines+of+Indiana+and+the+Midwest%3A+Identification%2C+Wildlife+Values%2C+and+Landscaping+Use&rft.pages=356-&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-610-5&rft.au=Weeks%2C+Sally+S.&rft.au=Weeks%2C+Harmon+P.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-S6uVDWTjoC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-feis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feis_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feis_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feis_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-feis_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2012" class="citation cs1">Innes, Robin J. 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"The Mango–Poison Ivy Connection". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>339</b> (4): 235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199807233390405">10.1056/NEJM199807233390405</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9673302">9673302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Mango%E2%80%93Poison+Ivy+Connection&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199807233390405&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9673302&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Mark+O.&rft.au=Swan%2C+Chad+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenFordice,_D._B.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen, T.; Fordice, D. 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"Cashew Nut Dermatitis". <i>Southern Medical Journal</i>. <b>87</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">543–</span>546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007611-199404000-00026">10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8153790">8153790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Cashew+Nut+Dermatitis&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E546&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007611-199404000-00026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8153790&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Fordice%2C+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160923/http://www.teclabsinc.com/blog/2012/8/2/common-misconceptions-about-treating-poison-ivy-or-oak-rash">"Misconceptions About Treating Poison Ivy and Oak Rash"</a>. <i>teclabsinc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teclabsinc.com/blog/2012/8/2/common-misconceptions-about-treating-poison-ivy-or-oak-rash">the original</a> on 2014-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teclabsinc.com&rft.atitle=Misconceptions+About+Treating+Poison+Ivy+and+Oak+Rash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teclabsinc.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F8%2F2%2Fcommon-misconceptions-about-treating-poison-ivy-or-oak-rash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gladman, Aaron C. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2FPR31-05.1">"Toxicodendron Dermatitis: Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac"</a>. <i>Wilderness & Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2FPR31-05.1">10.1580/PR31-05.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16805148">16805148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Toxicodendron+Dermatitis%3A+Poison+Ivy%2C+Oak%2C+and+Sumac&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2FPR31-05.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16805148&rft.aulast=Gladman&rft.aufirst=Aaron+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1580%252FPR31-05.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToxicodendron+radicans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxicodendron_radicans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" class="extiw" title="commons:Toxicodendron radicans"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Toxicodendron radicans</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ANAC-1.html">Anacardiaceae</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/index.html">BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822050902/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/tora2.htm"><i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> images at bioimages. vanderbilt.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/99-015.htm">Poison Ivy</a>, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weedscanada.ca/cashew.html">Common weeds of the northern United States and Canada: Western poison oak, poison ivy and poison sumac. (Anacardiaceae-family)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poison-ivy.org/">Large site with many photos, facts, products, rash images, and a quiz about poison ivy.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers7205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers7205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Toxicodendron radicans</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218532" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7218532">Q7218532</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_radicans" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Toxicodendron radicans">Toxicodendron radicans</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=3476">3476</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=308">308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/201377">201377</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121731">121731</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/57LHS">57LHS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/582281">582281</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TOXRA">TOXRA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200012737">200012737</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3190628">3190628</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=101866">101866</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/58732">58732</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3984">3984</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/255769-2">255769-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10939894">10939894</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28821">28821</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/124270453">124270453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=99">99</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275935">275935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.152689/">2.152689</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=43853">43853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=411489">411489</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-1300004">tro-1300004</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/TORA2">TORA2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A255769-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:255769-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/1300004">1300004</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/2525">2525</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WiO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontario.ca/document/weed-identification-guide-ontario-crops/poison-ivy">poison-ivy</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=5244">5244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001049365">wfo-0001049365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=418738">418738</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Rhus radicans</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21877232" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21877232">Q21877232</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/201378">201378</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4SN9R">4SN9R</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6427274">6427274</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=31705">31705</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/219860-2">219860-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10989009">10989009</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28776">28776</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A219860-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:219860-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/1300009">1300009</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001049382">wfo-0001049382</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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