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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_solide" title="Acide solide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide solide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_s%C3%B3lido" title="Ácido sólido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido sólido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4%EC%82%B0" title="고체산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고체산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Acid that is insoluble in the reaction medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d3d3d3;">Acids and bases</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagrammatic representation of the dissociation of acetic acid in aqueous solution to acetate and hydronium ions."><img alt="Diagrammatic representation of the dissociation of acetic acid in aqueous solution to acetate and hydronium ions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/220px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/330px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png/440px-Acetic-acid-dissociation-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptor_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptor number">Acceptor number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">Acid–base reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_homeostasis" title="Acid–base homeostasis">Acid–base homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_strength" title="Acid strength">Acid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidity_function" title="Acidity function">Acidity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphoterism" title="Amphoterism">Amphoterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffer solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">Dissociation constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_number" title="Donor number">Donor number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_extraction" title="Acid–base extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_affinity" title="Proton affinity">Proton affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">Self-ionization of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration" title="Acid–base titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid_catalysis" title="Lewis acid catalysis">Lewis acid catalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustrated_Lewis_pair" title="Frustrated Lewis pair">Frustrated Lewis pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiral_Lewis_acid" title="Chiral Lewis acid">Chiral Lewis acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">ECW model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases" title="Lewis acids and bases">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidic_oxide" title="Acidic oxide">Oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong acid">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superacid" title="Superacid">Superacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">Weak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e5e5e5;"> <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">Base</a> types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry_acid%E2%80%93base_theory" title="Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory">Brønsted–Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases" title="Lewis acids and bases">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_base" title="Organic base">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxide" title="Basic oxide">Oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)#Strong_bases" title="Base (chemistry)">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbase" title="Superbase">Superbases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-nucleophilic_base" title="Non-nucleophilic base">Non-nucleophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_base" title="Weak base">Weak</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acids_and_bases" title="Template:Acids and bases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acids_and_bases" title="Template talk:Acids and bases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acids_and_bases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acids and bases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Solid acids</b> are acids that are insoluble in the reaction medium. They are often used as <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysts</a>. Many solid acids are <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of techniques are used to quantify the strength of solid acids.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg/220px-Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg/330px-Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg/440px-Pile_of_benzoic_acid_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Crystalline benzoic acid shown here is a solid and an acid, but, in the context of this article, it is not a "solid acid", which are polymeric materials and typically stronger acids.</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a> solid acids include silico-aluminates (<a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, silico-aluminophosphate), and sulfated <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconia</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> are acidic, including <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titania</a>, zirconia, and <a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">niobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such acids are used in <a href="/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)" title="Cracking (chemistry)">cracking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many solid <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Brønsted acid">Brønsted acids</a> are also employed industrially, including <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene_sulfonate" title="Polystyrene sulfonate">polystyrene sulfonate</a>, solid <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobic acid">niobic acid</a>, and hetero<a href="/wiki/Polyoxometallate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyoxometallate">polyoxometallates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solid acids are used in <a href="/wiki/Acid_catalysis" title="Acid catalysis">catalysis</a> in many industrial chemical processes, from large-scale catalytic cracking in petroleum refining to the synthesis of various fine chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One large scale application is <a href="/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylation</a>, e.g., the combination of benzene and ethylene to give <a href="/wiki/Ethylbenzene" title="Ethylbenzene">ethylbenzene</a>. Another application is the rearrangement of <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanone_oxime" title="Cyclohexanone oxime">cyclohexanone oxime</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caprolactam" title="Caprolactam">caprolactam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many alkyl<a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> are prepared by <a href="/wiki/Amination" title="Amination">amination</a> of alcohols, catalyzed by solid acids. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png/220px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png/330px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png/440px-Zeolite-ZSM-5-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Zeolite, <a href="/wiki/ZSM-5" title="ZSM-5">ZSM-5</a> is widely used as a solid acid catalyst.</figcaption></figure> <p>Acylations are also catalyzed by solid acids.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ref><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSartoriMaggi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sartori, Giovanni; Maggi, Raimondo (2011). "Update 1 of: Use of Solid Catalysts in Friedel−Crafts Acylation Reactions". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>111</b> (5): PR181–PR214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr100375z">10.1021/cr100375z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21488695">21488695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Update+1+of%3A+Use+of+Solid+Catalysts+in+Friedel%E2%88%92Crafts+Acylation+Reactions&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=PR181-PR214&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr100375z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21488695&rft.aulast=Sartori&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Maggi%2C+Raimondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+acid" class="Z3988"></span></ref </p><p>Solid acids can be used as <a href="/wiki/Electrolytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytes">electrolytes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solid_acid_fuel_cell" title="Solid acid fuel cell">fuel cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kresge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kresge_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kresge_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKresgeDhingra2004" class="citation book cs1">Kresge, Charles T.; Dhingra, Sandeep S. (2004). "Molecular Sieves". <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1315120511210812.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.1315120511210812.a01.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3"><bdi>978-0-471-48494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molecular+Sieves&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.1315120511210812.a01.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0-471-48494-3&rft.aulast=Kresge&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft.au=Dhingra%2C+Sandeep+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhengLiuDeng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zheng, Anmin; Liu, Shang-Bin; Deng, Feng (2017). 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