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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">個人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="使用者選單" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh-mo"><span>資助維基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-mo" title="我們建議您建立賬號並登入，但並非必要"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>建立帳號</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&returntoquery=variant%3Dzh-mo" title="建議您登入，儘管並非必須。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登入</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 用於已登出編輯者的頁面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" aria-label="了解更多有關編輯"><span>了解更多</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="由此 IP 位址編輯的清單[y]" accesskey="y"><span>貢獻</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="對於來自此IP地址編輯的討論[n]" accesskey="n"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站台"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-用途与效果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途与效果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>用途與效果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用途与效果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="切換目次" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">切換目次</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NMDA受體拮抗劑</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往別種語言的條目。有 10 種語言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مناهضة مستقبل نمدا – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناهضة مستقبل نمدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="NMDA receptor antagonist" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_NMDA" title="آنتاگونیست NMDA – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتاگونیست NMDA" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonisti_del_recettore_NMDA" title="Antagonisti del recettore NMDA – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antagonisti del recettore NMDA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4_%EA%B8%B8%ED%95%AD%EC%A0%9C" title="NMDA 수용체 길항제 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NMDA 수용체 길항제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonista_do_receptor_NMDA" title="Antagonista do receptor NMDA – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antagonista do receptor NMDA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_NMDA-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Антагонисты NMDA-рецептора – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антагонисты NMDA-рецептора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_NMDA_receptora" title="Antagonist NMDA receptora – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antagonist NMDA receptora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_NMDA_receptora" title="Antagonist NMDA receptora – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antagonist NMDA receptora" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_NMDA-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Антагоністи NMDA-рецептора – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антагоністи NMDA-рецептора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4044974#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="編輯跨語言連結" class="wbc-editpage">編輯連結</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空間"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" title="瀏覽條目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>條目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="關於此頁面的討論 (頁面不存在)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="變更語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">澳門繁體</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="selected ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="視圖"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82"><span>閱讀</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&action=edit" title="編輯此頁[e]" accesskey="e"><span>編輯</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&action=history" title="本頁面的早前版本。[h]" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外觀</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">維基百科，自由的百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh-Hant-MO" dir="ltr"><p><b>NMDA受體拮抗劑</b>（NMDA receptor antagonists）是一類能夠對<a href="/wiki/N-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA-D-%E5%A4%A9%E9%96%80%E5%86%AC%E8%83%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94" title="N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體">N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體</a>起拮抗或抑制作用的藥物，通常被用於動物與人類作<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="麻醉劑">麻醉劑</a>，由其誘導的麻醉狀態稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="解離">解離性</a>麻醉。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg/220px-Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg/330px-Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg/440px-Ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E9%85%AE" title="氯胺酮">氯胺酮</a>，最流行的NMDA受體拮抗劑之一</figcaption></figure> <p>有幾種合成<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿片類">阿片類</a>藥物具有NMDA受體拮抗劑之作用，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8C%E6%9B%BF%E5%95%B6" title="哌替啶">哌替啶</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A6%E6%97%8B%E5%97%8E%E6%B1%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="左旋嗎汎（頁面不存在）">左旋嗎汎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E9%85%AE" title="美沙酮">美沙酮</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B3%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A7%E5%90%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="右丙氧吩（頁面不存在）">右丙氧吩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A" title="曲馬多">曲馬多</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%AE%E8%B4%9D%E7%B1%B3%E9%85%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酮貝米酮（頁面不存在）">酮貝米酮</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%82%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="替安肽（頁面不存在）">替安肽</a>。一些NMDA受體拮抗劑，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E9%85%AE" title="氯胺酮">氯胺酮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E8%8A%AC" title="右美沙芬">右美沙芬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%8E%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="苯環利定">苯環利定</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲氧西他明（頁面不存在）">甲氧西他明</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化亞氮">氧化亞氮</a>，有時因其具有解離、致幻與興奮的主觀體驗，而被用於娛樂。當其用於娛樂時，歸類為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E7%A6%BB%E5%89%82" title="解離劑">解離型藥物</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途与效果"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E9.80.94.E4.B8.8E.E6.95.88.E6.9E.9C"></span>用途與效果</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯章節：用途與效果"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NMDA受體拮抗劑會誘發一種被稱之為解離性麻醉的狀態，特徵有<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%9C%A0" title="催眠">催眠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="失憶">失憶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E7%97%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮痛">鎮痛</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E9%85%AE" title="氯胺酮">氯胺酮</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="呼吸">呼吸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="血液循環">血液循環</a>的抑制作用小於其他麻醉劑，因而成為病史不明的急診病人與治療燒傷病人的首選麻醉劑。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E5%95%A1%E7%83%B7" title="右啡烷">右啡烷</a>是世界上最常用的鎮咳藥之一<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E8%8A%AC" title="右美沙芬">右美沙芬</a>之代謝物，也是一種已知的NMDA受體拮抗劑。 </p><p>許多不良症狀都與<a href="/wiki/NMDA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA受體">NMDA受體</a>功能低下有關。如，伴隨大腦衰老導致的NMDA受體功能減退，或是造成與衰老有關的記憶力缺陷的部分原因。<sup id="cite_ref-Newcomer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newcomer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%97%87" title="精神分裂症">精神分裂症</a>也可能與不規則的NMDA受體功能有關（精神分裂症之穀氨酸假說），<sup id="cite_ref-Lipina_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipina-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>並且進一步根據「犬尿酸假說」，另一種NMDA受體拮抗劑，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%B0%BF%E5%96%B9%E5%95%89%E9%85%B8" title="犬尿喹啉酸">犬尿喹啉酸</a>含量的增加或會加重精神分裂症的症狀。<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17573079_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17573079-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NMDA受體拮抗劑可以誘發「擬精神病」，即類似精神病之症狀，還有以下副作用，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%A7%89" title="幻覺">幻覺</a>、偏執性妄想、混亂、難以集中注意力、激動、情緒改變、噩夢<sup id="cite_ref-Muir_KW_and_Lees_KR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muir_KW_and_Lees_KR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、緊張症<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12963474_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12963474-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、共濟失調<sup id="cite_ref-kim_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、麻醉<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1484720_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1484720-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及學習和記憶障礙。<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8740048_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8740048-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由於這些「擬精神病」作用，NMDA受體拮抗劑，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%8E%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="苯環利定">苯環利定</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E9%85%AE" title="氯胺酮">氯胺酮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BE%8E%E6%B2%99%E8%8A%AC" title="右美沙芬">右美沙芬</a>即被用作娛樂性藥物。在亞麻醉劑量下，這些藥物具有輕微的刺激作用，較大劑量時，誘發解離和幻覺，但這些作用及其強度因藥物而異。<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12762561_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12762561-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大多數NMDA受體拮抗劑都會在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>中代謝，<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>頻繁使用便會增加耐受，使肝臟更快清除血液中的NMDA受體拮抗劑。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NMDA受體拮抗劑也在作為抗抑鬱劑，處於研究之中。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E8%83%BA%E9%85%AE" title="氯胺酮">氯胺酮</a>被證明於臨床環境中，給藥後可產生長效抗抑鬱效果。2019年，氯胺酮的一種NMDA受體拮抗劑對映體esketamine於美國批准用作抗抑鬱藥。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2022年，FDA批准Auvelity用於治療抑鬱症，一種含有右美沙芬的複方藥物。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NMDA%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E6%8B%AE%E6%8A%97%E5%89%82&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯章節：參考文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" 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