CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gastrointestinal perforation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"18d857a6-156c-41b7-b400-c84912bb887f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gastrointestinal_perforation","wgTitle":"Gastrointestinal perforation","wgCurRevisionId":1242472465,"wgRevisionId":1242472465,"wgArticleId":2054250,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate","Medical emergencies","Diseases of intestines","Injuries of abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis","Acute pain"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gastrointestinal_perforation", "wgRelevantArticleId":2054250,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Bowel_perforation","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q279324","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Free_air2010.JPG/1200px-Free_air2010.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="891"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Free_air2010.JPG/800px-Free_air2010.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="594"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Free_air2010.JPG/640px-Free_air2010.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="475"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gastrointestinal perforation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gastrointestinal_perforation rootpage-Gastrointestinal_perforation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gastrointestinal+perforation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gastrointestinal+perforation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gastrointestinal+perforation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gastrointestinal+perforation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signs and symptoms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trauma_or_accidental_perforations_during_medical_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trauma_or_accidental_perforations_during_medical_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trauma_or_accidental_perforations_during_medical_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_or_inflammatory_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_or_inflammatory_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Infection or inflammatory disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection_or_inflammatory_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bowel_obstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowel_obstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bowel obstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowel_obstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Indirect causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal perforation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ثقب معدي معوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقب معدي معوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforaci%C3%B3_gastrointestinal" title="Perforació gastrointestinal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perforació gastrointestinal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmperforation" title="Darmperforation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Darmperforation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforaci%C3%B3n_intestinal" title="Perforación intestinal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perforación intestinal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforation_gastro-intestinale" title="Perforation gastro-intestinale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perforation gastro-intestinale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5%EA%B4%80_%EC%B2%9C%EA%B3%B5" title="위장관 천공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위장관 천공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ստամոքսաղիքային թափածակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամոքսաղիքային թափածակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforazione_gastrointestinale" title="Perforazione gastrointestinale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perforazione gastrointestinale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%99" title="התנקבות מעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנקבות מעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasztrointesztin%C3%A1lis_perfor%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Gasztrointesztinális perforáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gasztrointesztinális perforáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmperforatie" title="Darmperforatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Darmperforatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्यास्ट्रोइन्टेस्टिनल पर्फोरेसन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्यास्ट्रोइन्टेस्टिनल पर्फोरेसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E8%85%B8%E7%A9%BF%E5%AD%94" title="胃腸穿孔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胃腸穿孔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଜଠରାନ୍ତ୍ର ଛିଦ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଠରାନ୍ତ୍ର ଛିଦ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforacja_przewodu_pokarmowego" title="Perforacja przewodu pokarmowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perforacja przewodu pokarmowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_gastrointestinal" title="Perfuração gastrointestinal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perfuração gastrointestinal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Перфорация желудочно-кишечного тракта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перфорация желудочно-кишечного тракта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8" title="ทางเดินอาหารทะลุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทางเดินอาหารทะลุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83" title="Перфорація шлунково-кишкового тракту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перфорація шлунково-кишкового тракту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7ng_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ti%C3%AAu_h%C3%B3a" title="Thủng đường tiêu hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủng đường tiêu hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B8%E8%83%83%E7%A9%BF%E5%AD%94" title="腸胃穿孔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腸胃穿孔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q279324#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gastrointestinal_perforation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_perforation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gastrointestinal_perforation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gastrointestinal_perforation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&oldid=1242472465" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gastrointestinal_perforation&id=1242472465&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGastrointestinal_perforation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGastrointestinal_perforation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q279324" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowel_perforation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel perforation">Bowel perforation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Gastrointestinal perforation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruptured bowel,<sup id="cite_ref-Dom2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dom2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gastrointestinal rupture</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_air2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Free_air2010.JPG/220px-Free_air2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Free_air2010.JPG/330px-Free_air2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Free_air2010.JPG/440px-Free_air2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Free air under the right <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> from a perforated bowel.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a>, tenderness<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Sepsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Sudden or more gradual<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Trauma</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">diverticulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcer">stomach ulcers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">ischemic bowel</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._difficile_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="C. difficile infection"><i>C. difficile</i> infection</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain X-ray">plain X-ray</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surgical_emergency" title="Surgical emergency">Emergency surgery</a> in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">exploratory laparotomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluids">Intravenous fluids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Gastrointestinal perforation</b>, also known as <b>gastrointestinal rupture</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dom2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dom2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a hole in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">wall of the gastrointestinal tract.</a> The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang20083_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang20083-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications include a painful <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. </p><p>Perforation may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">bowel obstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">diverticulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcer">stomach ulcers</a>, cancer, or infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation can often be seen on <a href="/wiki/Plain_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain X-ray">plain X-ray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract typically requires <a href="/wiki/Surgical_emergency" title="Surgical emergency">emergency surgery</a> in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">exploratory laparotomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually carried out along with <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluids">intravenous fluids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally the hole can be <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sewn closed</a> while other times a <a href="/wiki/Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">bowel resection</a> is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with maximum treatment the risk of death can be as high as 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hole from a <a href="/wiki/Perforated_ulcer" title="Perforated ulcer">stomach ulcer</a> occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year, while one from diverticulitis occurs in about 0.4 per 10,000 people per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Dom2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dom2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gastrointestinal perforation results in sudden, severe <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a> at the site of perforation, which then spreads across the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-tm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pain is intensified by movement. <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">hematemesis</a>, and increased heart rate are common early symptoms. Later symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> and or chills.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On examination, the abdomen is rigid and tender.<sup id="cite_ref-Dom2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dom2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some time, the bowel stops moving, and the abdomen becomes silent and distended. </p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_rupture" title="Esophageal rupture">esophageal rupture</a> may include sudden onset of chest pain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hole in the intestinal tracts allows intestinal contents to enter the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entry of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> from the gastrointestinal tract into the abdomen results in <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> or in the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patients may develop <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, a life-threatening response to infection, which may appear as an <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">increased heart rate</a>, increased breathing rate, fever, and <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2008_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may progress to multi-level organ dysfunction, including acute <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">kidney failure.</a><sup id="cite_ref-tm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Posterior gastric wall perforation may lead to bleeding due to the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Gastroduodenal_artery" title="Gastroduodenal artery">gastroduodenal artery</a> that lies behind the first part of the duodenum.<sup id="cite_ref-Angel_2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angel_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death rate in this case is 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Angel_2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angel_2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg/220px-2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg/330px-2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg/440px-2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>The gastrointestinal wall is composed of four layers surrounding a central lumen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">gastrointestinal wall</a>, resulting in a hole in the hollow <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">GI tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or progressive damage to the bowel wall due to various disease states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trauma_or_accidental_perforations_during_medical_procedures">Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">Penetrating trauma</a> such as from a knife or gunshot wound can puncture the bowel wall. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a>, such as in a motor vehicle accident may abruptly increase the pressure within the bowel, resulting in bowel rupture. Perforation can also be a very rare complication of certain medical procedures such as upper gastrointestinal <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection_or_inflammatory_disease">Infection or inflammatory disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infection or inflammatory disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">diverticulitis</a> are conditions in which a small, tubular area in bowel becomes inflamed and may burst.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of infections including <i><a href="/wiki/C._difficile" class="mw-redirect" title="C. difficile">C. difficile</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Lang20082_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang20082-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> infection can lead to full-thickness disruption of the bowel wall. In patients with <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, prolonged inflammation of the bowel wall can eventually result in perforation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowel_obstruction">Bowel obstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bowel obstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a> is a blockage of the small or large intestine which prevents the normal movement of the products of <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may occur due to <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">scar tissue after surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">twisting of the bowel around itself</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernias</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal tumors</a>. Reduced forward movement of bowel contents results in a build up of pressure within the part of the bowel just before the site of obstruction. This increased pressure may prevent blood flow from reaching the bowel wall, resulting in bowel <a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">ischemia</a> (lack of blood flow), <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>, and eventually perforation.<sup id="cite_ref-tm_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eating multiple <a href="/wiki/Magnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnets">magnets</a> can also lead to perforation if the magnets attract and stick to one another through different loops of the intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erosion">Erosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease" title="Peptic ulcer disease">peptic ulcer</a> is a defect in the inner lining of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> typically due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">stomach acid</a>. Extension of the ulcer through the lining of the digestive tract results in spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis#Non-infected_peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">chemical peritonitis.</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> infection and overuse of <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may contribute to formation of peptic ulcers. <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">Ingestion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosives</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can lead to esophageal perforation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_causes">Indirect causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indirect causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An often overlooked indirect cause of obstruction leading to perforation is the chronic use of <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, which can create severe constipation and damage to the colon, often termed <a href="/wiki/Stercoral_perforation" title="Stercoral perforation">stercoral perforation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hole in the gastrointestinal tract causes leakage of gas into the abdominal cavity. In intestinal perforation, gas may be visible under the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> on chest <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray</a> while the patient is in an upright position. While x-ray is a fast and inexpensive to screen for perforation, an abdominal <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">CT scan</a> with contrast is more <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitive and specific</a> for establishing a diagnosis as well as determining the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both CT and x-ray may initially appear normal, in which case diagnosis can be made by <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">open</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopic</a> exploration of the abdomen. </p><p><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">White blood cells</a> and blood lactate levels may also be elevated, particularly in the case of advanced disease including <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differential diagnoses of gastrointestinal perforation includes other causes of an <a href="/wiki/Acute_abdomen" title="Acute abdomen">acute abdomen</a>, including appendicitis, <a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">diverticulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruptured_ovarian_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruptured ovarian cyst">ruptured ovarian cyst</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falch_902–913_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falch_902–913-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgical intervention</a> is nearly always required in the form of <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">open</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopic</a> exploration. The goals of surgery are to remove any dead tissue and close the hole in the gastrointestinal wall. <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal">Peritoneal</a> wash is performed and a drain may be placed to control any fluid collections that may form.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Graham_patch" title="Graham patch">Graham patch</a> may be used for duodenal perforations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative treatment (avoiding surgery) may be sufficient in the case of a contained perforation. It is indicated only if the person has normal <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">vital signs</a> and is clinically stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Falch_902–913_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falch_902–913-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of whether surgery is performed, all patients are offered pain therapy and placed on bowel rest (avoiding all food and fluids by mouth), <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> fluids, and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falch_902–913_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falch_902–913-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of different antibiotics may be used such as <a href="/wiki/Piperacillin/tazobactam" title="Piperacillin/tazobactam">piperacillin/tazobactam</a> or the combination of <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dom2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dom2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dom2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dom2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dom2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDominoBaldor2013" class="citation book cs1">Domino FJ, Baldor RA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086"><i>The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1086. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451188509" title="Special:BookSources/9781451188509"><bdi>9781451188509</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172052/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+5-Minute+Clinical+Consult+2014&rft.pages=1086&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781451188509&rft.aulast=Domino&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft.au=Baldor%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C2MAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2008_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangellMulvihill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen". <i>The Medical Clinics of North America</i>. <b>92</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">599–</span>625, <span class="nowrap">viii–</span>ix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004">10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378">18387378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+perforation+and+the+acute+abdomen.&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E625%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eviii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eix&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18387378&rft.aulast=Langell&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Mulvihill%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang20083-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lang20083_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangellMulvihill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen". <i>The Medical Clinics of North America</i>. <b>92</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">599–</span>625, <span class="nowrap">viii–</span>ix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004">10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378">18387378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+perforation+and+the+acute+abdomen.&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E625%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eviii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eix&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18387378&rft.aulast=Langell&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Mulvihill%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeoMcFaddenPembertonPeters2012" class="citation book cs1">Yeo CJ, McFadden DW, Pemberton JH, Peters JH, Matthews JB (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701"><i>Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract</i></a> (7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 701. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455738076" title="Special:BookSources/978-1455738076"><bdi>978-1455738076</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135449/https://books.google.ca/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackelford%27s+Surgery+of+the+Alimentary+Tract&rft.pages=701&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1455738076&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft.au=McFadden%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Pemberton%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jeffrey+H.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Jeffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVTE-h2D1SNEC%26pg%3DPA701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tm_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayumiYoshidaTazumaFurukawa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303">"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015"</a>. <i>Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303">10.1002/jhbp.303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-6974">1868-6974</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26692573">26692573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Practice+Guidelines+for+Primary+Care+of+Acute+Abdomen+2015&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2016-01&rft.issn=1868-6974&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26692573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjhbp.303&rft.aulast=Mayumi&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+Masahiro&rft.au=Tazuma%2C+Susumu&rft.au=Furukawa%2C+Akira&rft.au=Nishii%2C+Osamu&rft.au=Shigematsu%2C+Kunihiro&rft.au=Azuhata%2C+Takeo&rft.au=Itakura%2C+Atsuo&rft.au=Kamei%2C+Seiji&rft.au=Kondo%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Maeda%2C+Shigenobu&rft.au=Mihara%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Mizooka%2C+Masafumi&rft.au=Nishidate%2C+Toshihiko&rft.au=Obara%2C+Hideaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjhbp.303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsari,_Parswa" class="citation web cs1">Ansari, Parswa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-perforation">"Acute Perforation"</a>. <i>Merck Manuals</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710102237/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-perforation">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Manuals&rft.atitle=Acute+Perforation&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Parswa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fgastrointestinal-disorders%2Facute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology%2Facute-perforation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angel_2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angel_2017_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angel_2017_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanasChan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>390</b> (10094): <span class="nowrap">613–</span>624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2932404-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28242110">28242110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4547048">4547048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Peptic+ulcer+disease&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=10094&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E624&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4547048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28242110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2932404-7&rft.aulast=Lanas&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Chan%2C+FK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLohsiriwat2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lohsiriwat V (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811793">"Colonoscopic perforation: Incidence, risk factors, management and outcome"</a>. <i>World Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">425–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v16.i4.425">10.3748/wjg.v16.i4.425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1007-9327">1007-9327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811793">2811793</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20101766">20101766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Colonoscopic+perforation%3A+Incidence%2C+risk+factors%2C+management+and+outcome&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E425-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2811793%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1007-9327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20101766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v16.i4.425&rft.aulast=Lohsiriwat&rft.aufirst=Varut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2811793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/appendicitis/definition-facts">"Definition & Facts for Appendicitis - NIDDK"</a>. <i>National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Diabetes+and+Digestive+and+Kidney+Diseases&rft.atitle=Definition+%26+Facts+for+Appendicitis+-+NIDDK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Fdigestive-diseases%2Fappendicitis%2Fdefinition-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang20082-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lang20082_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangellMulvihill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen". <i>The Medical Clinics of North America</i>. <b>92</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">599–</span>625, <span class="nowrap">viii–</span>ix. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004">10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378">18387378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+perforation+and+the+acute+abdomen.&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E625%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eviii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eix&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18387378&rft.aulast=Langell&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Mulvihill%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2010" class="citation cs2">Fitzgerald JE (2010-01-31), Brooks A, Cotton BA, Tai N, Mahoney PF (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444315172.ch14">"Small Bowel Obstruction"</a>, <i>Emergency Surgery</i> (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>79, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444315172.ch14">10.1002/9781444315172.ch14</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7025-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-7025-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emergency+Surgery&rft.atitle=Small+Bowel+Obstruction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2010-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444315172.ch14&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7025-3&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444315172.ch14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLima2016" class="citation book cs1">Lima M (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_mqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA239"><i>Pediatric Digestive Surgery</i></a>. Springer. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319405254" title="Special:BookSources/9783319405254"><bdi>9783319405254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pediatric+Digestive+Surgery&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319405254&rft.aulast=Lima&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_mqDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangellMulvihill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (2008-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025712507001812">"Gastrointestinal Perforation and the Acute Abdomen"</a>. <i>Medical Clinics of North America</i>. Common Gastrointestinal Emergencies. <b>92</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">599–</span>625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004">10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-7125">0025-7125</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378">18387378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+Perforation+and+the+Acute+Abdomen&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E625&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.issn=0025-7125&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18387378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004&rft.aulast=Langell&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Mulvihill%2C+Sean+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0025712507001812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigmonTumaKamelCassaro2023" class="citation cs2">Sigmon DF, Tuma F, Kamel BG, Cassaro S (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519554/">"Gastric Perforation"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30137838">30137838</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Gastric+Perforation&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30137838&rft.aulast=Sigmon&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.au=Tuma%2C+Faiz&rft.au=Kamel%2C+Bishoy+G.&rft.au=Cassaro%2C+Sebastiano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK519554%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR_I_Russell2001" class="citation journal cs1">R I Russell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1741894">"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal damage—problems and solutions"</a>. <i>Postgrad Med J</i>. <b>77</b> (904): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpmj.77.904.82">10.1136/pmj.77.904.82</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1741894">1741894</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11161072">11161072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgrad+Med+J&rft.atitle=Non-steroidal+anti-inflammatory+drugs+and+gastrointestinal+damage%E2%80%94problems+and+solutions&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=904&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1741894%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11161072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fpmj.77.904.82&rft.au=R+I+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1741894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_SostresCarla_J_GargalloAngel_Lanas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carlos Sostres, Carla J Gargallo, Angel Lanas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890944">"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage"</a>. <i>Arthritis Res. Ther</i>. <b>15</b> (Suppl 3): S3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Far4175">10.1186/ar4175</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3890944">3890944</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24267289">24267289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+Res.+Ther.&rft.atitle=Nonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drugs+and+upper+and+lower+gastrointestinal+mucosal+damage&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=S3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3890944%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24267289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Far4175&rft.au=Carlos+Sostres&rft.au=Carla+J+Gargallo&rft.au=Angel+Lanas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3890944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamasamy,_KovilGumaste,_Vivek_V.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ramasamy, Kovil, Gumaste, Vivek V. (2003). "Corrosive Ingestion in Adults". <i>Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004836-200308000-00005">10.1097/00004836-200308000-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12869880">12869880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Corrosive+Ingestion+in+Adults&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004836-200308000-00005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12869880&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+Kovil&rft.au=Gumaste%2C+Vivek+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoitrasWarrenOyogoa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Poitras R, Warren D, Oyogoa S (2018-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5730425">"Opioid drugs and stercoral perforation of the colon: Case report and review of literature"</a>. <i>International Journal of Surgery Case Reports</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">94–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijscr.2017.11.060">10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.11.060</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-2612">2210-2612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5730425">5730425</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29232630">29232630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Surgery+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=Opioid+drugs+and+stercoral+perforation+of+the+colon%3A+Case+report+and+review+of+literature&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5730425%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2210-2612&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29232630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijscr.2017.11.060&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft.au=Warren%2C+Daun%27Lee&rft.au=Oyogoa%2C+Sylvanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5730425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayumiYoshidaTazumaFurukawa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303">"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015"</a>. <i>Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303">10.1002/jhbp.303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-6974">1868-6974</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26692573">26692573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Practice+Guidelines+for+Primary+Care+of+Acute+Abdomen+2015&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2016-01&rft.issn=1868-6974&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26692573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjhbp.303&rft.aulast=Mayumi&rft.aufirst=Toshihiko&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+Masahiro&rft.au=Tazuma%2C+Susumu&rft.au=Furukawa%2C+Akira&rft.au=Nishii%2C+Osamu&rft.au=Shigematsu%2C+Kunihiro&rft.au=Azuhata%2C+Takeo&rft.au=Itakura%2C+Atsuo&rft.au=Kamei%2C+Seiji&rft.au=Kondo%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Maeda%2C+Shigenobu&rft.au=Mihara%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Mizooka%2C+Masafumi&rft.au=Nishidate%2C+Toshihiko&rft.au=Obara%2C+Hideaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjhbp.303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKruseGrunnetBarfod2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kruse O, Grunnet N, Barfod C (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292838">"Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review"</a>. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1757-7241-19-74">10.1186/1757-7241-19-74</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-7241">1757-7241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292838">3292838</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22202128">22202128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Trauma%2C+Resuscitation+and+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Blood+lactate+as+a+predictor+for+in-hospital+mortality+in+patients+admitted+acutely+to+hospital%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3292838%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1757-7241&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22202128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1757-7241-19-74&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Ole&rft.au=Grunnet%2C+Niels&rft.au=Barfod%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3292838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falch_902–913-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falch_902–913_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falch_902–913_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falch_902–913_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalchVicenteHäberleKirschniak2014" class="citation journal cs1">Falch C, Vicente D, Häberle H, Kirschniak A, Müller S, Nissan A, Brücher B (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1532-2149.2014.00456.x">"Treatment of acute abdominal pain in the emergency room: A systematic review of the literature"</a>. <i>European Journal of Pain</i>. <b>18</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">902–</span>913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1532-2149.2014.00456.x">10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00456.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-3801">1090-3801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24449533">24449533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Pain&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+acute+abdominal+pain+in+the+emergency+room%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E902-%3C%2Fspan%3E913&rft.date=2014-08&rft.issn=1090-3801&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24449533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1532-2149.2014.00456.x&rft.aulast=Falch&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Vicente%2C+D.&rft.au=H%C3%A4berle%2C+H.&rft.au=Kirschniak%2C+A.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+S.&rft.au=Nissan%2C+A.&rft.au=Br%C3%BCcher%2C+B.L.D.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fj.1532-2149.2014.00456.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRustagiMcCartyAslanian2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rustagi T, McCarty TR, Aslanian HR (2015). "Endoscopic Treatment of Gastrointestinal Perforations, Leaks, and Fistulae". <i>Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology</i>. <b>49</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">804–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fmcg.0000000000000409">10.1097/mcg.0000000000000409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26325190">26325190</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38323381">38323381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Endoscopic+Treatment+of+Gastrointestinal+Perforations%2C+Leaks%2C+and+Fistulae.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E804-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38323381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26325190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fmcg.0000000000000409&rft.aulast=Rustagi&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=McCarty%2C+TR&rft.au=Aslanian%2C+HR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/gastrointestinal-perforation">"Gastrointestinal perforation Information | Mount Sinai - New York"</a>. <i>Mount Sinai Health System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Sinai+Health+System&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+perforation+Information+%7C+Mount+Sinai+-+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountsinai.org%2Fhealth-library%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fgastrointestinal-perforation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWongGilliamKumarShenfine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wong PF, Gilliam AD, Kumar S, Shenfine J, O'Dair GN, Leaper DJ (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11297476">"Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2012</b> (2): CD004539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004539.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD004539.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11297476">11297476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15846719">15846719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+regimens+for+secondary+peritonitis+of+gastrointestinal+origin+in+adults.&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD004539&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11297476%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15846719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004539.pub2&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=PF&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+AD&rft.au=Kumar%2C+S&rft.au=Shenfine%2C+J&rft.au=O%27Dair%2C+GN&rft.au=Leaper%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11297476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonGrandeHoyt2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson WC, Grande CM, Hoyt DB (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA882"><i>Trauma: Resuscitation, Perioperative Management, and Critical Care</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 882. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420015263" title="Special:BookSources/9781420015263"><bdi>9781420015263</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817092456/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6FPvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA882">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trauma%3A+Resuscitation%2C+Perioperative+Management%2C+and+Critical+Care&rft.pages=882&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781420015263&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Grande%2C+Christopher+M.&rft.au=Hoyt%2C+David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FPvBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastrointestinal+perforation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279324" class="extiw" title="d:Q279324">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: K63.1, S36.9</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=569.83">569.83</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=863.9">863.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb34042.htm">34042</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000235.htm">000235</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/2822-overview">med/2822</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000235.htm">Gastrointestinal perforation</a>—<a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template talk:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Candidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetiform esophagitis">Herpetiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rupture</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave syndrome">Boerhaave syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_rectal_prolapse" title="Internal rectal prolapse">Internal rectal prolapse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="Rectal stricture">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">Cholangitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Primary sclerosing cholangitis">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Secondary sclerosing cholangitis">Secondary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">Ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">Cholestasis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">Biliary fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemobilia" title="Haemobilia">Haemobilia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choledocholithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choledocholithiasis">Choledocholithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia" title="Biliary dyskinesia">Biliary dyskinesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction" title="Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction">Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis" title="Hereditary pancreatitis">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">Pancreatic abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">Pancreatic fistula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hernia43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spigelian_hernia" title="Spigelian hernia">Spigelian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar hernia">Lumbar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia" title="Petit's hernia">Petit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia" title="Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia">Grynfeltt–Lesshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Undefined location</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">Incisional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_hernia" title="Internal hernia">Internal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia" title="Richter's hernia">Richter's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal disease">Peritoneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">Peritonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis" title="Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperitoneum" title="Hemoperitoneum">Hemoperitoneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">Pneumoperitoneum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonmusculoskeletal_injuries_of_abdomen_and_pelvis138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonmusculoskeletal_injuries_of_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Template:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of abdomen and pelvis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonmusculoskeletal_injuries_of_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Template talk:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of abdomen and pelvis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonmusculoskeletal_injuries_of_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of abdomen and pelvis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonmusculoskeletal_injuries_of_abdomen_and_pelvis138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of abdomen and pelvis</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_trauma" title="Abdominal trauma">Abdomen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">GI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruptured_spleen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruptured spleen">Ruptured spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_splenic_trauma" title="Blunt splenic trauma">Blunt splenic trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_diaphragmatic_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia">Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gastrointestinal perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_injury" title="Liver injury">Liver injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_injury" title="Pancreatic injury">Pancreatic injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">Pelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_perforation" title="Uterine perforation">Uterine perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_fracture" title="Penile fracture">Penile fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279324#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4359655-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&oldid=1242472465">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&oldid=1242472465</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_emergencies" title="Category:Medical emergencies">Medical emergencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diseases_of_intestines" title="Category:Diseases of intestines">Diseases of intestines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Injuries_of_abdomen,_lower_back,_lumbar_spine_and_pelvis" title="Category:Injuries of abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis">Injuries of abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acute_pain" title="Category:Acute pain">Acute pain</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_emergency_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 August 2024, at 00:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_perforation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastrointestinal perforation</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>21 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76d4c66f66-f9jsz","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.595","walltime":"0.758","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3034,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138994,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2613,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":135620,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 611.655 1 -total"," 44.53% 272.346 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.44% 155.629 7 Template:Navbox"," 19.21% 117.481 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 17.17% 105.033 4 Template:Cite_book"," 16.99% 103.939 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.78% 78.186 2 Template:Short_description"," 12.46% 76.198 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 9.43% 57.667 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.75% 47.390 2 Template:Hlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.383","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6294786,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5787d8fd46-nrj4w","timestamp":"20250226200441","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gastrointestinal perforation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastrointestinal_perforation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q279324","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q279324","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-16T01:04:21Z","dateModified":"2024-08-27T00:05:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/Free_air2010.JPG","headline":"perforation in the wall of part of the gastrointestinal tract."}</script> </body> </html>