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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese-style_paifang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese-style_paifang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chinese-style paifang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-style_paifang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Paifang</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailou" title="Pailou – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pailou" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paifang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFfang" title="Païfang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Païfang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EB%B0%A9" title="패방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paifang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paifang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poort" title="Chinese poort – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese poort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%8C%E5%9D%8A" title="牌坊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="牌坊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailou" title="Pailou – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pailou" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paifang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Пайлоу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пайлоу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paifang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ไผฟาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไผฟาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional style of Chinese architectural arched gateway</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Paifang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg/275px-Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg/413px-Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg/550px-Shunfengshan_Park_Paifang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4855" data-file-height="3237" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Paifang in <a href="/wiki/Shunfengshan_Park" title="Shunfengshan Park">Shunfengshan Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">牌坊</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">memorial archway gate</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">páifāng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄆㄞˊ ㄈㄤ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[pʰǎɪfáŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">ba<sup>平</sup> faon<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">pai<sup>2</sup> fong<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">paai<sup>4</sup> fong<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">pâi-hông</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Pailou</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">牌楼</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">牌樓</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">memorial archway edifice</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">páilóu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄆㄞˊ ㄌㄡˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">ba<sup>平</sup> leu<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">pai<sup>2</sup> leu<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">paai<sup>4</sup> lau<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">pâi-lâu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FancyGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FancyGate.jpg/275px-FancyGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FancyGate.jpg/413px-FancyGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FancyGate.jpg/550px-FancyGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A decorated paifang in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><b>paifang</b></i>, also known as a <i><b>pailou</b></i>, is a traditional style of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>, often used in <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> or gateway structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>paifang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">牌坊</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">páifāng</span></i>) was originally a collective term for the top two levels of administrative division and subdivisions of ancient Chinese cities. The largest division within a city in ancient China was a <i>fang</i> (<span lang="zh">坊</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">fāng</span></i>), equivalent to a current day <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">ward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <i>fang</i> was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night. Each <i>fang</i> was further divided into several <i>pai</i> (<span lang="zh">牌</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pái</span></i>; 'placard'), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community. Each <i>pai</i>, in turn, contained an area including several <a href="/wiki/Hutong" title="Hutong">hutongs</a> (alleyways). </p><p>This system of urban administrative division and subdivision reached an elaborate level during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and continued in the following dynasties. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> was divided into a total of 36 fangs. Originally, the word <i>paifang</i> referred to the gate of a fang and the marker for an entrance of a building complex or a town; but by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, a paifang had evolved into a purely decorative monument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Tang dynasty, it was called a <i>wutoumen</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">烏頭門</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">wūtóumén</span></i>; 'black top gate'), because the top of the two posts were painted black. A <i>wutoumen</i> was reserved for officials of <a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">rank 6</a> or higher. </p><p>The construction of wutomen was standardized in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i> of the mid <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of two posts and a horizontal beam forming a frame and two doors. By the Ming and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, it was called a <i>pailou</i> or <i>paifang</i>, and evolved into a more elaborate structure with more posts and gates, with a superstructural gable on top; the highest rank was a five gate-six post-eleven gable pailou. </p><p>It has been theorized that the paifang gate architecture was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">torana</a> temple gates.<sup id="cite_ref-tor4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tor4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paifang have traditional Chinese architectural characteristics such as multi-tiered roofs, various supporting posts, and archway-shapes of traditional gates and towers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Paifang</i> come in a number of forms. One form involves placing wooden pillars onto stone bases, which are bound together with wooden beams. This type of <i>paifang</i> is always beautifully decorated, with the pillars usually painted in red, the beams decorated with intricate designs and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a>, and the roof covered with coloured tiles, complete with mythical beasts—just like a Chinese palace. Another form of <i>paifang</i> is in the form of true archways made of stone or bricks; the walls may be painted, or decorated with coloured tiles; the top of the archways is decorated like their wooden counterparts. Yet another form of <i>paifang</i>, built mainly on religious and burial grounds, consists of plain white stone pillars and beams, with neither roof tiles nor any coloured decoration, but feature elaborate carvings created by master <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">masons</a>. Another form is in the Han dynasty style, and is two matching towers, such as in Beihai. </p><p>Outside of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <i>paifang</i> has long been the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a>. The largest outside of China is in the United States: <i><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Archway_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship Archway (Washington, D.C.)">Friendship Archway</a></i> at 14.50 m (47 ft 7 in) tall and 23 m (75 ft) wide, completed in 1986 at H and 7th in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C.'s Chinatown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the largest <i>paifang</i> spans Nelson Street in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Liverpool" title="Chinatown, Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, completed in 2000 and standing 13.5 m (44 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first paifang in the United States was raised in 1915 as a temporary installation for the Chinese pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> in San Francisco,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oldest still standing was erected in 1938 for <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <i>Chinatown West Gate</i> on Hill Street;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was listed as a city Historic-Cultural Monument (#825) along with its counterpart, <i>Chinatown East Gate</i> (1939, #826) in November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>paifang</i> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Ottawa" title="Chinatown, Ottawa">Chinatown</a> was decorated by Chinese artists using Chinese materials and techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">In the past</a>, "Chastity <i>Paifang</i>" were given to <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a> who remained unmarried till <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, praising what was seen as loyalty to their deceased husbands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese-style_paifang">Chinese-style paifang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese-style paifang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 381.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 379.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornamental_Gateway_(Pailou)_from_Han_Dynasty_(202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE)_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong,_Shaanxi_Province,_China,_1875_WDL2092.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornamental gateway (pailou) from the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) across a street lined with small shops. Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China (1875)."><img alt="Ornamental gateway (pailou) from the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) across a street lined with small shops. Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China (1875)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ornamental_Gateway_%28Pailou%29_from_Han_Dynasty_%28202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE%29_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong%2C_Shaanxi_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2092.png/569px-Ornamental_Gateway_%28Pailou%29_from_Han_Dynasty_%28202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE%29_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong%2C_Shaanxi_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2092.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ornamental_Gateway_%28Pailou%29_from_Han_Dynasty_%28202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE%29_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong%2C_Shaanxi_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2092.png/855px-Ornamental_Gateway_%28Pailou%29_from_Han_Dynasty_%28202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE%29_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong%2C_Shaanxi_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2092.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ornamental_Gateway_%28Pailou%29_from_Han_Dynasty_%28202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE%29_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong%2C_Shaanxi_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2092.png/1138px-Ornamental_Gateway_%28Pailou%29_from_Han_Dynasty_%28202_BCE_%E2%80%93_220_CE%29_across_a_Street_Lined_with_Small_Shops._Hanzhong%2C_Shaanxi_Province%2C_China%2C_1875_WDL2092.png 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornamental gateway (<i>pailou</i>) from the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BCE – 220 CE) across a street lined with small shops. <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaanxi Province">Shaanxi Province</a>, China (1875).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 448.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 446.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dongsi, an intersection in Beijing, had four paifangs in the 1920s."><img alt="Dongsi, an intersection in Beijing, had four paifangs in the 1920s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg/670px-Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="447" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg/1006px-Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg/1340px-Dongsi_Pailou_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dongsi_Subdistrict,_Beijing" title="Dongsi Subdistrict, Beijing">Dongsi</a>, an intersection in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, had four <i>paifangs</i> in the 1920s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_arch_pailou_in_honor_of_Ma_Anliang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A paifang photographed in Gansu Province (1933)."><img alt="A paifang photographed in Gansu Province (1933)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/An_arch_pailou_in_honor_of_Ma_Anliang.jpg/253px-An_arch_pailou_in_honor_of_Ma_Anliang.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/An_arch_pailou_in_honor_of_Ma_Anliang.jpg/380px-An_arch_pailou_in_honor_of_Ma_Anliang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/An_arch_pailou_in_honor_of_Ma_Anliang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>paifang</i> photographed in <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Province">Gansu Province</a> (1933).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 412.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 410.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WHU-pailou0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang of Wuhan University (1920)."><img alt="Paifang of Wuhan University (1920)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/WHU-pailou0.JPG" decoding="async" width="411" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University" title="Wuhan University">Wuhan University</a> (1920).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang at the Cemetery of Confucius, tomb of Lady Yu, wife of Kong Xianpei (72nd generation) in Qufu, China."><img alt="Paifang at the Cemetery of Confucius, tomb of Lady Yu, wife of Kong Xianpei (72nd generation) in Qufu, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG/500px-Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG/751px-Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG/1000px-Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Lady_Yu_-_P1060280.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a>, tomb of Lady Yu, wife of Kong Xianpei (72nd generation) in <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, China.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang in the Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial Square (now Liberty Square) in Taipei, Taiwan. Looking east."><img alt="Paifang in the Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial Square (now Liberty Square) in Taipei, Taiwan. Looking east." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg/500px-Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg/751px-Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg/1000px-Gate_of_Great_Centrality_and_Perfect_Uprightness_20050810_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> in the Chiang Kai-Shek Memorial Square (now <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square_(Taipei)" title="Liberty Square (Taipei)">Liberty Square</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Looking east.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 661.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 659.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang at Liberty Square, in Taipei, Taiwan. Looking west."><img alt="Paifang at Liberty Square, in Taipei, Taiwan. Looking west." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg/989px-Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg/1484px-Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg/1977px-Taipei_Liberty_Square_Main_Gate_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5915" data-file-height="2245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> at <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square_(Taipei)" title="Liberty Square (Taipei)">Liberty Square</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Looking west.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 378px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 376px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated paifang at the Summer Palace in Beijing."><img alt="Decorated paifang at the Summer Palace in Beijing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg/564px-Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg/847px-Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg/1128px-Decorated_Paifang_in_Summer_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated <i>paifang</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> in Beijing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 610px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 608px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan."><img alt="Paifang at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg/912px-National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="608" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg/1368px-National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg/1823px-National_Palace_Museum_Front_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4179" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 390.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 388.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_glaze_gateway_Puotuo_Zongcheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colour glaze gateway at Puotuo Zongcheng temple, Chengde."><img alt="Colour glaze gateway at Puotuo Zongcheng temple, Chengde." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Color_glaze_gateway_Puotuo_Zongcheng.jpg/583px-Color_glaze_gateway_Puotuo_Zongcheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="389" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Color_glaze_gateway_Puotuo_Zongcheng.jpg/874px-Color_glaze_gateway_Puotuo_Zongcheng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Color_glaze_gateway_Puotuo_Zongcheng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colour glaze gateway at Puotuo Zongcheng temple, <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xidi1024x1360.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang in Xidi."><img alt="Paifang in Xidi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xidi1024x1360.jpg/282px-Xidi1024x1360.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xidi1024x1360.jpg/424px-Xidi1024x1360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Xidi1024x1360.jpg/565px-Xidi1024x1360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> in <a href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pailou at the entrance to Qiandao Lake Scenic Area."><img alt="Pailou at the entrance to Qiandao Lake Scenic Area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG/500px-Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG/751px-Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG/1000px-Entrance_to_Scenic_Area_of_Qiandao_Lake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pailou</i> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Qiandao_Lake" title="Qiandao Lake">Qiandao Lake</a> Scenic Area.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Lake_Pailou.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifangs at the West Lake, Hangzhou, China."><img alt="Paifangs at the West Lake, Hangzhou, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/West_Lake_Pailou.JPG/500px-West_Lake_Pailou.JPG" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/West_Lake_Pailou.JPG/751px-West_Lake_Pailou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/West_Lake_Pailou.JPG/1000px-West_Lake_Pailou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifangs</i> at the <a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifangs at the entrance to Yonghe Temple, Beijing, China."><img alt="Paifangs at the entrance to Yonghe Temple, Beijing, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg/500px-Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg/751px-Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg/1000px-Yonghe_Gong_Lama_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="2399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifangs</i> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Yonghe_Temple" title="Yonghe Temple">Yonghe Temple</a>, Beijing, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pailou at the China Martial Arts Hall, Jinshitan, Dalian, China."><img alt="Pailou at the China Martial Arts Hall, Jinshitan, Dalian, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG/500px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG/751px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG/1000px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%AD%A6%E9%A6%86.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pailou</i> at the China Martial Arts Hall, Jinshitan, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paifang at the entrance to Chinatown in Boston, Massachusetts."><img alt="Paifang at the entrance to Chinatown in Boston, Massachusetts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg/500px-Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg/751px-Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg/1000px-Paifang_chinese_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Paifang</i> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown in Boston, Massachusetts</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown,_DC_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friendship Archway in the Chinatown of Washington, D.C."><img alt="Friendship Archway in the Chinatown of Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg/500px-Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg/751px-Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg/1000px-Chinatown%2C_DC_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Archway_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship Archway (Washington, D.C.)">Friendship Archway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown (Washington, D.C.)">Chinatown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 358.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 356.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DunedinChineseGardengate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pailou at Dunedin Chinese Garden, New Zealand."><img alt="Pailou at Dunedin Chinese Garden, New Zealand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DunedinChineseGardengate.jpg/535px-DunedinChineseGardengate.jpg" decoding="async" width="357" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/DunedinChineseGardengate.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pailou</i> at <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Chinese_Garden" title="Dunedin Chinese Garden">Dunedin Chinese Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown#Characteristics" title="Chinatown">Chinatown gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanmen" title="Shanmen">Shanmen</a>, gate of Chinese Buddhist temple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongsalmun" title="Hongsalmun">Hongsalmun</a>, in Korean architecture with both religious and other usage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iljumun" title="Iljumun">Iljumun</a>, portal in Korean Buddhist temple architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_quan" title="Tam quan">Tam quan</a>, a Vietnamese Buddhist style of traditional gateway</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BB%A5_bi%E1%BB%83u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trụ biểu (page does not exist)">Trụ biểu</a>, in Vietnamese temple architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">Torana</a>, a Hindu-Buddhist ceremonial arched gateway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a>, in Japanese Shinto shrine architecture</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinhardt2019" class="citation book cs1">Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSx6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT729"><i>Chinese Architecture: A History</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691191973" title="Special:BookSources/9780691191973"><bdi>9780691191973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Architecture%3A+A+History&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691191973&rft.aulast=Steinhardt&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Shatzman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSx6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Jie" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Li_Jie_(Song_dynasty)" title="Li Jie (Song dynasty)">Li Jie</a>. "The Construction of Wutoumen". <i>Yingzao Fashi</i> <bdi lang="zh">營造法式</bdi>. Vol. 6: Minor Woodwork I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+Wutoumen&rft.btitle=Yingzao+Fashi+%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0%E6%B3%95%E5%BC%8F&rft.au=Li+Jie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tor4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tor4_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Henry_Longhurst1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_Longhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Henry Longhurst">Albert Henry Longhurst</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gs1sFlMGy2AC&pg=PA17"><i>The Story of the Stūpa</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0160-4"><bdi>978-81-206-0160-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+St%C5%ABpa&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0160-4&rft.au=Albert+Henry+Longhurst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgs1sFlMGy2AC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol 4 part 3, p137-138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_G._Knapp2000" class="citation book cs1">Ronald G. Knapp (2000). <i>China's old dwellings</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2214-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2214-5"><bdi>0-8248-2214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+old+dwellings&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8248-2214-5&rft.au=Ronald+G.+Knapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_FosterJen_Lin-LiuSharon_OwyangSherisse_Pham2010" class="citation book cs1">Simon Foster; Jen Lin-Liu; Sharon Owyang; Sherisse Pham; Beth Reiber; Lee Wing-sze (2010). <i>Frommer's China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Frommers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frommers">Frommers</a>. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-52658-3"><bdi>978-0-470-52658-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+China&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Frommers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-52658-3&rft.au=Simon+Foster&rft.au=Jen+Lin-Liu&rft.au=Sharon+Owyang&rft.au=Sherisse+Pham&rft.au=Beth+Reiber&rft.au=Lee+Wing-sze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!325492~!0#focus">"Friendship Archway, (sculpture)"</a>. Smithsonian Institution Research Information System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendship+Archway%2C+%28sculpture%29.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Research+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiris-artinventories.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3F%26profile%3Dall%26source%3D~%21siartinventories%26uri%3Dfull%3D3100001~%21325492~%210%23focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/liverpool/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8522000/8522792.stm">"Liverpool's Chinese arch ten years standing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 19 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liverpool%27s+Chinese+arch+ten+years+standing&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fliverpool%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Farts_and_culture%2Fnewsid_8522000%2F8522792.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen-Kim,_Erica2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Allen-Kim, Erica (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4298726">"The Political Economy of Chinatown Gates"</a>. <i>Pidgin</i>. No. 15. Princeton University School of Architecture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pidgin&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Chinatown+Gates&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Allen-Kim%2C+Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4298726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laconservancy.org/sites/default/files/files/documents/LAC_Chinatown_Final_0.pdf">Exploring Chinatown: Past and Present</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Los Angeles Conservancy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chinatown%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+Conservancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laconservancy.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FLAC_Chinatown_Final_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/24f6fce7-f73d-4bca-87bc-c77ed3fc5d4f/Historical%20Cultural%20Monuments%20List.pdf">Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM) List</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Department of City Planning, City of Los Angeles. April 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Historic-Cultural+Monument+%28HCM%29+List&rft.pub=Department+of+City+Planning%2C+City+of+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanning.lacity.org%2Fodocument%2F24f6fce7-f73d-4bca-87bc-c77ed3fc5d4f%2FHistorical%2520Cultural%2520Monuments%2520List.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2010/10/ottawa-chinatown-celebrates-completion-new-gateway.html">"Ottawa's Chinatown Celebrates Completion of New Gateway"</a>. Government of Canada. October 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Construction of the arch included a team of technicians from China, as well as a group of artists who used traditional Chinese painting techniques to enhance the many ornate elements of the design. Glazed golden tiles, donated by China, adorn the nine roofs of the structure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottawa%27s+Chinatown+Celebrates+Completion+of+New+Gateway&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2010%2F10%2Fottawa-chinatown-celebrates-completion-new-gateway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaifang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paifang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paifang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paifang">Paifang</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paifang&oldid=1241429773">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paifang&oldid=1241429773</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_gates" title="Category:Types of gates">Types of gates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_China" title="Category:Architecture in China">Architecture in China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 August 2024, at 03:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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