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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-História" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#História"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>História</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-História-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção História</span> </button> <ul id="toc-História-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tâmil_antigo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tâmil_antigo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tâmil antigo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tâmil_antigo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tâmil_médio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tâmil_médio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tâmil médio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tâmil_médio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tâmil_moderno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tâmil_moderno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tâmil moderno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tâmil_moderno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fonologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Fonologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vogais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vogais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vogais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vogais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consoantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consoantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consoantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consoantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sândi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sândi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sândi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sândi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escrita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escrita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Escrita</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Escrita-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Escrita</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Escrita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consoantes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consoantes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consoantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consoantes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vogais_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vogais_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vogais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vogais_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forma_composta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forma_composta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Forma composta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forma_composta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramática" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramática"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gramática</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gramática-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Gramática</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gramática-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pronomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forma_genitiva/oblíqua_e_dativa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forma_genitiva/oblíqua_e_dativa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forma_genitiva/oblíqua_e_dativa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronome_reflexivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronome_reflexivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Pronome reflexivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronome_reflexivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substantivos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantivos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Substantivos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substantivos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Casos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caso_nominativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_nominativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Caso nominativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_nominativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caso_dativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_dativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>Caso dativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_dativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caso_acusativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_acusativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.3</span> <span>Caso acusativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_acusativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caso_locativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_locativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.4</span> <span>Caso locativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_locativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caso_ablativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_ablativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.5</span> <span>Caso ablativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_ablativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caso_associativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_associativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.6</span> <span>Caso associativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_associativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caso_instrumental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caso_instrumental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.7</span> <span>Caso instrumental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caso_instrumental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjetivos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjetivos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Adjetivos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjetivos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparação" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparação"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Comparação</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparação-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superlativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superlativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Superlativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superlativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Verbos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indicativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Indicativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Optativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Imperativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Causativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reportativo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reportativo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Reportativo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reportativo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulário" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulário"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulário</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulário-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Vocabulário</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulário-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Números" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Números"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Números</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Números-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Corpo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemplo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemplo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exemplo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemplo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligações_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligações_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ligações externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligações_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Língua tâmil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 158 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ታሚልኛ — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التاميلية — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التاميلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="التاميليه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التاميليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা — assamês" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल — awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_dili" title="Tamil dili — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamil dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیل دیلی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C4%97lu_kalba" title="Tamėlu kalba — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamėlu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Tamil" title="Hata Tamil — Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Tamil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільская мова — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски език — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамилски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="तमिल — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তামিল ভাষা — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0mil" title="Tàmil — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tamil-ngṳ̄ — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(pinulongan)" title="Tamil (pinulongan) — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tamil (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی تامیلی — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تامیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1tina" title="Tamilština — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(sprog)" title="Tamil (sprog) — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Tamil" title="Boros Tamil — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%A6" title="ތަމަޅަ — divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަމަޅަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamila_lingvo" title="Tamila lingvo — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamila lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili_keel" title="Tamili keel — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamili keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilera" title="Tamilera — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamilera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان تامیلی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تامیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spriik)" title="Tamil (spriik) — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil (spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tamailis" title="An Tamailis — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamailis" title="Tamailis — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_t%C3%A1mil" title="Lingua támil — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua támil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1mil_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Támil ñe'ẽ — guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Támil ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B3_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="તમિળ ભાષા — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિળ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilish" title="Tamilish — manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tamilish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%C3%AE" title="Tamil-ngî — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טמילית — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_bhasa" title="Tamil bhasa — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nyelv" title="Tamil nyelv — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamil nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թամիլերեն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Tamil" title="Jaku Tamil — iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language — igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tamil" title="Pagsasao a Tamil — ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tamil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_linguo" title="Tamil linguo — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADlska" title="Tamílska — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamílska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="タミル語 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ენა — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Тамилыбзэ — cabardiano" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тамилыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="cabardiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%A1" title="ភាសាទមិឡ — khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាទមិឡ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳು — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EC%96%B4" title="타밀어 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Тамил тил — carachaio-bálcaro" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тамил тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="carachaio-bálcaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تٲمِل زَبان — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tam%C3%AEl%C3%AE" title="Zimanê tamîlî — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tamîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тамил кыв — komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тамил кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilek" title="Tamilek — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tamilek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tamulica" title="Lingua Tamulica — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tamulica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tamil" title="Lengua tamil — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tamil" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາທະມິນ — laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາທະມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tamilų kalba — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilu_valoda" title="Tamilu valoda — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा — maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tamily" title="Fiteny tamily — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tamily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tamil" title="Bahaso Tamil — minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tamil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски јазик — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамилски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D" title="തമിഴ് — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тамил хэл — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ — manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ भाषा — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тамилэнь кель — erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тамилэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تامیلی — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Tamillahtōlli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tamillahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) — baixo-saxão" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo-saxão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिल भाषा — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tamil (språk) — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тамилаг æвзаг — ossético" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossético" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tamilski" title="Język tamilski — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tamilski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tamil" title="Lenga Tamil — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tamil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تامل — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تاميلي ژبه — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميلي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_simi" title="Tamil simi — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilikani_chhib" title="Tamilikani chhib — Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Tamilikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tamil%C4%83" title="Limba tamilă — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tamilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tamil" title="Lènga tamil — Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tamil" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамильский язык — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамильский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тамільскый язык — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тамільскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitamili" title="Igitamili — quiniaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitamili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="quiniaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तमिळ्भाषा — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тамил тыла — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тамил тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ — santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_leid" title="Tamil leid — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tamil leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تامل ٻولي — sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දෙමළ භාෂාව — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Tamilščina — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamilščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqada_Tamil-ka" title="Luqada Tamil-ka — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqada Tamil-ka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_tamile" title="Gjuha tamile — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha tamile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тамилски језик — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамилски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitamil" title="Kitamil — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitamil" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="தமிழ் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="తమిళ భాష — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони томилӣ — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони томилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC" title="ภาษาทมิฬ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทมิฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tamil" title="Wikang Tamil — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilce" title="Tamilce — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamilce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тамил теле — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تامىل تىلى — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تامىل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тамільська мова — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамільська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تمل زبان — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_tili" title="Tamil tili — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamil tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tamil" title="Tiếng Tamil — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinamil" title="Tinamil — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinamil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტამილური ნინა — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C" title="טאמיל — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_T%C3%A0mil" title="Èdè Tàmil — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-g%C3%AD" title="Tamil-gí — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="淡米爾文 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="淡米爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_afluentes/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil" title="Lista de todas as páginas que contêm hiperligações para esta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páginas afluentes</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Altera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_relacionadas/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil" rel="nofollow" title="Mudanças recentes nas páginas para as quais esta contém hiperligações [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Alterações relacionadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Carregar_ficheiro" title="Carregar ficheiros [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Carregar ficheiro</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1ginas_especiais" title="Lista de páginas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páginas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&oldid=68715453" title="Hiperligação permanente para esta revisão desta 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5885" title="Hiperligação para o elemento do repositório de dados [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas de página"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspeto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" 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.tmbox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style><table class="box-Mais_notas plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Esta página cita fontes, mas não cobrem todo o conteúdo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Esta página <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <b><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Ajude a <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé">inserir referências</a> (<small><i>Encontre fontes:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  •  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&as_epq=L%C3%ADngua+t%C3%A2mil">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=pt&tbm=nws&q=L%C3%ADngua+t%C3%A2mil&oq=L%C3%ADngua+t%C3%A2mil">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_epq=L%C3%ADngua+t%C3%A2mil">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pt&q=L%C3%ADngua+t%C3%A2mil">A</a>)</span></small>).</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Junho de 2021</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em; margin-top:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9; text-align:left; font-size: 90%" cellpadding="2" align="right" width="295"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:120%; text-align: center; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen">Tâmil<p style="font-size:smaller; font-style:italic;">தமிழ் <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tamiḻ</span></i></p></th></tr><tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Pronúncia:</td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><small></small><span title="Pronúncia em IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipédia:IPA para tâmil (página não existe)">[t̪amiɻ]</a></span></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Falado(a) em: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a><sup id="cite_ref-india_os_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india_os-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-srilanka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srilanka-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> e<br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura"><img alt="Singapura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a><sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> <br />Minorias em <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1sia" title="Malásia">Malásia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurício">Maurício</a>, e <a href="/wiki/Ilhas_Reuni%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilhas Reunião">Ilhas Reunião</a><sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue2005-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Total de falantes: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">68 milhões nativo,<sup id="cite_ref-vistawide_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistawide-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encarta-table_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-table-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> 77 milhões total<sup id="cite_ref-vistawide_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistawide-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lista_de_l%C3%ADnguas_por_total_de_falantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de línguas por total de falantes">Posição</a>: </td><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;" colspan="2"> 20, 16, </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Família linguística">Família</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas" title="Línguas dravídicas">Dravídica</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas_meridionais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Línguas dravídicas meridionais (página não existe)">Meridional</a><br />  <b>Tâmil</b></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita">Escrita</a>:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_t%C3%A2mil" title="Alfabeto tâmil">alfabeto tâmil</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe">alfabeto árabe</a> (minoritário)<br /><a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">grantha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vattelluttu" title="Vattelluttu">vattelluttu</a>, kolezhuthu e palava</td></tr><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen">Estatuto oficial</th> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Língua oficial de: </td><td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puducherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Puducherry">Puducherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> e <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> </td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Regulado por: </td><td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Várias academias e o <a href="/wiki/Governo" title="Governo">governo</a> do <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen">Códigos de língua </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>ta</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">ISO 639-2: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>tam</code></td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> ISO 639-3: </td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=tam">tam</a></code> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/250px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/375px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/500px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Distribuição de falantes de tâmil no sul da Índia e no Sri Lanka (1961)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="infobox" style="width:268px; padding:0.2em; margins:0em;"> <table width="268px" align="right" class="expansion" style="background:#f7f8ff; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0em; margins:0em; font-size:smaller; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">Por limitações técnicas, alguns <a href="/wiki/Navegador_(inform%C3%A1tica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador (informática)">navegadores</a> podem não mostrar alguns <b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters" class="extiw" title="meta:Help:Special characters">caracteres especiais</a></b> tâmil. </td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="mbox-small" style="clear:right; float:right; margin:4px 0 4px 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; padding: 5px; width: 30%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:0 0 6px 0;" class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" title="Ficheiro:Tamil tongue twister.ogg">Trava-língua em tâmil</a></div> <div style="padding-right:4px; border-collapse: collapse;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div style="padding:5px 0;" class="description"><a href="/wiki/Trava-l%C3%ADngua" class="mw-redirect" title="Trava-língua">Trava-língua</a> em tâmil cuja tradução literal é: "Um pobre velho escorregou numa casca de banana e caiu espalhado."</div> </div> <hr /></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style=""><span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Problemas para escutar este arquivo? Veja a <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_consulta_e_reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_m%C3%ADdia" title="Ajuda:Guia de consulta e reprodução/Introdução à mídia">ajuda</a>.</i></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG/220px-%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG/330px-%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG/440px-%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Placa em estação de trem em <a href="/wiki/Chinnasalem" title="Chinnasalem">Chinnasalem</a> em tâmil, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi" title="Língua hindi">hindi</a> e inglês.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Língua tâmil</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (<span lang="ta">தமிழ்</span> <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Tamiḻ</span></i> <small>Pronúncia tâmil: </small><span title="Pronúncia em IPA" class="IPA"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipédia:IPA para tâmil (página não existe)">[t̪amiɻ]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"escutar"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"pt","wikibase":"","file":"Ta-\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Reproduzir áudio" title="Reproduzir áudio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">escutar</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga" title="Ficheiro:Ta-தமிழ்.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</span>) ou <b>tâmul</b> é uma língua <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas" title="Línguas dravídicas">dravídica</a> falada por cerca de 68 milhões de pessoas<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> no <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_do_Sul" title="Índia do Sul">sul da Índia</a> (oficial no estado de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Mianmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1sia" title="Malásia">Malásia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Indonésia">Indonésia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietn%C3%A3" title="Vietnã">Vietnã</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> e ainda em zonas do sul e leste da <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica" title="África">África</a>, pelo <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2meis" title="Tâmeis">povo tâmil</a>. </p><p>Há a distinguir ao mínimo dois <a href="/wiki/Socioleto" title="Socioleto">socioletos</a> razoavelmente divergentes (<a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2mane" title="Brâmane">bramânico</a> e não bramânico), além das variantes locais particulares. Hoje o tâmil é majoritariamente escrito com o <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_t%C3%A2mil" title="Alfabeto tâmil">alfabeto tâmil</a>, apesar de existirem minorias <a href="/wiki/Isl%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Islã">muçulmanas</a> utilizando o <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe">alfabeto árabe</a> (o qual chamam de <i>arwi</i>) e de haver uma série de alfabetos históricos antes comuns, como o <i><a href="/wiki/Vattelluttu" title="Vattelluttu">vattelluttu</a></i> e o <i><a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">grantha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="História"><span id="Hist.C3.B3ria"></span>História</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: História" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: História"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O tâmil tem registros datando do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século V a.C.</span> O <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Tolkāppiyam</span></i>, primeira obra literária da língua, datada entre os séculos <span style="white-space:nowrap;">III a.C.</span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;">III d.C.</span>, também é conhecido pela historiografia como um dos mais antigos estudos de <a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica" title="Gramática">gramática</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> nesta obra aparece pela primeira vez o nome da língua, cujo significado foi entendido por estudiosos da língua como Franklin Southworth e Kamil Zvelebil por algo como 'sua própria língua'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Autores como S. V. Subramanian, por outro lado, entendem o termo como significando 'som doce', o que é aproximado pelo léxico tâmil da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Madras" title="Universidade de Madras">Universidade de Madras</a>, que define a palavra como 'doçura'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convencionalmente, a história da língua é dividida em três épocas: <i>antiga</i>, <i>média</i> e <i>moderna</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tâmil_antigo"><span id="T.C3.A2mil_antigo"></span>Tâmil antigo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Tâmil antigo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tâmil antigo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O tâmil antigo, a forma mais antiga registrada da língua, estima-se ter emergido caracteristicamente de uma <a href="/wiki/Protol%C3%ADngua" title="Protolíngua">protolíngua</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas" title="Línguas dravídicas">dravídica</a> do sul da <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> por volta do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século III a.C.</span> Desta língua originaram-se todas as outras grandes línguas dravídicas, com exceção de <a href="/wiki/Brami" class="mw-redirect" title="Brami">brami</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kurux" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurux">kurux</a>, e teria se originado da <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_proto-drav%C3%ADdica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Língua proto-dravídica (página não existe)">língua proto-dravídica</a>, falada no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">milênio III a.C.</span>na <a href="/wiki/Foz" title="Foz">foz</a> do <a href="/wiki/Rio_Godavari" title="Rio Godavari">rio Godavari</a>, por volta do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">II milênio a.C.</span>Os textos deste período são escritos em uma variedade da <a href="/wiki/Escrita_brami" title="Escrita brami">escrita brami</a> e a princípio se limitavam a inscrições em cavernas e em <a href="/wiki/Cer%C3%A2mica" title="Cerâmica">cerâmica</a>, estas sendo datadas a partir do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século V a.C.</span> O <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Tolkāppiyam</span></i> é o primeiro texto longo na língua tâmil. Muitos poemas, datados entre os séculos I e V, também foram preservados.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> O alfabeto <i><a href="/wiki/Vattelluttu" title="Vattelluttu">vattelluttu</a></i> começa a tomar o espaço do brami no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VI</span>, marcando a transição para o tâmil médio, na mesma época em que surgem o alfabeto <i><a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">grantha</a></i>, posteriormente simplificado pelo <a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Palava" title="Império Palava">Império Palava</a>, em forma como é frequentemente chamado alfabeto <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pallava</span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tâmil_médio"><span id="T.C3.A2mil_m.C3.A9dio"></span>Tâmil médio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Tâmil médio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tâmil médio"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acredita-se que a transição para o tâmil médio tenha estado completa por volta do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século VIII</span>. Inovações como o <a href="/wiki/Presente_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Presente (linguística)">tempo presente</a>, a coalescência de <a href="/wiki/Consoante_nasal" title="Consoante nasal">nasais</a> <a href="/wiki/Consoante_alveolar" title="Consoante alveolar">alveolares</a> e <a href="/wiki/Consoante_dental" title="Consoante dental">dentais</a> e o desaparecimento do <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aytam</span></i> são características deste período. O alfabeto <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pallava</span></i> e o <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vattelluttu</span></i> eram os mais utilizados, com o <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kolezhuthu</span></i> também adquirindo certa relevância. Pertence a este período o <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Nannul</span></i>, gramática tâmil até hoje usada como referência padrão.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Esta variante se tornaria a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_malaiala" title="Língua malaiala">língua malaiala</a> na região de <a href="/wiki/Querala" title="Querala">Querala</a> por volta do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIV</span>, caracterizando-se como o tâmil moderno por volta do <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XVII</span> em <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a> e <a href="/wiki/Seri_Lanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri Lanca">Seri Lanca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tâmil_moderno"><span id="T.C3.A2mil_moderno"></span>Tâmil moderno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Tâmil moderno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Tâmil moderno"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embora o tâmil formal tenha uma gramática razoavelmente estática a partir da codificação do <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Nannul</span></i> no <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XIII</span>, a língua tâmil hoje possui particularidades fonológicas claras, algumas transformações de algumas formas gramaticais neste período e, sobretudo, uma linguagem coloquial distanciada deste antigo padrão. O alfabeto <a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">grantha</a> sobrevive ativamente até o <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XX</span>, quando se completa sua substituição pelo <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_t%C3%A2mil" title="Alfabeto tâmil">alfabeto tâmil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologia">Fonologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Fonologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Fonologia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vogais">Vogais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Vogais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vogais"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Vogal" title="Vogal">vogais</a> são classificadas em curtas e longas (cinco de cada) e dois <a href="/wiki/Ditongo" title="Ditongo">ditongos</a>. As vogais longas têm o dobro de duração em comparação com as vogais curtas. Os ditongos são uma vez e meia mais longos que as vogais curtas, embora os gramáticos os coloquem junto às vogais longas. <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">/<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior fechada não-arredondada">ɯ</a>/</span> é <a href="/wiki/Alofonia" title="Alofonia">alofone</a> de <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">/<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">u</a>/</span> no final de palavras. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vogais do tâmil<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Curta </th> <th colspan="3">Longa </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior" title="Vogal anterior">Anterior</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vogal_central" title="Vogal central">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior" title="Vogal posterior">Posterior</a> </th> <th>Anterior </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Posterior </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vogal_fechada" title="Vogal fechada">Fechada</a> </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">i</a></span> <span lang="ta">இ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">u</a></span>/<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior fechada não-arredondada">ɯ</a></span> <span lang="ta">உ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">iː</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஈ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">uː</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஊ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vogal_m%C3%A9dia" title="Vogal média">Média</a> </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">e</a></span> <span lang="ta">எ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">o</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஒ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">eː</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஏ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">oː</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஓ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vogal_aberta" title="Vogal aberta">Aberta</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_aberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior aberta não-arredondada">a</a></span> <span lang="ta">அ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">aɪ̯</span>) <span lang="ta">ஐ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_aberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior aberta não-arredondada">aː</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஆ</span> </td> <td>(<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">aʊ̯</span>) <span lang="ta">ஒள</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consoantes">Consoantes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar secção: Consoantes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Consoantes"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A língua tâmil restringe <a href="/wiki/Encontro_consonantal" title="Encontro consonantal">encontros consonantais</a>. Existem regras bem definidas para o vozeamento de plosivas na forma escrita do tâmil. Plosivas são desvozeadas quando no começo de palavras, em encontros consonantais com outra plosiva e quando geminadas; são vozeadas noutras posições. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consoantes do tâmil<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_labial" title="Consoante labial">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_dental" title="Consoante dental">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_alveolar" title="Consoante alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_retroflexa" title="Consoante retroflexa">Retroflexa</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_alv%C3%A9olo-palatal" title="Consoante alvéolo-palatal">Alvéolo-palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_velar" title="Consoante velar">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_glotal" title="Consoante glotal">Glotal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_nasal" title="Consoante nasal">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_bilabial" title="Nasal bilabial">m</a></span> <span lang="ta">ம்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_dental" title="Nasal dental">n̪</a></span> <span lang="ta">ந்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_alveolar" title="Nasal alveolar">n</a></span> <span lang="ta">ன்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_retroflexa" title="Nasal retroflexa">ɳ</a></span> <span lang="ta">ண்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal" title="Nasal palatal">ɲ</a></span> <span lang="ta">ஞ்</span> </td> <td>(<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_velar" title="Nasal velar">ŋ</a></span>) <span lang="ta">ங்</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_oclusiva" title="Consoante oclusiva">Plosiva</a> </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_surda" title="Oclusiva bilabial surda">p</a></span> <span lang="ta">ப்</span> (<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_sonora" title="Oclusiva bilabial sonora">b</a></span>) </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_surda" title="Oclusiva dental surda">t̪</a></span> <span lang="ta">த்</span> (<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_sonora" title="Oclusiva dental sonora">d̪</a></span>) </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">tːr</span> <span lang="ta">ற்ற</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_surda" title="Oclusiva retroflexa surda">ʈ</a></span> <span lang="ta">ட்</span> (<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_sonora" title="Oclusiva retroflexa sonora">ɖ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_surda" title="Oclusiva velar surda">k</a></span> <span lang="ta">க்</span> (<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_sonora" title="Oclusiva velar sonora">ɡ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_africada" title="Consoante africada">Africada</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup> <span lang="ta">ச்</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_fricativa" title="Consoante fricativa">Fricativa</a> </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_labiodental_surda" title="Fricativa labiodental surda">f</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-n3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n3-21"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-n2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2-22"><span>[</span>c<span>]</span></a></sup> <span lang="ta">ஸ்</span> (<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar sonora">z</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-n3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n3-21"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_retroflexa_surda" title="Fricativa sibilante retroflexa surda">ʂ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-n3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n3-21"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup> <span lang="ta">ஷ்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolopalatal_surda" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolopalatal surda">ɕ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-n2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n2-22"><span>[</span>c<span>]</span></a></sup> <span lang="ta">ஶ்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-n4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n4-23"><span>[</span>d<span>]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa_glotal_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa glotal sonora">ɦ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-n4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n4-23"><span>[</span>d<span>]</span></a></sup> <span lang="ta">ஹ்</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_vibrante_simples" title="Consoante vibrante simples">Tepe</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vibrante_simples_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrante simples alveolar">ɾ</a></span> <span lang="ta">ர்</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_vibrante" title="Consoante vibrante">Vibrante</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Vibrante_m%C3%BAltipla_alveolar" title="Vibrante múltipla alveolar">r</a></span> <span lang="ta">ற்</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Consoante_aproximante" title="Consoante aproximante">Aproximante</a> </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Aproximante_labiodental" title="Aproximante labiodental">ʋ</a></span> <span lang="ta">வ்</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Aproximante_retroflexa" title="Aproximante retroflexa">ɻ</a></span> <span lang="ta">ழ்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Aproximante_palatal" title="Aproximante palatal">j</a></span> <span lang="ta">ய்</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Aproximante <a href="/wiki/Consoante_lateral" title="Consoante lateral">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_alveolar" title="Aproximante lateral alveolar">l</a></span> <span lang="ta">ல்</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_retroflexa" title="Aproximante lateral retroflexa">ɭ</a></span> <span lang="ta">ள்</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">/<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a></span>/ é pronunciado como <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a>]</span> no meio das palavras.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n3_21-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n3_21-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n3_21-2">c</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">/<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_labiodental_surda" title="Fricativa labiodental surda">f</a>/</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">/<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar sonora">z</a>/</span> e <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">/<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_retroflexa_surda" title="Fricativa sibilante retroflexa surda">ʂ</a>/</span> são encontrados apenas em palavras estrangeiras e são frequentemente substituídos por sons nativos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n2_22-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n2_22-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a>]</span> e <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolopalatal_surda" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolopalatal surda">ɕ</a>]</span> são alofones de <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">/<a href="/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a>/</span> inicial em alguns dialetos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n4_23-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-n4_23-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_glotal_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa glotal sonora">ɦ</a>]</span> e <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a>]</span> são alofones de <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_surda" title="Oclusiva velar surda">k</a></span> em alguns dialetos.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Plosivas alofônicas em tâmil </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Local </th> <th>Início </th> <th>Geminada </th> <th>Meio </th> <th>Pós-nasal </th></tr> <tr> <th>Velar </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">k</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kː</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">x~g</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Palatal </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">tɕ~s</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">tːɕ</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">s</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">dʑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflexa </th> <td>—</td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ʈː</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ɖ~ɽ</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ɖ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alveolar </th> <td>—</td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">tːr</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">r</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">(d)r</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dental </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">t̪</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">t̪ː</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">d̪~ð</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">d̪</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Labial </th> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">p</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">pː</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">b~β</span></td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">b</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sândi"><span id="S.C3.A2ndi"></span>Sândi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar secção: Sândi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Sândi"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2ndi" title="Sândi">Sândi</a> (chamado de <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">puṅarci</span></i> em tâmil) é o termo para mudanças sonoras que ocorrem quando dois <a href="/wiki/Morfema" title="Morfema">morfemas</a> ou palavras se encontram. </p><p>Ocorre inserindo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-y-</span></i> quando seguindo vogais frontais (exceto <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ai</span></i> em tâmil falado) e <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-v-</span></i> quando posteriores (exceto <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">au</span></i> e <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ō</span></i> em tâmil falado):<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tī</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ā</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fogo </td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tīyā</span></i> 'fogo?' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">yāne</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ā</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elefante </td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">yāneyā</span></i> 'um elefante?' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pū</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ā</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>flor </td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pūvā</span></i> 'uma flor?' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viḻā</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ā</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>flor </td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viḻāvā</span></i> 'um festival?' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escrita">Escrita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar secção: Escrita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Escrita"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consoantes_2">Consoantes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar secção: Consoantes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Consoantes"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/220px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/330px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/440px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Evolução da escrita tâmil entre os séculos <span style="white-space:nowrap;">III a.C.</span> e <span style="white-space:nowrap;">III d.C.</span></figcaption></figure> <p>As letras em tâmil que representam as <a href="/wiki/Consoante" title="Consoante">consoantes</a> são conhecidas como <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">meyyeḻuttu</span></i> ('letras do corpo'). Na descrição gramatical tradicional do tâmil, as consoantes (<i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">mei</span></i>) são classificadas em três categorias com seis em cada: <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vallinam</span></i> ('duras'), <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">mellinam</span></i> ('suaves' ou nasais) e <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idayinam</span></i> ('médias').<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vallinam</span> </th> <th colspan="3"><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">mellinam</span> </th> <th colspan="3"><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idayinam</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Consoante </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Consoante </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Consoante </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">k</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_surda" title="Oclusiva velar surda">k</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_sonora" title="Oclusiva velar sonora">ɡ</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_velar_sonora" title="Fricativa velar sonora">ɣ</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_glotal_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa glotal sonora">ɦ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ங்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṅ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_velar" title="Nasal velar">ŋ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ய்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">y</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Aproximante_palatal" title="Aproximante palatal">j</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">ச்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">c</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal sonora">d͡ʑ</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolopalatal_surda" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolopalatal surda">ɕ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஞ்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ñ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal" title="Nasal palatal">ɲ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ர்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">r</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vibrante_simples_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrante simples alveolar">ɾ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">ட்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṭ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_surda" title="Oclusiva retroflexa surda">ʈ</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_sonora" title="Oclusiva retroflexa sonora">ɖ</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vibrante_simples_retroflexa" title="Vibrante simples retroflexa">ɽ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ண்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṇ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_retroflexa" title="Nasal retroflexa">ɳ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ல்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">l</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_alveolar" title="Aproximante lateral alveolar">l</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">த்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">t</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_surda" title="Oclusiva dental surda">t̪</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_sonora" title="Oclusiva dental sonora">d̪</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_dental_sonora" title="Fricativa dental sonora">ð</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ந்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">n</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_dental" title="Nasal dental">n̪</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">வ்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">v</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Aproximante_labiodental" title="Aproximante labiodental">ʋ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">ப்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">p</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_surda" title="Oclusiva bilabial surda">p</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_sonora" title="Oclusiva bilabial sonora">b</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_bilabial_sonora" title="Fricativa bilabial sonora">β</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_bilabial_surda" title="Fricativa bilabial surda">ɸ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ம்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">m</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_bilabial" title="Nasal bilabial">m</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ழ்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ḻ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Aproximante_retroflexa" title="Aproximante retroflexa">ɻ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">ற்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vibrante_m%C3%BAltipla_alveolar" title="Vibrante múltipla alveolar">r</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_surda" title="Oclusiva alveolar surda">t</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_sonora" title="Oclusiva alveolar sonora">d</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ன்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ṉ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_alveolar" title="Nasal alveolar">n</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ள்</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ḷ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_retroflexa" title="Aproximante lateral retroflexa">ɭ</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vogais_2">Vogais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar secção: Vogais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vogais"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em tâmil, os glifos usados para representar as vogais são chamados de <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">uyireḻuttu</span></i> ('letra da vida'), e funcionam como diacríticos ou modificadores dos <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">meyyeḻuttu</span></i>. As vogais são divididas em curtas e longas (cinco de cada), além de dois ditongos. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Independente </th> <th>Sinal da vogal </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Independente </th> <th>Sinal da vogal </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Vogais curtas </th> <th colspan="4">Vogais longas </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">அ</span> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">a</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semiaberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior semiaberta não-arredondada">ʌ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஆ</span> </td> <td>ா </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ā</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_aberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior aberta não-arredondada">aː</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">இ</span> </td> <td>ி </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">i</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">i</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஈ</span> </td> <td>ீ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ī</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">iː</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">உ</span> </td> <td>ு </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">u</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">u</a>]</span>, <span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior fechada não-arredondada">ɯ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஊ</span> </td> <td>ூ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ū</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">uː</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">எ</span> </td> <td>ெ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">e</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">e</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஏ</span> </td> <td>ே </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ē</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">eː</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">ஒ</span> </td> <td>ொ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">o</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">o</a>]</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஓ</span> </td> <td>ோ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ō</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">oː</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Ditongos </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">ஐ</span> </td> <td>ை </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ai</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">aɪ</span>] </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஔ</span> </td> <td>ௌ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">au</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">aʊ</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Outras </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">அஂ</span> </td> <td>ஂ </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aṁ</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ã</span>] </td> <td><span lang="ta">ஃ</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aḵ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">[<a href="/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forma_composta">Forma composta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar secção: Forma composta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Forma composta"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Como a escrita tâmil é um <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, uma sequência consoante-vogal é representada apenas como uma unidade. Usando a consoante 'k' como exemplo: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formação </th> <th>Forma composta </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">அ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">க</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ka</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ka</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஆ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கா</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kā</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kaː</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">இ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கி</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ki</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ki]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஈ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கீ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kī</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kiː</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">உ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கு</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ku</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ku</span>], [<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kɯ</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஊ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கூ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kū</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kuː</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">எ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கெ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ke</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ke</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஏ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கே</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kē</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">keː</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஐ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கை</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kai</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kaɪ</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஒ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கொ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ko</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">ko</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஓ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கோ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kō</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">koː</span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ta">க்</span> + <span lang="ta">ஔ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta">கௌ</span> </td> <td><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kau</span> </td> <td>[<span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">kaʊ</span>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramática"><span id="Gram.C3.A1tica"></span>Gramática</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar secção: Gramática" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Gramática"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enquanto o português é uma língua de ordem <a href="/wiki/Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto">SVO</a>, Tâmil é considerada uma língua de ordem <a href="/wiki/Sujeito-Objeto-Verbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sujeito-Objeto-Verbo">SOV</a>, por exemplo, a sentença em português "a raposa comeu a framboesa" seria "a raposa a framboesa comeu" em tâmil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronomes">Pronomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editar secção: Pronomes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Pronomes"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O tâmil tem pronomes honoríficos (que indicam deferência ou respeito), realiza a <a href="/wiki/Distin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_t-v" title="Distinção t-v">distinção t-v</a> e tem <a href="/wiki/Inclusividade_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusividade (linguística)">inclusividade</a>: distingue entre 'nós' exclusivo (não inclui o interlocutor) e 'nós' inclusivo (inclui o interlocutor). O modo formal da segunda pessoa do singular é idêntica à forma da segunda pessoa do plural, <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nīnga(ḷ)</span></i>. Os pronomes pessoais (nominativos) são: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pessoa </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Pronome </th> <th>Sufixo </th></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nān</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ēn</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">II </td> <td>informal </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nī</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ē</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>formal </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nīnga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-īnga(ḷ)</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">III </td> <td>masculino </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avan</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ān</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>feminino </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ava(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ā(ḷ)</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="masculino honorífico">masc hon</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaru</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āru</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="feminino honorífico">fem hon</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avanga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ānka(ḷ)</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>neutro </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idu/adu</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">adu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pessoa </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Pronome </th> <th>Sufixo </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">I </td> <td>exclusivo </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nānga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ōm</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>inclusivo </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nāma</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>II </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nīnga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-īnga(ḷ)</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>III </td> <td> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avanga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ānka(ḷ)</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As consoantes em parênteses são deletadas quando no final da palavra (p.ex. <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ava pōrā</span></i> 'ela vai'), mas estão presentes se sufixos são adicionados (p.ex. <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaḷukku</span></i> 'a ela' ou <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ava pōrāḷā?</span></i> 'ela vai?'). A forma de <a href="/wiki/Sufixo" title="Sufixo">sufixo</a> dos pronomes são usadas no final da raiz de verbos para indicar pessoa e número do sujeito.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forma_genitiva/oblíqua_e_dativa"><span id="Forma_genitiva.2Fobl.C3.ADqua_e_dativa"></span>Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Editar secção: Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As formas possessiva e oblíqua dos pronomes diferem das formas no <a href="/wiki/Caso_nominativo" title="Caso nominativo">nominativo</a> na primeira e segunda pessoas. A forma dativa dos pronomes da primeira e segunda pessoas do singular usam <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-akku</span></i> ao invés de <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ukku</span></i>, que seria o normal para substantivos e pronomes da terceira pessoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pessoa </th> <th>Pronome </th> <th>Gen./Oblíquo </th> <th>Dativo </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 <abbr title="singular">sg</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nān</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">en</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">enakku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 <abbr title="singular">sg</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nī</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">on</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">onakku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="masculino">m</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avan</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avan</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avanukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="feminino">f</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ava(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ava(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaḷukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="masculino">m</abbr> <abbr title="honorífico">hon</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaru</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avar</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avarukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="feminino">f</abbr> <abbr title="honorífico">hon</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avanga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avanga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avangaḷukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="neutro">n</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idu/adu</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idu/adu</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idukku/adukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr> <abbr title="exclusivo">excl</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nānga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">enga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">engaḷukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr> <abbr title="inclusivo">incl</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nāma</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">namma</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">namakku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nīnga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">onga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ongaḷukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avangaḷ</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avangal</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avangaḷukku</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronome_reflexivo">Pronome reflexivo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Editar secção: Pronome reflexivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Pronome reflexivo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No tâmil literário, há o pronome reflexivo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tān</span></i> que refere ao sujeito da sentença e é frequentemente usado para ênfase:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nān</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tān</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vandēn</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu </td> <td>se </td> <td>vim </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'eu mesmo cheguei; apenas eu vim' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vários dialetos do tâmil não usam este pronome (senão como marcador enfático), usando pronomes da terceira pessoa em seu lugar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantivos">Substantivos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Editar secção: Substantivos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Substantivos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os <a href="/wiki/Substantivo" title="Substantivo">substantivos</a> em tâmil têm dois <a href="/wiki/G%C3%AAnero_gramatical" title="Gênero gramatical">gêneros</a>, masculino e feminino, e dois números, singular e plural. O sufixo plural, <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-kaḷ</span></i>, é inserido após a raiz do verbo e antes do sufixo de caso, se houver.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Casos">Casos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Editar secção: Casos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Casos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os substantivos em tâmil têm sete <a href="/wiki/Caso_gramatical" title="Caso gramatical">casos gramaticais</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caso_nominativo" title="Caso nominativo">nominativo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caso_dativo" title="Caso dativo">dativo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caso_acusativo" title="Caso acusativo">acusativo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caso_locativo" title="Caso locativo">locativo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caso_ablativo" title="Caso ablativo">ablativo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caso_associativo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caso associativo (página não existe)">associativo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Caso_instrumental" title="Caso instrumental">instrumental</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_nominativo">Caso nominativo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Editar secção: Caso nominativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso nominativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Caso_nominativo" title="Caso nominativo">caso nominativo</a> marca o sujeito do verbo. Em tâmil, verbos no nominativo não recebem sufixos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_dativo">Caso dativo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Editar secção: Caso dativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso dativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Caso_dativo" title="Caso dativo">Caso dativo</a></div> <p>Usado quando o verbo expressa movimento para o seu objeto; indica o <a href="/wiki/Objeto_indireto" class="mw-redirect" title="Objeto indireto">objeto indireto</a> ou posse (absorve o papel de <a href="/wiki/Caso_genitivo" title="Caso genitivo">genitivo</a>). É usado com certos verbos estativos ou <a href="/wiki/Verbo_defectivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbo defectivo">defectivos</a> para indicar o sujeito.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">en-akku</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">paṇam</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">irukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>para-mim </td> <td>dinheiro </td> <td>está (em algum lugar) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'Eu tenho dinheiro' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ongaḷukku</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avare</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">teriyumā?</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a-você </td> <td>o </td> <td>conhecido? </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'Você o conhece?' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avarukku</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tamiḷ</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">teriyādu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>para-ele </td> <td>tâmil </td> <td>não-conhecido </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'Ele não sabe tâmil' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_acusativo">Caso acusativo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Editar secção: Caso acusativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso acusativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Caso_acusativo" title="Caso acusativo">caso acusativo</a> marca o substantivo como 'objeto' ou 'paciente' de alguma ação. O marcador acusativo é <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-e</span></i>. Substantivos inanimados não são normalmente marcados a não ser que o falante queira indicar algo específico ou definido.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">maratte</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pāttēn</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>árvore-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr> </td> <td>ver-<abbr title="primeira pessoa do singular (eu)">1.SG</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">vi a árvore </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vīṭṭe</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pāttēn</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>casa-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr> </td> <td>ver-<abbr title="primeira pessoa do singular (eu)">1.SG</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">vi a casa </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avare</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pāttēn</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ele-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr> </td> <td>ver-<abbr title="primeira pessoa do singular (eu)">1.SG</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">eu o vi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_locativo">Caso locativo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Editar secção: Caso locativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso locativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Caso_locativo" title="Caso locativo">caso locativo</a> é usado para expressar 'localização', 'ausência de movimento' e, às vezes, 'meio de transporte' (p.ex. <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">bas-le</span></i> 'de ônibus'). O marcador locativo é <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-le</span></i> para substantivos inanimados (p.ex. <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">maram</span></i> 'árvore' + <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-le</span></i> → <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">marattu-le</span></i> 'na árvore') e <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-kiṭṭe</span></span></i> para animados (p.ex. <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nari</span></i> 'raposa' + <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kiṭṭe</span></i> → <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nari-kiṭṭe</span></i> 'na posse da raposa', <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nān</span></i> 'eu' + <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kiṭṭe</span></i> → <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">en-kiṭṭe</span></i> 'eu tenho'). Em substantivos animados, significa 'na posse de'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_ablativo">Caso ablativo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Editar secção: Caso ablativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso ablativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Caso_ablativo" title="Caso ablativo">caso ablativo</a> é usado para expressar movimento para longe de um objeto ou pessoa. Com substantivos animados, a posposição <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kiṭṭe</span></i> deve ser usada como base locativa, adicionando <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-rundu</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">madurey</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">le</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rundu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> </td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr> </td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">madureylerundu</span></i> 'de Madurai' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">laybrēriy</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">le</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rundu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>livraria </td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr> </td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">laybrēriylerundu</span></i> 'da livraria' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rājā</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kiṭṭe</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rundu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rei </td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr> </td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rājākkiṭṭeyrundu</span></i> 'do rei' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">en</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kiṭṭe</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rundu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu </td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr> </td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">enkiṭṭeyrundu</span></i> 'de mim' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_associativo">Caso associativo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Editar secção: Caso associativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso associativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caso_associativo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caso associativo (página não existe)">caso associativo</a> expressa acompanhamento social, como 'com' em 'eu fui com ele', mas não como em 'cortei-o com a faca' (este uso seria instrumental). </p><p>É marcado com <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ōḍe</span></i> ou <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ōḍu</span></i>. Com substantivos animados sempre significa 'associativo', mas com substantivos inanimados <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ōḍe</span></i> pode ser instrumental (p.ex. <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rikṣāvōḍe</span></i> 'de <a href="/wiki/Riquix%C3%A1" title="Riquixá">riquixá</a>' ao invés de <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rikṣāvle</span></i>) em alguns dialetos.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sneydar</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ōḍe</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>amigo </td> <td><abbr title="associativo">ASS</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sneydarōḍe</span></i> 'com (um) amigo' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">enga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ōḍe</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nosso </td> <td><abbr title="associativo">ASS</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">engaḷōḍe</span></i> 'conosco' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nari</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ōḍe</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>raposa </td> <td><abbr title="associativo">ASS</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nari-y-ōḍe</span></i> 'com a raposa' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Caso_instrumental">Caso instrumental</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Editar secção: Caso instrumental" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Caso instrumental"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expressa a noção de 'modo pelo qual uma ação foi feita'. Varia amplamente entre os dialetos. Para marcar o <a href="/wiki/Caso_instrumental" title="Caso instrumental">caso instrumental</a>, basicamente usa-se <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āle</span></i>, mas, em alguns dialetos, é usado apenas em pronomes:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">adan</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āle</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="terceira pessoa do singular masculino (ele)">3.SG.MASC</abbr> </td> <td><abbr title="instrumental">INS</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">por causa dele </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">onga(ḷ)</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āle</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="segunda pessoa do singular (tu; você)">2.SG</abbr> </td> <td><abbr title="instrumental">INS</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">por causa de você; através da sua intervenção </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Outros dialetos usam <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ōḍe</span></i>, o marcador associativo, com substantivos inanimados para expressar instrumentalidade: <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">rikṣāvōḍe</span></i> 'de riquixá'. </p><p>A maior parte dos dialetos usa o locativo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-le</span></i> para expressar 'por meio de' com meios de transporte: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">bas</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-le</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ônibus </td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">de ônibus </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">reyille</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>trem-<abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td>de trem </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjetivos">Adjetivos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Editar secção: Adjetivos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Adjetivos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Ver também: <a href="/wiki/Adjetivo" title="Adjetivo">Adjetivo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparação"><span id="Compara.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Comparação</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Editar secção: Comparação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Comparação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjetivos podem ser comparados usando <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viḍa</span></i> (infinitivo do verbo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viḍu</span></i> 'sair, deixar'). A regra para construir uma sentença do tipo 'A é maior que B' seria 'B <abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr> <span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viḍa</span> A <abbr title="substantivo">SUBS</abbr> + <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ā irukku</span>'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">anda</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vīṭṭe</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viḍa</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">inda</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vīḍu</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">perusā</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">irukku</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aquela </td> <td>casa-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr> </td> <td>do-que </td> <td>esta </td> <td>casa </td> <td>grande-<abbr title="advérbio">ADV</abbr> </td> <td>ser </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">'Esta casa é maior que aquela casa' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superlativo">Superlativo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Editar secção: Superlativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=28" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Superlativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Em tâmil, os superlativos podem ser formados através do uso do caso locativo mais o enfático <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ē</span></i>. Por exemplo, 'Esta é a maior casa em (toda) Madurai' seria expresso em tâmil como 'Esta em-toda-Madurai-<abbr title="ênfase">ENF</abbr> grande casa'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">idu</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">madurey-le-yē</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">periya</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vīḍu</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>esta-coisa </td> <td>Madurai-em-<abbr title="ênfase">ENF</abbr> </td> <td>grande </td> <td>casa </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">'Esta é a maior casa em (toda) Madurai' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbos">Verbos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Editar secção: Verbos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=29" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Verbos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os verbos são divididos em sete classes, com três <a href="/wiki/Tempo_verbal" title="Tempo verbal">tempos verbais</a> (presente, passado e futuro), três <a href="/wiki/Modo_verbal" title="Modo verbal">modos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Modo_indicativo" title="Modo indicativo">indicativo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modo_optativo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modo optativo (página não existe)">optativo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Modo_imperativo" title="Modo imperativo">imperativo</a>) e dois números (<a href="/wiki/Singular" title="Singular">singular</a> e <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indicativo">Indicativo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Editar secção: Indicativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=30" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Indicativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indicativo é o modo verbal que expressa uma certeza, um fato. O primeiro sufixo adicionado após a raiz do verbo marca tempo, seguido pelo sufixo de <a href="/wiki/Pessoa_gramatical" title="Pessoa gramatical">pessoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_(gram%C3%A1tica)" title="Número (gramática)">número</a> e <a href="/wiki/G%C3%AAnero_gramatical" title="Gênero gramatical">gênero</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tempos verbais<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Classe </th> <th>Presente </th> <th>Passado </th> <th>Futuro </th></tr> <tr> <th>I </th> <td rowspan="6"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-kiṟ-</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-t-</span></i> </td> <td rowspan="5"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-v-</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>II </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-nt-</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">III </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-iṉ-</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-i-</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IV </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Reduplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Reduplicação">reduplicação</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>V </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-t-</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-p-</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>VI </th> <td rowspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-kkiṟ-</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-tt-</span></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-pp-</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>VII </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-nt-</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pessoa, número e gênero<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronomes pessoais </th> <th>Sufixo </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nāṉ</span></i> 'eu' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ēṉ</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nī</span></i> 'você' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āy</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaṉ</span></i> 'ele' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āṉ</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaḷ</span></i> 'ela' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āḷ</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">atu</span></i> 'isso' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-atu</span></i>, <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-tu</span></i>, <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-um</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avar</span></i> 'ele, ela (<abbr title="honorífico">HON</abbr>)' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ār</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nāṅkāḷ</span></i>, <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nām</span></i> 'nós' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ōm</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nīṅkāḷ</span></i> 'vocês' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-īrkaḷ</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avarkaḷ</span></i> 'eles, elas' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ārkaḷ</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avai</span></i> 'eles, elas (<abbr title="neutro">N</abbr>)' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ā</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optativo">Optativo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Editar secção: Optativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=31" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Optativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optativo é o modo gramatical que indica desejo ou pedido. A forma optativa de um verbo é formada através da adição do sufixo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ka</span></i> (alomorfo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-kka</span></i> nos verbos de classe VI e VII) ou <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-attum</span></i> à raiz do verbo.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aracaṉ</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vāḻ-ka</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rei </td> <td>viver-<abbr title="optativo">OPT</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">o rei pode viver </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaṉ-ukku</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pēṭi</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">eṭu-kka</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="terceira pessoa do singular masculino (ele)">3.SG.MASC</abbr>-<abbr title="dativo">DAT</abbr> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3lera" title="Cólera">cólera</a> </td> <td>levar-<abbr title="optativo">OPT</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">a cólera pode levá-lo </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperativo">Imperativo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Editar secção: Imperativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=32" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Imperativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O tâmil distingue entre imperativo plural e singular e entre imperativo positivo e negativo. </p><p>A forma singular positiva é idêntica à raiz do verbo, portanto não há marcador. O imperativo singular negativo consiste da raiz do verbo com os sufixos <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āt</span></i> e <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ē</span></i>. Para o imperativo plural positivo, adiciona-se o sufixo plural <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-(u)ṅkaḷ</span></i> à raiz raiz do verbo; pode ser interpretado tanto como para número singular e honorífico quanto para plural. Enquanto o imperativo plural negativo é formado pela raiz do verbo, seguido pelo negativo alomorfo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āt</span></i> e pelo sufixo da segunda pessoa do plural <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-irkaḷ</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Imperativo </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Positivo </th> <td>-∅ </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-(u)ṅkaḷ</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negativo </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āt-ē</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-āt-īrkaḷ</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Usando o verbo 'dormir' como exemplo: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Imperativo </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Positivo </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tūṅku</span></i> 'durma' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tūṅk-uṅkaḷ</span></i> '(por favor) durma(m)' </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negativo </th> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tūṅk-āt-ē</span></i> 'não durma' </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">tūṅk-āt-irkaḷ</span></i> '(por favor) não durma(m)' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causativo">Causativo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Editar secção: Causativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=33" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Causativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O causativo de um verbo pode ser formado a partir da raiz desse verbo mais um sufixo causativo que consiste dos alomorfos <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-vi</span></i>, <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-pi</span></i> e <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ppi</span></i>. Em tâmil moderno, este processo derivacional é muito restrito: apenas o sufixo causativo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-vi</span></i> ocorre em algumas raízes:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">teri</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-vi</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>saber </td> <td><abbr title="causativo">CAU</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">fazer saber; informar </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aṟi</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-vi</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>saber </td> <td><abbr title="causativo">CAU</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">fazer saber; anunciar </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viṭu</span></i> </td> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-vi</span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sair </td> <td><abbr title="causativo">CAU</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">fazer sair; libertar </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reportativo">Reportativo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Editar secção: Reportativo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=34" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Reportativo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O sufixo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ām</span></i> pode ser adicionado a vários constituintes para indicar que o falante não reivindica responsabilidade pela veracidade de uma declaração. É usualmente adicionado ao último constituinte da sentença (isto é, o verbo), mas será seguido do interrogativo <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">-ā</span></i> se a sentença for uma pergunta: <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaru pōrār-ām</span></i> 'aparentemente ele irá'; <i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">avaru pōrārāmā?</span></i> 'dizem que ele irá?'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulário"><span id="Vocabul.C3.A1rio"></span>Vocabulário</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Editar secção: Vocabulário" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=35" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Vocabulário"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tâmil tem relativamente menos <a href="/wiki/Empr%C3%A9stimo_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Empréstimo (linguística)">empréstimos linguísticos</a> que outras línguas dravídicas, mas foi influenciado pelo <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1crito" title="Prácrito">prácrito</a> e <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi" title="Língua hindi">hindi</a>, também adotando algumas palavras do <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_portuguesa" title="Língua portuguesa">português</a> e do <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa" title="Língua inglesa">inglês</a>. Desde o <span style="white-space:nowrap;">século XX</span>, o uso de palavras nativas é promovido em detrimento de palavras estrangeiras. Palavras <a href="/wiki/Onomatopeia" title="Onomatopeia">onomatopeicas</a> são numerosas e muitas são formadas via <a href="/wiki/Reduplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Reduplicação">reduplicação</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Números"><span id="N.C3.BAmeros"></span>Números</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Editar secção: Números" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=36" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Números"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Números em tâmil<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Palavra </th> <th>Tradução </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">oṉṟu</span></i> </td> <td>um </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">iraṇṭu</span></i> </td> <td>dois </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">mūṉṟu</span></i> </td> <td>três </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nāṉku</span></i> </td> <td>quatro </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">aintu</span></i> </td> <td>cinco </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">āṟu</span></i> </td> <td>seis </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ēḻu</span></i> </td> <td>sete </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">eṭṭu</span></i> </td> <td>oito </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">oṉpatu</span></i> </td> <td>nove </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">pattu</span></i> </td> <td>dez </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nūṟu</span></i> </td> <td>cem </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corpo">Corpo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Editar secção: Corpo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=37" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Corpo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Partes do corpo em tâmil<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Palavra </th> <th>Tradução </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">talai</span></i> </td> <td>cabeça </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kaṇ</span></i> </td> <td>olho </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kāl</span></i> </td> <td>pé </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">itayam</span></i> </td> <td>coração </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nākku</span></i> </td> <td>língua </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemplo">Exemplo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Editar secção: Exemplo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=38" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Exemplo"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artigo 1.º da <a href="/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Universal_dos_Direitos_Humanos" title="Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos">Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos</a> em tâmil literário: </p> <ul><li>No sistema de escrita nativo: <ul><li><span lang="ta"><b>உறுப்புரை 1:</b> மனிதப் பிறிவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.।</span></li></ul></li> <li>Em tâmil romanizado: <ul><li><span lang="ta-Latn" title="15919 Indic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><b>Uṟuppurai 1:</b> Maṉitap piṟiviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.</span></li></ul></li> <li>Tâmil no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional: <ul><li><span title="Representação no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (AFI)" class="AFI">urupːurai ond̺rʉ | mənid̪ə piriʋijinər səgələrum sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː pirəkːin̺d̺ranər | əvərgəɭ məd̪ipːilum uriməigəɭilum səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ | əvərgəɭ nijaːjatːəijum mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum ijərpəɳbaːgə pet̺rəʋərgəɭ | əvərgəɭ oruʋəruɖənoruʋər sagoːdəɾə uɳərʋɨ paːŋgil nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl veːɳɖum |</span></li></ul></li> <li>Glosa: <ul><li><b>Seção 1:</b> Humanos seres todos-eles livremente nascem. Eles direitos-em-e dignidades-em-e iguais. Eles lei-e consciência-e intrinsecamente possuídos. Eles entre-um-outro fraterno sentimento compartilhar-em agir devem.</li></ul></li> <li>Tradução: <ul><li><b>Artigo 1:</b> Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-india_os-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-india_os_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20050928184458/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22495&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#">«Official languages»</a>. <i>UNESCO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de maio de 2007</span>. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22495&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">original</a> em 28 de setembro de 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Official+languages&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D22495%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TN_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/welcometn.htm">«Official languages of Tamilnadu»</a>. <i>Tamilnadu Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Official+languages+of+Tamilnadu&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamilnadu+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fwelcometn.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srilanka-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-srilanka_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm">«Official languages of Srilanka»</a>. <i>State department, US</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 1 de maio de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Official+languages+of+Srilanka&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+department%2C+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5249.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/singapore/pro-languages.htm">«Singapore Language and Literacy»</a>. <i>AsianInfo.Org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 17 de novembro de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Singapore+Language+and+Literacy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AsianInfo.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianinfo.org%2Fasianinfo%2Fsingapore%2Fpro-languages.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue2005_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vistawide-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-vistawide_6-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-vistawide_6-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vistawide.com/languages/top_30_languages.htm">«Top 30 Languages by Number of Native Speakers: sourced from Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. (2005)»</a>. <i>Vistawide - World Languages & Cultures</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 3 de abril de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Top+30+Languages+by+Number+of+Native+Speakers%3A+sourced+from+Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+15th+ed.+%282005%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vistawide+-+World+Languages+%26+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vistawide.com%2Flanguages%2Ftop_30_languages.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-table-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-encarta-table_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">«Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People»</a>. <i>MSN Encarta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 2 de abril de 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Languages+Spoken+by+More+Than+10+Million+People&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fmedia_701500404%2FLanguages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Correia, Paulo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/translation/portuguese/magazine/documents/folha73_pt.pdf">«Escrever em português sobre a Índia e o Oriente»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>A folha — Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias</i> (73 — outono de 2023). pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1830-7809">1830-7809</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rft.aulast=Correia&rft.btitle=Escrever+em+portugu%C3%AAs+sobre+a+%C3ndia+e+o+Oriente&rft.date=2023&rft.genre=unknown&rft.issn=1830-7809&rft.pages=9-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftranslation%2Fportuguese%2Fmagazine%2Fdocuments%2Ffolha73_pt.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">«Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Secretário Geral e Comissário de Censo da Índia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 14 de abril de 2021</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">Cópia arquivada <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> em 14 de novembro de 2018</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+-+2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Secret%C3%A1rio+Geral+e+Comiss%C3%A1rio+de+Censo+da+%C3ndia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arokianathan, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya2.html">Writing and Diglossic: A Case Study of Tamil Radio Plays</a>. ciil-ebooks.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Steever, S. B.; Britto, F. (1988). «Diglossia: A Study of the Theory, with Application to Tamil». <i>Language</i>. <b>64</b>. 152 páginas. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/414796">414796</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F414796">10.2307/414796</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Diglossia%3A+A+Study+of+the+Theory%2C+with+Application+to+Tamil&rft.au=Britto%2C+F.&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.volume=64&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414796&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">* Zvelebil, Kamil. 1973. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthworth1998">Southworth 1998</a>, pp. 129–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>, p. ix–xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1980" class="citation">Subramanian, S.V (1980), <i>Heritage of Tamils; Language and Grammar</i>, International Institute of Tamil Studies, pp. 7–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=S.V&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+Tamils%3B+Language+and+Grammar&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=7-12&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:7048.tamillex"><i>Tamil lexicon</i></a>, Madras: University of Madras, pp. 1924–36<span class="reference-accessdate">, consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.btitle=Tamil+lexicon&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1924-36&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.5%3A1%3A7048.tamillex&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_inativa" title="Wikipédia:Ligação inativa"><i>[ligação inativa]</i></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehmann, Thomas. Old Tamil. 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sadasivan, M. P. (13 de janeiro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title=നന്നൂല്‍">«നന്നൂല്‍» [Nannūl]</a> (em malaiala). <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Institute_of_Encyclopaedic_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications (página não existe)">State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 20 de agosto de 2014</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820221313/http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D">Cópia arquivada em 20 de agosto de 2014</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=M.+P.&rft.aulast=Sadasivan&rft.btitle=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%26%23x200D%3B&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=State+Institute+of+Encyclopaedic+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmal.sarva.gov.in%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%26%23x200D%3B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Keane, Elinor (janeiro de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/tamil/5BE3F9D1C8291CDA6B3610F0E1079C02">«Tamil»</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i> (em inglês) (1): 111–116. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502">1475-3502</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001549">10.1017/S0025100304001549</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 21 de abril de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Tamil&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.date=2004-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1475-3502&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=111-116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Ftamil%2F5BE3F9D1C8291CDA6B3610F0E1079C02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001549&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-5">f</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-6">g</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-7">h</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-8">i</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-9">j</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-10">k</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-11">l</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-12">m</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">F., Schiffman, Harold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/70844540"><i>A reference grammar of spoken Tamil</i></a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70844540">70844540</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Schiffman%2C+Harold&rft.aulast=F.&rft.btitle=A+reference+grammar+of+spoken+Tamil&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70844540&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70844540&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steever, Sanford B. (1996). Bright, William; Daniels, Peter T., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31969720"><i>The world's writing systems</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31969720">31969720</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Sanford+B.&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+writing+systems&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=428&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31969720&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31969720&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-4">e</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-5">f</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Tamil.html">«Tamil»</a>. <i>www.languagesgulper.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 23 de abril de 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Tamil&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FTamil.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_27-4">e</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lehman, Thomas (1993). <i>A grammar of Modern Tamil</i>. [S.l.: s.n.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Modern+Tamil&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=39" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;">O <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil+language&uselang=pt">Língua tâmil</a></span></b></div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;"><i><b><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ta:">Edição em Língua tâmil</a></b></i> da <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia">Wikipédia</a></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tamil">Wikibooks: Tamil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/survival-phrases-in-tamil/">Survival Phrases in Tamil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~d53/">Kostenloses Lernmaterial</a> – Homepage des Tamil-Lektors der Universität Heidelberg, Dr. Thomas Lehmann</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/">Institut für Indologie und Tamilistik Köln</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Línguas_Nacionais_da_Índia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:L%C3%ADnguas_Nacionais_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Predefinição:Línguas Nacionais da Índia"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:L%C3%ADnguas_Nacionais_da_%C3%8Dndia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Línguas Nacionais da Índia (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:L%C3%ADnguas_Nacionais_da_%C3%8Dndia&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Línguas_Nacionais_da_Índia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_l%C3%ADnguas_nacionais_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Lista de línguas nacionais da Índia">Línguas Nacionais da</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oficiais do Governo Indiano</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi" title="Língua hindi">Hindi</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa" title="Língua inglesa">Inglês</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconhecidas pelo governo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_assamesa" title="Língua assamesa">Assamês</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bengali" title="Língua bengali">Bengali</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bodo" title="Língua bodo">Bodo</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_canar%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua canará">Canará</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_caxemira" title="Língua caxemira">Caxemira</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_concani" title="Língua concani">Concani</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_dogri" title="Língua dogri">Dogri</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_guzerate" title="Língua guzerate">Guzerate</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Maithili" class="mw-redirect" title="Maithili">Maithili</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_malaiala" title="Língua malaiala">Malaiala</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_manipuri" title="Língua manipuri">Manipuri</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_marata" title="Língua marata">Marata</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali">Nepali</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Ori%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriá">Oriá</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi">Punjabi</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito" title="Sânscrito">Sânscrito</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_santali" title="Língua santali">Santali</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_sindi" title="Língua sindi">Sindi</a>  •  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tâmil</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_telugo" title="Língua telugo">Telugo</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_urdu" title="Língua urdu">Urdu</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Principais alfabetos: <a href="/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari">Devanágari</a> <i>(usado pela maioria das línguas)</i>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe" title="Alfabeto árabe">Alfabeto árabe</a> <i>(usado pelo urdu)</i>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino">Alfabeto latino</a> <i>(usado pelo inglês)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; 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