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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon 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href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-西汉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西汉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>西汉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西汉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-隋唐：职任渐轻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#隋唐：职任渐轻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>隋唐：职任渐轻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-隋唐：职任渐轻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>民國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">刺史</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。5种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" title="刺史 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="刺史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%82%AC_(%EA%B4%80%EC%A7%81)" title="자사 (관직) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자사 (관직)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Thứ sử – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thứ sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" title="刺史 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刺史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" title="刺史 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="刺史" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2585060#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="关于此页面的讨论（页面不存在）[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>刺史</b>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98" title="中国古代职官">中国古代職官</a>名，本為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" title="御史">御史</a>的一種，始于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉代</a>，东汉末年三国时期又有<b>州牧</b>一职与之类似。其等级和职权范围随朝代不同而多有变迁，但经常是各地方重要官员。“刺”是检核问事的意思，即监察之职。「史」為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" title="御史">御史</a>」之意。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="西汉"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E6.B1.89"></span>西汉</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：西汉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>秦朝时设有御史负责监察，称<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E5%AF%9F%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="监察御史">监察御史</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>汉文帝时又以御史多失职，下令丞相派员出刺各郡国，以巡按地方，号称“刺御史”，简称“刺史”，但非专职。 </p><p>汉武帝将全国地方划分为13个监察区，是为冀、兖、豫、青、徐、幽、并、凉、荆、扬、益、朔方、交趾共13州（京畿附近7郡为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%9A%B6%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="司隶校尉部">司隶校尉部</a>作为一个单独的监察区）。每州派遣一名刺史，每年8月巡行所在的州，监察地方官员和地主豪強，年末至京师向御史中丞禀报<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此时的刺史为监察官，秩六百石，较郡守的秩比二千石为低。而此时的州也仅是监察区，并不是地方行政区，而且刺史也沒有固定的辦公地點。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%88%90%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢成帝">漢成帝</a>时，改刺史为<b>州牧</b>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D" title="汉哀帝">汉哀帝</a>初，改归旧制，不久复称为州牧。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%8E%BD" title="王莽">王莽</a>时期将十三州改为九州，刺史改称州牧，职权有所扩大。王莽執政晚年，地方多暴動，地皇元年二月，“莽见四方盗贼多，复欲压之，赐诸州牧号为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D_(%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E)" title="大將軍 (東亞)">大将军</a>。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）"><span id=".E4.B8.9C.E6.BC.A2.EF.BC.9A.E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E6.AC.8A.E5.85.BC.E5.85.B7.EF.BC.88.E6.BC.B8.E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E7.82.BA.E5.85.A8.E6.AC.8A.E5.B7.9E.E9.95.B7.E5.AE.98.EF.BC.89"></span>东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：东漢：軍事行政權兼具（漸演化為全權州長官）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89" title="东汉">东汉</a>初年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E5%A5%B4" title="匈奴">匈奴</a>南侵，省<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%94%E6%96%B9%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2%E9%83%A8" title="朔方刺史部">朔方刺史部</a>入并州。同时，加重刺史职权，如岁终刺史本人不必到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="京师">京师</a>奏事，可由属下替代，因此刺史在地方有了固定的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="治所">治所</a>；职权不限於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E5%AF%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="監察">监察</a>，还有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%9C%E9%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黜陟（页面不存在）">黜陟</a>之权，以及兵权，可帶兵镇压叛乱<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，有時朝廷會派遣使者監督刺史領兵作戰<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，刺史逐步成为<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1%E5%AE%88" class="mw-redirect" title="郡守">郡守</a>的上司。但毕竟刺史治官不治民，不参与地方行政，所以州仍属於监察区，不算是地方一级行政机构。 </p><p>东汉末年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%BE%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黄巾起义">黄巾起义</a>，四方多事。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7" title="朝廷">朝廷</a>为有效镇压<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%BE%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="黄巾军">黄巾军</a>，遂接受<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E7%84%89_(%E7%9B%8A%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%A7)" class="mw-redirect" title="刘焉 (益州牧)">刘焉</a>的建议提升部分刺史称为州牧，同时赋予民政和军政权力。刺史、州牧遂集<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="民政">民政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="军政">军政</a>、监察大权於一身，可全力镇压黄巾军，史称“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%A7%E5%87%BA%E9%95%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="州牧出镇（页面不存在）">州牧出镇</a>”，州牧一職甚至可以世襲，而非由朝廷決定繼任之人，州也由监察区逐渐变成了行政区，地方行政制度由郡县二级制度变成州郡县三级制。而董卓專權，使各地握有兵權的刺史、太守紛紛起兵造反。这一时期的軍閥如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%93%8D" title="曹操">曹操</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%A4%87" title="刘备">刘备</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%9D%83" title="孙权">孙权</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E7%BB%8D" title="袁绍">袁绍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E6%9C%AF" title="袁术">袁术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E8%B0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="陶谦">陶谦</a>、刘焉、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E8%A1%A8" title="刘表">刘表</a>等都曾先后担任州牧。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具"><span id=".E9.AD.8F.E6.99.8B.E5.8D.97.E5.8C.97.E6.9C.9D.EF.BC.9A.E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E6.AC.8A.E5.85.BC.E5.85.B7"></span>魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：魏晋南北朝：軍事行政權兼具"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="曹魏刺史列表">曹魏刺史列表</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晋南北朝</a>，以刺史领州，多带<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E6%8C%81%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="使持节">使持节</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="持节">持节</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="假節">假节</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="都督">都督诸军事</a>衔。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" title="隋文帝">隋文帝</a>废郡，以州领县，则刺史与前代<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%88" title="太守">太守</a>无异。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="隋唐：职任渐轻"><span id=".E9.9A.8B.E5.94.90.EF.BC.9A.E8.81.8C.E4.BB.BB.E6.B8.90.E8.BD.BB"></span>隋唐：职任渐轻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：隋唐：职任渐轻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E7%82%80%E5%B8%9D" title="隋炀帝">隋炀帝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗">唐玄宗</a>都曾经废州改郡<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不久仍其旧<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%89%87%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="武則天">武則天</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%88_(%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8)" title="天授 (武周)">天授</a>二年（691年）<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E7%9F%A5%E5%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="劉知幾">劉知幾</a>上疏：“臣望自今已後，刺史非三歲已上，不可遷官<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。”天寶十一載有詔曰：「今後刺史犯贓，宜加常式一等<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。」 </p><p>唐朝時刺史<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BB%81%E6%9D%B0" title="狄仁杰">狄仁杰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E8%A3%95" title="李德裕">李德裕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%99%AF%E9%AA%8F" title="韦景骏">韦景骏</a>治民森嚴，多禁毁各地<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AB%E7%A5%A0" title="淫祠">淫祠</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，又如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%AD%A3%E8%B4%AF" title="韦正贯">韦正贯</a>任岭南节度使時，“南方风俗右鬼，正贯毁淫祠，教民毋妄祈。”<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%A0%94" title="于頔">于頔</a>任<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="苏州">苏州</a>刺史，“<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="吴">吴</a>俗事鬼，頔疾其淫祀废生业，神宇皆撤去，唯<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%AA%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="吳太伯">吴太伯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%93%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="伍員">伍员</a>等三数庙存焉。”<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E6%B9%9B_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王湛 (唐朝)（页面不存在）">王湛</a>任冀州刺史：“冀州境内，旧多淫祀，褰帷按部，申明法禁。”此時刺史尚有權力。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E5%94%90" class="mw-redirect" title="晚唐">晚唐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="五代">五代</a>时，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="节度使">节度使</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF" title="觀察使">观察使</a>所领诸州不得径自奏事上计，节度使甚至自署刺史，导致刺史职任渐轻。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱"><span id=".E5.AE.8B.E4.BB.A3.E4.BB.A5.E5.BE.8C.EF.BC.9A.E8.99.9B.E9.8A.9C.E3.80.81.E9.9B.85.E7.A8.B1"></span>宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：宋代以後：虛銜、雅稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>一般以朝臣充<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="知州">知州</a>，刺史遂成专供武臣、宗室、內侍等加官和階官，為正任六等武階官之末，從五品。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="明">明</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="清">清</a>，刺史或州牧成為對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="知州">知州</a>的雅稱。 </p><p>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%9F%A5%E5%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="日知录">日知录</a>》總結：“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="汉代">汉</a>之刺史，犹今之<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%8C%89%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="巡按御史">巡按御史</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魏晋">魏晋</a>以下之刺史，犹今之<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3" title="总督">总督</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a>以后之刺史，犹今之<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%BA%9C" title="知府">知府</a>、及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="直隶州">直隶</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="知州">知州</a>也。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民國"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E5.9C.8B"></span>民國</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：民國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民國5年（1916年）貴州省撤銷各道道尹，改設東、西、中3路刺史<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" title="御史">御史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E6%8C%89%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="巡按御史">巡按御史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%88" title="太守">太守</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E5%AE%98" title="职官">职官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%A4%E8%BB%8D" title="探馬赤軍">探馬赤軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E9%B2%81%E8%8A%B1%E8%B5%A4" title="达鲁花赤">达鲁花赤</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《史记》卷五十三《萧相国世家》，《集解》苏林曰：“秦时无刺史，以御史监郡。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《漢書》卷六《武帝纪》载：“（元封五年）初置刺史部十三州。”<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E5%B8%AB%E5%8F%A4" title="顏師古">顏师古</a>曰：“《漢儀》云：初分十三州，假刺史印绶，有常治所。常以秋分行部，御史为驾四封乘传。到所部，郡国各遣一吏迎之界上，所察六條。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 书名: 《高敏先生八十华诞纪念文集》作者: 郑州大学历史学院编当前第:142页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·安帝纪》：是岁，永昌、益州蜀郡夷叛，与越雟夷杀长吏，燔城邑，益州刺史张乔讨破降之......建光元年春正月，幽州刺史冯焕率二郡太守讨高句骊、秽貊。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·桓帝纪》：白马羌寇广汉属国，杀长吏，益州刺史率板楯蛮讨破之。......荆州刺史度尚讨长沙蛮......犍为属国夷寇钞百姓，益州刺史山昱击破之......荆州刺史度尚击零陵、桂阳盗贼及蛮夷。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《后汉书·南蠻西南夷列傳》：交址刺史樊演发交址、九真二郡兵万余人救之。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《後漢書》卷38：又遣谒者马睦，督荆州刺史刘度击之，军败，睦、度奔走。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《通典·职官典十五》云：“天宝元年，改州为郡，刺史为太守。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《旧唐书·地理志四》云：“〔端州〕天宝元年（742），为高要郡。乾元元年（758），复为端州。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BC%9A%E8%A6%81" title="唐会要">唐會要</a>》卷六十八〈刺史上〉</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《唐會要》卷68〈刺史上〉，頁1201。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《舊唐書》卷89〈狄仁傑〉，頁2887：「充江南巡撫使，吳、楚之俗多淫祠，仁傑奏毀一千七百所，唯留夏禹、吳太伯、季札、伍員四祠。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《貴州省志民政志》肖先治總纂，貴州省地方志編纂委員會編；楊序順（卷）主編；1997年</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585060" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2585060"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%98%8E%E5%80%AB%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E5%AE%98%E5%B8%B8%E5%85%B8/%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%A7%E9%83%A8#刺史" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/明倫彙編/官常典/州牧部">欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·官常典·州牧部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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