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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formidable style and high-profile court cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formidable_style_and_high-profile_court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Member of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Earl of Birkenhead – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frederick Edwin Smith, 1. Earl of Birkenhead" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Smith" title="F. E. Smith – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="F. E. Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Edward_Smith,_I_conte_di_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Edward Smith, I conte di Birkenhead – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frederick Edward Smith, I conte di Birkenhead" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB_(%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%89)" title="فريدريك سميث (قاضى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك سميث (قاضى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Smith_(1._hrabia_Birkenhead)" title="Frederick Smith (1. hrabia Birkenhead) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frederick Smith (1. hrabia Birkenhead)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Birkenhead" title="Lord Birkenhead – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lord Birkenhead" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Edwin_Smith,_1:e_earl_av_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Edwin Smith, 1:e earl av Birkenhead – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frederick Edwin Smith, 1:e earl av Birkenhead" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._E._Smith" title="F. E. Smith – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="F. E. 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the author of "633 Squadron", see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_E._Smith" title="Frederick E. Smith">Frederick E. Smith</a>. For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frederick Smith (disambiguation)">Frederick Smith</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Birkenhead</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg/220px-1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg/330px-1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/1stEarlOfBirkenhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="646" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Chancellor_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain">Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 January 1919 – 19 October 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finlay,_1st_Viscount_Finlay" title="Robert Finlay, 1st Viscount Finlay">The Lord Finlay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">The Viscount Cave</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 November 1924 – 18 October 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier" title="Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier">The Lord Olivier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Wellesley_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel">The Viscount Peel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for England">Attorney-General for England</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 November 1915 – 10 January 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hewart,_1st_Viscount_Hewart" title="Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart">Sir Gordon Hewart</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor-General for England">Solicitor-General for England</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 June 1915 – 8 November 1915</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Buckmaster,_1st_Viscount_Buckmaster" title="Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Viscount Buckmaster">Sir Stanley Buckmaster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Sir George Cave</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 February 1919 – 30 September 1930<br /><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Peerage">Hereditary Peerage</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Earl of Birkenhead">Peerage created</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">The 2nd Earl of Birkenhead</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool Walton</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 February 1906 – 14 December 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Stock" title="James Henry Stock">James Henry Stock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Harry Chilcott</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frederick Edwin Smith</div><br />12 July 1872<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1872-07-12</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-09-30)</span> (aged 58)<br /><a href="/wiki/Belgravia" title="Belgravia">Belgravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Eleanor Furneaux</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1901)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eleanor_Smith" title="Lady Eleanor Smith">Eleanor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Frederick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Pamela_Smith" title="Lady Pamela Smith">Pamela</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India">GCSI</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Lieutenant">DL</a></span></span> (12 July 1872 – 30 September 1930) was a British <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician and barrister who attained high office in the early 20th century, in particular as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain</a>. He was a skilled <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>, noted for his staunch opposition to <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a>, his wit, pugnacious views, and hard living and drinking. He is perhaps best remembered today as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s greatest personal and political friend until Birkenhead's death aged 58 from pneumonia caused by cirrhosis of the liver. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_schooling">Early life and schooling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and schooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith was born at 38 Pilgrim Street, <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, the eldest son and second of five surviving children of Frederick Smith (1845–1888), a barrister-at-law, and Elizabeth (1842–1928), daughter of Edwin Taylor a rate collector, of Birkenhead.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had joined the family business as an estate agent, later becoming a barrister and local Tory politician. Frederick Smith senior died at the age of forty-three, only a month after being elected mayor of Birkenhead.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was educated first at a <a href="/wiki/Dame_school" title="Dame school">dame school</a> in Birkenhead, then at Sandringham School in <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a> (where he announced, at the age of ten, his ambition to become lord chancellor), and then, having failed the entrance exam for <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_School" title="Birkenhead School">Birkenhead School</a> (1887–1889).<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oxford">Oxford</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oxford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University College, Liverpool</a>, where he spent four terms (a fact he subsequently suppressed).<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a>, in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith made his name as an Oxford "swell", distinguishing himself by his dark good looks, his energy, his unashamed ambition and his scathing wit. He was the dominant figure of a group of Wadham contemporaries including the athlete <a href="/wiki/C._B._Fry" title="C. B. Fry">C. B. Fry</a>, the future Liberal politician <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>, and the Liberal economist <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hirst" title="Francis Hirst">Francis Hirst</a>. Between them they dominated both the rugby field and the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Union Society">Oxford Union Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was already active in national politics as a Tory speaker in the <a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">July 1892 general election</a>. Announced initially as his father's son, he spoke all over Lancashire, stirring up Orange opinion against the Liberal policy of <a href="/wiki/Irish_home_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish home rule">Irish home rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He obtained a <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">Second Class</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honour_Moderations" title="Honour Moderations">Classical Mods</a> before switching to Law. He often debated against <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> at the Oxford Union, where a bust of him now stands, and became <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Oxford_Union" title="List of presidents of the Oxford Union">President</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_term" title="Trinity term">Trinity term</a> 1894. By massive last-minute cramming he graduated with a first class BA degree in law in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To his disappointment, he only obtained a Second in his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a> degree. In 1896 he won the <a href="/wiki/Vinerian_Scholarship" title="Vinerian Scholarship">Vinerian law scholarship</a> and was elected a fellow of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a> (1896–9),<sup id="cite_ref-MCreg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCreg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also a lecturership at <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-compeerage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compeerage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F. E. Smith Memorial Mooting Prizes nowadays commemorate him at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton</a>. In later life his depth of legal learning often surprised critics.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith added to his Oxford reputation in May 1897, when he went to see <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">the Prince of Wales</a> open the new <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall" title="Oxford Town Hall">Oxford Town Hall</a>. A detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Mounted_Branch" title="Metropolitan Police Mounted Branch">Metropolitan Police Mounted Branch</a> had been drafted in to reinforce the small <a href="/wiki/Oxford_City_Police" title="Oxford City Police">Oxford City Police</a> force against a large demonstration of university undergraduates. The Metropolitan police, who were unused to boisterous Oxford undergraduates, attacked them with batons, causing several serious injuries. The crowd unhorsed and trampled one policeman.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith took no part in the disorder, but was arrested when he tried to rescue his college servant, who was being manhandled by the police. Smith became the first prisoner in the police station in the new Town Hall. Before being locked in, Smith raised his hands for silence and declared "I have great pleasure in declaring this cell open". He was tried for obstructing the police in the lawful execution of their duty, but was found not guilty after defending himself in court.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_as_a_barrister">Career as a barrister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career as a barrister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having eaten his dinners at <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a> and passed his bar finals with distinction in the summer of 1899, Smith was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the Bar">called to the Bar</a> and finally left <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, and quickly built up a brilliant and lucrative practice on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Circuit" title="Northern Circuit">Northern Circuit</a>, initially basing himself in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formidable_style_and_high-profile_court_cases">Formidable style and high-profile court cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formidable style and high-profile court cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith rapidly acquired a reputation as a formidable <a href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">advocate</a>, first in Liverpool and then, after his election to Parliament in 1906, in London. He was <a href="/wiki/Junior_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior counsel">junior counsel</a> during the prosecution of John McKeever tried at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Hall,_Liverpool#Assizes" title="St George's Hall, Liverpool">Liverpool Assizes</a> for the murder of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> activist <a href="/wiki/John_Kensit" title="John Kensit">John Kensit</a>. Although McKeever was acquitted, Smith kept the weapon, a file or chisel and a photograph of where the incident took place in his chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907 he was asked to give an opinion on a proposed <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> action by the <a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a> against newspapers owned by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Northcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Northcliffe">Lord Northcliffe</a> concerning the latter's allegations of a conspiracy to raise the price of soap by means of a 'soap trust'. He checked into the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">Savoy</a> and, after working all night reading a pile of papers nearly four feet thick and consuming a bottle of champagne and two dozen oysters, Smith wrote a one-sentence opinion: "There is no <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">answer</a> to this action in libel, and the damages must be enormous".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspapers subsequently paid Lever £50,000, more than four times the previous record for a defamation action or out-of-court published settlement in the country. </p><p>In February 1908, Smith was made a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">King's Counsel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reid,_1st_Earl_Loreburn" title="Robert Reid, 1st Earl Loreburn">Lord Loreburn</a>, on the same day as his friend and rival from Wadham College, future Home Secretary Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>. At the Bar, he became one of the best known and most highly paid barristers in the country, making over £10,000 per year before the First World War. His spending was commensurate with this income even after he took less well-paid government positions in later years, something of which he would bitterly complain. Part of his income funded the purchase of a country house, <a href="/wiki/The_Cottage,_Charlton,_Northamptonshire" title="The Cottage, Charlton, Northamptonshire">The Cottage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Northamptonshire" title="Charlton, Northamptonshire">Charlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, in 1907. The house was greatly enlarged in 1911–1912.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of the best-known cases in which Smith was involved he successfully defended <a href="/wiki/Ethel_le_Neve" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethel le Neve">Ethel le Neve</a>, mistress of <a href="/wiki/Hawley_Harvey_Crippen" title="Hawley Harvey Crippen">Hawley Harvey Crippen</a> ("Dr. Crippen"), against a charge of murder. Le Neve was accused of killing Crippen's wife. Crippen was tried separately and convicted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_of_Parliament">Member of Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg/170px-Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg/255px-Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg/340px-Birkenhead_by_Spy0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"A Successful First Speech ("<a href="/wiki/Psalm_108" title="Psalm 108">Moab is my Washpot</a>")"<br />FE Smith MP depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, January 1907</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Ambitious to enter <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">Parliament</a>, Smith cultivated the local Tory <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">boss</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Salvidge" title="Archibald Salvidge">Archibald Salvidge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, Smith gave a dazzling speech in Liverpool in support of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, who was campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff Reform">Tariff Reform</a>. On the strength of this, he was selected three months later as candidate for the working-class constituency of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)">Walton division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He campaigned as the champion of hard-drinking, patriotic working men (Liberals tended to favour temperance and more pacific foreign policy) and in the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 election</a> he narrowly held the seat despite the national Liberal landslide. He held the seat until the redrawing of boundaries in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attracted attention by a brilliant <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a>, "<a href="/wiki/I_Warn_the_Government" title="I Warn the Government">I Warn the Government</a>..." After this speech, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Michael_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Michael Healy">Tim Healy</a>, the Irish Nationalist, a master of parliamentary invective, sent Smith a note, "I am old, and you are young, but you have beaten me at my own game." In his maiden speech he argued that advocating tariffs had not hurt the Tories at the recent election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013244_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013244-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906" title="Trade Disputes Act 1906">Trade Disputes Act 1906</a> arguing that intimidatory picketing should not be allowed. The Conservative leadership, unwilling to antagonise organised labour, did not oppose the Act very hard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013244_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013244-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith did not support restriction on the powers of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, fearing that tyranny could result from an unchecked <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> parliament. </p><p>He was soon a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Unionism_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionism (Ireland)">Unionist</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, especially in the planned <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> resistance to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a>. He attended the <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> rally on 27 July 1912, at which Bonar Law advocated forcible resistance. From the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a> in September 1912 onwards, he was often at <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a>'s side on horseback, hence the derisive nickname "Galloper Smith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013255–6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013255–6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A vociferous opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Welsh part of the Church of England</a>, he called the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Disestablishment Bill</a> "a bill which has shocked the conscience of every Christian community in Europe". This prompted <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> to write a satirical poem, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Antichrist,_or_the_Reunion_of_Christendom:_An_Ode" class="extiw" title="s:Antichrist, or the Reunion of Christendom: An Ode"><i>"Antichrist, Or the Reunion of Christendom: An Ode"</i></a>, which asked if <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Breton</a> sailors, Russian peasants and Christians evicted by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> would know or care of what happened to the Anglican Church of Wales, and answered the question with the line "Chuck it, Smith". The bill was approved by Parliament under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>, but was stalled by the outbreak of the First World War. When it was finally implemented in 1920, Smith was part of the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_Coalition_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George Coalition Government">Lloyd George Coalition</a> that did so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith had joined the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a> by commission into the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Oxfordshire_Hussars" title="Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars">Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars</a>, in which Churchill was already an officer, in 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-compeerage_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compeerage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (British Army)">captain</a> in the regiment<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the outbreak of the First World War. On its outbreak he was placed in charge of the Government's Press Bureau, with rank of full colonel and responsibility for newspaper censorship. He was not very successful in this role, and in 1914–1915 served in France as a staff officer with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Corps">Indian Corps</a> with ultimate temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">lieutenant-colonel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his successor as 'recording officer' (a <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (British Army)">Colonel</a> Merewether) later collaborated on an official history entitled <i>The Indian Corps in France</i> (published 1917).<sup id="cite_ref-compeerage2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compeerage2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1915, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a> by <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1922_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1922-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon after (in October 1915) succeeded his friend <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a> as <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a>, with the right to attend Cabinet. Early in 1916 he was briefly placed under military arrest for arriving at <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> without a pass, and had to be 'appeased' by a meeting with <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of England and Wales">Attorney General</a>, it was his responsibility to lead the prosecution for <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in major cases such as the trial in 1916 of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Roger_Casement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Roger Casement">Sir Roger Casement</a> for <a href="/wiki/Treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Treason in the United Kingdom">treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1922_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1922-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir Roger had been captured after landing from <a href="/wiki/SM_U-19_(Germany)" title="SM U-19 (Germany)">a <i>Kaiserliche Marine</i> U-boat</a> on <a href="/wiki/Banna_Strand" title="Banna Strand">Banna Strand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tralee_Bay" title="Tralee Bay">Tralee Bay</a> in north <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, south-west Ireland, just a few days before the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in late April 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His prosecution of Casement (and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Wheeldon" title="Alice Wheeldon">Wheeldon</a> in 1917) contributed to Smith's reputation as a spectacular advocate at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was made a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a> in 1918. Following abolition of the Walton seat in constituency boundary changes, Smith was returned at the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">December 1918 general election</a> for neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_West_Derby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool West Derby (UK Parliament constituency)">West Derby Division</a>, only to be elevated to the House of Lords two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_Coalition:_Lord_Chancellor">Postwar Coalition: Lord Chancellor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postwar Coalition: Lord Chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg/170px-F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg/255px-F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg/340px-F._E._Smith_as_Lord_Chancellor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Sir F. E. Smith, newly created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Earl of Birkenhead">Lord Birkenhead</a>, on his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1919, he was created <b>Baron Birkenhead</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Chester">County of Chester</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 47, he was the youngest Lord Chancellor since <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper,_1st_Earl_Cowper" title="William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper">Lord Cowper</a> in 1707 and possibly since <a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys,_1st_Baron_Jeffreys" title="George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys">Judge Jeffreys</a> (John Simon would have been younger had he accepted the post in 1915).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013458_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013458-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Post">Morning Post</a></i> commented that his appointment as Attorney-General had been amusing but that his further promotion was "carrying a joke beyond the limits of pleasantry", while the <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King</a> urged Lloyd George to reconsider.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013460_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013460-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birkenhead proved an excellent Lord Chancellor, but tales of his drunkenness begin from this time, very likely as he grew bored with the job and as it dawned on him that he had probably ruled himself out from the premiership by accepting a peerage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013277–81_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013277–81-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That year, in the House of Lords debate on the <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar Massacre">Amritsar Massacre</a>, he courageously denounced Tories who declared <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">General Dyer</a> (the responsible officer) a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played a key role in the passage of several key legal reforms, including the Law of Property Act 1922, which began the reform of English land law which was to come to fruition in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Property_Act_1925" title="Law of Property Act 1925">the mid-1920s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013483-6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013483-6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also unsuccessfully championed a reform of the divorce laws, which he judged caused great misery and which favoured the wealthy. </p><p>Despite his Unionist background, Smith played an important role in the negotiations that led to the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> in 1921, which led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013275_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013275-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the treaty was drafted by Smith. His support for this, and his warm relations with the Irish nationalist leaders <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, angered some of his former Unionist associates, notably Sir Edward Carson. Upon signing the Treaty he remarked to Collins, "I may have just signed my political death warrant", to which Collins dryly and with prescient accuracy replied, "I have just signed my actual death warrant". Collins was killed by opponents of the treaty eight months after the signing, during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken196396–123_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken196396–123-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1921, he was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> rejecting a proposal, put forward by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Alexander_Macquisten" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Alexander Macquisten">Frederick Alexander Macquisten</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Argyllshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Argyllshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Argyllshire</a>, to criminalise lesbianism. During the debate, Birkenhead argued that 999 women out of a thousand had "never even heard a whisper of these practices".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was created <b>Viscount Birkenhead</b>, of Birkenhead in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Chester">County of Chester</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1921_Birthday_Honours" title="1921 Birthday Honours">1921 Birthday Honours</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <b>Viscount Furneaux</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Northamptonshire" title="Charlton, Northamptonshire">Charlton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Northampton" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Northampton">County of Northampton</a>, and <b>Earl of Birkenhead</b> in 1922. By 1922 Birkenhead and Churchill had become the leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> Coalition. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>, the attempt to go to war with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> over <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak</a> (which was later vetoed by the governments of the Dominions) and a general whiff of moral and financial corruption which had come to surround the Coalition were all hallmarks of his tenure in office. </p><p>A scandal erupted in 1922 when it became known that Lloyd George, through the agency of <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Gregory" title="Maundy Gregory">Maundy Gregory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-camp_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had awarded honours and titles such as a baronetcy to rich businessmen in return for cash in the range of £10,000 and more.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an earlier meeting before Parliament broke up for the summer, and more famously at the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a> meeting in October 1922, Birkenhead's hectoring of the junior ministers and backbenchers was one of the factors leading to the withdrawal of support from the Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1963200–203_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1963200–203-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Out_of_office:_1922–24"><span id="Out_of_office:_1922.E2.80.9324"></span>Out of office: 1922–24</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Out of office: 1922–24"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIMEMagazine20Aug1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TIMEMagazine20Aug1923.jpg/220px-TIMEMagazine20Aug1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TIMEMagazine20Aug1923.jpg/330px-TIMEMagazine20Aug1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/TIMEMagazine20Aug1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> cover, 20 Aug 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Like many of the senior members of the Coalition, Birkenhead did not hold office in the <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> and Baldwin governments of 1922–24. Unlike the others Birkenhead was rude and open in his contempt for the new governments. He bore no grudge against Bonar Law but criticised <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Wilson_(politician)" title="Leslie Wilson (politician)">Leslie Wilson</a> and Lord Curzon. He sneered that Wilson and Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">George Younger</a> were "the cabin boys" who had taken over the ship, he referred to <a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Lords Salisbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Selborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Selborne">Selborne</a> as "the <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Sisters" title="Dolly Sisters">Dolly Sisters</a>" after two starlets of the era and remarked that the new Cabinet was one of "second-class brains", to which came the reply from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Lord Robert Cecil</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this was better than "second-class characters". He remarked that he had lost the Woolsack but was still "captain of [his] own soul" to which a wag retorted that this was "a small command of which no-one will want to deprive him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013286–7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013286–7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the House of Lords, on 7 December 1922, he read out a letter dated 15 February 1922 in which the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Gounaris" title="Dimitrios Gounaris">Dimitrios Gounaris</a> had begged the Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a> (who had deserted the Coalition in its final hours and thus retained his office under <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>) for British help in her <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">war against Turkey</a>. Since then, Gounaris had been executed as a scapegoat for the catastrophic Greek defeat. Birkenhead claimed that he had no knowledge of this letter, a claim which was soon echoed by Lloyd George and other leading coalitionists Austen Chamberlain, Robert Horne and Worthington-Evans. The accusations, if true, might have forced Curzon's resignation and jeopardised the ongoing negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)">Cabinet Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Hankey">Maurice Hankey</a> located the letter, and the reply urging Gounaris to "hold on", which Curzon had circulated to the Cabinet, and which Birkenhead had initialled as read. On 11 December Birkenhead was forced to apologise ("frigidly received" by the Lords, according to <i>The Times</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Curzon,_Marchioness_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston">Lady Curzon</a> retaliated by <a href="/wiki/Cut_(etiquette)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut (etiquette)">cutting</a> him at a ball, but as she remarked to her husband in a letter, he was "too drunk to notice" the snub.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1923, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> succeeded Bonar Law as Prime Minister. He remarked to his new Cabinet, referring to Birkenhead's exclusion, that they were "a Cabinet of faithful husbands" – this referred to Birkenhead's general character rather than simply his marital infidelities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even a famous speech, the Rectorial Address to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> on 7 November 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Birkenhead told undergraduates that the world still offered "glittering prizes" to those with "stout hearts and sharp swords", now seemed out of kilter with the less aggressive and more self-consciously moral style of politics advocated by the new generation of Conservative politicians such as Stanley Baldwin and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Edward Wood</a>, the future Lord Halifax. Birkenhead regarded the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as idealistic nonsense, and thought that international relations should be guided by "self-interest", lest Britain decline like <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Imperial Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, he believed that the power of nations would still be determined by their military strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013332_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013332-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time Birkenhead was regarded with distaste by much of the grassroots Conservative Party. <a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">J. C. C. Davidson</a> reported back to <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Central Office</a> (18 November 1923) on his recent re-adoption as candidate for <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hemel Hempstead (UK Parliament constituency)">Hemel Hempstead</a> that many members were unwilling to support him without an assurance that he would not support Birkenhead's return to the Cabinet, lest this cost local votes at <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">the upcoming election</a>. He commented that this was proof that Puritanism was deep in the English blood, and not just in that of Nonconformist chapel-goers. <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> recorded in his diary (18 November 1923) that Birkenhead had "so often and so deeply shocked the moral sense of the country by his drunkenness and loose living character that our Govt which rests largely on public confidence in our character would be seriously tarnished by association with such a man".<sup id="cite_ref-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the December 1923 General Election, at which Baldwin lost his majority and a hung Parliament was returned, Birkenhead briefly intrigued for another Lloyd George coalition government. In order to discourage them from associating with Lloyd George, Baldwin quickly invited former coalitionists Austen Chamberlain, Birkenhead and Balfour to join the Shadow Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013301–2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013301–2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birkenhead persuaded his friend Churchill to stand (unsuccessfully, as an independent "Constitutionalist") in the March <a href="/wiki/1924_Westminster_Abbey_by-election" title="1924 Westminster Abbey by-election">1924 Westminster Abbey by-election</a>. This was part of Churchill's move back towards rejoining the Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013303_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013303-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1924 entry in <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>'s diary states that an English High Court judge, presiding in a <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> case, sought advice on sentencing from Lord Birkenhead. "Could you tell me," he asked, "what do you think one ought to give a man who allows himself to be buggered?" Birkenhead replied without hesitation, "Oh, thirty shillings or two pounds; whatever you happen to have on you."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_affair">Personal life and affair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life and affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smith married Margaret Eleanor Furneaux, daughter of classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Henry_Furneaux" title="Henry Furneaux">Henry Furneaux</a>, in April 1901. They had three children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Eleanor_Smith" title="Lady Eleanor Smith">Lady Eleanor Furneaux Smith</a> (born 7 August 1902, died 20 October 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead</a> (born 7 December 1907, died 10 June 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Pamela_Smith" title="Lady Pamela Smith">Lady Pamela Margaret Elizabeth Smith</a> (born 16 May 1914, died 7 January 1982), married <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry,_Baron_Hartwell" title="Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell">Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell</a>.</li></ul> <p>In around 1919, Birkenhead began an affair with Mona Dunn, the then seventeen year old daughter of the Canadian financier <a href="/wiki/James_Hamet_Dunn" title="James Hamet Dunn">James Hamet Dunn</a>, a friend of Lord Beaverbrook's (it is unclear how much her father knew of the affair). Beaverbrook, in so far as can be discerned from the limited surviving evidence in letters, appears to have provided a cover for sexual liaisons between the two of them, and for womanising by others of their social circle. She appears to have been genuinely in love with Birkenhead, whereas he was mildly fond of her but regarded her as no more than a mistress. The affair attracted the fury of Birkenhead’s daughter, a friend of Mona's, a state of affairs likened by Campbell to the relations between Lloyd George, his mistress <a href="/wiki/Frances_Stevenson" title="Frances Stevenson">Frances Stevenson</a>, and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Megan_Lloyd_George" title="Megan Lloyd George">Megan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926 <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bennett" title="Arnold Bennett">Arnold Bennett</a> published a novel, <i>Lord Raingo</i>, about a self-made millionaire who becomes a peer and a Cabinet Minister (under a Prime Minister clearly based on Lloyd George), and who keeps a young mistress. The character was actually largely based on <a href="/wiki/D._A._Thomas" title="D. A. Thomas">Lord Rhondda</a> and Beaverbrook himself. Birkenhead gave an angry interview to the <i>Daily Mail</i> in which he criticised both the novel and the recent practice of <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington" title="Charles à Court Repington">Colonel Repington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel House">Colonel House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margot_Asquith" title="Margot Asquith">Margot Asquith</a> in publishing political secrets so close in time to the events. Bennett replied that the character was not based on any single person and anyway that it was not for Birkenhead, who had recently published a potboiler called <i>Famous Trials</i>, to criticise others for writing books to make money. The two men, who were both members of <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Club" title="The Other Club">The Other Club</a>, remained on friendly terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mona Dunn had married "Bunny" Tattersall in February 1925. She had a daughter, then died in Paris aged 26 on 19 December 1928, officially of peritonitis. The original text (1983) of John Campbell's biography states that there is no evidence for the tales that she died of a failed abortion. However, later editions contain a footnote adding that it had since come to the author's attention that her husband had been paid off by Birkenhead to enter into a marriage of convenience with her as a cover for their continued affair, and that, the affair now over, she then fled to Paris with a third man, where she died of "appendicitis and drink" (inverted commas in the original). Birkenhead wrote a poem in her memory, which Beaverbrook declined to publish in the <i>Daily Express</i> at the time, but eventually published three decades later in his life of Sir James Dunn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State_for_India:_1924–28"><span id="Secretary_of_State_for_India:_1924.E2.80.9328"></span>Secretary of State for India: 1924–28</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secretary of State for India: 1924–28"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite winning a large majority at the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 election</a>, Baldwin formed a broad new (second) government by appointing former coalitionists such as Birkenhead, Austen Chamberlain and former Liberal Winston Churchill to senior Cabinet posts; this was to discourage them from associating with Lloyd George to revive the 1916-22 Coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birkenhead and Chamberlain lobbied Baldwin to reappoint another former coalitionist, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Robert Horne</a>, to the Exchequer, but Baldwin refused and appointed Churchill instead.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1924 to 1928 Birkenhead served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>. His views on pre-partition India's independence movement were gloomy. He thought India's Hindu–Muslim religious divide insurmountable and sought to block advances in native participation in provincial governments that had been granted by the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a>. His parliamentary private secretary recalled much time ostensibly on India Office business seemed to be spent playing <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in his government role that in October 1927 he unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Neuve-Chapelle_Indian_Memorial" title="Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial">Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial</a> to Indian Army soldiers of no known grave killed on the Western Front in the 1914–18 War.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birkenhead endorsed his old political opponent <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, rather than his Cabinet colleague <a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Lord Cave</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1925_University_of_Oxford_Chancellor_election" title="1925 University of Oxford Chancellor election">1925 University of Oxford Chancellor election</a>. He wrote to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> on 19 May, describing Asquith as the "greatest living Oxonian", but his support may have done more harm than good, because of his association with the discredited Lloyd George Coalition, and because of his open scepticism both of religion and of the League of Nations. It was quipped that Asquith was "a <a href="/wiki/Bed_warmer" title="Bed warmer">warming-pan</a>” for Birkenhead's views (a learned Oxford joke, referring to the legend that the <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">Old Pretender</a> had been an impostor baby rather than a rightful heir to the throne). Lord Cave was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was engaged outside the office in negotiating for the government with the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> to try to avert the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a> and he strongly supported the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_and_Trade_Unions_Act_1927" title="Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927">Trades Disputes Act</a> which required union members to contract into the political levies.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin remained suspicious of the activities of Birkenhead and the former coalitionists. <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a> recorded (diary 14 March 1928) him remarking "the future Coalition" when he saw Churchill, Lloyd George and Birkenhead chatting at the end of a state dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Cave resigned as Lord Chancellor early in 1928. Birkenhead apparently did not want to return to his old job, but neither did Baldwin offer it to him. According to Neville Chamberlain's diary (28 March 1928), this was because "he might be seen drunk in the street" (<a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Lord Hailsham</a> was appointed instead).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birkenhead retired from the Cabinet in October 1928 to make money in business.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 he was appointed Knight Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_assessments">Later life and assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life and assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birkenhead's increasingly pompous oratory caused <a href="/wiki/David_Low_(cartoonist)" title="David Low (cartoonist)">David Low</a> to caricature him in the 1920s as "Lord Burstinghead".<sup id="cite_ref-odnb3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring from politics, he became Rector of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, a director of <a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a director of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-camp_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_(academia)" title="High Steward (academia)">High Steward</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. In a 1983 biography review, William Camp – who had written a 1960 biography of the man – opined that "F.E. was the quintessential male chauvinist who, almost with his dying breath, dragged himself to the Lords in July 1930 to attack the right of peeresses to take their seats."<sup id="cite_ref-camp_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camp-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birkenhead wrote a series of articles (later republished in <i>Last Essays</i>: 1930) about "The peril to India", in which he criticised the Indian Nationalist leaders as "a collection ... of very inferior <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerenskis</a>" and asserted that it was widely accepted that without British rule India would collapse into anarchy. He attacked the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin Declaration</a> as "so ambiguous that it is impossible to select from it any clear and unambiguous proposal".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who was a friend: "He had all the canine virtues in a remarkable degree – courage, fidelity, vigilance, love of chase." As for <a href="/wiki/Margot_Asquith" title="Margot Asquith">Margot Asquith</a>, who was not a friend, she thought: "F. E. Smith is very clever, but sometimes his brains go to his head." Of Birkenhead's loyalty, Churchill added: "If he was with you on Monday, he would be the same on Tuesday. And on Thursday, when things looked blue, he would still be marching forward with strong reinforcements." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Frankau" title="Gilbert Frankau">Gilbert Frankau</a> recalled in his own autobiography <i>Self Portrait</i>, that in 1928 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Horder,_1st_Baron_Horder" title="Thomas Horder, 1st Baron Horder">Sir Thomas Horder</a> confided: "Birkenhead's pure eighteenth-century. He belongs to the days of <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the younger">Pitt</a>. Physically, he has all the strength of our best yeoman stock. Mentally, he's a colossus. But he'll tear himself to pieces by the time he's sixty."<sup id="cite_ref-frankau_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frankau-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930 he published his utopian <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_2030" title="The World in 2030">The World in 2030</a></i> with airbrush illustrations by <a href="/wiki/E._McKnight_Kauffer" class="mw-redirect" title="E. McKnight Kauffer">E. McKnight Kauffer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was the subject of considerable controversy as several passages were alleged to have been copied from earlier works by <a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">J. B. S. Haldane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013828_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013828-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birkenhead died in London in 1930, aged 58, from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis_of_the_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrhosis of the liver">cirrhosis of the liver</a>. After cremation at <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium" title="Golders Green Crematorium">Golders Green Crematorium</a>, his ashes were buried in the parish churchyard at <a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Northamptonshire" title="Charlton, Northamptonshire">Charlton, Northamptonshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb2_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screen_portrayals">Screen portrayals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Screen portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As "Lord Birkenhead", he is dramatised in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i>, as an official of the <a href="/wiki/British_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="British Olympic Committee">British Olympic Committee</a>. He is played by actor <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Davenport" title="Nigel Davenport">Nigel Davenport</a>. </p><p>His role in the Anglo-Irish treaty negotiations was featured in the penultimate episode of the 1981 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Wales">BBC Wales</a> biographical series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_David_Lloyd_George" title="The Life and Times of David Lloyd George">The Life and Times of David Lloyd George</a>,</i>where he was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Perry" title="Morris Perry">Morris Perry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><i>International Law in the Far East</i>, 2nd ed. 1908.</li> <li><i>The Licensing Bill</i>, 1908.</li> <li><i>International Law</i>, 4th ed. 1911.</li> <li><i>Poems by Samuel Johnson, LLD</i>.</li> <li><i>Toryism until 1832</i>.</li> <li><i>Speeches, 1906–1909</i> (2nd ed.).</li> <li><i>The Destruction of Merchant Ships</i>, 1917.</li> <li><i>My American Visit</i>, 1918 (2nd edition).</li> <li><i>The Indian Corps in France</i> (2nd edition).</li> <li><i>The Story of Newfoundland</i>, 1920.</li> <li><i>Points of View</i>, 1922.</li> <li><i>Contemporary Personalities</i>, 1924.</li> <li><i>America Revisited</i>, 1924.</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><i>Fourteen English Judges</i>, 1926.</li> <li><i>Famous Trials of History</i>, 1926.</li> <li><i>Law, Life and Letters</i>, 1927.</li> <li><i>More Famous Trials</i>, 1928.</li> <li><i>The Speeches of Lord Birkenhead</i>, 1929.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_2030" title="The World in 2030">The World in 2030</a></i>, 1930.</li> <li><i>Turning Points in History</i>, 1930.</li> <li><i>Last Essays</i>, 1930.</li> <li>(Editor) <i>The Five Hundred Best English Letters</i>, 1931.</li> <li><i>Fifty Famous Fights in Fact and Fiction</i>, 1932.</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cases">Cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_counsel">As counsel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: As counsel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>R v Casement</i> [1917] 1 KB 98, prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Sir Roger Casement</a> for <a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">high treason</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_judge">As judge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As judge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mackworth,_2nd_Viscountess_Rhondda" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Mackworth, 2nd Viscountess Rhondda">Viscountess Rhondda</a>'s Claim</i> [1922] 2 AC 339, right of peeresses to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Home_Affairs,_ex_p_O%27Brien" title="R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p O'Brien">R <i>v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p O'Brien</i></a> [1923] AC 691, legality of British policy of internment in Ireland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/225px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg/300px-Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png/200px-Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png/300px-Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png/400px-Birkenhead_Escutcheon.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>A cubit arm couped fessways vested Gules cuffed Argent the hand Proper grasping a sword erect also Argent pommel and hilt Or.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Ermine on a pale Gules between four cross crosslets of the second a like cross Or.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter a griffin Or wings per fess Or and Sable, sinister a lion Azure charged on the shoulder with a crozier Or.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Faber Meæ Fortunæ<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SmithODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmithODNB_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a>. "Smith, Frederick Edwin, first earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36137">10.1093/ref:odnb/36137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Frederick+Edwin%2C+first+earl+of+Birkenhead+%281872%E2%80%931930%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36137&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claud_Schuster,_1st_Baron_Schuster" title="Claud Schuster, 1st Baron Schuster">Schuster, Claud</a>. <i>The Post Victorians: Lord Birkenhead</i>. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post+Victorians%3A+Lord+Birkenhead&rft.pages=85&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Claud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Who published this book, where and when? (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCreg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCreg_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevens1964" class="citation book cs1">Levens, R.G.C., ed. (1964). <i>Merton College Register 1900–1964</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merton+College+Register+1900%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compeerage-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compeerage_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compeerage_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII, Peerage Creations 1901–1938</i>. St Catherine's Press. 1940. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage%2C+Volume+XIII%2C+Peerage+Creations+1901%E2%80%931938&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=St+Catherine%27s+Press&rft.date=1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1979" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Geoff (1979). <i>A Pictorial History of the Oxford City Police</i>. 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London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=The+age+of+stout+hearts%2C+sharp+swords+%E2%80%93+and+fun&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2006%2F04%2Fthe-age-of-stout-hearts-sharp-swords-and-fun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judgment in <i>Cox v. MGN Ltd</i> [2006] EWHC 1235, § 32 (Eady J)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1265934" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1265934?section=official-list-entry">"The Cottage (Grade II) (1265934)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kelly's. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kelly%27s+Handbook+to+the+Titled%2C+Landed+and+Official+Classes%2C+1930&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Kelly%27s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compeerage2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-compeerage2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII</i>. p. 294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage%2C+Volume+XIII&rft.pages=294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1922-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1922_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1922_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Viscount"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Birkenhead,_Frederick_Edwin_Smith,_1st_Viscount">"Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Viscount" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birkenhead%2C+Frederick+Edwin+Smith%2C+1st+Viscount&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=457&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot 1988, p.226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Green, "Children of the Sun: A Narrative of Decadence in England After 1918"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson Andrew (2019), 'A spectacular quartet of leading barristers' in <i>Speaking in Court.</i> Palgrave Macmillan.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10395-8_8">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10395-8_8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31162" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31162/page/1794">"No. 31162"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 4 February 1919. p. 1794.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31162&rft.pages=1794&rft.date=1919-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31162%2Fpage%2F1794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31201" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31201/page/2735">"No. 31201"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 25 February 1919. p. 2735.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31201&rft.pages=2735&rft.date=1919-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31201%2Fpage%2F2735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013458-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013458_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013460-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013460_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013277–81-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013277–81_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, pp. 277–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Vol. 51. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013483-6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013483-6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 483-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013275-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013275_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, pp. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken196396–123-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken196396–123_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken1963">Aitken 1963</a>, pp. 96–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoan2001" class="citation book cs1">Doan, Laura (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fashioningsapphi00doan"><i>Fashioning Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern English Lesbian Culture</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fashioningsapphi00doan/page/56">56–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11007-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11007-3"><bdi>0-231-11007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashioning+Sapphism%3A+The+Origins+of+a+Modern+English+Lesbian+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56-60&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-231-11007-3&rft.aulast=Doan&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffashioningsapphi00doan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Lord_Chancellor1921" class="citation book cs1">The Lord Chancellor, 574 (15 August 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1921/aug/15/commons-amendment-2#S5LV0043P0_19210815_HOL_114">"Commons Amdendment, HL Deb 15 August 1921 vol 43 cc567-77"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. UK: House of Lords. col. 574.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commons+Amdendment%2C+HL+Deb+15+August+1921+vol+43+cc567-77&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=col.-574&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=1921-08-15&rft.au=The+Lord+Chancellor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1921%2Faug%2F15%2Fcommons-amendment-2%23S5LV0043P0_19210815_HOL_114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32346" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32346/supplement/4529">"No. 32346"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 4 June 1921. p. 4529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32346&rft.pages=4529&rft.date=1921-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32346%2Fsupplement%2F4529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camp-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camp_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camp_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camp_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/26th-november-1983/26/that-crooked-charmer-smith">"That crooked charmer, Smith"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. 26 November 1983. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=That+crooked+charmer%2C+Smith&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1983-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F26th-november-1983%2F26%2Fthat-crooked-charmer-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2014" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, Travis L (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIW9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA330"><i>The Unknown David Lloyd George: A Statesman in Conflict</i></a>. IB Tauris. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-485-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-485-6"><bdi>978-1-78076-485-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+David+Lloyd+George%3A+A+Statesman+in+Conflict&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-485-6&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Travis+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMIW9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1963200–203-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1963200–203_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken1963">Aitken 1963</a>, pp. 200–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the quote is also sometimes attributed to Stanley Baldwin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013286–7-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013286–7_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, pp. 286–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams 1999, p.339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd George and Robert Horne were also notorious womanisers – see their articles for details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Idealism in International Politics." Reprinted in: <i>The Speeches of Lord Birkenhead.</i> London, 1929. p. 204-217. According to Paul Johnson (<i>Heroes: From Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar to Churchill and de Gaulle.</i> New York, 2007. p. 207), "The speech was, in its own way, as sensational as his maiden, and required the same kind of courage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charmley_1993,_pp203-4_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993, pp203-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013332-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013332_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013301–2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013301–2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, pp. 301–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013303-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013303_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> 23 May 2006, Law supplement p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013689–93_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, pp. 689–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993, pp. 202-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb2_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Vol. 51. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/144000/NEUVE%20CHAPELLE%20MEMORIAL">"Neuve-Chapelle Memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">CWGC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neuve-Chapelle+Memorial&rft.pub=CWGC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-a-cemetery%2Fcemetery%2F144000%2FNEUVE%2520CHAPELLE%2520MEMORIAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koss 1985, pp. 274-275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toye 2008 p.265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993, pp. 232-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993 p.234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmley 1993, p.245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frankau-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frankau_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankau1941" class="citation book cs1">Frankau, Gilbert (1941). <i>Self Portrait, A Novel of His Own Life</i>. The Book Club. pp. 262–263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+Portrait%2C+A+Novel+of+His+Own+Life&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=The+Book+Club&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Frankau&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight_Kauffer" class="citation web cs1">McKnight Kauffer, E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fulltable.com/VTS/f/fut/t.htm">"The World in 2030"</a>. <i>fulltable.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fulltable.com&rft.atitle=The+World+in+2030&rft.aulast=McKnight+Kauffer&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltable.com%2FVTS%2Ff%2Ffut%2Ft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013828-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013828_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell 2013</a>, p. 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Burke's Peerage</i>. 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation book cs1">Adams, R J Q (1999). <i>Bonar Law</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-55422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-55422-3"><bdi>978-0-719-55422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonar+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-719-55422-3&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=R+J+Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Aitken, Max</a> (1963). <i>The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Lloyd+George&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamp1960" class="citation book cs1">Camp, William (1960). <i>The Glittering Prizes: A Biographical Study of F. E. Smith</i>. London: MacGibbon & Kee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glittering+Prizes%3A+A+Biographical+Study+of+F.+E.+Smith&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacGibbon+%26+Kee&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (2013) [1983]. <i>F. E. Smith: First Earl of Birkenhead</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-30729-6"><bdi>978-0-571-30729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F.+E.+Smith%3A+First+Earl+of+Birkenhead&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-571-30729-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Campbell, John (2015) [2004]. "Smith, Frederick Edwin, first earl of Birkenhead (1872–1930)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36137">10.1093/ref:odnb/36137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Frederick+Edwin%2C+first+earl+of+Birkenhead+%281872%E2%80%931930%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36137&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmley1995" class="citation cs2">Charmley, John (1995) [1993], <i>Churchill: The End of Glory</i>, Sceptre, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340599228" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340599228"><bdi>978-0340599228</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+The+End+of+Glory&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0340599228&rft.aulast=Charmley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Groot1988" class="citation book cs1">De Groot, Gerard (1988). <i>Douglas Haig 1861–1928</i>. Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Haig+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Larkfield%2C+Maidstone&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=De+Groot&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2013" class="citation cs2">Harris, Robin (2013), <i>The Conservatives – A History</i>, Corgi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0552170338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0552170338"><bdi>978-0552170338</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservatives+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=Corgi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0552170338&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuston1964" class="citation book cs1">Heuston, RVF (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesoflordchanc0000heus"><i>Lives of the Lord Chancellors 1885–1940</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Lord+Chancellors+1885%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Heuston&rft.aufirst=RVF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesoflordchanc0000heus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoss" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Koss" title="Stephen Koss">Koss, Stephen</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBGGAAAAIAAJ&q=Asquith+Stephen+Koss"><i>Asquith</i></a>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06155-1"><bdi>978-0-231-06155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asquith&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06155-1&rft.aulast=Koss&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBGGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAsquith%2BStephen%2BKoss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1927" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Carl Eric Bechhofer (1927). <i>Lord Birkenhead. Being an account of the life of F.E. Smith, first Earl of Birkenhead</i>. London: Mills and Boon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Birkenhead.+Being+an+account+of+the+life+of+F.E.+Smith%2C+first+Earl+of+Birkenhead&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mills+and+Boon&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Carl+Eric+Bechhofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Smith, Frederick</a> (1933). <i>Frederick Edwin, Earl of Birkenhead</i>. London: Thornton Butterworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Edwin%2C+Earl+of+Birkenhead&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thornton+Butterworth&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1960" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Frederick (1960). <i>F.E.: The Life of F. E. Smith First Earl of Birkenhead</i>. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F.E.%3A+The+Life+of+F.+E.+Smith+First+Earl+of+Birkenhead&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span> – heavily revised edition of the above, with added material on Smith's political career, and much material relating to his legal career excised.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToye2008" class="citation book cs1">Toye, Richard (2008). <i>Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness</i>. London: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-43472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-43472-0"><bdi>978-0-330-43472-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George+and+Churchill%3A+Rivals+for+Greatness&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-330-43472-0&rft.aulast=Toye&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+E.+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frederick_Edwin_Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Frederick_Edwin_Smith" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Frederick Edwin Smith">F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8164">Works by F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Frederick+Edwin+Smith%2C+1st+Earl+of+Birkenhead%29%20OR%20%28%221872-1930%22%20AND%20Birkenhead%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-fe-smith">contributions in Parliament by F. E. Smith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00431">Portraits of F. E. Smith</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333683#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016687">Newspaper clippings about F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Stock" title="James Henry Stock">James Henry Stock</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)">Liverpool Walton</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a>–<a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Warden_Stanley_Chilcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Warden Stanley Chilcott">Harry Chilcott</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Rutherford,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Rutherford, 1st Baronet">William Rutherford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_West_Derby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Liverpool West Derby (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Liverpool West Derby</a> </b><br />1918–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hall" title="Reginald Hall">Sir Reginald Hall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Buckmaster,_1st_Viscount_Buckmaster" title="Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Viscount Buckmaster">Sir Stanley Buckmaster</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Solicitor-General for England">Solicitor-General for England</a> </b><br />1915 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Sir George Cave</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for England">Attorney-General for England</a> </b><br />1915–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hewart,_1st_Viscount_Hewart" title="Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart">Sir Gordon Hewart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finlay,_1st_Viscount_Finlay" title="Robert Finlay, 1st Viscount Finlay">The Lord Finlay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain</a> </b><br />1919–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">The Viscount Cave</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier" title="Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier">The Lord Olivier</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a> </b><br />1924–1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">The Viscount Peel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1922–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Viscount Cecil of Chelwood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Rector of the University of Aberdeen">Rector of the University of Aberdeen</a> </b><br />1927–1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Keith" title="Arthur Keith">Arthur Keith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Earl of Birkenhead">Earl of Birkenhead</a></b><br />and <i>Viscount Furneaux</i> <b><br /></b>1922–1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Birkenhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Birkenhead">Viscount Birkenhead</a> </b><br />1921–1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Birkenhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Birkenhead">Baron Birkenhead</a> </b><br />1919–1930 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Earl of Birkenhead">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Hillbrook)<b> </b><br />1911–1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Smith,_2nd_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead">Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Blythe" title="Samuel George Blythe">Samuel George Blythe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i> magazine</a> </b><br />20 August 1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Banting" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick G. Banting">Frederick G. Banting</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lord_Chancellor" title="Template:Lord Chancellor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lord_Chancellor" title="Template talk:Lord Chancellor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lord_Chancellor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lord Chancellor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Lord_high_chancellors_of_Great_Britain_(1707–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord high chancellors of Great Britain</a> (1707–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Speakers_of_the_House_of_LordsHeads_of_the_Judiciary_in_England_and_WalesMembers_of_the_Cabinet" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speakers of the House of Lords<br />Heads of the Judiciary in England and Wales<br />Members of the Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper,_1st_Earl_Cowper" title="William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper">Cowper</a></li> <li><i>in commission</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Harcourt,_1st_Viscount_Harcourt" title="Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper,_1st_Earl_Cowper" title="William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper">Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a></li> <li><i>in commission</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King,_1st_Baron_King" title="Peter King, 1st Baron King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot,_1st_Baron_Talbot" title="Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">Hardwicke</a></li> <li><i>in commission</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henley,_1st_Earl_of_Northington" title="Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington">Northington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt,_1st_Earl_Camden" title="Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yorke" title="Charles Yorke">Yorke</a></li> <li><i>in commission</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_2nd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thurlow,_1st_Baron_Thurlow" title="Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow">Thurlow</a></li> <li><i>in commission</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thurlow,_1st_Baron_Thurlow" title="Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow">Thurlow</a></li> <li><i>In Commission <a href="/wiki/James_Eyre_(judge)" title="James Eyre (judge)">James Eyre</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Ashurst_(judge)" title="William Henry Ashurst (judge)">William Henry Ashurst</a>/<a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Hotham,_2nd_Baron_Hotham" title="Beaumont Hotham, 2nd Baron Hotham">Sir Beaumont Hotham</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wedderburn,_1st_Earl_of_Rosslyn" title="Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn">Loughborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speakers of the House of Lords<br />Heads of the Judiciary in England and Wales<br />Members of the Cabinet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wedderburn,_1st_Earl_of_Rosslyn" title="Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn">Loughborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">Eldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erskine,_1st_Baron_Erskine" title="Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine">Erskine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">Eldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst" title="John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst">Lyndhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst" title="John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst">Lyndhurst</a></li> <li><i>In Commission: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham" title="Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham">Pepys</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Shadwell" title="Lancelot Shadwell">Shadwell</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Bosanquet" title="John Bosanquet">Bosanquet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham" title="Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham">Cottenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst" title="John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst">Lyndhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham" title="Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham">Cottenham</a></li> <li><i>In Commission: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bickersteth,_1st_Baron_Langdale" title="Henry Bickersteth, 1st Baron Langdale">Langdale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Shadwell" title="Lancelot Shadwell">Shadwell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Role</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilde,_1st_Baron_Truro" title="Thomas Wilde, 1st Baron Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sugden,_1st_Baron_St_Leonards" title="Edward Sugden, 1st Baron St Leonards">St Leonards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Cranworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Baron_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Campbell" title="John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bethell,_1st_Baron_Westbury" title="Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury">Westbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth" title="Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth">Cranworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Baron_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Baron Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wood,_1st_Baron_Hatherley" title="William Wood, 1st Baron Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_1st_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne">Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardinge_Giffard,_1st_Earl_of_Halsbury" title="Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury">Halsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrer_Herschell,_1st_Baron_Herschell" title="Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell">Herschell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardinge_Giffard,_1st_Earl_of_Halsbury" title="Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury">Halsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrer_Herschell,_1st_Baron_Herschell" title="Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell">Herschell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardinge_Giffard,_1st_Earl_of_Halsbury" title="Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury">Halsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reid,_1st_Earl_Loreburn" title="Robert Reid, 1st Earl Loreburn">Loreburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Buckmaster,_1st_Viscount_Buckmaster" title="Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Viscount Buckmaster">Buckmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finlay,_1st_Viscount_Finlay" title="Robert Finlay, 1st Viscount Finlay">Finlay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">D. Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sankey,_1st_Viscount_Sankey" title="John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey">Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">D. Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Maugham,_1st_Viscount_Maugham" title="Frederic Maugham, 1st Viscount Maugham">Maugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Caldecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Simonds,_1st_Viscount_Simonds" title="Gavin Simonds, 1st Viscount Simonds">Simonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Kilmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Manningham-Buller,_1st_Viscount_Dilhorne" title="Reginald Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne">Dilhorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardiner,_Baron_Gardiner" title="Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Q. Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Jones,_Baron_Elwyn-Jones" title="Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones">Elwyn-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Q. Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Havers,_Baron_Havers" title="Michael Havers, Baron Havers">Havers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mackay,_Baron_Mackay_of_Clashfern" title="James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry_Irvine,_Baron_Irvine_of_Lairg" title="Derry Irvine, Baron Irvine of Lairg">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Falconer,_Baron_Falconer_of_Thoroton" title="Charlie Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton">Falconer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Constitutional_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs">Secretaries of State for Constitutional Affairs</a><br />2003–2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Falconer,_Baron_Falconer_of_Thoroton" title="Charlie Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton">Falconer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Secretaries of State for Justice</a><br />2007–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Falconer,_Baron_Falconer_of_Thoroton" title="Charlie Falconer, Baron Falconer of Thoroton">Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gauke" title="David Gauke">Gauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buckland" title="Robert Buckland">Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Chalk" title="Alex Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabana_Mahmood" title="Shabana Mahmood">Mahmood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_lord_chancellors_and_lord_keepers" title="List of lord chancellors and lord keepers">List of lord chancellors and lord keepers</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#960018;color: #FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Template:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Template talk:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Rector of the University of Aberdeen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Rectors of the University of Aberdeen</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maitland,_Lord_Barcaple" title="Edward Maitland, Lord Barcaple">Edward Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Grant_Duff" title="M. E. Grant Duff">M. E. Grant Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Forster" title="William Edward Forster">W. E. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Viscount Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon,_11th_Marquess_of_Huntly" title="Charles Gordon, 11th Marquess of Huntly">Marquess of Huntly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Charles Thomson Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Treves,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet">Sir Frederick Treves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">Viscount Cowdray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Sir Robert Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Viscount Cecil of Chelwood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earl of Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Keith" title="Arthur Keith">Sir Arthur Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">Admiral Sir Edward Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Linklater" title="Eric Linklater">Eric Linklater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan,_2nd_Baron_Tweedsmuir" title="John Buchan, 2nd Baron Tweedsmuir">Baron Tweedsmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Edwards" title="Jimmy Edwards">Jimmy Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoderick_McGrigor" title="Rhoderick McGrigor">Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bannerman,_Baron_Bannerman_of_Kildonan" title="John Bannerman, Baron Bannerman of Kildonan">John Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">Brigadier Sir John Hunt</a></li> <li>Frank George Thomson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(television_presenter)" title="Michael Barratt (television presenter)">Michael Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Cuthbertson" title="Iain Cuthbertson">Iain Cuthbertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Gall" title="Sandy Gall">Sandy Gall</a></li> <li>Robert Perryment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Watt" title="Hamish Watt">Hamish Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Pickard" title="Willis Pickard">Willis Pickard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Bell_(journalist)" title="Colin Bell (journalist)">Colin Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_(advocate)" title="Ian Hamilton (advocate)">Ian Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Macartney" title="Allan Macartney">Allan Macartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Harper" title="Robin Harper">Robin Harper</a></li> <li>Stephen Robertson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Mackie_(farmer)" title="Maitland Mackie (farmer)"> Maitland Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Maggie Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Chukwuma-Ezike" title="Martina Chukwuma-Ezike">Martina Chukwuma-Ezike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118658891">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50044403">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12328385b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12328385b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00550944">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0269556&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1577772">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067674763">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90341548">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000044717&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhl4fl3kxtw30">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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