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id="toc-Wireless_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_multicast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_multicast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Secure multicast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_multicast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliable_multicast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliable_multicast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reliable multicast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliable_multicast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multicast-based_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multicast-based_protocols"> <div 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</button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CastGate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CastGate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>CastGate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CastGate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Commercial deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IP_multicast_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_multicast_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>IP multicast software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP_multicast_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidifusi%C3%B3_IP" title="Multidifusió IP – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Multidifusió IP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IP multicast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Multicast" title="IP-Multicast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IP-Multicast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multicast" title="IP Multicast – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IP Multicast" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IP multicast" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="IPマルチキャスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" 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item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagrams</a> to a group of interested receivers in a single transmission. It is the IP-specific form of <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> and is used for <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> and other network applications. It uses specially reserved <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address" title="Multicast address">multicast address</a> blocks in <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>. </p><p>Protocols associated with IP multicast include <a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">Internet Group Management Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicast_VLAN_Registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast VLAN Registration">Multicast VLAN Registration</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGMP_snooping" title="IGMP snooping">IGMP snooping</a> is used to manage IP multicast traffic on <a href="/wiki/Layer-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer-2">layer-2</a> networks. </p><p>IP multicast is described in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1112">1112</a>. IP multicast was first standardized in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its specifications have been augmented in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4604">4604</a> to include group management and in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5771">5771</a> to include administratively scoped addresses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_description">Technical description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IP multicast is a technique for <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">one-to-many</a> and <a href="/wiki/Many-to-many" title="Many-to-many">many-to-many</a> real-time communication over an IP infrastructure in a network. It scales to a larger receiver population by requiring neither prior knowledge of a receiver's identity nor prior knowledge of the number of receivers. Multicast uses network infrastructure efficiently by requiring the source to send a packet only once, even if it needs to be delivered to a large number of receivers. The nodes in the network (typically <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>) take care of replicating the packet to reach multiple receivers such that messages are sent over each link of the network only once. </p><p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport layer</a> protocol to use multicast addressing is <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP). By its nature, UDP is not reliable—messages may be lost or delivered out of order. <a href="/wiki/Reliable_multicast" title="Reliable multicast">Reliable multicast</a> protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_General_Multicast" title="Pragmatic General Multicast">Pragmatic General Multicast</a> (PGM) have been developed to add loss detection and retransmission on top of IP multicast. </p><p>Key concepts in IP multicast include an IP multicast group address,<sup id="cite_ref-RFC_5771_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFC_5771-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a multicast distribution tree and receiver-driven tree creation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An IP multicast group address is used by sources and receivers to send and receive multicast messages. Sources use the group address as the IP destination address in their data packets. Receivers use this group address to inform the network that they are interested in receiving packets sent to that group. For example, if some content is associated with group <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">239.1.1.1</span></span></i>, the source will send data packets destined to <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">239.1.1.1</span></span></i>. Receivers for that content will inform the network that they are interested in receiving data packets sent to the group <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">239.1.1.1</span></span></i>. The receiver <i>joins</i> <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">239.1.1.1</span></span></i>. The protocol typically used by receivers to join a group is called the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">Internet Group Management Protocol</a> (IGMP).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With routing protocols based on shared trees, once the receivers join a particular IP multicast group, a multicast distribution tree is constructed for that group. The protocol most widely used for this is <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> (PIM). It sets up multicast distribution trees such that data packets from senders to a multicast group reach all receivers which have joined the group. There are variations of PIM implementations: <a href="/wiki/Sparse_multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparse multicast">Sparse Mode</a> (SM), <a href="/wiki/Dense_multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dense multicast">Dense Mode</a> (DM), <a href="/wiki/Source-specific_multicast" title="Source-specific multicast">source-specific multicast</a> (SSM) and Bidirectional Mode (Bidir, or Sparse-Dense Mode, SDM). Of these, PIM-SM is the most widely deployed as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> SSM and Bidir are simpler and scalable variations developed more recently and are gaining in popularity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IP multicast operation does not require an active source to know about the receivers of the group. The multicast tree construction is receiver driven and is initiated by network nodes that are close to the receivers. IP multicast scales to a large receiver population. The IP multicast model has been described by Internet architect <a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">Dave Clark</a> as, "You put packets in at one end, and the network conspires to deliver them to anyone who asks."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IP multicast creates state information per multicast distribution tree in the network. If a router is part of 1000 multicast trees, it has 1000 multicast routing and forwarding entries. On the other hand, a multicast router does not need to know how to reach all other multicast trees in the Internet. It only needs to know about multicast trees for which it has downstream receivers. This is key to scaling multicast-addressed services. In contrast, a unicast router needs to know how to reach all other unicast addresses in the Internet, even if it does this using just a default route. For this reason, aggregation is key to scaling unicast routing. Also, there are core routers that carry routes in the hundreds of thousands because they contain the Internet routing table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routing">Routing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Routing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each host that wants to be a receiving member of a multicast group (i.e. receive data corresponding to a particular multicast address) must use IGMP to join. Adjacent routers also use this protocol to communicate. </p><p>In unicast routing, each router examines the destination address of an incoming packet and looks up the destination in a table to determine which interface to use in order for that packet to get closer to its destination. The source address is irrelevant to the router. However, in multicast routing, the source address (which is a simple unicast address) is used to determine data stream direction. The source of the multicast traffic is considered upstream. The router determines which downstream interfaces are destinations for this multicast group (the destination address), and sends the packet out through the appropriate interfaces. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Reverse-path_forwarding" title="Reverse-path forwarding">reverse-path forwarding</a></i> is used to describe this concept of routing packets away from the source, rather than towards the destination. </p><p>A number of errors can happen if packets intended for unicast are accidentally sent to a multicast address; in particular, sending ICMP packets to a multicast address has been used in the context of <a href="/wiki/DoS_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="DoS attacks">DoS attacks</a> as a way of achieving packet amplification. </p><p>On the local network, multicast delivery is controlled by IGMP (on <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> network) and <a href="/wiki/Multicast_Listener_Discovery" title="Multicast Listener Discovery">MLD</a> (on <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> network); inside a <a href="/wiki/Routing_domain" title="Routing domain">routing domain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">PIM</a> or <a href="/wiki/MOSPF" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSPF">MOSPF</a> are used; between routing domains, one uses inter-domain multicast routing protocols, such as <a href="/wiki/MBGP" class="mw-redirect" title="MBGP">MBGP</a>. </p><p>The following are some common delivery and routing protocols used for multicast distribution: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">Internet Group Management Protocol</a> (IGMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> (PIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_Vector_Multicast_Routing_Protocol" title="Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol">Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol</a> (DVMRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicast_Open_Shortest_Path_First" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast Open Shortest Path First">Multicast Open Shortest Path First</a> (MOSPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicast_BGP" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast BGP">Multicast BGP</a> (MBGP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicast_Source_Discovery_Protocol" title="Multicast Source Discovery Protocol">Multicast Source Discovery Protocol</a> (MSDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicast_Listener_Discovery" title="Multicast Listener Discovery">Multicast Listener Discovery</a> (MLD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GARP_Multicast_Registration_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="GARP Multicast Registration Protocol">GARP Multicast Registration Protocol</a> (GMRP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layer_2_delivery">Layer 2 delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Layer 2 delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unicast packets are delivered to a specific recipient on an Ethernet or IEEE 802.3 subnet by setting a specific layer 2 <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> on the Ethernet packet address. Broadcast packets make use of the broadcast MAC address <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF</i></span></span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> multicast packets are delivered using the Ethernet MAC address range <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>01:00:5E:00:00:00</i></span></span> through <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>01:00:5E:7F:FF:FF</i></span></span> (with an <a href="/wiki/Organizationally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizationally Unique Identifier">OUI</a> owned by the <a href="/wiki/IANA" class="mw-redirect" title="IANA">IANA</a>). This range has 23 bits of available address space. The first octet (01) includes the broadcast/multicast bit. The lower 23 bits of the 28-bit multicast IP address are mapped into the 23 bits of available Ethernet address space. This means that there is ambiguity in delivering packets. If two hosts on the same subnet each subscribe to a different multicast group whose address differs only in the first 5 bits, Ethernet packets for both multicast groups will be delivered to both hosts, requiring the network software in the hosts to discard the unrequired packets.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1112_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1112-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/IPv6_address#Multicast_addresses" title="IPv6 address">IPv6 multicast addresses</a>, the Ethernet MAC is derived by the four low-order octets OR'ed with the MAC <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>33:33:00:00:00:00</i></span></span>, so for example the IPv6 address <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">ff02:dead:beef::1:3</span></span></i> would map to the Ethernet MAC address <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>33:33:00:01:00:03</i></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2464_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2464-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a switch does not understand multicast addresses then it will flood that traffic to all the members of a LAN; in this case, the system's network card (or operating system) has to filter the packets sent to multicast groups they are not subscribed to. </p><p>There are switches that listen to IGMP traffic and maintain a state table of which network systems are subscribed to a given multicast group. This table is then used to forward traffic destined to a given group only to a limited set of hosts (ports). This process of listening to the IGMP traffic is called <a href="/wiki/IGMP_snooping" title="IGMP snooping">IGMP snooping</a>. </p><p>Additionally, some switches with layer 3 capabilities can act as an IGMP querier. In networks where there is no router present to act as a multicast router, a switch with IGMP snooping querier enabled can be used to generate the needed IGMP messages to get users to subscribe to multicast traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_considerations">Wireless considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wireless considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11">802.11</a> wireless networking uses the same range of MAC addresses as wired Ethernet to map IP multicast addresses. However, an 802.11 wireless network handles multicast traffic differently, depending on the configuration of <a href="/wiki/Delivery_traffic_indication_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Delivery traffic indication message">delivery traffic indication message</a> (DTIM), and <a href="/wiki/Beacon_frame" title="Beacon frame">beacon interval</a> settings. If no stations within the <a href="/wiki/Basic_service_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic service set">basic service set</a> are in power save mode, multicast packets are sent immediately when they arrive. If there are one or more stations in power save mode, access points then only deliver multicast traffic after each DTIM interval and transmit at one of the supported rates in the basic rate set. In most wireless access points, default configuration for this interval is either 102.4 ms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Beacon interval = 100ms, DTIM = 1) or 204.8 ms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Beacon interval = 100ms, DTIM = 2) and the transmit rate is either <span class="nowrap">1 Mbit/s</span> or <span class="nowrap">6 Mbit/s</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, depending on the operating band and protection mode. The DTIM and beacon interval settings can be adjusted to improve multicast performance in wireless networks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Ethernet, most traffic in 802.11 is sent reliably using ACKs and NACKs so that radio interference doesn't cause unbearably high packet loss. However, multicast packets are sent once and are not acknowledged, so they are subject to much higher loss rates. There are various methods for coping with this, such as choosing to unicast multicast data repeatedly to each client, or requesting ACKs from each client.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some methods require only modification on the access point, and are supported in some enterprise-class devices, while other improvements would require modifications to clients, and therefore have not seen widespread adoption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secure_multicast">Secure multicast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secure multicast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IP multicast is an internet communication method where a single data packet can be transmitted from a sender and replicated to a set of receivers. The replication techniques are somewhat dependent upon the media used to transmit the data. Transmission of multicast on an inherent broadcast media such as Ethernet or a satellite link automatically allows the data packet to be received by all the receivers directly attached to the media. In contrast, transmission of multicast on media that is point-to-point or point-to-multipoint requires the packet to be replicated for each link. The replication process should occur in an optimal manner where a distribution tree is built within the network. The packet can be replicated at each of the branches in the tree. This mitigates the requirement for the sender to replicate the packet once for each recipient. </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a> as a communication link requires a point-to-point connection establishment. Usually, the security is required from sender to receiver which implies the sender must replicate the packet on each of the secure connections - one for each receiver. As the number of receivers grows, the sender must scale by replicating the packet to each of the receivers. The processing load placed on the sender can be high which limits the scalability of the sender. A new method was required to securely transmit multicast and this was referred to as Secure Multicast or Multicast Security. </p><p>The Internet Engineering Task Force (<a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>) created a new Internet Protocol (IP) to securely transmit multicast traffic across a packet network. The protocol definition was developed in the Multicast Security Workgroup and led to several Request for Comments (RFC) that are now used as standards for securing IP multicast traffic. The protocol allowed a sender to encrypt the multicast packet and forward it into the packet network on the optimal distribution tree. The packet may be replicated at the optimal locations in the network and delivered to all the receivers. The receivers are capable of decrypting the packet and forwarding the packet in the secure network environment. The sender of a multicast packet does not know the potential receivers; therefore, the creation of pair-wise encryption keys (one for each receiver) is impossible. The sender must encrypt packets using a shared key that all the legitimate receivers use to decrypt the packets. The security of the system is based on the ability to control the distribution of the keys only to those legitimate receivers. For this, the IETF created the <a href="/wiki/Group_Domain_of_Interpretation" title="Group Domain of Interpretation">Group Domain of Interpretation</a> (GDOI) protocol defined in RFC 6407. The protocol allows the sender and receiver to join a key server where policies and keys are encrypted and distributed to the members of the secure multicast group. The key server can authenticate and authorize senders and receivers into a specific group where the shared key is used to encrypt and decrypt traffic between members of the group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliable_multicast">Reliable multicast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reliable multicast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reliable_multicast" title="Reliable multicast">Reliable multicast</a></div> <p>Multicast, by its very nature, is not a connection-oriented mechanism, so protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, which allows for retransmission of missing packets, are not appropriate. For applications such as streaming audio and video, the occasional dropped packet is not a problem. But for distribution of critical data, a mechanism is required for requesting retransmission. </p><p>One such scheme, proposed by Cisco, is PGM (originally Pretty Good Multicasting, but changed for trademark reasons to <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_General_Multicast" title="Pragmatic General Multicast">Pragmatic General Multicast</a>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> documented in RFC 3208. In this scheme, multicast packets have sequence numbers and when a packet is missed a recipient can request that the packet be re-multicast with other members of the Multicast group ignoring the replacement data if not needed. An expanded version, PGM-CC, has attempted to make IP Multicasting more "TCP friendly" by stepping the entire group down to the bandwidth available by the worst receiver. </p><p>Two other schemes documented by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) are: the standards-track protocol <a href="/wiki/NACK-Oriented_Reliable_Multicast" title="NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast">NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast</a> (NORM), documented in RFC 5740 and RFC 5401, and the protocol <a href="/w/index.php?title=File_Delivery_over_Unidirectional_Transport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (page does not exist)">File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport</a> (FLUTE), documented in RFC 6726. Open-source, in addition to proprietary, implementations exist for these. Other such protocols exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Reliable_Multicast" title="Scalable Reliable Multicast">Scalable Reliable Multicast</a>, and are defined by a variety of sources. Such protocols vary in the means of error detection, the mechanisms used in error recovery, the scalability of such recovery and the underlying ideas involved in what it means to be reliable. A list of reliable multicast protocols from the ACM SIGCOMM Multicast Workshop, August 27, 1996, documents a number of approaches to the problem. </p><p>Independent groups like the Internet Protocol Multicast Standards Initiative (IPMSI) have claimed that the lack of a truly scalable Secure Reliable IP Multicast protocol like the proposed <a href="/wiki/SMART_Multicast" title="SMART Multicast">Secure Multicast for Advanced Repeating of Television (SMART)</a> have hampered the adoption of IP Multicast in inter-domain routing. The lack of a widely adopted system that has AES-level security and scalable reliability have kept mass media transmissions of sporting events (like the Super Bowl) and/or breaking news events from being transmitted on the Public Internet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Reliable IP Multicasting protocols, such as PGM and SMART, are experimental; the only standards-track protocol is NORM (the standards-track revision of RFC 3941 is specified in RFC 5401, the standards-track revision of RFC 3940 is specified in RFC 5740). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multicast-based_protocols">Multicast-based protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multicast-based protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since multicast is a different transmission mode from unicast, only protocols designed for multicast can be sensibly used with multicast. Most of the existing application protocols that use multicast run on top of the <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP). </p><p>In many applications, the <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) is used for framing of multimedia content over multicast; the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">Resource Reservation Protocol</a> (RSVP) may be used for bandwidth reservation in a network supporting multicast distribution. <a href="/wiki/Multicast_DNS" title="Multicast DNS">Multicast DNS</a> (mDNS) can be used to resolve domain or host names without a dedicated DNS server by using multicast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment">Deployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IP multicast is widely deployed in enterprises, commercial <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchanges</a>, and multimedia content delivery networks. A common enterprise use of IP multicast is for <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> applications such as live television distribution and televised company meetings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the hospitality industry IP multicast has become common for <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> distribution in hotels, and in the retail sector IP multicast is now widely used for TV distribution and video advertising applications. </p><p>Pay-TV operators and some educational institutions with significant on-campus student housing have deployed IP multicast to deliver one-way <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> such as high-speed video to large groups of receivers. Additionally, there have been some uses of audio and video conferencing using multicast technologies. These are far less prevalent and are most often relegated to research and education institutions, which often have a greater degree of network capacity to handle the demands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some technical conferences and meetings are transmitted using IP multicast. Until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2010)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> many of the sessions at the IETF meetings were delivered using multicast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another use of multicast within campus and commercial networks is for file distribution, particularly to deliver operating system images and updates to remote hosts. The key advantage of multicast boot images over unicasting boot images is significantly lower network bandwidth usage. </p><p>IP multicast has also seen deployment within the financial sector for applications such as <a href="/wiki/Stock_ticker" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock ticker">stock tickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoot-n-holler" title="Hoot-n-holler">hoot-n-holler</a> systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The large <a href="/wiki/State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">state</a> requirements in routers make applications using a large number of trees unable to work while using IP multicast. Take <a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">presence information</a> as an example where each person needs to keep at least one tree of its subscribers, if not several. No mechanism has yet been demonstrated that would allow the IP multicast model to scale to millions of senders and millions of multicast groups and, thus, it is not yet possible to make fully general multicast applications practical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>RFC 3170 (<i>IP Multicast Applications: Challenges & Solutions</i>) provides an overview of deployment issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IP multicasting was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">Steve Deering</a> while at Stanford University for which he received the IEEE Internet Award.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MBONE" class="mw-redirect" title="MBONE">MBONE</a> was a long-running experimental approach to enabling multicast between sites through the use of tunnels. While the MBONE is no longer operational, there is renewed interest in tunneling multicast traffic once again in order to make the service available to a wide array of end users. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CastGate">CastGate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CastGate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>CastGate</i> was an attempt from the ETRO-TELE research group at the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> to adopt IP multicast on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-slides_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slides-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although multicast would have allowed an Internet user to receive <a href="/wiki/Rich_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich media">rich media</a> and other content without placing a high burden on the net, it was still unavailable to most Internet users. The CastGate project tried to fix this by allowing end users to connect through an automatically configured <a href="/wiki/IP_tunnel" title="IP tunnel">IP tunnel</a> over networks that did not natively support IP multicast. The idea was that if more users had multicast capability, more content providers would see the benefit of streaming content over multicast. The hope was if enough content providers and users used this service, then more <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> would enable IP multicast natively to their customers.<sup id="cite_ref-slides_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slides-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CastGate supplied a software client for both <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> to connect to the CastGate tunnel network. It also supplied tools to add tunnel servers and tools to receive <a href="/wiki/Session_Announcement_Protocol" title="Session Announcement Protocol">Session Announcement Protocol</a> announcements from the multicast network with video and audio streams.<sup id="cite_ref-castegate_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castegate-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project maintained a web site through 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-castegate_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castegate-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_deployment">Commercial deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commercial deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> began encouraging UK-based <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> to adopt multicast-addressable services in their networks by providing BBC Radio at higher quality<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than is available via their <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a>-addressed services. This has also been supported by a variety of commercial radio networks, including <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/GCap_Media" title="GCap Media">GCap Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="EMAP">EMAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio" title="Virgin Radio">Virgin Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcrd_mc_radio_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcrd_mc_radio-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German public-service broadcasters <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-German" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German">Franco-German</a> network <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> offer their TV program multicasted on several networks. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Internet service provider <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekom Austria">Telekom Austria</a> offers its <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL) customers a TV set-top box that uses multicast addressing in receiving TV and radio broadcasts. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, T-Home, a brand of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, offers a similar service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP_multicast_software">IP multicast software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: IP multicast software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108230830/http://mediatools.cs.ucl.ac.uk/nets/mmedia/"><i>Media Tools Repository</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>: UCL, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediatools.cs.ucl.ac.uk/nets/mmedia/">the original</a> on 2007-01-08</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Tools+Repository&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=UCL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediatools.cs.ucl.ac.uk%2Fnets%2Fmmedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – a collection of tools for the <a href="/wiki/MBone" class="mw-redirect" title="MBone">MBone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoLAN" title="VideoLAN">VideoLAN</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> multicasted video streaming <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513211127/http://www.xorp.org/"><i>Xorp</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xorp.org/">the original</a> on 2011-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xorp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xorp.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> router with multicast (IGMP, PIM) support</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/troglobit/smcroute"><i>Smcroute</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smcroute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftroglobit%2Fsmcroute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – a simple tool to manipulate multicast routes on the Linux kernel</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126235623/http://www.venaas.no/multicast/ssmping/"><i>SSM-ping</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">NO</a>: Venås, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venaas.no/multicast/ssmping/">the original</a> on 2007-11-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SSM-ping&rft.place=NO&rft.pub=Ven%C3%A5s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venaas.no%2Fmulticast%2Fssmping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – tool to test multicast connectivity</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbert" class="citation cs2">Wilbert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826161743/http://www.kloosterhof.com/~wilbert/igmpv3.html"><i>IGMP v3</i></a>, Kloosterhof, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kloosterhof.com/~wilbert/igmpv3.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IGMP+v3&rft.pub=Kloosterhof&rft.au=Wilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kloosterhof.com%2F~wilbert%2Figmpv3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – host implementation of IGMPv3 on FreeBSD</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130130204742/http://labs.oracle.com/techrep/1998/abstract-68.html"><i>Java Reliable Multicast Service</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labs.oracle.com/techrep/1998/abstract-68.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Reliable+Multicast+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flabs.oracle.com%2Ftechrep%2F1998%2Fabstract-68.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> - libraries and services for building multicast-aware applications</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224133547/http://netweb.usc.edu/pim/"><i>PIM implementation</i></a>, USC, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netweb.usc.edu/pim/">the original</a> on 2007-12-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PIM+implementation&rft.pub=USC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetweb.usc.edu%2Fpim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – an implementation of the PIM protocol, now obsolete</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nongnu.org/qpimd/"><i>qpimd – PIM Daemon for Quagga</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=qpimd+%E2%80%93+PIM+Daemon+for+Quagga&rft.pub=GNU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nongnu.org%2Fqpimd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> — <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">PIM</a> module for the <a href="/wiki/Quagga_(software)" title="Quagga (software)">Quagga Routing Suite</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909152315/http://www.nexthop.com/products/gated.html"><i>GateD</i></a>, Next hop, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nexthop.com/products/gated.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GateD&rft.pub=Next+hop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexthop.com%2Fproducts%2Fgated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – Unix implementation of routing protocols, including multicast</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015124705/http://antc.uoregon.edu/GATED/"><i>PIM-DM code for GateD</i></a>, University of Oregon, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antc.uoregon.edu/GATED/">the original</a> on 2007-10-15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PIM-DM+code+for+GateD&rft.pub=University+of+Oregon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antc.uoregon.edu%2FGATED%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007170136/http://cs.itd.nrl.navy.mil/work/norm/"><i>NORM</i></a>, NRL, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.itd.nrl.navy.mil/work/norm/">the original</a> on 2008-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NORM&rft.pub=NRL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.itd.nrl.navy.mil%2Fwork%2Fnorm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – Nack-Oriented Reliable Multicast from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, with an open source C++ implementation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unfix.org/projects/ecmh/"><i>ecmh (Easy Cast du Multi Hub)</i></a>, Unfix</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ecmh+%28Easy+Cast+du+Multi+Hub%29&rft.pub=Unfix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funfix.org%2Fprojects%2Fecmh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – IPv6 Multicast Daemon, allows IPv6 multicast to be used without the need for PIM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRD6" class="mw-redirect" title="MRD6">MRD6</a> – IPv6 multicast routing daemon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFTP" title="UFTP">UFTP</a> – encrypted UDP based FTP with multicast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_framework" title="Multimedia framework">multimedia framework</a> that supports multicast video streaming</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mcproxy/mcproxy"><i>Mcproxy (Multicast Proxy)</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mcproxy+%28Multicast+Proxy%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmcproxy%2Fmcproxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> – an <a href="/wiki/IGMP" class="mw-redirect" title="IGMP">IGMP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Multicast_Listener_Discovery" title="Multicast Listener Discovery">MLD</a> Proxy that supports <a href="/wiki/PMIPv6" class="mw-redirect" title="PMIPv6">PMIPv6</a> multicast extensions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core-based_trees" title="Core-based trees">Core-based trees</a>, a proposal for IP multicast scalability</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc988">988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFC_5771-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFC_5771_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5771">5771</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1112">1112</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my-ip-is.com">"What Is My IP, Your Address IPv4 IPv6 Decimal on myip"</a>. <i>My Ip Is</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Ip+Is&rft.atitle=What+Is+My+IP%2C+Your+Address+IPv4+IPv6+Decimal+on+myip.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy-ip-is.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_Ian_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Ian J. (2009). <i>From P2P and grids to services on the web : evolving distributed communities</i>. Harrison, Andrew B., Taylor, Ian J., 1968- (2nd. ed.). London: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848001220" title="Special:BookSources/9781848001220"><bdi>9781848001220</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/314174970">314174970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+P2P+and+grids+to+services+on+the+web+%3A+evolving+distributed+communities.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314174970&rft.isbn=9781848001220&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Ian+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1112-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc1112_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Deering1989" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a> (August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1112#section-6.4"><i>Host Extensions for IP Multicasting</i></a>. Network Working Group. sec. 6.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1112">10.17487/RFC1112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1112">1112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Host+Extensions+for+IP+Multicasting&rft.pages=sec.-6.4&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1989-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1112&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1112%26%23035%3Bsection-6.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc988">988</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1054">1054</a>; updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2236">2236</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2464-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2464_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Crawford1998" class="citation cs1">M. Crawford (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2464"><i>Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2464">10.17487/RFC2464</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2464">2464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transmission+of+IPv6+Packets+over+Ethernet+Networks&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2464&rft.au=M.+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1972">1972</a>; updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6085">6085</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6084">6084</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/tutorials/802.11_multicasting.html">"802.11 Multicasting"</a>. Wireless nets<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=802.11+Multicasting&rft.pub=Wireless+nets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wireless-nets.com%2Fresources%2Ftutorials%2F802.11_multicasting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/">"EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"</a>. <i>EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EURASIP+Journal+on+Wireless+Communications+and+Networking&rft.atitle=EURASIP+Journal+on+Wireless+Communications+and+Networking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916115007/http://www.ieee.org/documents/internet_rl.pdf"><i>Internet Award recipients</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, IEEE, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/documents/internet_rl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Award+recipients&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fdocuments%2Finternet_rl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slides-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slides_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slides_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarnix_Goossen._Pieter_LiefoogheArnout_Swinnen2006" class="citation web cs1">Marnix Goossen; . Pieter Liefooghe; Arnout Swinnen (30 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526111518/http://www.nordu.net/conference2006/presentations/We11_NORDUnet2006.pdf">"The CastGateproject: "Enabling Internet multicast for content distribution"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordu.net/conference2006/presentations/We11_NORDUnet2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CastGateproject%3A+%22Enabling+Internet+multicast+for+content+distribution%22&rft.date=2006-09-30&rft.au=Marnix+Goossen&rft.au=.+Pieter+Liefooghe&rft.au=Arnout+Swinnen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordu.net%2Fconference2006%2Fpresentations%2FWe11_NORDUnet2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span> Presentation at NORDUNET Conference</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castegate-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-castegate_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-castegate_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013753/http://www.castgate.net/">"CastGate: Enabling Internet Multicast"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castgate.net/">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CastGate%3A+Enabling+Internet+Multicast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castgate.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Rugby union", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/4290396.stm"><i>News</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>: The BBC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rugby+union&rft.btitle=News&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Frugby_union%2F4290396.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/multicast"><i>Multicast services</i></a>, UK: The BBC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicast+services&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fmulticast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcrd_mc_radio-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcrd_mc_radio_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Radio", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/multicast/radio/"><i>Multicast</i></a>, UK: The BBC Research & Development<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radio&rft.btitle=Multicast&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=The+BBC+Research+%26+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmulticast%2Fradio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318204445/http://www.ard-digital.de/empfang--technik/dvb-t-satellit-kabel-iptv---die-ard-auf-allen-wegen/alles-ueber-iptv"><i>IPTV</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: ARD, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ard-digital.de/empfang--technik/dvb-t-satellit-kabel-iptv---die-ard-auf-allen-wegen/alles-ueber-iptv">the original</a> on 2015-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IPTV&rft.place=DE&rft.pub=ARD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ard-digital.de%2Fempfang--technik%2Fdvb-t-satellit-kabel-iptv---die-ard-auf-allen-wegen%2Falles-ueber-iptv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_multicast&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Multicast-HOWTO.html"><i>Multicast over TCP/IP</i></a> (Howto), The Linux documentation project, Mar 1998</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicast+over+TCP%2FIP&rft.pub=The+Linux+documentation+project&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tldp.org%2FHOWTO%2FMulticast-HOWTO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>. Describes Multicast in the Linux kernel, although some sections (specially multicast programs) is outdated and does not cover recent software.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203150138/http://www3.ietf.org/html.charters/rmt-charter.html"><i>Reliable Multicast Transport (rmt)</i></a> (working group), IETF, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ietf.org/html.charters/rmt-charter.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-03</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliable+Multicast+Transport+%28rmt%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fietf.org%2Fhtml.charters%2Frmt-charter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214221047/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/magma-charter.html"><i>Multicast & Anycast Group Membership (magma)</i></a> (working group), IETF, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ietf.org/html.charters/magma-charter.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicast+%26+Anycast+Group+Membership+%28magma%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fietf.org%2Fhtml.charters%2Fmagma-charter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202041753/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/pim-charter.html"><i>Protocol Independent Multicast (pim)</i></a> (working group), IETF, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ietf.org/html.charters/pim-charter.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-02</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protocol+Independent+Multicast+%28pim%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fietf.org%2Fhtml.charters%2Fpim-charter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127090246/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ssm-charter.html"><i>Source-Specific Multicast (ssm)</i></a> (working group), IETF, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ietf.org/html.charters/ssm-charter.html">the original</a> on 2007-01-27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Source-Specific+Multicast+%28ssm%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fietf.org%2Fhtml.charters%2Fssm-charter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216145244/http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/msec-charter.html"><i>Multicast Security (msec)</i></a> (working group), IETF, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ietf.org/html.charters/msec-charter.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicast+Security+%28msec%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fietf.org%2Fhtml.charters%2Fmsec-charter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sockets.com/ch16.htm#Multicast"><i>Multicast</i></a>, Sockets</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicast&rft.pub=Sockets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sockets.com%2Fch16.htm%23Multicast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>. IP details.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firewall.cx/multicast-intro.php"><i>IP-Ethernet multicast</i></a> (tutorial), CX: Firewall</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IP-Ethernet+multicast&rft.place=CX&rft.pub=Firewall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firewall.cx%2Fmulticast-intro.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html"><i>IP Multicast</i></a> (video), Cisco</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IP+Multicast&rft.pub=Cisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fen%2FUS%2Fproducts%2Fps6552%2Fproducts_ios_technology_home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Overview of Reliable Multicast methods", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-net.cs.umass.edu/sigcomm_mcast/talk1.html"><i>ACM SIGCOMM Multicast Workshop</i></a>, University of Massachusetts, August 27, 1996</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Reliable+Multicast+methods&rft.btitle=ACM+SIGCOMM+Multicast+Workshop&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=1996-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-net.cs.umass.edu%2Fsigcomm_mcast%2Ftalk1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloyd" class="citation cs2">Floyd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icir.org/floyd/srm-paper.html"><i>A Reliable Multicast Framework for Light-weight Sessions and Application Level Framing</i></a>, ICIR</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reliable+Multicast+Framework+for+Light-weight+Sessions+and+Application+Level+Framing&rft.pub=ICIR&rft.au=Floyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icir.org%2Ffloyd%2Fsrm-paper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>. The paper defining Scalable Reliable Multicast.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech-talk.wikidot.com/an-analysis-of-multicast-methods"><i>An Analysis of Multicast Methods</i></a>, Wikidot<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Multicast+Methods&rft.pub=Wikidot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech-talk.wikidot.com%2Fan-analysis-of-multicast-methods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoormohammadpourRaghavendraRaoKandula2017" class="citation cs2">Noormohammadpour, Mohammad; Raghavendra, Cauligi S.; Rao, Sriram; Kandula, Srikanth (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316921061"><i>DCCast: Efficient Point to Multipoint Transfers Across Datacenters</i></a>, USENIX Association, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.02096">1707.02096</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170702096N">2017arXiv170702096N</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DCCast%3A+Efficient+Point+to+Multipoint+Transfers+Across+Datacenters&rft.pub=USENIX+Association&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1707.02096&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv170702096N&rft.aulast=Noormohammadpour&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Raghavendra%2C+Cauligi+S.&rft.au=Rao%2C+Sriram&rft.au=Kandula%2C+Srikanth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316921061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+multicast" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5110"><i>Overview of the Internet Multicast Routing Architecture</i></a>. 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