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മിങ് രാജവംശം - വിക്കിപീഡിയ

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id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="&lt;small&gt;വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം&lt;/small&gt;" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a 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Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinastie" title="Ming-dinastie – ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ming-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – അംഹാരിക്" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="അംഹാരിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – അരഗോണീസ്" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="അരഗോണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग वंश – ആൻഗിക" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ആൻഗിക" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="عيلة مينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيلة مينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Min sülaləsi – അസർബൈജാനി" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Min sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="അസർബൈജാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مین سولاله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مین سولاله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Мин империяһы – ബഷ്ഖിർ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ബഷ്ഖിർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingu_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mingu dinastėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mingu dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Мін – ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Мін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мин – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="মিং রাজবংশ – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – ടിബറ്റൻ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ടിബറ്റൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Ming" title="Tierniezh Ming – ബ്രെട്ടൺ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Ming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ബ്രെട്ടൺ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – ബോസ്നിയൻ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ബോസ്നിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мин улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мин улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-di%C3%A8u" title="Mìng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Импери Мин – ചെചൻ" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Импери Мин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ചെചൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ – സെൻട്രൽ കുർദിഷ്" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="സെൻട്രൽ കുർദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Ming" title="Říše Ming – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Ming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Мин империйӗ – ചുവാഷ്" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мин империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ചുവാഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Ming" title="Brenhinllin Ming – വെൽഷ്" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Ming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="വെൽഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dinastia" title="Ming dinastia – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ming dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان مینگ – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان مینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastia" title="Ming-dynastia – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ming-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Ming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Ming-Dünastii – നോർത്തേൻ ഫ്രിഷ്യൻ" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ming-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="നോർത്തേൻ ഫ്രിഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Ming" title="Ríshliocht Ming – ഐറിഷ്" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Ming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ഐറിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – ഗാൻ ചൈനീസ്" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="ഗാൻ ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACgh-shliochd_nam_Ming" title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming – സ്കോട്ടിഷ് ഗൈലിക്" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="സ്കോട്ടിഷ് ഗൈലിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Ming ñemoñanga – ഗ്വരനി" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ming ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="ഗ്വരനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Mìn-chhèu – ഹാക്ക ചൈനീസ്" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ഹാക്ക ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת מינג – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת מינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – ഹിന്ദി" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ഹിന്ദി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinasztia" title="Ming-dinasztia – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ming-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մին դինաստիա – അർമേനിയൻ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մին դինաստիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="അർമേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_a_Dinastia" title="Ming a Dinastia – ഇലോകോ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ming a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ഇലോകോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – ഇഡോ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ഇഡോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingveldi%C3%B0" title="Mingveldið – ഐസ്‌ലാൻഡിക്" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ഐസ്‌ലാൻഡിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Ming" title="Wangsa Ming – ജാവനീസ്" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Ming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ജാവനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინის დინასტია – ജോർജിയൻ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ജോർജിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мин династиясы – കസാഖ്" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мин династиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="കസാഖ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សមិង – ഖമെർ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សមិង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ഖമെർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Ming" title="Ternieth Ming – കോർണിഷ്" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Ming" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="കോർണിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Mim" title="Familia Mim – ലാറ്റിൻ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Mim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റിൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – ലക്‌സംബർഗിഷ്" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ലക്‌സംബർഗിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87" title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ – ലാവോ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ലാവോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Mingų dinastija – ലിത്വാനിയൻ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ലിത്വാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minu_dinastija" title="Minu dinastija – ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – മിനാങ്കബൗ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="മിനാങ്കബൗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Минг (династија) – മാസിഡോണിയൻ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="മാസിഡോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Мин улс – മംഗോളിയൻ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="മംഗോളിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – മറാത്തി" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="മറാത്തി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – മലെയ്" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="മലെയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည် – ബർമീസ്" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ബർമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="مینگ سلسله – മസന്ററാനി" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="മസന്ററാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – ലോ ജർമൻ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ലോ ജർമൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ वंश – നേപ്പാളി" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="നേപ്പാളി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ्ग राजवंश – നേവാരി" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="നേവാരി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastie" title="Ming-dynastie – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ming-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – പഞ്ചാബി" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="പഞ്ചാബി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Ming" title="Dynastia Ming – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="منگ سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ – പഷ്‌തോ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="പഷ്‌തോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Империя Мин – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Мин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Дінастія Мінґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дінастія Мінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Миин династията – സാഖ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миин династията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="സാഖ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – സ്കോട്സ്" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="സ്കോട്സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="මිං රාජවංශය – സിംഹള" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="സിംഹള" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – സ്ലോവാക്" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവാക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – അൽബേനിയൻ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="അൽബേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Велико Царство Минг – സെർബിയൻ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико Царство Минг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="സെർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – സുണ്ടാനീസ്" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="സുണ്ടാനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingdynastin" title="Mingdynastin – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mingdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_(nasaba)" title="Ming (nasaba) – സ്വാഹിലി" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ming (nasaba)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="സ്വാഹിലി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மிங் அரசமரபு – തമിഴ്" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="തമിഴ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์หมิง – തായ്" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="തായ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Min imperiýasy – തുർക്‌മെൻ" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Min imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="തുർക്‌മെൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ming" title="Dinastiyang Ming – തഗാലോഗ്" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="തഗാലോഗ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Ming Hanedanı – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ming Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى – ഉയ്ഘുർ" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ഉയ്ഘുർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Династія Мін – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Мін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ – ഉറുദു" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ഉറുദു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(sulola)" title="Min (sulola) – ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Min (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Minh" title="Nhà Minh – വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Ming" title="Dinastiya Ming – വാരേയ്" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Ming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="വാരേയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – വു ചൈനീസ്" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="വു ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინიშ დინასტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מינג דינאסטיע – യിദ്ദിഷ്" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="യിദ്ദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingzciuz" title="Mingzciuz – സ്വാംഗ്" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mingzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="സ്വാംഗ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – ചൈനീസ്" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Bêng-tiâu – മിൻ നാൻ ചൈനീസ്" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="മിൻ നാൻ ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E" title="大明 – കാന്റണീസ്" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="കാന്റണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="അന്തർഭാഷാ കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക" class="wbc-editpage">കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Great Ming</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;">大明</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1368–1644</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ming China under the reign of the Yongle Emperor"><img alt="Ming China under the reign of the Yongle Emperor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/250px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/375px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/500px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;">Ming China under the reign of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongle_Emperor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongle Emperor (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Yongle Emperor</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">തലസ്ഥാനം</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><br /><small>(1368–1421)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><br /><small>(1421–1644)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">പൊതുവായ&#160;ഭാഷകൾ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">മതം <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_folk_religion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese folk religion (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chinese folk religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ഗവൺമെൻ്റ്</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><center></center></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="List of emperors of the Ming Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Emperor</a></center></th><td class="infobox-data">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1368–1398 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongwu_Emperor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongwu Emperor (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Hongwu Emperor</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1627–1644 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chongzhen_Emperor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chongzhen Emperor (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chongzhen Emperor</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_(China)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chancellor (China) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1402–1407 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xie_Jin_(Ming_Dynasty)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xie Jin (Ming Dynasty) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Xie Jin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1644 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Zaode&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Zaode (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Wei Zaode</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ചരിത്രം</th><td class="infobox-data">&#160;</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Established in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 23 1368</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Fall of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to Li Zicheng </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 6 1644</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;End of the Southern Ming </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April, 1662</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">വിസ്തീർണ്ണം</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1450<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">6,500,000&#160;കി.m<sup>2</sup> (2,500,000&#160;ച&#160;മൈ)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1393 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">72,700,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1400 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">65,000,000¹</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1600 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000,000¹</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;1644 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">നാണയവ്യവസ്ഥ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese cash (currency unit) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chinese cash</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_coin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese coin (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chinese coin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banknote&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Banknote (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Paper currency</a> (later abolished)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>മുൻപ്</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b> ശേഷം</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shun_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shun Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Shun Dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="font-size:90%;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Remnants of the Ming Dynasty ruled southern China until 1662, a dynastic period which is known as the Southern Ming.<br />¹The numbers are based on estimates made by CJ Peers in <i>Late Imperial Chinese Armies: 1520–1840</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;">മിങ് രാജവംശം</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">明朝</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Ming Dynasty</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Chinese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Chinese (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_Pinyin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanyu Pinyin (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Míng Cháo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wade–Giles (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ming Ch'ao</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data">men zau</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Chinese_characters&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Traditional Chinese characters (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Traditional&#160;Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大明帝國</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplified_Chinese_characters&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplified Chinese characters (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">大明帝国</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Empire of the Great Ming</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Chinese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Chinese (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_Pinyin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanyu Pinyin (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dà Míng Dì Guó</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wade–Giles (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ta Ming Ti Kuo</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data">da men di kueh/koh</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4128903"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0.3em 0 0.6em 0.6em; border: 1px solid #777; color:#000; background: #FFF; line-height:160%; font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8" style="padding:3px 3px 0px 3px; background:#FEC; border-bottom: 1px solid #777; color:#000;font-size: 110%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/200px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/300px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/400px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>History of China</figcaption></figure> <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of China">History of China</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" align="center" style="line-height: 150%; color:#777; text-align:center;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"><b><small>ANCIENT</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Xia Dynasty">Xia Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">2100–1600 BCE</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shang Dynasty">Shang Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">1600–1046 BCE</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Dynasty">Zhou Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">1045–256 BCE</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8">&#160;<b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8">&#160;<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Zhou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Zhou (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Eastern Zhou</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="line-height: 140%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8">&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring and Autumn Period">Spring and Autumn Period</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #888; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8">&#160;&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Warring_States_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States Period">Warring States Period</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" align="center" style="line-height: 150%; color:#777;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><small>IMPERIAL</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Dynasty">Qin Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">221 BCE–206 BCE</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">206 BCE–220 CE</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xin_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xin Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Xin Dynasty</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Han&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Han (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Eastern Han</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Kingdoms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Kingdoms (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <font style="color:#888">220–280</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Wei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Wei (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Wei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu_Han&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu Han (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Shu</a> &amp; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Wu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Wu (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Wu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Dynasty (265–420) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Jin Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">265–420</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Jin_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Jin Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Western Jin</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Kingdoms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixteen Kingdoms (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">16 Kingdoms</a></b><br /><font style="color:#888">304–439</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Jin_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Jin Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Eastern Jin</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Southern &amp; Northern Dynasties</a></b><br /><font style="color:#888">420–589</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sui Dynasty">Sui Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">581–618</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">618–907</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <font style="color:#888">( </font> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Zetian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Zetian (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Second Zhou</a></b> <font style="color:#888">690–705 )</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_Period&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">5 Dynasties &amp;<br /> 10 Kingdoms</a></b><br /><font style="color:#888">907–960</font> </td> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liao_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liao Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Liao Dynasty</a></b><br /><font style="color:#888">907–1125</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%;padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a></b><br /><font style="color:#888">960–1279</font> </td> <td colspan="3" style="font-size: 90%;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Song&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Song (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Northern Song</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%;border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Xia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Xia (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">W. Xia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">&#160; <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Song&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Song (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Southern Song</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Dynasty,_1115%E2%80%931234&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234 (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Jin</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">1271–1368</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">1368–1644</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #888;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a></b> <font style="color:#888">1644–1911</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" align="center" style="line-height: 150%; color:#777; font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6"><b><small>MODERN</small></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Republic_of_China&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Republic of China (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Republic of China</a></b> <font style="color:#888">1912–1949</font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="line-height: 140%; font-size: 90%; padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5; background: #fff0f6"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the People&#39;s Republic of China (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b><br /><font style="color:#888"> 1949–present</font> </td> <td colspan="3" style="line-height: 140%; font-size: 90%; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px; background: #fff0f6;border-left: 1px solid #dbcebe;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Republic_of_China&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Republic of China (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Republic of<br />China</a></b><font style="color:#888"> (<a 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hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:History_of_China" title="ഫലകം:History of China"><span title="ഫലകം കാണുക">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82:History_of_China&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ഫലകത്തിന്റെ സംവാദം:History of China (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)"><span title="ഫലകത്തിന്റെ സംവാദതാൾ">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:EditPage/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:History_of_China" title="പ്രത്യേകം:EditPage/ഫലകം:History of China"><span title="ഫലകം തിരുത്തുക">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>മംഗോൾ വംശജരായ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="യുവാൻ വംശം (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">യുവാൻ രാജവംശത്തിന്റെ</a> പതനശേഷം 1368 മുതൽ 1644 വരെ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8" title="ചൈന">ചൈന</a> ഭരിച്ച രാജവംശമാണ് <b>മിങ് രാജവംശം</b>. ചൈന ഭരിച്ച ഹാൻ വംശജരുടെ അവസാനത്തെ രാജവംശവുമാണ് മിങ് രാജവംശം. 1644-ൽ മിങ് തലസ്ഥാനമായിരുന്ന ബെയ്‌ജിംഗ് <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ലീ സിചെങ് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ലീ സിചെങ്</a> കീഴടക്കി ഷുൺ വംശം സ്ഥാപിക്കുകയും തുടർന്ന് അവരെ കീഴടക്കിയ മഞ്ചു വംശജർ (1644-1912) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ക്വിംഗ് രാജവംശം (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ക്വിംഗ് രാജവംശം</a> ഭരണം കൈക്കലാക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. </p><p>വിപുലമായ ഒരു നാവികസേനയും ഏകദേശം പത്തു ലക്ഷത്തോളം വരുന്ന ഒരു കരസേനയും മിങ് രാജവംശക്കാലത്ത് സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെട്ടു.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_271_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ചൈനയിലെ വൻമതിൽ">ചൈനയിലെ വൻമതിൽ</a>, ഗ്രാന്റ് കനാൽ എന്നിവ പുനർനിർമ്മിക്കാനായി വലിയ നിർമ്മാണപദ്ധതികൾ ആരംഭിച്ചു. മിങ് വംശജരുടെ അവസാന കാലഘട്ടമായപ്പോൾ ചൈനയിലെ ജനസംഖ്യ 16 കോടിക്കും 20 കോടിക്കും ഇടയ്ക്കായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് കണക്കാക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1368 മുതൽ 1398 വരെ ഭരണാധികാരിയായിരുന്ന <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ഹോങ് വു ചക്രവർത്തി (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഹോങ് വു ചക്രവർത്തി</a>(Emperor Hongwu) ഗ്രാമപ്രദേശങ്ങളിൽ സ്വയം പര്യാപ്തമായ സമൂഹങ്ങൾ കെട്ടിപ്പെടുക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചു. കാർഷികമേഖലയിലെ പുനർനിർമ്മാണങ്ങളും സേനാവൽക്കരിക്കപ്പെട്ട സന്ദേശവാഹകസമ്പ്രദായവും(courier) കാർഷികോൽപ്പങ്ങൾ വളരെയധികം മിച്ചം വരാനും ഇവ ചന്തകളിൽ വിൽക്കാനുള്ള സാധ്യതകൾ വർദ്ധിപ്പിക്കാനും ഇടയാക്കി. ഇത് ഗ്രാമങ്ങളിൽ സാമ്പത്തിക-സാംസ്കാരിക പുരോഗതിക്കും ഒരു പുതിയ ഉപഭോഗസംസ്കാരത്തിനും വഴിതെളിയിച്ചു. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്">പോർച്ചുഗീസുകാർ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="സ്പെയിൻ">സ്പെയി‌കാർ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ഡച്ച്">ഡച്ചുകാർ</a> എന്നിവരുമായുള്ള വ്യാപാരബന്ധം പതിനാറാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടോടെ മിങ് സമ്പദ്‌വ്യവസ്ഥയെ പരിപോഷിപ്പിച്ചു. ഈ യൂറോപ്പിയൻ ശക്തികളും <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ജപ്പാൻ">ജപ്പാനുമായുള്ള</a> വ്യാപാരബന്ധം വളരെയധികം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="വെള്ളി">വെള്ളി</a> ചൈനയിലേക്കെത്താനും നിലവിലുണ്ടായിരുന്ന ചെമ്പ്, കടലാസ്(നോട്ടുകൾ) എന്നിവയുപയോഗിച്ചുള്ള നാണയവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനം വെള്ളിയിലേക്ക് മാറ്റാനും ഹേതുവായി. മിങ് ഭരണത്തിന്റെ അവസാന ദശകങ്ങളിൽ വെള്ളിയുടെ വരവിലുണ്ടായ ഗണ്യമായ കുറവും അതിശൈത്യം, പ്രകൃതി ദുരന്തങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ കാരണമുണ്ടായ കാർഷികനഷ്ടവും സമ്പദ്‌വ്യവസ്ഥയെ താറുമാറാക്കുകയും ലീ ചിചെങിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തിൽ കലാപത്തിനിടയാക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ചരിത്രം"><span id=".E0.B4.9A.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.82"></span>ചരിത്രം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ചരിത്രം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="യുവാൻ_വംശത്തിന്റെ_അവസാനം"><span id=".E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.BE.E0.B5.BB_.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.B6.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B1.E0.B5.86_.E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B8.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.82"></span>യുവാൻ വംശത്തിന്റെ അവസാനം</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: യുവാൻ വംശത്തിന്റെ അവസാനം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Chinese_Cannon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/170px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/255px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/340px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon">cannon</a> from the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huolongjing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huolongjing (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Huolongjing</a></i>, compiled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiao_Yu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiao Yu (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Jiao Yu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji_(14th_century)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji (14th century) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Liu Ji</a> before the latter's death in 1375.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol Empire">മംഗോളിയരായ</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">യുവൻ വംശമാണ്</a> (1271–1368) മിങ് വംശം സ്ഥാപിക്കപ്പെടുന്നതിനുമുൻപേ ചൈന ഭരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Chinese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Chinese (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഹാൻ വംശജർക്കെതിരെ</a> മംഗോളിയർ വംശീയമായ അടിച്ചമർത്തലുകൾ നടത്തിയിരുന്നതും പണപ്പെരുപ്പം നിമിത്തം കഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്ന പ്രദേശങ്ങളിൽ അമിതമായ നികുതി ചുമത്തിയതും ജലസേചനപദ്ധതികൾ ഉപേക്ഷിച്ചത് <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow River">മഞ്ഞ നദിയിലെ</a> വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കത്തിനു കാരണമായതും കലാപത്തിനു കാരണമായി .<sup id="cite_ref-gascoigne_2003_150_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gascoigne_2003_150-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ഇത് കൃഷിനഷ്ടത്തിനും കടുത്ത സാമ്പത്തികപ്രതിസന്ധിക്കുമിടയാക്കുകയും മഞ്ഞ നദിയിലെ തടയണകളുടെ പുനർനിമ്മാണപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾക്കായി നിയോഗിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്ന ലക്ഷക്കണക്കിന് കർഷകരുടെ ഇടയിൽ കലാപം പൊട്ടിപ്പുറപ്പെടാൻ കാരണമാവുകയും ചെയ്തു. <sup id="cite_ref-gascoigne_2003_150_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gascoigne_2003_150-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1351-ൽ ചൈനീസ് <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബുദ്ധമതം">ബുദ്ധമതത്തിലെ</a> ഹാൻ വിഭാഗീയചിന്താഗതിക്കാരായ വെള്ള താമര എന്ന ഗൂഢസംഘടനയുമായി ബന്ധമുള്ള <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ചുവന്ന തലപ്പാവ് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ചുവന്ന തലപ്പാവ്</a> എന്ന വിഭാഗം കലാപത്തിൻ പങ്കുചേർന്നു. </p><p>ഒരു ദരിദ്രകർഷകനും ബുദ്ധഭിക്ഷുവുമായിരുന്ന സു യുവാൻസാങ് 1352-ൽ ഈ വിഭാഗീയസംഘടനയിൽ ചേരുകയും പെട്ടെന്ന് തന്നെ ഉയർന്ന പദവിയിലെത്തിച്ചെരുകയും ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1356-ൽ സു യുവാൻസാങ്ങിന്റെ നേതൃത്വത്തിൽ വിമതസൈന്യം <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="നാൻജിങ്">നാൻജിങ്</a> നഗരം കീഴടക്കി<sup id="cite_ref-gascoigne_2003_151_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gascoigne_2003_151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ഈ നഗരം പിന്നീട് മിങ് രാജവംശത്തിന്റെ തലസ്ഥാനവുമായിത്തീർന്നു. 1363-ലെ പോയാങ് യുദ്ധത്തിൽ മറ്റൊരു വിമതനേതാവായ ചെൻ യുലിയാംഗിനെ കീഴടക്കി സു ദക്ഷിണപ്രദേശത്തിലും ആധിപത്യം ഉറപ്പിച്ചു. 1367-ൽ സു യുവാൻസാങ്ങിന്റെ ആതിഥേയത്തിലായിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ, ചുവന്ന തലപ്പാവുകാരുടെ നേതാവ് സംശയാസ്പദമായി മരണമടയുകയും അടുത്ത വർഷം യുവാൻ തലസ്ഥാനമായ കാൻബാലിക്ക് (ഡാഡു, ഇന്നത്തെ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ബെയ്‌ജിങ് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ബെയ്‌ജിങ്</a>) സൈന്യത്തെ അയച്ച സു ചക്രവർത്തിപദത്തിനുവേണ്ടിയുള്ള തന്റെ ആഗ്രഹം വ്യക്തമാക്കി.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_191_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> അവസാന യുവാൻ ചക്രവർത്തി വടക്ക് ഷാങ്ഡുവിലേക്ക് രക്ഷപ്പെടുകയും കാൻബാലിക്ക് നഗരം കീഴടക്കിയ സു, മിങ് സാമ്രാജ്യം സ്ഥാപിച്ചതായി പ്രഖ്യാപിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു <sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_191_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1368-ൽ നഗരത്തിനെ ബെയ്പിങ് എന്ന് പുനർനാമകരണം ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <b>ഹോങ് വു ചക്രവർത്തി</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese language">ചൈനീസ്</a>&#58; <span lang="zh">洪武帝</span>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wade–Giles (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Wade–Giles</a>&#58; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Hung-wu Ti</span></i>) എന്നും <b>തൈ സു</b> എന്നും അറിയപ്പെടുന്ന സു യുവാൻസാങ് തന്റെ സാമ്രാജ്യത്തിന് അത്യുജ്ജലം എന്ന് അർഥം വരുന്ന മിങ് എന്നു നാമകരണംചെയ്തു </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ഹോങ്_വു_ചക്രവർത്തിയുടെ_ഭരണകാലം"><span id=".E0.B4.B9.E0.B5.8B.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D_.E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.81_.E0.B4.9A.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.B5.E0.B5.BC.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.9F.E0.B5.86_.E0.B4.AD.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82"></span>ഹോങ് വു ചക്രവർത്തിയുടെ ഭരണകാലം</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ഹോങ് വു ചക്രവർത്തിയുടെ ഭരണകാലം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>അടിസ്ഥാനസൗകര്യങ്ങളുടെ പുനർനിർമ്മാണത്തിന് പ്രാധാന്യം നൽകിയ ഹോങ് വു ചക്രവർത്തി നാൻജിങ് നഗരത്തിൻ ചുറ്റുമായി 48&#160;കിലോമീറ്റർ (30 mile) നീളമുള്ള മതിൽ കെട്ടുകയും പുതിയ കൊട്ടാരങ്ങളും ഗവണ്മെന്റ് ഹാളുകളും നിർമ്മിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_191_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_191-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ഡാ മിങ് ലു എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്ന കൺഫ്യൂഷൻ നിയമസംഹിത 1397 ആയപ്പോഴേക്കും നടപ്പിലാക്കി.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_rapp_2000_25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_rapp_2000_25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">തങ് വംശകാലത്ത്</a> (618-907) നടപ്പിലുണ്ടായിരുന്ന ഫുബിങ് സമ്പ്രദായത്തിന് സമാനമായ വെയ്‌സുവോ എന്ന പേരിൽ പട്ടാളക്കാർ യുദ്ധം ഇല്ലാത്ത അവസരങ്ങളിൽ സ്വയം‌പര്യാപ്തരായ കൃഷിക്കാരാവാനുള്ള സമ്പ്രദായം നടപ്പിലാക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചു.<sup id="cite_ref-fairbank_goldman_2006_129_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairbank_goldman_2006_129-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/170px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/255px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/340px-%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongwu_Emperor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongwu Emperor (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Hongwu Emperor</a> (r. 1368–98)</figcaption></figure> <p>1380-ൽ ചാൻസലർ ആയിരുന്ന ഹു വെയ്‌യോങ് (胡惟庸) ഹോങ് വു ഭരണം അട്ടിമറിക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചു എന്ന ആരോപണാവിധേയനായി വധിക്കപ്പെടുകയും ചാൻസലർ പദവി നിർത്തലാക്കി എല്ലാ അധികാരങ്ങളും ചക്രവർത്തിയിൽ നിക്ഷിപ്തമാക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_192_193_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_192_193-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> തന്റെ മന്ത്രിമാരിലും പ്രജകളിലും സംശയം തോന്നിയതിനാൽ ഹോങ് വു <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ജിൻയി വെയ് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ജിൻയി വെയ്</a> എന്ന രഹസ്യ പോലീസിന് രൂപം കൊടുത്തു.മൂന്ന് ദശകത്തോളം നീണ്ടുനിന്ന ഹോങ് വു ഭരണകാലത്തിനിടയ്ക്ക് ഒരു ലക്ഷത്തോളം ആളുകളുടെ തിരോധാനത്തിനുപിന്നിൽ ജിൻയി വെയ് ആയിരുന്നുവെന്ന് കരുതപ്പെടുന്നു.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_192_193_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_192_193-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="തെക്ക്_പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ_ചൈന"><span id=".E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.86.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D_.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.9F.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.9E.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.9E.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.B1.E0.B5.BB_.E0.B4.9A.E0.B5.88.E0.B4.A8"></span>തെക്ക് പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ചൈന</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: തെക്ക് പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ചൈന"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/220px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/330px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg/440px-Dali-puerta-sur-c01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The old south gate of the ancient city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dali,_Yunnan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dali, Yunnan (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Dali, Yunnan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1370-നോടടുത്ത് <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ക്വിങ്‌ഹായ് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ക്വിങ്‌ഹായിൽ</a> സാലർ മുസ്ലീം വംശജർ സ്വയമേവ മിങ് ഭരണത്തിൻ കീഴിൽ ചേർന്നു. ഉന്നത സാലർ വംശജരുടെ തലവൻ ഹാൻ പവൊയുവാന് (Han Paoyuan) ഔദ്യോഗിക പദവി നൽകപ്പെടുകയും ആ വംശജർ ഹാൻ എന്ന കുടുംബപ്പേര് സ്വീകരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു, നാല് താഴ്ന്ന സാലർ വംശങ്ങളുടെ തലവൻ ഹാൻ ഷാൻപയും മിങ് ഭരണത്തിൻ ഔദ്യോഗിക പദവി കൈക്കലാക്കി മാ എന്ന കുടുംബപ്പേര് സ്വീകരിച്ചു.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>ടർപാനിലെ ഹാല ബാഷി എന്ന ഉയിഘർ വംശജരുടെ തലവൻ 1370-കളിൽ മിയാവോ കലാപകാരികൾക്കെതിരെയുള്ള മിങ് പ്രതിരോധത്തിൽ സഹായിക്കുകയും ഹുനാനിലെ ചെങ്ഡെയിൻ താമസമുറപ്പിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-harmony_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harmony-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> കൂടാതെ ഹൂയി മുസ്ലീം സൈനികരും മിങ് ഭരണകൂടത്തിനുവേണ്ടി ആദിവാസികൾക്കെതിരെ പോരാടുകയും ചെങ്ഡെയിൻ താമസമുറപ്പിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> 1381-ൽ നേരത്തെ ദാലി ഭരണത്തിൻകീഴിലായിരുന്ന പ്രദേശങ്ങൾ മിങ് സാമ്രാജ്യം അവരുടെ അധീനത്തിലാക്കി, യുന്നാൻ വംശത്തോട് കൂറുപുലർത്തിയിരുന്ന മംഗോൾ - ഹൂയി മുസ്ലീം സേനകളെ മിങ് വംശത്തോട് കൂറുപുലർത്തിയിരുന്ന ഹൂയി മുസ്ലീം സൈന്യം തോൽപ്പിക്കുകയും ജനറൽ മു യിങ് യുന്നാൻ ഗവർണറായി സ്ഥാനമേറ്റെടുക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>14ആം ശതകത്തിന്റെ അവസാനമായപ്പോഴേക്കും ഇരുപത് ലക്ഷത്തോളം വരുന്ന സൈന്യകോളനിക്കാർ, ഇന്ന് യുന്നാൻ ഗുയിഷൊ പ്രദേശങ്ങളിൽപ്പെടുന്ന മൂന്നരലക്ഷം ഏക്കർ സ്ഥലത്ത് കുടിയേറി. അഞ്ച് ലക്ഷത്തോളം കുടിയേറ്റക്കാർ പിന്നീട് ഈ പ്രദേശത്ത് എത്തിച്ചേർന്നു ഈ പ്രദേശങ്ങളിൽ തദ്ദേശ നിവാസികൾക്ക് ഭൂരിപക്ഷമുള്ള സ്ഥലങ്ങളിൽ തനത് ഗോത്രങ്ങളുടെ നിയമവും മറ്റു സ്ഥലങ്ങളിൽ മിങ് നിയമവും നടപ്പിലാക്കി.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_195_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_195-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819050341/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of world-systems research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 219–229. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076–156x">1076–156x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+world-systems+research&amp;rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=219-229&amp;rft.date=2006-12&amp;rft.aulast=Turchin&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&amp;rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.ucr.edu%2Farchive%2Fvol12%2Fnumber2%2Fpdf%2Fjwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_journal" title="ഫലകം:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;issn=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:CS1_errors#bad_issn" title="സഹായം:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_271-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_271_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (2006), 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For the lower population estimate, see (<a href="#CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006">Fairbank &amp; Goldman 2006</a>:128)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="വർഗ്ഗം:Harv and Sfn template errors (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">help</a>)</span>, for the higher estimate see (<a href="#CITEREFEbrey1999">Ebrey 1999</a>:197)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFEbrey1999 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="വർഗ്ഗം:Harv and Sfn template errors (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gascoigne_2003_150-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gascoigne_2003_150_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gascoigne_2003_150_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gascoigne (2003), 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 190–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gascoigne_2003_151-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gascoigne_2003_151_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gascoigne (2003), 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_191-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_191_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_191_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_191_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFNaquin2000" class="citation book cs1">Naquin, Susan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pekingtemplescit0000naqu"><i>Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California press. p.&#160;xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-520-21991-0" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-520-21991-0"><bdi>0-520-21991-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peking%3A+Temples+and+City+Life%2C+1400%E2%80%931900&amp;rft.place=Berkeley&amp;rft.pages=xxxiii&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-21991-0&amp;rft.aulast=Naquin&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpekingtemplescit0000naqu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_rapp_2000_25-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_rapp_2000_25_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew &amp; Rapp (2000), 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairbank_goldman_2006_129-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fairbank_goldman_2006_129_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank &amp; Goldman (2006), 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_192_193-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_192_193_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_192_193_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 192–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank &amp; Goldman (2006), 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairbank &amp; Goldman (2006), 129-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Ewart_Gladstone,_Baron_Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon_Stanmore1961" class="citation book cs1">William Ewart Gladstone, Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uEMeAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=salar+han+ma+surname&amp;dq=salar+han+ma+surname&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=0lCtTMzRJ8H6lwfKu8HuCA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=4&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw"><i>Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor</i></a>. Vol.&#160;51. American Philosophical Society. p.&#160;27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gladstone-Gordon+correspondence%2C+1851%E2%80%931896%3A+selections+from+the+private+correspondence+of+a+British+Prime+Minister+and+a+colonial+Governor&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&amp;rft.date=1961&amp;rft.au=William+Ewart+Gladstone%2C+Baron+Arthur+Hamilton-Gordon+Stanmore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEMeAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsalar%2Bhan%2Bma%2Bsurname%26dq%3Dsalar%2Bhan%2Bma%2Bsurname%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D0lCtTMzRJ8H6lwfKu8HuCA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D4%26ved%3D0CD8Q6AEwAw&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harmony-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-harmony_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/english/200012/28/eng20001228_59085.html">"Ethnic Uygurs in Hunan Live in Harmony with Han Chinese"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>. 29 December 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Ethnic+Uygurs+in+Hunan+Live+in+Harmony+with+Han+Chinese&amp;rft.date=2000-12-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2Fenglish%2F200012%2F28%2Feng20001228_59085.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFChih-yu_Shih,_Zhiyu_Shi2002" class="citation book cs1">Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&amp;pg=PA133&amp;dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&#160;133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-415-28372-8" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-415-28372-8"><bdi>0-415-28372-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Negotiating+ethnicity+in+China%3A+citizenship+as+a+response+to+the+state&amp;rft.pages=133&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-28372-8&amp;rft.au=Chih-yu+Shih%2C+Zhiyu+Shi&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ePxMW066j8C%26pg%3DPA133%26dq%3Djian%2Buyghur%2Bhunan%26hl%3Den%26ei%3D-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D2%26ved%3D0CDMQ6AEwAQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&amp;pg=PA34&amp;dq=lan+yu+yunnan+muslim&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=UVjMTLHaKIT6lwf05fjiCA&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects</i></a>. Richmond: Curzon Press. p.&#160;34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-7007-1026-4" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-7007-1026-4"><bdi>0-7007-1026-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&amp;rft.place=Richmond&amp;rft.pages=34&amp;rft.pub=Curzon+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-7007-1026-4&amp;rft.au=Michael+Dillon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC%26pg%3DPA34%26dq%3Dlan%2Byu%2Byunnan%2Bmuslim%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DUVjMTLHaKIT6lwf05fjiCA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CCsQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_book" title="ഫലകം:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pages=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">&#124;page=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="സഹായം:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_195-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_195_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 195.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള_കണ്ണികൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B1.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.87.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B3_.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.A3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.BE"></span>പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3877320">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3859926">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ming_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a></span> എന്ന വിഷയവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ചിത്രങ്ങൾ വിക്കിമീഡിയ കോമൺസിലുണ്ട്.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/ming.html">The Ming Dynasty at Minnesota State University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601173030/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/ming.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-masters.php">Notable Ming Dynasty Painters and Galleries</a> at China Online Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ming/hd_ming.htm">Ming Dynasty art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.chinaa2z.com/china/html/history%20and%20culture/2008/20081210/20081210154315150987/20081210161829952794.html">Ming Dynasty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123044341/http://china.chinaa2z.com/china/html/history%20and%20culture/2008/20081210/20081210154315150987/20081210161829952794.html">Archived</a> 2011-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. With a total of 16 emperors, the Ming Dynasty lasted 276 years, from 1368 to 1644.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">മുൻഗാമി<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynasties_in_Chinese_history&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dynasties in Chinese history (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ചൈനയിലെ സാമ്രാജ്യങ്ങൾ</a> </b><br />1368–1644 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">പിൻഗാമി<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a><br />(see also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shun_Dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shun Dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Shun Dynasty</a>)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3859918"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4107403">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">പുരാതനസാമ്രാജ്യങ്ങൾ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akkadian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akkadian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">അക്കാഡിയൻ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New Kingdom (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ആധുനിക ഈജിപ്ഷ്യൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Assyrian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">നവീന-അസ്സിറിയൻ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittite_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hittite Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഹിറ്റൈറ്റ്</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="മെഡെസ് (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">മെഡെസ്</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Empire">പേർഷ്യൻ അക്കാമെനിഡ്</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquests_of_Alexander_the_Great&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquests of Alexander the Great (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">മാസിഡോണിയൻ</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptolemaic_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptolemaic Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ടോളമി സാമ്രാജ്യം</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></small></span><small>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Empire">സെല്യൂക്കിഡ്</a></span></small>)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya Empire">മൗര്യസാമ്രാജ്യം</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushan Empire">കുശാനർ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta Empire">ഗുപ്തസാമ്രാജ്യം</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of China">ചൈന</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Qin_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Dynasty">ചിൻ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></small></span><small>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">ഹാൻ</a></span></small>)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid 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href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം">ബൈസന്റൈൻ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunnic_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunnic Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Hunnic</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">അറബി</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></small></span><small>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad Caliphate">ഉമവിയ്യ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid 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class="new" title="Oyo Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Oyo</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornu_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornu Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Bornu</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarezmian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwarezmian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഖോറസ്മിയൻ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="തിമൂറി സാമ്രാജ്യം">തിമൂറി</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">ചോളർ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol Empire">മംഗോൾ</a> (<small><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Songhai Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Songhai</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Bulgarian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolingian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Carolingian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വിശുദ്ധ റോമാസാമ്രാജ്യം">വിശുദ്ധ റോമാസാമ്രാജ്യം</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angevin_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Angevin Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Angevin</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mali_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mali Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Mali</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of China">Chinese</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></small></span><small>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan</a></span></small>)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghana Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Ghana</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztec_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztec Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Aztec</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇൻക സാമ്രാജ്യം">ഇൻക</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്രീവിജയ സാമ്രാജ്യം">ശ്രീവിജയ</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ആധുനികസാമ്രാജ്യങ്ങൾ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">മറാഠ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Empire">മുഗൾ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of China">Chinese</a> (<small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">മിങ് രാജവംശം</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></small></span><small>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ക്വിങ് രാജവംശം">ക്വിങ്</a></span></small>)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire">ഒട്ടോമൻ</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid dynasty">സഫവി</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsharid_Persian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Afsharid Persian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Afsharid</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zand_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zand dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Zand</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_dynasty&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qajar dynasty (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Qajar</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopian Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Ethiopian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Spanish</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Union&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian Union (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Iberian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Dutch</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire">British</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_French_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="First French Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">French Napoleonic</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonial_empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="French colonial empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">French colonial</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="German Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">German</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_colonial_empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="German colonial empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">German colonial</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Polish-Lithuanian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Swedish</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austria%E2%80%93Hungary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Austria–Hungary (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Austro-Hungarian</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Brazil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire of Brazil (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Brazil</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Colonial_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Colonial Empire (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Italian Colonial</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Korea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire of Korea (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Korea</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_of_Japan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire of Japan (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Japan</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata" style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;" id="stub"> <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" style="width:80%;border:solid #999 1px;background:#F8F8F8;margin:1px auto;clear:both"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%;text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Hourglass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hourglass.svg/30px-Hourglass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hourglass.svg/45px-Hourglass.svg.png 1.5x, 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