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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dance steps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scoring_system_and_competition_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scoring_system_and_competition_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Scoring system and competition format </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scoring_system_and_competition_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scoring system and competition format subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scoring_system_and_competition_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competition_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Competition format </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_of_Points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_of_Points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Code of Points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_of_Points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difficulty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Difficulty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Artistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Penalties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_Code_of_Points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_Code_of_Points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Evolution of the Code of Points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_Code_of_Points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judging_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judging_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Judging issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judging_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Attire and music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attire_and_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attire and music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attire_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Major competitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominant_teams_and_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominant_teams_and_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Dominant teams and nations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dominant_teams_and_nations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dominant teams and nations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dominant_teams_and_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Belarus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Post-Soviet_Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Post-Soviet_Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Other Post-Soviet Republics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Post-Soviet_Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Other European nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_European_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.11 Asia and Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injuries_and_health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries_and_health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Injuries and health issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Injuries_and_health_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Injuries and health issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Injuries_and_health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eating_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Eating disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Spinal issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Men's_rhythmic_gymnastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's_rhythmic_gymnastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Men's rhythmic gymnastics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Men's_rhythmic_gymnastics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Men's rhythmic gymnastics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Men's_rhythmic_gymnastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Japanese men's rhythmic gymnastics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Scoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Internationalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Spanish men's rhythmic gymnastics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rhythmic gymnastics</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="جمباز إيقاعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمباز إيقاعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արուեստական մարմնամարզութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արուեստական մարմնամարզութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99dii_gimnastika" title="Bədii gimnastika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bədii gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мастацкая гімнастыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мастацкая гімнастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мастацкая гімнастыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мастацкая гімнастыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Художествена гимнастика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Художествена гимнастика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmi%C4%8Dka_gimnastika" title="Ritmička gimnastika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ritmička gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimn%C3%A0stica_r%C3%ADtmica" title="Gimnàstica rítmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gimnàstica rítmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%C3%AD_gymnastika" title="Moderní gymnastika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moderní gymnastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmisk_sportsgymnastik" title="Rytmisk sportsgymnastik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rytmisk sportsgymnastik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmische_Sportgymnastik" title="Rhythmische Sportgymnastik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhythmische Sportgymnastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluv%C3%B5imlemine" title="Iluvõimlemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iluvõimlemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ρυθμική γυμναστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρυθμική γυμναστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasia_r%C3%ADtmica" title="Gimnasia rítmica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gimnasia rítmica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritma_gimnastiko" title="Ritma gimnastiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ritma gimnastiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnastika_erritmiko" title="Gimnastika erritmiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gimnastika erritmiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژیمناستیک ریتمیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژیمناستیک ریتمیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastique_rythmique" title="Gymnastique rythmique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gymnastique rythmique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximnasia_r%C3%ADtmica" title="Ximnasia rítmica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ximnasia rítmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%AC_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A1%B0" title="리듬 체조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리듬 체조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գեղարվեստական մարմնամարզություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեղարվեստական մարմնամարզություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmi%C4%8Dka_gimnastika" title="Ritmička gimnastika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ritmička gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmala_gimnastiko" title="Ritmala gimnastiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ritmala gimnastiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senam_irama" title="Senam irama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senam irama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastica_rhythmic" title="Gymnastica rhythmic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gymnastica rhythmic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmic_Gimnastica" title="Ritmic Gimnastica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ritmic Gimnastica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnastica_ritmica" title="Ginnastica ritmica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ginnastica ritmica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התעמלות אמנותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התעמלות אמנותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senam_wirama" title="Senam wirama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Senam wirama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="მხატვრული ტანვარჯიში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მხატვრული ტანვარჯიში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisticzn%C3%B4_gimnastika" title="Artisticznô gimnastika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Artisticznô gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көркем гимнастика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көркем гимнастика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81kslas_vingro%C5%A1ana" title="Mākslas vingrošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākslas vingrošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmin%C4%97_gimnastika" title="Ritminė gimnastika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ritminė gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmikus_gimnasztika" title="Ritmikus gimnasztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ritmikus gimnasztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnastik_berirama" title="Gimnastik berirama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gimnastik berirama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmische_gymnastiek" title="Ritmische gymnastiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ritmische gymnastiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BD%93%E6%93%8D" title="新体操 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新体操" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmisk_gymnastikk" title="Rytmisk gymnastikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rytmisk gymnastikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badiiy_gimnastika" title="Badiiy gimnastika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Badiiy gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnastyka_artystyczna" title="Gimnastyka artystyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gimnastyka artystyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin%C3%A1stica_r%C3%ADtmica" title="Ginástica rítmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ginástica rítmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnastic%C4%83_ritmic%C4%83" title="Gimnastică ritmică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gimnastică ritmică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Художественная гимнастика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Художественная гимнастика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="රිද්මයානුකූල ජිම්නාස්ටික් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රිද්මයානුකූල ජිම්නාස්ටික්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhythmic gymnastics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%C3%A1_gymnastika" title="Moderná gymnastika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moderná gymnastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmi%C4%8Dna_gimnastika" title="Ritmična gimnastika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ritmična gimnastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ритмичка гимнастика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ритмичка гимнастика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senam_irama" title="Senam irama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Senam irama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytminen_voimistelu" title="Rytminen voimistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rytminen voimistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytmisk_gymnastik" title="Rytmisk gymnastik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rytmisk gymnastik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சீரிசை சீருடற்பயிற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீரிசை சீருடற்பயிற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%99%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нәфис гимнастика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нәфис гимнастика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmik_jimnastik" title="Ritmik jimnastik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ritmik jimnastik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Художня гімнастика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Художня гімнастика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_d%E1%BB%A5c_nh%E1%BB%8Bp_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87u" title="Thể dục nhịp điệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể dục nhịp điệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%93%E6%93%8D" title="艺术体操 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艺术体操" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%BE%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%93%8D" title="韻律體操 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韻律體操" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%93%E6%93%8D" title="艺术体操 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Gymnastics discipline</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Rhythmic gymnastics</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/220px--Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="131" data-mwtitle="Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm/Rhytmic_Gymnastics_Group_10_Clubs_final_-_27th_Summer_Universiade_2013_-_Kazan.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><div class="infobox-caption">Rhythmic gymnastics Group 10 clubs final, 27th Summer Universiade 2013, Kazan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Gymnastique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique">Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Gymnastic sport that involves artistic movement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Since <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Games" title="2001 World Games">2001</a> – <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 World Games">2021</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which gymnasts perform individually or in groups on a floor with an apparatus: <a href="/wiki/Hoop_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Hoop (rhythmic gymnastics)">hoop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ball_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)">ball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clubs_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)">clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)">ribbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rope_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Rope (rhythmic gymnastics)">rope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The sport combines elements of <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">calisthenics</a>; gymnasts must be strong, flexible, agile, dexterous and coordinated. Rhythmic gymnastics is governed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Federation" title="International Gymnastics Federation">International Gymnastics Federation</a> (FIG), which first recognized it as a sport in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> At the international level, rhythmic gymnastics is a women-only sport. Rhythmic gymnastics became an Olympic sport in 1984, when the individual all-around event was first competed, and the group competition was also added to the Olympics in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The most prestigious competitions, besides the Olympic Games, are the World Championships, World Games, European Championships, European Games, the World Cup Series and the Grand Prix Series. Gymnasts are judged on their artistry, execution of skills, and difficulty of skills, for which they gain points. They perform leaps, balances, and rotations (spins) along with handling the apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG/141px-Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG/211px-Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG/281px-Evgenia_Kanaeva_RUS_Olympiasiegerin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Two-time Olympic Champion <a href="/wiki/Yevgeniya_Kanayeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevgeniya Kanayeva">Evgenia Kanaeva</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London</a>)</figcaption></figure> Rhythmic gymnastics grew out of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Georges_Noverre" title="Jean-Georges Noverre">Jean-Georges Noverre</a> (1727–1810), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a> (1811–1871), and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bode" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Bode">Rudolf Bode</a> (1881–1970), who all believed in movement expression, where one used to dance to express oneself and exercise various body parts. <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Peter Henry Ling</a> further developed this idea in his 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> system of free exercise, which promoted "aesthetic gymnastics", in which students expressed their feelings and emotions through body movement.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> Swedish-style group gymnastics became increasingly popular for women from the mid-19th century through to the early 20th century. Although sports became associated with masculinity, group gymnastics were performed in indoor, private spaces and focused on correctly performing movements before an instructor, which fit societal ideals for women. Women's gymnastics also began to focus on qualities perceived as feminine, such as grace and expressiveness.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> Ling's ideas were extended by <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher</a>, who founded the Western Female Institute in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, United States, in 1837. She developed a program where pupils exercised to music, moving from simple calisthenics that could be done in a classroom to more strenuous activities. While she promoted the exercises as being for all children, she emphasized that girls were especially lacking in exercise and that their health suffered for it.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> François Delsarte created a system of movement which was focused on creating expressive acting with natural poses, but it became a popular form of women's gymnastics for developing grace.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> In 1885, an American student of Delsarte, <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a>, published her first book, The Delsarte System of Expression.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> She went on to combine his ideas with Ling's and developed her own gymnastics system.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> Dubbed "harmonic gymnastics", it enabled late nineteenth-century American women to engage in physical culture and expression, especially in dance. Stebbins provided the means, rationale, and model for what could be accepted as the appropriate practices for middle and upper-class women. During the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jaques-Dalcroze" title="Émile Jaques-Dalcroze">Émile Jaques-Dalcroze</a> of Switzerland developed <a href="/wiki/Eurhythmics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurhythmics">eurhythmics</a>, a form of physical training for musicians and dancers.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Robert Bode trained at the Dalcroze Eurythmic College and went on to found his own school.<a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Demeny" class="mw-redirect" title="George Demeny">George Demeny</a> of France created exercises to music that were designed to promote grace of movement, muscular flexibility, and good posture, and some exercises included apparatuses.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F._1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F._1911.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F._1911.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F._1911.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Women gymnasts training with clubs in Russia in 1912</figcaption></figure> These styles were combined around 1900 into the Swedish school of rhythmic gymnastics, which would later add dance elements from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. Several Swedish gymnastics teachers felt the Ling approach was too rigid and dull and sought freer styles of movements, and many Scandinavian gymnastics groups toured abroad.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> In 1929, Hinrich Medau, who graduated from the Bode School, founded The Medau School in Berlin to train gymnasts in "modern gymnastics". He focused on using the entire body in movement and developed the use of apparatuses, particularly balls, hoops, and clubs.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a> The dancer <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a> was also significant in the development of rhythmic gymnastics. Influenced by Delsarte and Jaques-Dalcroze, she developed her own theory of dance that departed from more rigid traditions like that of <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>. Her free dancing style incorporated running and jumping movements.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idlaflickorna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Idlaflickorna.jpg/220px-Idlaflickorna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Idlaflickorna.jpg/330px-Idlaflickorna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Idlaflickorna.jpg/440px-Idlaflickorna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The "Idla Girls", a Swedish rhythmic gymnastics group, performing in 1958</figcaption></figure> The teachings of Duncan, Jacques-Dalcroze, Delsarte, and Demeny were brought together at the Soviet Union's High School of Artistic Movement when it was founded in 1932, and soon thereafter, an early version of rhythmic gymnastics was established as a sport for girls. The first competition was held in 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> on <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a>. Beginning in 1947, All-Soviet Union competitions were held yearly in various locations across the Soviet Union, and the sport began to spread to other countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> From 1928 through 1956, group events with apparatuses were sometimes performed as events in women's <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnastics</a>, such as club performances at the <a href="/wiki/World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="World Artistic Gymnastics Championships">World Artistic Gymnastics Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> There were two team portable apparatus events at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_portable_apparatus" title="Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Women's team portable apparatus">1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_portable_apparatus" title="Gymnastics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Women's team portable apparatus">1956</a> Olympics, which used similar apparatuses to modern rhythmic gymnastics, before it was decided that it should be a separate discipline.<a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-10">[10]</a> The FIG formally recognized rhythmic gymnastics as its own discipline in 1962, first as modern gymnastics.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Its name was changed to modern rhythmic gymnastics, then again to rhythmic sportive gymnastics, and finally to rhythmic gymnastics.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> The first World Championships for individual rhythmic gymnasts was held in 1963 in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. Groups were introduced at the same level in 1967 in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-:7-10">[10]</a> The FIG first requested that rhythmic gymnastics be added to the Olympics in 1972. It was painted as a more feminine counterpart to women's artistic gymnastics, where increasingly difficult tumbling led to a perceived masculinization of the sport. However, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> refused the request.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> Rhythmic gymnastics debuted as an Olympic sport at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> with the individual all-around competition. However, many federations from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and countries were forced to <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">boycott</a> by the Soviet Union, in a way similar to the boycott forced on many nations by the United States of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics. Canadian <a href="/wiki/Lori_Fung" title="Lori Fung">Lori Fung</a> was the first rhythmic gymnast to earn an Olympic gold medal. The group competition was added to the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in Atlanta. The Spanish group won the first gold medal of the new competition with a group formed by <a href="/wiki/Estela_Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Estela Giménez">Estela Giménez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marta_Bald%C3%B3" title="Marta Baldó">Marta Baldó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuria_Cabanillas" title="Nuria Cabanillas">Nuria Cabanillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorena_Gur%C3%A9ndez" title="Lorena Guréndez">Lorena Guréndez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%ADbaliz_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Estíbaliz Martínez">Estíbaliz Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tania_Lamarca" title="Tania Lamarca">Tania Lamarca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_gymnast">The gymnast</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The gymnast">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG/220px-Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG/330px-Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG/440px-Medalistswaving-syd2000-600pxl.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>(L–R) <a href="/wiki/Alina_Kabaeva" title="Alina Kabaeva">Alina Kabaeva</a> (bronze), <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Barsukova" title="Yulia Barsukova">Yulia Barsukova</a> (gold) and <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Raskina" title="Yulia Raskina">Yulia Raskina</a> (silver) at <a href="/wiki/2000_Sydney_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Sydney Olympics">2000 Sydney Olympics</a></figcaption></figure>International competitive rhythmic gymnastics is restricted to female participants. However, men's rhythmic gymnastics has a history in Japan as its own sport that was originally performed by both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-:15-11">[11]</a> In France, men are allowed to participate in lower-level national competitions, while in Spain, there is a national rhythmic gymnastics championships for men and mixed-sex group competitions. A men's program has yet to be formally recognized by the FIG.<a href="#cite_note-:21-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Gymnasts start at a young age; it is considered an <a href="/wiki/Early_sports_specialization" title="Early sports specialization">early specialization</a> sport.<a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> They become age-eligible to compete in the Olympic Games and other major senior international competitions on January 1 of their 16th year (for example, a gymnast born on 31-12-2008 would be age eligible for the 2024 Olympics).<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> Rhythmic gymnasts have historically tended to peak at a slightly later age than artistic gymnasts.<a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> In the late 90s and early 2000s, Olympic rhythmic gymnasts were on average a year older than Olympic artistic gymnasts, and gymnasts increasingly began to compete through their 20s.<a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> The median age of gymnasts competing at the 2021 continental championships was in the late teens, with the <a href="/wiki/African_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="African Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">African Championships</a> and Oceania Championships skewing slightly younger, while the median ages of event finalists at the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">European Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Pan American Gymnastics Championships">Pan American Championships</a> were in the early 20s.<a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista,_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista%2C_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG/220px-La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista%2C_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista%2C_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG/330px-La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista%2C_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista%2C_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG/440px-La_escultura_de_Ana_Bautista%2C_vista_desde_atr%C3%A1s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Ana_Bautista" title="Ana Bautista">Ana Bautista</a> by Fernando Garcíarramos in San Cristóbal de La Laguna</figcaption></figure>Top rhythmic gymnasts must have good balance, flexibility, coordination, and strength,<a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> and they must possess psychological attributes such as the ability to compete under intense pressure, in which one mistake can cost them the title, and the discipline and work ethic to practice the same skills over and over again. Currently a gymnast can perform in the individual event or in the group event. Since 1995, groups consist of five gymnasts, but originally six gymnasts composed a group, although around the 1980s eight gymnasts were permitted. The duration of a group exercise should be two and a half minutes, one minute more than the individual one, which is one minute and a half. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apparatus">Apparatus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Apparatus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg/220px-Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg/330px-Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg/440px-Spare_rhythmic_gymnastics_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3018" /></a><figcaption>Replacement apparatuses at the side of the floor</figcaption></figure> The hoop, rope, and ball were the first official apparatuses, with the ribbon being added in 1971 and the clubs in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-:11-18">[18]</a> Historically, four out of the five possible apparatuses were selected by the FIG to be used by individual gymnasts each season. Each exercise takes place on a 13 metres (43 ft) x 13 metres (43 ft) floor. The floor is carpeted but has no springs, unlike the one used for <a href="/wiki/Floor_(gymnastics)" title="Floor (gymnastics)">floor exercise</a> in artistic gymnastics. Replacement apparatuses are placed on two sides of the floor and can be taken to continue the exercise if the gymnast's apparatus becomes unusable or is lost outside the floor area.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> After 2011, <a href="/wiki/Rope_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Rope (rhythmic gymnastics)">rope</a> began to be transitioned out of the sport, with the FIG saying that it was less visually appealing than the other apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-:122-20">[20]</a> It was removed from the senior individual program, and the most recent usage of rope in the senior program was for the mixed apparatus group exercise in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[21]</a> There were also plans to drop rope in junior-level individual competition, but it returned in 2015; it was then announced that rope would be used in junior individual competition in some years through at least the 2023–2024 season, but the 2022–2024 Code of Points dropped it again.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[21]</a> It continues to be used for junior groups.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-22">[22]</a> Routines performed without any apparatus are known as freehand. Freehand was an event for the four first World Championships before being dropped, and it is now only used in local competitions, usually for the youngest levels. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG/160px-M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG" decoding="async" width="160" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG/240px-M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG/320px-M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez_1990_Goteborg.PNG 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Ferr%C3%A1ndez" title="Mónica Ferrández">Mónica Ferrández</a> with a rope</figcaption></figure> Since 2011, senior individual gymnasts perform four different routines with hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. This is the case for individual juniors as well since 2020.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Senior groups perform two different routines, one with a single apparatus and one with mixed apparatus (for example, a routine with 5 hoops and a routine with 3 balls / 2 ribbons). Junior groups perform two different routines with two different types of apparatus (for example, a routine with 5 hoops and a routine with 5 ribbons). As of 2017, rhythmic gymnastics equipment used in FIG-sanctioned events must have the FIG logo on the apparatus. <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Rope_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Rope (rhythmic gymnastics)">Rope</a></dt> <dd>The rope is made from hemp or a similar synthetic material; it can be knotted and have anti-slip material at the ends, but it does not have handles. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaping and skipping. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Federation of Gymnastics">FIG</a> decided to eliminate the use of rope in senior individual rhythmic gymnastics competitions. It is still sometimes seen in junior group competition.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hoop_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Hoop (rhythmic gymnastics)">Hoop</a></dt> <dd>The hoop comes up to about the gymnast's hip. It may be made of plastic or wood, and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different color as the hoop, which may be in decorative patterns. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation of the hoop around the hand or body, rolling the hoop on the body or floor, and the gymnast passing through the hoop.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg/220px-Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg/330px-Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg/440px-Margarita_Mamun_Universiade_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margarita_Mamun" title="Margarita Mamun">Margarita Mamun</a> with a ball</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ball_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)">Ball</a></dt> <dd>The ball may be made of rubber or a similar synthetic material, and it can be of any color. It should rest in the gymnast's hand and not be pressed against the wrist or grasped with the fingers, which incurs a penalty. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include bouncing or rolling the ball.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Clubs_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)">Clubs</a></dt> <dd>The clubs may be made of wood or synthetic materials, and they are always used in a pair. They may be connected together by inserting the end of one club into the head of the other. The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative tapes. Fundamental elements of a clubs routine including swinging the heads of the clubs in circles, small throws in which the clubs rotate in the air, and asymmetrical movements.</dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg/159px-Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg/239px-Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg/318px-Viktoria_Stadnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Stadnik" title="Victoria Stadnik">Viktoria Stadnik</a> with a ribbon</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_(rhythmic_gymnastics)" title="Ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)">Ribbon</a></dt> <dd>The ribbon consists of a handle, which may be made of wood, bamboo, or synthetic materials such as fiberglass, and the ribbon itself, which is made of satin. The ribbon is six meters long, and due to its length, it can easily become tangled or knotted; knots must be undone or the gymnast will be penalized. Fundamental elements of a ribbon routine consist of making continuous shapes with the length of the fabric, such as tight circles (spirals) or waves (snakes), and elements called boomerangs, in which the gymnast tosses the handle, then pulls it back by the end of the ribbon and catches it.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elements">edit</a>]</div> Elements in rhythmic gymnastics have assigned difficulty values that contribute to the overall difficulty score. They are generally divided into two types: body and apparatus difficulties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_difficulties">Body difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Body difficulties">edit</a>]</div> Body difficulties are elements performed using the body, with each one having a defined shape. The apparatus must continue to be used during a body difficulty, and gymnasts must perform at least one of each type and generally should not repeat the exact same element during one exercise. The types of body difficulties are: <ul><li>Jumps/Leaps: Jumps must be high enough to show a well-defined shape in the air. The same leap may be repeated in a series.</li> <li>Balances: A balance must be held for at least one second. They can be performed alone or in a dynamic balance, in which the gymnast performs at least three balances in combination on the same foot with a turn between each balance.</li> <li>Rotations: Rotations are turns generally performed either on a flat foot or on <a href="/wiki/Relev%C3%A9_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relevé (dance)">relevé</a>, but they can also be performed on other parts of the body.</li> <li>For groups: Exchanges, which are an element where all five gymnasts perform a high, long throw of their apparatus to another gymnast and then catch an apparatus thrown by another gymnast. This can be done simultaneously by the whole group, or one sub-group may perform an exchange before the rest of the gymnasts do so.</li></ul> In addition, all exercises must have a minimum of two body waves, which are a wave of movement through the whole body, and for individuals, five dynamic elements with rotation, which are commonly known as risks. During a risk, the gymnast throws the apparatus high into the air and rotates at least twice underneath it, using a combination of rolls, turns on the feet, or pre-acrobatic elements such as cartwheels or walkovers, before catching the apparatus. Groups are not required to perform any risks, but they may elect to perform a single one.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_(Martin_Rulsch)_182.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Butterfly jump (Khrystyna Pohranychna)"><img alt="Butterfly jump (Khrystyna Pohranychna)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_182.jpg/120px-2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_182.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_182.jpg/180px-2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_182.jpg/240px-2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ribbon_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="2491" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Butterfly jump (<a href="/wiki/Khrystyna_Pohranychna" title="Khrystyna Pohranychna">Khrystyna Pohranychna</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Split leap (Nicol Ruprecht)"><img alt="Split leap (Nicol Ruprecht)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg/120px-Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg/180px-Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg/240px-Nicol_Ruprecht_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Split leap (<a href="/wiki/Nicol_Ruprecht" title="Nicol Ruprecht">Nicol Ruprecht</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest balance (Ekaterina Volkova)"><img alt="Chest balance (Ekaterina Volkova)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg/120px-Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg/180px-Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg/240px-Ekaterina_Volkova_2016_Olympics_Test_Event_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chest balance (<a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Volkova_(rhythmic_gymnast)" title="Ekaterina Volkova (rhythmic gymnast)">Ekaterina Volkova</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Side split balance (Laura Jung)"><img alt="Side split balance (Laura Jung)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG/86px-Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG/129px-Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG/172px-Laura_Jung_Rhythmische_Gymnastin_GER.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side split balance (<a href="/wiki/Laura_Jung" title="Laura Jung">Laura Jung</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotation in penché position (Spanish group)"><img alt="Rotation in penché position (Spanish group)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png/120px-Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png/180px-Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png/240px-Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_2012_Londres_04.png 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2806" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotation in <a href="/wiki/Pench%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Penché">penché</a> position (Spanish group)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotation done as fouetté turns (Boryana Kaleyn)"><img alt="Rotation done as fouetté turns (Boryana Kaleyn)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg/120px-Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg/180px-Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg/240px-Boryana_Kaleyn_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Ribbon_QF_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="2997" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotation done as <a href="/wiki/Fouette" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouette">fouetté</a> turns (<a href="/wiki/Boryana_Kaleyn" title="Boryana Kaleyn">Boryana Kaleyn</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_(36386761514).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simultaneous exchange (Japanese group)"><img alt="Simultaneous exchange (Japanese group)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_%2836386761514%29.jpg/120px-Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_%2836386761514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_%2836386761514%29.jpg/180px-Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_%2836386761514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_%2836386761514%29.jpg/240px-Rhythmic_gymnastics_at_the_2017_Summer_Universiade_%2836386761514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simultaneous exchange (Japanese group)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparatus_difficulties">Apparatus difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apparatus difficulties">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg/188px-Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg/282px-Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg/376px-Italy_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_5_Hoops_Final_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A collaboration by the Italian group</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg/200px-Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg/300px-Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg/400px-Uzbekistan_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Group_2020_Olympics_5_Balls_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>A collaboration with a lift by the Uzebekistani group</figcaption></figure> Apparatus difficulties are elements performed with the apparatus. Each apparatus difficulty has either one base element and two or more criteria executed during that base, or two base elements and one or more criteria executed during both bases. A base is a basic movement or usage of the apparatus, such as a large roll of the hoop, and a criteria is a way of performing a movement which makes it more difficult, such as performing it under the leg, outside of the visual field, or without using the hands. The base elements differ somewhat by apparatus, with some bases (such as a high throw) being valid for all apparatuses and others being particular to one apparatus (such as creating a spiral pattern with the ribbon fabric). For groups, apparatus difficulties include collaborations between all five gymnasts, in which each gymnast works with one or more apparatuses and one or more partners. These can include multiple apparatuses being thrown at once or gymnasts lifting another gymnast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_steps">Dance steps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dance steps">edit</a>]</div> Another required element is the dance steps combination, which must last for at least eight seconds, have a defined character that matches the music, and be performed without high throws of the apparatus or pre-acrobatic elements. Two sets of dance steps are required for each exercise. Unlike the body and apparatus difficulties, they are evaluated as part of the artistry score rather than the difficulty score. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scoring_system_and_competition_format">Scoring system and competition format</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scoring system and competition format">edit</a>]</div> In rhythmic gymnastics, competitive exercises are evaluated by the scoring system defined in the FIG Code of Points. After each Olympic games, the code is modified. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition_format">Competition format</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Competition format">edit</a>]</div> Generally, rhythmic gymnastic meets are generally divided into qualifying rounds and event finals. At some competitions, there is also an all-around final for individuals. The Olympics has qualifying rounds and all-around finals for both individuals and groups, but there are no event finals. In the qualifying round, individual gymnasts compete up to four routines, one for each apparatus; at some competitions, gymnasts may elect to compete only three routines and still qualify for the individual all-around final. Group gymnasts compete two routines, one in which there are five of the same apparatus (such as five balls) and one in which there are two of one apparatus and three of another (such as two hoops and three ribbons). These apparatuses are determined by the FIG for each season. In the all-around, individual gymnasts alternate between competing hoop and ball and then clubs and ribbon, while the groups all perform either their single-apparatus or mixed-apparatus routines during the same competition group. The qualifying round determines who advances to the event final for each apparatus for individuals and for either apparatus combination for groups. There is a maximum of two qualifiers per country for each individual event final. For groups, their total score in the qualifying round determines their all-around placement. This is also the case for individuals at some competitions, while at others, there is a separate all-around final round where the top qualifying gymnasts (maximum two per country) compete four routines. The all-around score is the sum of the scores of all routines performed in that round of competition. At some competitions, there is also a team ranking for federations with at least two individuals and a group entered. The team score is the sum of the eight qualifying round scores (two per apparatus) earned by the individual gymnasts and the qualifying round all-around score earned by the group.<a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_Points">Code of Points</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Code of Points">edit</a>]</div> In the current Code of Points (2022–2024), the final score of a routine is the sum of the difficulty, execution, and artistry scores, minus any additional penalties incurred.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> The difficulty score is open-ended with no maximum, while the execution and artistry scores have a starting value of 10 points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Difficulty">Difficulty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Difficulty">edit</a>]</div> The difficulty score is the sum of the value of the difficulty assigned to each element in the gymnast's routine. The score is evaluated during the routine without a predetermined difficulty sheet, unlike with previous Codes. It is made up of two component scores: one for body difficulties and one for apparatus difficulties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Execution">Execution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Execution">edit</a>]</div> Execution is the degree to which the gymnast performs an element with aesthetic and technical perfection. Execution penalties are subtracted from the starting score of 10 and range in size from 0.10 points for a small fault, such as poor amplitude in a body wave or a small deviation from the desired shape of a leap, to 1.00 points, such as for dropping or losing the apparatus outside the floor area. Execution deductions include poor body form during an element, poor technique using an apparatus like squeezing the ball, loss of balance, not holding a balance element for long enough, hopping during a rotation element, needing to take steps to catch a thrown apparatus, or losing or dropping the apparatus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artistry">Artistry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artistry">edit</a>]</div> Artistry evaluates the artistic performance of the gymnast and the composition of the exercise with the music. As with execution, penalties are defined by the code and subtracted from the starting score of 10. The ideal is for the gymnast to perform with continuous character using a variety of movements that reflect changes in the music and are connected smoothly together. Deductions range from 0.30 to 1.00 for penalties that are taken once, which include deductions for a lack of dynamic change in the music, a lack of facial expression, not ending in time with the music, missing a complete dance step combination, or not using the entire floor area. Deductions for poor connections between elements and poor connection to the music (such as a musical accent not being emphasized by the gymnast's movements) are 0.10 points each and can be taken up to 20 times in one exercise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penalties">Penalties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Penalties">edit</a>]</div> Finally, penalties are taken by the time, line, and responsible judges. Possible penalties include: <ul><li>The gymnast leaving the floor area</li> <li>The apparatus leaving the floor area</li> <li>The exercise being longer or shorter than the acceptable length of time (1'15" to 1'30" is the required length for individual, and 2'15" to 2'30" is the required length for group)</li> <li>Dress of the gymnast not conforming to the regulations</li> <li>Communication with the coach during the execution of the exercise</li> <li>Verbal communication between group gymnasts during the exercise</li> <li>Grabbing a new apparatus from the side of the floor if the first apparatus is still on the floor area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_the_Code_of_Points">Evolution of the Code of Points</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Evolution of the Code of Points">edit</a>]</div> Rhythmic gymnastics has been through a number of different Codes of Points beginning with the publication of the first in 1970. The first two codes were valid from 1970–1971 and 1971–1972; beginning with the 1973–1976 Code, the Code of Points is adjusted after each Olympics, although smaller changes are also made during each Olympic cycle. As with <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnastics</a>, scores originally had a maximum of 10.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> The first few years of rhythmic gymnastics competition did not yet have a code of points. A commission was formed to write the rules of the new sport in 1968, and they released the first code in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> In the decades of the 60s and 70s, scoring emphasized the artistic side, with little emphasis on difficulty. In the 1973–1976 code, for individuals, difficulty accounted for five points of the score. Elements were divided into 'medium' and 'superior' difficulty, and gymnasts were required to include two superior difficulty and six medium difficulty elements, at least three of which had to be performed with the left hand.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> For example, a body wave on two feet or a single split leap was of medium difficulty, while a body wave on one foot or a series of two leaps in a row was of superior difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a> The remaining five points were made up of originality, relation to the music, execution, and general impression. For groups, scores were out of a maximum of 20, with five points each given for the composition, technical value, execution, and general harmony.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> In the 1980s, new difficulty elements were introduced to give greater prominence to flexibility and risk releases, and to encourage originality. In the early 1980s, the scoring remained similar, though technical value of the routine was added as part of the marking for the individual score.<a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a> In 1985, the score was composed of Composition (Technical + Artistry) and Execution, each of which was scored out of 5 points. Risk elements were introduced in the 1989–1992 code, and the required difficulties were changed to four superior and four medium. The 1993–1996 code increased the required number of body difficulties to 12 and divided them into four categories of difficulty rather than two.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> In 1997, the Code of Points was significantly changed by dividing the score into Artistry (out of 5 points for individual or 6 points for groups), Technical (out of 5 points for individuals or 4 points for groups) and Execution (out of 10 points), with the perfect score being 10 points for individuals and 20 points for groups. In the late 90s, there was an appearance of gymnasts whose routines included demonstrating extreme flexibility (<a href="/wiki/Yana_Batyrshina" title="Yana Batyrshina">Yana Batyrchina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alina_Kabaeva" title="Alina Kabaeva">Alina Kabaeva</a> for example). In the 1997–2001 code, the allowed body difficulties increased to twelve, and the number of flexibility-related difficulties in the code more than doubled from 11 to 24. The 2001–2005 code focused on extreme flexibility at the expense of apparatus handling and artistry. Scores had a maximum of thirty points, divided into three categories with a maximum of ten points each: execution, artistic, and difficulty. In 2005–2008 code, the number of body difficulties increased again to 18, and they were more finely graded in difficulty rating. The score still included the same three categories, but it was now out of 20 points, as artistry and difficulty were averaged and then added to execution.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> In 2009, the code changed significantly due to the perception that artistry had been lost with the focus on difficulty. As under the 2001–2005 code, the final mark was obtained by adding difficulty (body difficulties, again reduced to twelve, masteries performed with the apparatus, and risk elements), artistry and execution; each had a maximum value of 10 points, so the final score would be a maximum of 30 points. The artistry score was given its own evaluation form and guidelines with specific deductions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> In 2013, the code dropped the artistic score again, and artistry was instead evaluated as part of execution. The maximum number of body difficulties was reduced once more to nine, and the dance steps combination was introduced as its own element.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> The 2017 code was very similar, with difficulty strictly limited and differences among the best gymnasts heavily determined by the execution. Therefore, in 2018, the difficulty score became open-ended for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the 2022–2024 code, the artistry score was once again re-introduced. The 2025–2028 code reduced the maximum number of difficulties counted in the exercise to give more room for artistic expression and transitions between elements. Some body difficulties were removed and others merged to encourage variety and discourage injuries.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judging_issues">Judging issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judging issues">edit</a>]</div> Judging rhythmic gymnastics in real time is a difficult task.<a href="#cite_note-:33-27">[27]</a> In addition, judges may be affected by fatigue at long competitions or by high temperatures in competition rounds where ribbon routines are being performed; air conditioning is typically turned off during those rounds because it can cause drafts that interfere with the ribbon's movement. At the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="2023 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships">2023 World Championships</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain, the arena reached 35 °C (95 °F).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Group judging is especially difficult, as five gymnasts and five apparatuses are in constant, complex motion over a large area. A 2015 study comparing novice, national-level, and international-level judges when judging two group routines found that although the international-level judges performed the best at correctly identifying errors, they only recorded about 40% of errors when they evaluated a routine using normal judging procedures. They made more mistakes when judging the mixed apparatus routine compared to the single-apparatus routine.<a href="#cite_note-:33-27">[27]</a> As in other judged sports, national bias is also an issue. A study performed in 2023 using the FIG's judging evaluation statistics found that there was significant national bias in <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_gymnastics" title="Aerobic gymnastics">aerobic</a>, artistic, and rhythmic gymnastics judging. The FIG uses the judging evaluation statistics to provide feedback to judges and guide judging assignments and changes in judging procedures.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Judges can be sanctioned if they are found to be giving biased scores; for example, after the scoring at the <a href="/wiki/2015_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="2015 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships">2015 World Championships</a> was reviewed, one judge was suspended and another was given a warning, both for national bias.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attire_and_music">Attire and music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attire and music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attire">edit</a>]</div> Gymnasts wear leotards to compete, which may be decorated to match the routine as long as they do not have excessive amounts of flesh-colored fabric; group gymnasts must wear identical leotards.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> Modern leotards are typically highly decorated and may contain hand-painted details and large numbers of crystals, which can make them very expensive, and gymnasts at high levels typically wear different leotards to compete with different apparatuses.<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> Gymnasts may choose to wear long tights under their leotard, wear a leotard with long legs (a <a href="/wiki/Unitard" title="Unitard">unitard</a>) as long as the legs are the same length and color, or wear a short skirt (no longer than the pelvis) over or attached to their leotard or unitard. They may not wear other accessories such as gloves that are not attached to the leotard, except for optionally wearing rhythmic toe shoes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punteras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Punteras.jpg/250px-Punteras.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Punteras.jpg/375px-Punteras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Punteras.jpg/500px-Punteras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Rhythmic gymnastic toe shoes</figcaption></figure> Rhythmic gymnasts wear special slippers that cover their toes but not heels to reduce friction for rotations. Depending on the surface a gymnast is practicing on, they may be worn through in a week or two.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG/167px-Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG" decoding="async" width="167" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG/251px-Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG/334px-Conjunto_espa%C3%B1ol_1995_Viena_05.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="3578" /></a><figcaption>Gymnasts in unitards (Spanish group in 1995)</figcaption></figure> Leotards were originally simple, with decorations such as flowers or sequins not allowed. Tights could be worn starting in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> Unitards were also introduced as an option.<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> Beginning in 1997, requirements loosened, with leotards allowed to use geometric and flower designs, sequins, and metallic colors.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> Unitards were popular through the late 90s, but became less common afterward.<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> Skirted leotards were introduced in the 2001-2004 code of points. Former gymnast Michelle Smith suggested that they might help older athletes feel more confident at a time when it was becoming more common for gymnasts to continue competing into their 20s.<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Gymnasts may use music from any style, and the routine should be choreographed to the specific music chosen. The code of points says that music should be selected with respect to personal qualities of the gymnast, such as age. A penalty may be applied for musical choices that violate the ethical norms of rhythmic gymnastics, and sounds not typically used in music, such as sirens, are forbidden. Individual routines range from one minute and fifteen seconds to one minute and thirty seconds, while group routines may be from two minutes and fifteen seconds to two minutes and thirty seconds.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> Gymnasts originally performed to live musical accompaniment on a single instrument (typically a piano). Under the 1989-1992 code, groups were allowed to use music played on multiple instruments.<a href="#cite_note-:11-18">[18]</a> This change came into effect for individual routines as well in the 1993-1996 code, which also emphasized that gymnasts should interpret and move with the music and that it should not be background noise to the routine. Beginning in 2013, gymnasts could use music with lyrics, but only for one routine.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> Under the 2017-2021 code of points, individuals could use lyrics with music for two routines.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The restriction on music with lyrics was dropped from the 2022-2024 code of points.<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_competitions">Major competitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major competitions">edit</a>]</div> According to the technical regulations defined by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Gymnastique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique">International Gymnastics Federation</a> (FIG), the only official competitions in which rhythmic gymnastics events are contested globally are: the <a href="/wiki/World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">World Championships</a>; the stages of the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup">World Cup series</a> (including the defunct <a href="/w/index.php?title=FiG_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FiG World Cup (page does not exist)">World Cup Final</a> and World Cup qualifiers); the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_World_Games" title="Gymnastics at the World Games">World Games</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnastics at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a>).<a href="#cite_note-reg-33">[33]</a> Test events for the Olympic Games were held in 2000, 2004, 2008, <a href="/wiki/2012_Gymnastics_Olympic_Test_Event" title="2012 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Gymnastics_Olympic_Test_Event" title="2016 Gymnastics Olympic Test Event">2016</a>, and were also officially organized by the FIG.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Since 2019, <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Junior_World_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior World Championships">Junior World Championships</a> are held every two years.<a href="#cite_note-reg-33">[33]</a> The nations which have earned at least one medal in official FIG competitions are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><a href="#cite_note-rg15-37">[37]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-rg13-38">[38]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><a href="#cite_note-rg17-40">[40]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-rg3-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-rg4-42">[42]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><a href="#cite_note-rg18-43">[43]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-wch1-44">[44]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-wch2-45">[45]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-yog-46">[46]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-rg11-47">[47]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-rg5-48">[48]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-rg6-49">[49]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><a href="#cite_note-rg7-50">[50]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-rg2-51">[51]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-52">[52]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-rg2-51">[51]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-rg8-54">[54]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-rg14-55">[55]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-rg16-56">[56]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-rg9-57">[57]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-rg5-48">[48]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-rg3-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><a href="#cite_note-rg12-58">[58]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-rg1-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><a href="#cite_note-rg3-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-rg2-51">[51]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-rg4-42">[42]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-rg3-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-rg10-59">[59]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><a href="#cite_note-rg8-54">[54]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-wch1-44">[44]</a></li></ul> </div> Major rhythmic gymnastics tournaments not officially organized by FIG include the continental championships (the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">European Championships</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Junior_European_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics Junior European Championships">junior division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Pan American Gymnastics Championships">Pan American Championships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Asian Gymnastics Championships">Asian Championships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="African Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">African Championships</a>, and the Oceania Championships), the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix Series">Grand Prix series</a>, and multi-sport events in which rhythmic gymnastics is part of the program, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_European_Games" title="Gymnastics at the European Games">European Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Summer_World_University_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Summer World University Games">Summer World University Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reg-33">[33]</a> Major defunct championships or competitions in which rhythmic gymnastics events were held include the <a href="/wiki/List_of_medalists_at_the_UEG_European_Cup_Final" title="List of medalists at the UEG European Cup Final">European Cup Final</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Team_Gymnastics_Championships" title="European Team Gymnastics Championships">European Team Gymnastics Championships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Continents_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Four Continents Gymnastics Championships">Four Continents Gymnastics Championships</a> (reserved for senior athletes from the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominant_teams_and_nations">Dominant teams and nations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dominant teams and nations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Special:EditPage/Rhythmic gymnastics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rhythmic gymnastics has been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries, especially the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (Post-Soviet Republics of today) and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The two countries were in rivalry with each other from the <a href="/wiki/1967_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="1967 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">third World Championships</a>, where the ballet foundations of the Soviet athletes were contrasted against the risky throws and catches of the Bulgarian competitors, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg/150px-Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg/225px-Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg/300px-Galima_Shugurova_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galima_Shugurova" title="Galima Shugurova">Galima Shugurova</a></figcaption></figure> Before the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, Soviet rhythmic gymnasts were engaged in a fierce competition with <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">World Championships</a> held in 1963 in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> was won by Soviet gymnast <a href="/wiki/Ludmila_Savinkova" title="Ludmila Savinkova">Ludmila Savinkova</a>, and in 1967 in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark, the first group championship was also won by the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. Other Soviet World all-around champions in individuals included <a href="/wiki/Elena_Karpuchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Karpuchina">Elena Karpuchina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galima_Shugurova" title="Galima Shugurova">Galima Shugurova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irina_Deriugina" title="Irina Deriugina">Irina Deriugina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marina_Lobatch" title="Marina Lobatch">Marina Lobatch</a> became the first Soviet to win the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul Olympics</a>. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">The Unified Team</a> was formed and two Soviet/Ukrainian gymnasts competed at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>; <a href="/wiki/Olexandra_Tymoshenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Olexandra Tymoshenko">Olexandra Tymoshenko</a> won gold and <a href="/wiki/Oxana_Skaldina" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxana Skaldina">Oxana Skaldina</a> won bronze. Other notable Soviet gymnasts include: <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Kravtchenko" title="Tatiana Kravtchenko">Tatiana Kravtchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liubov_Sereda" title="Liubov Sereda">Liubov Sereda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfia_Nazmutdinova" title="Alfia Nazmutdinova">Alfia Nazmutdinova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Krachinnekova" title="Natalia Krachinnekova">Natalia Krachinnekova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Devina" title="Irina Devina">Irina Devina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Tomas" title="Elena Tomas">Elena Tomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Gabashvili" title="Irina Gabashvili">Irina Gabashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inessa_Lisovskaya" title="Inessa Lisovskaya">Inessa Lisovskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Kutkait%C4%97" title="Dalia Kutkaitė">Dalia Kutkaitė</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galina_Beloglazova" title="Galina Beloglazova">Galina Beloglazova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Druchinina" title="Tatiana Druchinina">Tatiana Druchinina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BiankaPanova_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BiankaPanova_1.JPG/170px-BiankaPanova_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BiankaPanova_1.JPG/255px-BiankaPanova_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BiankaPanova_1.JPG/340px-BiankaPanova_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bianka_Panova" title="Bianka Panova">Bianka Panova</a></figcaption></figure> The Bulgarian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation was established in 1963, and in the early days of the sport, most elite gymnasts spent time training in Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> Since the inception of rhythmic gymnastics as a World Championship event, Bulgaria was in competition with the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>; during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, Bulgaria won 10 individual World titles with its star gymnasts <a href="/wiki/Maria_Gigova" title="Maria Gigova">Maria Gigova</a> (3-time World all-around champion), <a href="/wiki/Neshka_Robeva" title="Neshka Robeva">Neshka Robeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Guiourova" title="Kristina Guiourova">Kristina Guiourova</a>. The 1980s marked the height of Bulgarian success with a generation of gymnasts known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Girls_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Girls of Bulgaria">Golden Girls of Bulgaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> with gymnasts <a href="/wiki/Iliana_Raeva" title="Iliana Raeva">Iliana Raeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anelia_Ralenkova" title="Anelia Ralenkova">Anelia Ralenkova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilia_Ignatova" title="Lilia Ignatova">Lilia Ignatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diliana_Gueorguieva" class="mw-redirect" title="Diliana Gueorguieva">Diliana Gueorguieva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bianka_Panova" title="Bianka Panova">Bianka Panova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Dunavska" title="Adriana Dunavska">Adriana Dunavska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Koleva" title="Elizabeth Koleva">Elizabeth Koleva</a> dominating the World Championships. <a href="/wiki/Bianka_Panova" title="Bianka Panova">Bianka Panova</a> became the first rhythmic gymnast to make a clean sweep of all five individual events at a World Championship by attaining full marks. She also became the first rhythmic gymnast to get into the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> with her perfect performance of full marks in all her routines (total of 8) at a World Championship, and she received the trophy personally from the President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> at the time, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Samaranch" title="Juan Antonio Samaranch">Juan Antonio Samaranch</a>. Bulgarian gymnasts continued to have success into the 1990s, with <a href="/wiki/Mila_Marinova" title="Mila Marinova">Mila Marinova</a> winning five medals at the <a href="/wiki/1991_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="1991 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">1991 World Championships</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Petrova_(rhythmic_gymnast)" title="Maria Petrova (rhythmic gymnast)">Maria Petrova</a>, who dominated competition in the mid-1990s to become a 3-time World all-around champion and 3-time European all-around champion. The early 2000s marked the decline of individual rhythmic gymnasts of Bulgaria, though still with a few notable gymnasts, including <a href="/wiki/Simona_Peycheva" title="Simona Peycheva">Simona Peycheva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Miteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvia Miteva">Sylvia Miteva</a>. Newer Bulgarian individual gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Katrin_Taseva" title="Katrin Taseva">Katrin Taseva</a> and European champion <a href="/wiki/Stiliana_Nikolova" title="Stiliana Nikolova">Stiliana Nikolova</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boryana_Kaleyn" title="Boryana Kaleyn">Boryana Kaleyn</a> was the 2023 European champion and also won the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around">2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Bulgaria is currently more engaged in group rhythmic gymnastics, with successful gymnasts including <a href="/wiki/Zhaneta_Ilieva" title="Zhaneta Ilieva">Zhaneta Ilieva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleonora_Kezhova" title="Eleonora Kezhova">Eleonora Kezhova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Rangelova" title="Kristina Rangelova">Kristina Rangelova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zornitsa_Marinova" title="Zornitsa Marinova">Zornitsa Marinova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladislava_Tancheva" title="Vladislava Tancheva">Vladislava Tancheva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hristiana_Todorova" title="Hristiana Todorova">Hristiana Todorova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsvetelina_Naydenova" title="Tsvetelina Naydenova">Tsvetelina Naydenova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsvetelina_Stoyanova" title="Tsvetelina Stoyanova">Tsvetelina Stoyanova</a>, Lubomira Kazanova, <a href="/wiki/Reneta_Kamberova" title="Reneta Kamberova">Reneta Kamberova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihaela_Maevska" title="Mihaela Maevska">Mihaela Maevska</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_group_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic group all-around">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, the Bulgarian group (comprising <a href="/wiki/Simona_Dyankova" title="Simona Dyankova">Simona Dyankova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Traets" title="Laura Traets">Laura Traets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefani_Kiryakova" title="Stefani Kiryakova">Stefani Kiryakova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madlen_Radukanova" title="Madlen Radukanova">Madlen Radukanova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erika_Zafirova" title="Erika Zafirova">Erika Zafirova</a>) won its first gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-:13-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KabaevaOrdercropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/KabaevaOrdercropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alina_Kabaeva" title="Alina Kabaeva">Alina Kabaeva</a></figcaption></figure> After the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Russia has been the dominant country in rhythmic gymnastics. The start of the late 1990s saw the rise of stars like <a href="/wiki/Amina_Zaripova" title="Amina Zaripova">Amina Zaripova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanina_Batyrchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanina Batyrchina">Yanina Batyrchina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alina_Kabaeva" title="Alina Kabaeva">Alina Kabaeva</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxana_Kostina" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxana Kostina">Oksana Kostina</a> became Russia's first World champion as an independent country. In the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Barsukova" title="Yulia Barsukova">Yulia Barsukova</a> became the first Russian to win the Olympic gold medal. <a href="/wiki/Alina_Kabaeva" title="Alina Kabaeva">Alina Kabaeva</a>, who had won bronze in Sydney, went on to win gold in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Athens_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Athens Olympics">2004 Athens Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Kanaeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgenia Kanaeva">Evgenia Kanaeva</a> became the first individual rhythmic gymnast to win two gold medals in the Olympic Games at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Beijing Olympics">2008 Beijing Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_London_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 London Olympics">2012 London Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Mamun" title="Margarita Mamun">Margarita Mamun</a> continued the streak of individual gold medalists at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics</a>, while the competition favorite, 3-time World champion <a href="/wiki/Yana_Kudryavtseva" title="Yana Kudryavtseva">Yana Kudryavtseva</a>, took silver because of a drop in her clubs routine during the finals.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Averina" title="Dina Averina">Dina Averina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arina_Averina" title="Arina Averina">Arina Averina</a> have cemented their status as two of the best rhythmic gymnasts in Russia's history.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Dina Averina won multiple World Championship titles, dominating the sport since her senior debut. She secured over 20 gold medals and four all-around titles at the World Championships, making her the most decorated gymnasts in the history of the sport;<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, she won the silver medal.<a href="#cite_note-:03-65">[65]</a> Arina Averina also achieved significant success, consistently earning medals in major international competitions, including the World and <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">European Championships</a>. Other notable gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Lipkovskaya" title="Natalia Lipkovskaya">Natalia Lipkovskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Tchachina" title="Irina Tchachina">Irina Tchachina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Lavrova" title="Natalia Lavrova">Natalia Lavrova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laysan_Utiasheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Laysan Utiasheva">Laysan Utiasheva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Sessina" title="Vera Sessina">Vera Sessina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kapranova" title="Olga Kapranova">Olga Kapranova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Posevina" title="Yelena Posevina">Yelena Posevina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Gavrilenko" title="Anna Gavrilenko">Anna Gavrilenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Aliychuk" title="Margarita Aliychuk">Margarita Aliychuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daria_Shkurikhina" title="Daria Shkurikhina">Daria Shkurikhina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Maksimova" title="Anastasia Maksimova">Anastasia Maksimova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Gorbunova" title="Tatiana Gorbunova">Tatiana Gorbunova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uliana_Donskova" title="Uliana Donskova">Uliana Donskova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Nazarenko" title="Anastasia Nazarenko">Anastasia Nazarenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Bliznyuk" title="Anastasia Bliznyuk">Anastasia Bliznyuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Dudkina" title="Ksenia Dudkina">Ksenia Dudkina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karolina_Sevastyanova" title="Karolina Sevastyanova">Karolina Sevastyanova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Ilina" title="Olga Ilina">Olga Ilina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daria_Kondakova" title="Daria Kondakova">Daria Kondakova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daria_Dmitrieva" class="mw-redirect" title="Daria Dmitrieva">Daria Dmitrieva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Selezneva" title="Ekaterina Selezneva">Ekaterina Selezneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Merkulova" title="Alexandra Merkulova">Alexandra Merkulova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Tolkacheva" title="Maria Tolkacheva">Maria Tolkacheva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Soldatova" title="Aleksandra Soldatova">Aleksandra Soldatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Borisova" title="Diana Borisova">Diana Borisova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iuliia_Bravikova" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuliia Bravikova">Iuliia Bravikova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasiia_Tatareva" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasiia Tatareva">Anastasiia Tatareva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Biryukova" title="Vera Biryukova">Vera Biryukova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofya_Skomorokh" title="Sofya Skomorokh">Sofya Skomorokh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daria_Trubnikova" title="Daria Trubnikova">Daria Trubnikova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Kramarenko" title="Lala Kramarenko">Lala Kramarenko</a>. The Russian group has won five of the eight group exercises held in the Olympics since it was included in the Olympic Games at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> by winning every title from 2000 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:13-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Bessonova-UKR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anna_Bessonova-UKR.jpg/170px-Anna_Bessonova-UKR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Anna_Bessonova-UKR.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_Bessonova" title="Anna Bessonova">Anna Bessonova</a></figcaption></figure> Even as part of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, a number of Soviet gymnasts were trained in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> or were of Ukrainian origin, including the first World champion <a href="/wiki/Ludmila_Savinkova" title="Ludmila Savinkova">Ludmila Savinkova</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Liubov_Sereda" title="Liubov Sereda">Liubov Sereda</a>. Ukraine has won one gold and four bronze medals at the Olympic Games, and Ukrainian gymnasts representing the USSR and Unified Team won an additional gold and two bronze medals. The mother and daughter tandem of Albina and <a href="/wiki/Irina_Deriugina" title="Irina Deriugina">Irina Deriugina</a> played an important role in the success of rhythmic gymnastics in the country, training gymnasts like Olympic medalists <a href="/wiki/Olexandra_Tymoshenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Olexandra Tymoshenko">Olexandra Tymoshenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxana_Skaldina" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxana Skaldina">Oxana Skaldina</a>. After the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Ukraine continued its success in rhythmic gymnastics, with <a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Serebrianska" title="Kateryna Serebrianska">Kateryna Serebrianska</a> winning the Olympic gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/1996_Atlanta_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Atlanta Olympics">1996 Atlanta Olympics</a>. Other notable gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Anna_Bessonova" title="Anna Bessonova">Anna Bessonova</a> (two-time <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> bronze medalist), <a href="/wiki/Olena_Vitrychenko" title="Olena Vitrychenko">Olena Vitrychenko</a> (1996 Olympics bronze), <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Rizatdinova" title="Hanna Rizatdinova">Hanna Rizatdinova</a> (2016 Olympics bronze), <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Yerofeeva" title="Tamara Yerofeeva">Tamara Yerofeeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Godunko" title="Natalia Godunko">Natalia Godunko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olena_Dmytrash" title="Olena Dmytrash">Olena Dmytrash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktoriia_Mazur" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktoriia Mazur">Viktoriia Mazur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeriia_Gudym" title="Valeriia Gudym">Valeriia Gudym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeniya_Gomon" title="Yevgeniya Gomon">Yevgeniya Gomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeriya_Khanina" title="Valeriya Khanina">Valeriya Khanina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasiya_Voznyak" title="Anastasiya Voznyak">Anastasiya Voznyak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Lutsenko" title="Kateryna Lutsenko">Kateryna Lutsenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlada_Nikolchenko" title="Vlada Nikolchenko">Vlada Nikolchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khrystyna_Pohranychna" title="Khrystyna Pohranychna">Khrystyna Pohranychna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viktoriia_Onopriienko" title="Viktoriia Onopriienko">Viktoriia Onopriienko</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Belarus">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg/170px-Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg/255px-Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg/340px-Larissa_Loukianenko_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Lukyanenko" title="Larisa Lukyanenko">Larisa Lukyanenko</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> has had success in both individual and group rhythmic gymnastics after the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The first Soviet Olympic gold medalist at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Seoul_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Seoul Olympics">1988 Seoul Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Lobatch" title="Marina Lobatch">Marina Lobatch</a>, was a Belarusian. Since the late 1990s, Belarus has had continued success in the Olympic Games and has won two silver and two bronze medals in individuals respectively, with <a href="/wiki/Yulia_Raskina" title="Yulia Raskina">Yulia Raskina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inna_Zhukova" title="Inna Zhukova">Inna Zhukova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liubov_Charkashyna" title="Liubov Charkashyna">Liubov Charkashyna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alina_Harnasko" title="Alina Harnasko">Alina Harnasko</a>. Other notable gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Loukianenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Larissa Loukianenko">Larissa Loukianenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Sankovich" title="Ksenia Sankovich">Ksenia Sankovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliaksandra_Narkevich" title="Aliaksandra Narkevich">Aliaksandra Narkevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Ogrizko" title="Tatiana Ogrizko">Tatiana Ogrizko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Lunina" title="Zinaida Lunina">Zinaida Lunina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arina_Charopa" title="Arina Charopa">Arina Charopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alina_Tumilovich" title="Alina Tumilovich">Alina Tumilovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Vatkina" title="Valeria Vatkina">Valeria Vatkina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Pavlina" title="Evgenia Pavlina">Evgenia Pavlina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kadobina" title="Maria Kadobina">Maria Kadobina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Ivankova" title="Anastasia Ivankova">Anastasia Ivankova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melitina_Staniouta" title="Melitina Staniouta">Melitina Staniouta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Bolotina" title="Elena Bolotina">Elena Bolotina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katsiaryna_Halkina" title="Katsiaryna Halkina">Katsiaryna Halkina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Evchik" title="Julia Evchik">Julia Evchik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alina_Harnasko" title="Alina Harnasko">Alina Harnasko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastasiia_Salos" title="Anastasiia Salos">Anastasiia Salos</a>. The Belarusian Group has won two silver medals and a bronze medal in the Olympics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Post-Soviet_Republics">Other Post-Soviet Republics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other Post-Soviet Republics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is now amongst the top countries for individual and group rhythmic gymnastics. The development of the sport was boosted after <a href="/wiki/Mehriban_Aliyeva" title="Mehriban Aliyeva">Mehriban Aliyeva</a> became the President of the Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Vasileva" title="Mariana Vasileva">Mariana Vasileva</a> who was a former Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast and a coach in Levski club in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, came to Azerbaijan to coach Azerbaijani gymnasts. Since 2009, Vasileva has been appointed as head coach of the Azerbaijan Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation. Notable rhythmic gymnasts include 2011 World all-around bronze medalist <a href="/wiki/Aliya_Garayeva" title="Aliya Garayeva">Aliya Garayeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Yusifova" title="Lala Yusifova">Lala Yusifova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elif_Celep" title="Elif Celep">Elif Celep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Durunda" title="Marina Durunda">Marina Durunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayshan_Bayramova" title="Ayshan Bayramova">Ayshan Bayramova</a>. Azerbaijan competes at the European Championships, even though it is geographically located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Azerbaijan has hosted a number of large competitions, including <a href="/wiki/2005_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2007 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2007 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">2019 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships</a>. Soviet rhythmic gymnast and 1979 World all-around bronze medalist <a href="/wiki/Irina_Gabashvili" title="Irina Gabashvili">Irina Gabashvili</a> was of Georgian origin. Another notable Georgian is <a href="/wiki/Salome_Phajava" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome Phajava">Salome Pazhava</a>, who finished fourth in the all-around at the <a href="/wiki/2015_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">2015 World Championships</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet">Post-Soviet Republics</a>, especially in Central Asia, have had considerable success in rhythmic gymnastics, including <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. Notable <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstani</a> gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Aliya_Yussupova" title="Aliya Yussupova">Aliya Yussupova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Alyabyeva" title="Anna Alyabyeva">Anna Alyabyeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Ashirbayeva" title="Sabina Ashirbayeva">Sabina Ashirbayeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alina_Adilkhanova" title="Alina Adilkhanova">Alina Adilkhanova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elzhana_Taniyeva" title="Elzhana Taniyeva">Elzhana Taniyeva</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, notable gymnasts include: <a href="/wiki/Ulyana_Trofimova" title="Ulyana Trofimova">Ulyana Trofimova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djamila_Rakhmatova" title="Djamila Rakhmatova">Djamila Rakhmatova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizaveta_Nazarenkova" title="Elizaveta Nazarenkova">Elizaveta Nazarenkova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasiya_Serdyukova" title="Anastasiya Serdyukova">Anastasiya Serdyukova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Tashkenbaeva" title="Sabina Tashkenbaeva">Sabina Tashkenbaeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_Fetisova" title="Ekaterina Fetisova">Ekaterina Fetisova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takhmina_Ikromova" title="Takhmina Ikromova">Takhmina Ikromova</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Kikkas" title="Irina Kikkas">Irina Kikkas</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> rhythmic gymnast to qualify to an Olympic Games, and <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Bogdanova" title="Viktoria Bogdanova">Viktoria Bogdanova</a> was the first Estonian gymnast to win a medal at the <a href="/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games" title="FISU World University Games">World University Games</a>. The Estonian Group won its first medal at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2020 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">European Championships in 2020</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG/200px-Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG/300px-Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG/400px-Carmen_Acedo_05.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Acedo" title="Carmen Acedo">Carmen Acedo</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> has a long tradition in rhythmic gymnastics. Some notable success in rhythmic gymnastics for Spain include <a href="/wiki/Ana_Bautista" title="Ana Bautista">Ana Bautista</a>, who won a gold medal in the rope competition in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_medalists_at_the_UEG_European_Cup_Final" title="List of medalists at the UEG European Cup Final">European Cup final</a> in 1989, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Pascual" title="Carolina Pascual">Carolina Pascual</a>, the silver medalist at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Barcelona_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Barcelona Olympics">1992 Barcelona Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Acedo" title="Carmen Acedo">Carmen Acedo</a>, who won a gold medal in clubs competition in World Championships in 1993, four-time Olympian (1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008) <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Cid" title="Almudena Cid">Almudena Cid</a>, and three-time Olympian <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Rodriguez" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Rodriguez">Carolina Rodriguez</a>. Spain is more engaged in group rhythmic gymnastics, and the Spanish group became the first to win the Olympic gold in group rhythmic gymnastics when it was added in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, with the help of the Bulgarian coach <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Boneva" title="Emilia Boneva">Emilia Boneva</a>. The Spanish group was formed by <a href="/wiki/Marta_Bald%C3%B3" title="Marta Baldó">Marta Baldó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuria_Cabanillas" title="Nuria Cabanillas">Nuria Cabanillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estela_Gim%C3%A9nez" title="Estela Giménez">Estela Giménez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorena_Gur%C3%A9ndez" title="Lorena Guréndez">Lorena Guréndez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tania_Lamarca" title="Tania Lamarca">Tania Lamarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%ADbaliz_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Estíbaliz Martínez">Estíbaliz Martínez</a>. The Spanish group also won the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg/170px-Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg/255px-Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg/340px-Sofia_Raffaeli_2024_Sofia_World_Cup_Hoop_Final_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="3179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Raffaeli" title="Sofia Raffaeli">Sofia Raffaeli</a></figcaption></figure> Like Spain, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is more engaged in group rhythmic gymnastics; the Italian group has won four all-around World Championship medals and has won three medals (a silver and two bronze) at the Olympic Games. Famous group gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Marta_Pagnini" title="Marta Pagnini">Marta Pagnini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Santoni" title="Elisa Santoni">Elisa Santoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreea_Stefanescu" title="Andreea Stefanescu">Andreea Stefanescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romina_Laurito" title="Romina Laurito">Romina Laurito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anzhelika_Savrayuk" title="Anzhelika Savrayuk">Anzhelika Savrayuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Blanchi" title="Elisa Blanchi">Elisa Blanchi</a>. On the individual level, the 2022 World champion was the Italian <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Raffaeli" title="Sofia Raffaeli">Sofia Raffaeli</a>, who also won the bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around">2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi,_in_Jerusalem_(5484)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_in_Jerusalem_%285484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_in_Jerusalem_%285484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_in_Jerusalem_%285484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_in_Jerusalem_%285484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_in_Jerusalem_%285484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Linoy_Ashram_Honored_at_Beit_HaNassi%2C_in_Jerusalem_%285484%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linoy_Ashram" title="Linoy Ashram">Linoy Ashram</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> is a rising nation in rhythmic gymnastics. Israeli head coach Irina Vigdorchik, who moved from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to Israel in 1979, said rhythmic gymnastics had been brought to Israel by Russian immigrants in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The sport began its success in the 2000s with notable Israeli gymnasts including <a href="/wiki/Irina_Risenzon" title="Irina Risenzon">Irina Risenzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neta_Rivkin" title="Neta Rivkin">Neta Rivkin</a>, who placed in top ten in the Olympic Games finals. <a href="/wiki/Linoy_Ashram" title="Linoy Ashram">Linoy Ashram</a> was the first Israeli to win the Olympic all-around gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-:03-65">[65]</a> Other notable gymnasts include European champion <a href="/wiki/Daria_Atamanov" title="Daria Atamanov">Daria Atamanov</a>. The Israeli group has also begun to be amongst the leading groups in the World Cup and World Championship competitions and won its first gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2016 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2016 European Championships</a>. They placed 6th in the Olympic games in both Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The Israeli group won the all-around silver medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_European_nations">Other European nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other European nations">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001,_Ute_Lehmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001%2C_Ute_Lehmann.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001%2C_Ute_Lehmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001%2C_Ute_Lehmann.jpg/270px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001%2C_Ute_Lehmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001%2C_Ute_Lehmann.jpg/360px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-G0428-0028-001%2C_Ute_Lehmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ute_Lehmann" title="Ute Lehmann">Ute Lehmann</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has had considerable success in the sport, especially from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, with World medalists <a href="/wiki/Ute_Lehmann" title="Ute Lehmann">Ute Lehmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Rischer" title="Carmen Rischer">Carmen Rischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiana_Rosenberg" title="Christiana Rosenberg">Christiana Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Dittrich_(gymnast)" title="Bianca Dittrich (gymnast)">Bianca Dittrich</a> and 1984 Olympic medalist <a href="/wiki/Regina_Weber" title="Regina Weber">Regina Weber</a>. In 2023, German <a href="/wiki/Darja_Varfolomeev" title="Darja Varfolomeev">Darja Varfolomeev</a> won all five individual gold medals at the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="2023 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships">2023 World Championships</a> and went on to win the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_individual_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic individual all-around">individual all-around at the 2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> dominated the <a href="/wiki/1965_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="1965 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">second World Championships</a>, and their routines there, which combined ballet with whole-body movement, influenced the early direction of the sport.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> The 1960s and 1970s marked the peak of Czechoslovak rhythmic gymnastics success with World medalists <a href="/wiki/Hana_Machatov%C3%A1-Bogu%C5%A1ovsk%C3%A1" title="Hana Machatová-Bogušovská">Hana Machatová-Bogušovská</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hana_Sitniansk%C3%A1-Mi%C4%8Dechov%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hana Sitnianská-Mičechová">Hana Sitnianská-Mičechová</a>, Zuzana Záveská, Iveta Havlíčková and <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Bo%C5%A1ansk%C3%A1" title="Daniela Bošanská">Daniela Bošanská</a>. Other notable Czech gymnasts from the 2000s include <a href="/wiki/Monika_M%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1" title="Monika Míčková">Monika Míčková</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> has enjoyed more success in <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnastics</a> but also had their share of rhythmic gymnastics talents (especially in the 1980s and 1990s), like <a href="/wiki/Doina_St%C4%83iculescu" title="Doina Stăiculescu">Doina Stăiculescu</a>, the 1984 Olympic silver medalists. In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Patocska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Patocska (page does not exist)">Maria Patocska</a> became the first Hungarian rhythmic gymnast to win a medal at the World Championships. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> is primarily oriented towards group exercises and was especially successful during the 1996–2000 quad; the Greek group won the bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_group_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic group all-around">2000 Summer Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> has had considerable success in individual rhythmic gymnastics with <a href="/wiki/Eva_Serrano" title="Eva Serrano">Eva Serrano</a> placing 5th at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Sydney_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Sydney Olympics">2000 Sydney Olympics</a>; other French gymnasts include <a href="/wiki/Lily_Ramonatxo" title="Lily Ramonatxo">Lily Ramonatxo</a>. The group placed 9th in the all-around competition at the 2017 World Championships and 6th in the 5 hoops final at the 2018 World Championships. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Americas">Asia and Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Asia and Americas">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erika_Akiyama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Erika_Akiyama.jpg/200px-Erika_Akiyama.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Erika_Akiyama.jpg/300px-Erika_Akiyama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Erika_Akiyama.jpg/400px-Erika_Akiyama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erika_Akiyama" title="Erika Akiyama">Erika Akiyama</a></figcaption></figure> European countries have been always dominant in this sport: only five <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships">World Championships</a> have been held outside Europe so far, one in Cuba, one in the US, and three in Japan, and only five individual gymnasts (Sun Duk Jo, Myong Sim Choi, Mitsuru Hiraguchi, <a href="/wiki/Son_Yeon-jae" title="Son Yeon-jae">Son Yeon-jae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaho_Minagawa" title="Kaho Minagawa">Kaho Minagawa</a>) and three groups (Japan, North Korea and China) from outside Europe have won medals at the <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships">World Championships</a>. However, rhythmic gymnastics is growing in other countries. <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> has a long tradition in rhythmic gymnastics. Since their first competition in 1971, the Japanese group has never finished lower than 10th (except in 2003, 16th) in the all-around at the World Championships. In 2019, they became <a href="/wiki/2019_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships">World Champion with 5 balls</a> for the first time. Japan had and still has notable gymnasts such as Mitsuru Hiraguchi, <a href="/wiki/Erika_Akiyama" title="Erika Akiyama">Erika Akiyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukari_Murata" title="Yukari Murata">Yukari Murata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakura_Hayakawa" title="Sakura Hayakawa">Sakura Hayakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaho_Minagawa" title="Kaho Minagawa">Kaho Minagawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumire_Kita" title="Sumire Kita">Sumire Kita</a>. Other countries in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> have developed world class gymnasts, such as South Korea with <a href="/wiki/Shin_Soo-ji" title="Shin Soo-ji">Shin Soo-ji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Son_Yeon-jae" title="Son Yeon-jae">Son Yeon-jae</a>. China was the first country outside of Europe to medal at the Olympics in the group event (silver at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_group_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic group all-around">2008 Summer Olympics</a>) and was also the first non-European country to win the Olympic title in the group event at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_rhythmic_group_all-around" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's rhythmic group all-around">2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Successful individuals include <a href="/wiki/He_Xiaomin" title="He Xiaomin">He Xiaomin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xiaojing" title="Zhou Xiaojing">Zhou Xiaojing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Ling_(gymnast)" title="Zhong Ling (gymnast)">Zhong Ling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dan_(rhythmic_gymnast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Dan (rhythmic gymnast)">Sun Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Yiming" title="Xiao Yiming">Xiao Yiming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Senyue" title="Deng Senyue">Deng Senyue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yating" title="Zhao Yating">Zhao Yating</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> had success in group rhythmic gymnastics in the 1970s to the early 1990s and won several group medals at the World Championships. Although it has not gained as much of a following compared to its <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnastics</a> counterpart in North America, it is a rising sport. Beginning in the 1950s, Evelyn Koop, who graduated from the Ernest Idla Institute in Sweden, promoted the sport in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and especially in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, some notable rhythmic gymnasts including <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Berube" title="Michelle Berube">Michelle Berube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sanders" title="Mary Sanders">Mary Sanders</a> (a dual USA/Canadian citizen who competed for both countries), <a href="/wiki/Julie_Zetlin" title="Julie Zetlin">Julie Zetlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Kerber" title="Jasmine Kerber">Jasmine Kerber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Zeng" title="Laura Zeng">Laura Zeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Feeley" title="Camilla Feeley">Camilla Feeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evita_Griskenas" title="Evita Griskenas">Evita Griskenas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lili_Mizuno" title="Lili Mizuno">Lili Mizuno</a>. Other up-and-coming nations in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> include Canada, Mexico and Brazil, with some notable rhythmic gymnasts including the first Olympic champion in rhythmic gymnastics, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Lori_Fung" title="Lori Fung">Lori Fung</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sanders" title="Mary Sanders">Mary Sanders</a> (who also competed for the USA), <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Orlando" title="Alexandra Orlando">Alexandra Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bezzoubenko" title="Patricia Bezzoubenko">Patricia Bezzoubenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Valdez" title="Cynthia Valdez">Cynthia Valdez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rut_Castillo" title="Rut Castillo">Rut Castillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Malpica" title="Marina Malpica">Marina Malpica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Kvieczynski" title="Angélica Kvieczynski">Angélica Kvieczynski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%A1lia_Gaudio" title="Natália Gaudio">Natália Gaudio</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rbara_Domingos" title="Bárbara Domingos">Bárbara Domingos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geovanna_Santos" title="Geovanna Santos">Geovanna Santos</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Injuries_and_health_issues">Injuries and health issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Injuries and health issues">edit</a>]</div> Studies on rhythmic gymnastics injuries are complicated by changes in the code of points leading to emphasis on different kinds of elements, making it more difficult to generalize the risks from past studies to current competitors. For example, the 2009–2012 code removed elements that led to knee injuries.<a href="#cite_note-:24-76">[76]</a> The development of muscle strength, agility, and speed in rhythmic gymnasts have also been under-studied. A focus on flexibility training without sufficient strength training can lead to injuries, as can forcing <a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">turnout</a> in the feet and over-training.<a href="#cite_note-:25-77">[77]</a> At the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic games, rhythmic gymnasts were injured more often than <a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">trampoline gymnasts</a> but less often than <a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">artistic gymnasts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:26-78">[78]</a> Overuse injuries are more common than acute injuries.<a href="#cite_note-:24-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:26-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-79">[79]</a> Gymnasts most frequently report pain and injury in the lower back and lower limbs, such as the hip, knee, or ankle.<a href="#cite_note-:24-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2013_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="2013 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">2013 European Championships</a>, gymnasts were surveyed about pain and compared to a matched group of non-athletes. The gymnasts were more likely to report having pain, with the most frequent reports being of pain in the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar spine</a> or ankle; however, they were less likely than the control group to report pain in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> When the apparatuses are thrown, they can cause injury if not caught in time; some gymnasts have been hit in the head or eyes.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_disorders">Eating disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Eating disorders">edit</a>]</div> As in other aesthetic sports such as <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> and artistic gymnastics, <a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">body image</a> issues and <a href="/wiki/Disordered_eating" title="Disordered eating">disordered eating</a> are common.<a href="#cite_note-:28-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-86">[86]</a> International-level gymnasts are more likely to have disordered eating and low body weight compared to recreational gymnasts.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Long limbs and a slender body are considered ideal for the sport, and judges may be biased against those who do not fit this ideal.<a href="#cite_note-:29-85">[85]</a> Gymnasts and coaches sometimes believe that a lighter weight will prevent injuries and make it easier to perform elements, and gymnasts have reported excessive weight control from coaches and demands to meet arbitrary weight targets as well as the use of unhealthy methods to lose weight.<a href="#cite_note-:28-84">[84]</a> The pressure to lose weight may increase for gymnasts with a higher <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">BMI</a>, even if they are still quite thin by typical standards. Other gymnastics authority figures such as judges also encourage gymnasts to lose weight, and parents and friends may do so as well.<a href="#cite_note-:30-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinal_issues">Spinal issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Spinal issues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_(Martin_Rulsch)_148.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_148.jpg/220px-2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_148.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_148.jpg/330px-2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_148.jpg/440px-2018-10-16_Gymnastics_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_-_Ball_final_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>A gymnast (<a href="/wiki/Khrystyna_Pohranychna" title="Khrystyna Pohranychna">Khrystyna Pohranychna</a>) performing a split leap with back extension</figcaption></figure> Lower back pain and spinal issues are a common concern in rhythmic gymnastics due to elements requiring hyper-extension of the spine, a lack of strength needed to properly support back extension, and the number of repetitions gymnasts perform in training.<a href="#cite_note-:25-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:31-88">[88]</a> A study of routines performed at the <a href="/wiki/2019_Junior_World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2019 Junior World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">2019 Junior World Championships</a> found that a number of elements were performed with spinal hyper-extension, particularly leaps.<a href="#cite_note-:31-88">[88]</a> Rhythmic gymnasts are at increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a> and other spinal issues. It is though that this may be in part due to rhythmic gymnasts tending to have looser joins and delayed <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a> as well as from repeatedly performing elements using the dominant side of the torso.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-90">[90]</a> Gymnasts are more susceptible to spinal issues such as scoliosis as they grow older and train for more years.<a href="#cite_note-:32-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> However, former elite-level gymnasts may not be at increased risk of back pain once they have completed their career, though those who do experience pain report experiencing it earlier and tend to have retired earlier than gymnasts without pain. The risk may also depend on the codes of points the gymnast competed under and the emphasis put on back hyper-extension in elements at the time the gymnast competed.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> At lower levels of the sport, rhythmic gymnastics training may have a protective effect against back pain.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Men's_rhythmic_gymnastics">Men's rhythmic gymnastics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Men's rhythmic gymnastics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG/220px-Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG/330px-Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG/440px-Almudena_Cid_y_Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela_2014_Euskalgym.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela" title="Rubén Orihuela">Rubén Orihuela</a> performing with <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Cid" title="Almudena Cid">Almudena Cid</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> The FIG only specifies rules for women's rhythmic gymnastics. However, two versions of men's rhythmic gymnastics exist. One developed in Japan and uses a spring floor and a different set of apparatuses, and it was originally competed by both men and women before Western rhythmic gymnastics was brought to Japan. The other began development in Spain and uses the same rules and apparatuses as women's rhythmic gymnastics.<a href="#cite_note-:15-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics">Japanese men's rhythmic gymnastics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Japanese men's rhythmic gymnastics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E5%AD%90%E6%96%B0%E4%BD%93%E6%93%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:男子新体操">ja:男子新体操</a></div> Japanese men's rhythmic gymnastics is performed to music on a 13-by-13-metre (43 ft × 43 ft) gymnastic <a href="/wiki/Spring_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring floor">spring floor</a>. As with women's rhythmic gymnastics, there are two types of routines: group events (always freehand, meaning no apparatus), originally with six people and with five since 2024,<a href="#cite_note-:16-94">[94]</a> and individual events performed using an apparatus (stick, rings, rope, or clubs).<a href="#cite_note-:17-95">[95]</a> Athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body/eye co-ordination, but they are also permitted to perform tumbling. Strength and power are the main focus, as well as apparatus handling, flexibility and movements called "Toshu" ("freehand"). In 2021, it was estimated there are about 1,500 participants in Japan, with small individual programs in other countries such as Canada and Russia, and some former gymnasts have moved to the United States to work for <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-11">[11]</a> It may be called by other names in other countries, as the feminine stereotype of the term "rhythmic gymnastics" makes it more difficult to recruit boys into programs.<a href="#cite_note-:18-96">[96]</a> Proponents of Japanese-style men's rhythmic gymnastics in other countries sometimes emphasize its perceived masculine qualities in contrast with the Spanish or women's version.<a href="#cite_note-:18-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Men's rhythmic gymnastics in Japan was originally created by adopting elements from Swedish, Danish, and German gymnastics. It has been taught and performed with the aim of improving physical strength and health as early as the 1940s, and the national intercollegiate competition began in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-:17-95">[95]</a> Originally, both boys and girls used to perform this type of gymnastics, called "Dantai Toshu Taisou", literally "group freehand gymnastics". In 1967, the name "Shintaisou" ("new gymnastics") was adopted as a translation of "Modern Gymnastics," which was practiced in Northern and Central Europe in schools such as Medau's.<a href="#cite_note-:5-4">[4]</a> Women's rhythmic gymnastics - originally also called "Modern Gymnastics" - was also imported to Japan under the name "Shintaisou", and women began to perform the international version of the sport instead.<a href="#cite_note-:15-11">[11]</a> However, there are clubs that allow women to train in men's rhythmic gymnastics, and some club competitions include a category for mixed-gender groups.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Currently, men's and women's rhythmic gymnastics are both under the umbrella of the Japan Gymnastics Association, and major competitions for both are often held at the same venue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scoring">Scoring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Scoring">edit</a>]</div> For both individuals and groups, points are divided into three scores: difficulty, artistry, and execution. The first score, difficulty, is based on the technical value of the elements performed in the routine. The artistic score is scored out of a maximum of 10 points and is based on harmony between music and movements, use of space, and originality, with deductions for lack of required elements or stepping out of bounds, and so on. Execution is scored out of a maximum of 10 points, based on quality of execution, accuracy of performance, and synchronization, with deductions taken for mistakes or lack of movements in unison, etc.<a href="#cite_note-:16-94">[94]</a> For individual performances, a gymnast manipulates one or two pieces of apparatus (double rings, stick, clubs, rope) to demonstrate their skill at apparatus handling, throws, and catches as well as the difficulty of the tumbling. The gymnast must work the entire floor area whilst showing continuous flowing movement. The permitted time for individual events is between 1 minute 15 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-:16-94">[94]</a> During a competition, each individual gymnast performs four separate routines, one for each apparatus. The individual scores of all four routines for each gymnast are then added up to decide the all-around winner. Group performances are done without using any apparatus and focus on synchronization between the athletes and complicated tumbling; teams even train to breathe at the same times.<a href="#cite_note-:17-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-100">[100]</a> The permitted time for group events is between 2 minutes 15 seconds and 2 minutes 30 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-:16-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internationalization">Internationalization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Internationalization">edit</a>]</div> Competitors from other countries have been included during the men's event at the All-Japan Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships several times; in 2003, competitors came from Malaysia, South Korea, Canada, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The 2005 Championships also included competitors from Australia, Russia, and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2021, Russia began holding a national men's rhythmic gymnastics championships.<a href="#cite_note-:19-97">[97]</a> In 2013, the Aomori University Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics Team collaborated with renowned Japanese fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Issey_Miyake" title="Issey Miyake">Issey Miyake</a> and American choreographer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ezralow" title="Daniel Ezralow">Daniel Ezralow</a> (Spiderman, Cirque du Soleil) to create a one-hour contemporary performance, "Flying Bodies, Soaring Spirits," that featured all 27 Aomori men's rhythmic gymnasts outfitted in Miyake's signature costumes. Held July 18, 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_National_Gymnasium" title="Yoyogi National Gymnasium">Yoyogi National Stadium</a> in Tokyo, the show drew an audience of 2,600. "Flying Bodies" was also captured in a 78-minute documentary by director <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Nakano" title="Hiroyuki Nakano">Hiroyuki Nakano</a> that follows the coaches, gymnasts and creative team for the three months leading up to the performance.<a href="#cite_note-:20-100">[100]</a> Men's rhythmic gymnasts from <a href="/wiki/Aomori_University" title="Aomori University">Aomori University</a> also performed at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_closing_ceremony" title="2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony">2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_men's_rhythmic_gymnastics">Spanish men's rhythmic gymnastics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Spanish men's rhythmic gymnastics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adri%C3%A1n_Munuera_2017_clubs_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Adri%C3%A1n_Munuera_2017_clubs_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/176px-Adri%C3%A1n_Munuera_2017_clubs_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Adri%C3%A1n_Munuera_2017_clubs_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Adri%C3%A1n_Munuera_2017_clubs_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Adri%C3%A1n_Munuera_2017_clubs_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>A Spanish gymnast (Adrián Munuera) at an exhibition in 2017</figcaption></figure> There are, particularly in Europe, some male rhythmic gymnasts who train and perform in the same way as their female counterparts using generally the same rules as for women's rhythmic gymnastics. Prominent advocates include <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Orihuela" title="Rubén Orihuela">Rubén Orihuela</a> (Spain) and Peterson Céüs (France);<a href="#cite_note-:21-12">[12]</a> in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Almudena_Cid" title="Almudena Cid">Almudena Cid</a>, a four-time Olympian, has also been a supporter of men's rhythmic gymnastics.<a href="#cite_note-:22-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_3">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Spain is a pioneer country in men's rhythmic gymnastics. In 2005, the Spanish federation allowed men to compete in an open category at the national championships; each autonomous community was allowed to submit two gymnasts in this category, who could be foreign gymnasts or men. In 2009, this category was closed to men after the FIG released a statement that they had no rules for men's competition, as rhythmic gymnastics was a sport for women only, because the Spanish federation was afraid of being sanctioned.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However, the federation soon announced that there would be a separate category for men using the same rules as the open category.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The first year, a dozen gymnasts competed in the men's competition.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2020, a mixed-gender category was added for groups.<a href="#cite_note-:22-103">[103]</a> In France, men have been allowed to compete in rhythmic gymnastics since 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:23-107">[107]</a> However, they may not compete at the highest levels. In a case brought to the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Conseil d'État">Conseil d'État</a>, it was ruled that the lack of a men's category was not discriminatory.<a href="#cite_note-:21-12">[12]</a> There were fewer than 30 male rhythmic gymnasts registered in 2000; there were 50 registered in 2017, and by 2022, the number had increased to 385.<a href="#cite_note-:21-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-107">[107]</a> There are a small number of men in other countries such as Bulgaria, Greece, and Italy who have trained in rhythmic gymnastics. Some have competed in the Spanish championships.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_rhythmic_gymnastics" title="List of Olympic medalists in rhythmic gymnastics">List of Olympic medalists in rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_group_gymnastics" title="Aesthetic group gymnastics">Aesthetic group gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="African Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">African Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Asian Gymnastics Championships">Asian Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship">Commonwealth Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Team_Gymnastics_Championships" title="European Team Gymnastics Championships">European Team Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIG_World_Cup" title="FIG World Cup">FIG World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Continents_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Four Continents Gymnastics Championships">Four Continents Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Asian Games">Gymnastics at the Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Central American and Caribbean Games">Gymnastics at the Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Commonwealth Games">Gymnastics at the Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_European_Games" title="Gymnastics at the European Games">Gymnastics at the European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Mediterranean Games">Gymnastics at the Mediterranean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Pan American Games">Gymnastics at the Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_South_American_Games" title="Gymnastics at the South American Games">Gymnastics at the South American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnastics at the Universiade">Gymnastics at the Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_World_Games" title="Gymnastics at the World Games">Gymnastics at the World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnastics at the Youth Olympic Games">Gymnastics at the Youth Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_World_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Junior World Gymnastics Championships">Junior World Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gymnasts#Rhythmic_gymnasts" title="List of gymnasts">List of notable rhythmic gymnasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medalists_at_the_FIG_World_Cup_Final#Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="List of medalists at the FIG World Cup Final">List of medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics FIG World Cup Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medalists_at_the_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix_circuit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="List of medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix circuit (disambiguation)">List of medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medalists_at_the_UEG_European_Cup_Final" title="List of medalists at the UEG European Cup Final">List of medalists at the UEG European Cup Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_gymnastics_(women)" title="List of Olympic medalists in gymnastics (women)">List of Olympic medalists in gymnastics (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_achievements_in_gymnastics_by_nation" title="Major achievements in gymnastics by nation">Major achievements in gymnastics by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Valentine" title="Miss Valentine">Miss Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championships" title="Pacific Rim Championships">Pacific Rim Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Pan American Gymnastics Championships">Pan American Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and dance">Rhythm and dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_European_Championships" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships">Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix">Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup">Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Gymnastics_Championships" title="South American Gymnastics Championships">South American Gymnastics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldgames.org/sports/Gymnastics-59">"Gymnastics | iWGA"</a>. www.theworldgames.org.</cite><span 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Retrieved 2024-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8E&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft.aulast=Semkovsk&rft.aufirst=Desislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Fru%2Fpost%2F100961183%2Fnikolai-boev-hudojestvennaa-gimnastika-stala-moei-jiznyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmic+gymnastics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tharrosnews.gr/2022/07/stous-15-kalyterous-tou-ispanikou-protathlimatos-rythmikis-o-filiatrinos-athlitis-giannis-iliadis/">"Στους 15 καλύτερους του Ισπανικού Πρωταθλήματος ρυθμικής ο Φιλιατρινος αθλητής Γιάννης Ηλιάδης"</a> [Filiatrinos athlete Giannis Iliadi among the top 15 at the Spanish rhythmic Championship]. ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙΔΑ ΘΑΡΡΟΣ. 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2024-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%95%CE%A6%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%94%CE%91+%CE%98%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+15+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%BF+%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tharrosnews.gr%2F2022%2F07%2Fstous-15-kalyterous-tou-ispanikou-protathlimatos-rythmikis-o-filiatrinos-athlitis-giannis-iliadis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythmic+gymnastics" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythmic_gymnastics&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gymnastics.about.com/od/rhythmicgymnastics/Rhythmic_Gymnastics.htm">Rhythmic Gymnastics</a> at About.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jenerg.com/blog/rg-music-rules-guide/">Rhythmic Gymnastics Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bode" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Bode">Rudolf Bode</a> at the German Wikipedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jenerg.com/blog/apparatus-guide/">Rhythmic Gymnastics Equipment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Glossary of gymnastics terms">Glossary of terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">Gym</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Federation" title="International Gymnastics Federation">FIG</a> disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatic_gymnastics" title="Acrobatic gymnastics">Acrobatic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_gymnastics" title="Aerobic gymnastics">Aerobic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floor_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor exercise">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(gymnastics)" title="Vault (gymnastics)">Vault</a></li> <li>Men's only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pommel_horse" title="Pommel horse">Pommel horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_(gymnastics)" title="Rings (gymnastics)">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_bars" title="Parallel bars">Parallel bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_bar" title="Horizontal bar">Horizontal bar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women's only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_beam" title="Balance beam">Balance beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_bars" title="Uneven bars">Uneven bars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-gymnastics" title="Para-gymnastics">Para-gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampoline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Synchronized_trampoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronized trampoline">synchronized</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Double_mini" class="mw-redirect" title="Double mini">double mini</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tumbling_(sport)" title="Tumbling (sport)">Tumbling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_gymnastics_competitions" title="List of gymnastics competitions">Competitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FIG</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnastics at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_World_Championships" title="Gymnastics World Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junior_World_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Junior World Gymnastics Championships">Junior Worlds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIG_World_Cup" title="FIG World Cup">World Cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_Gymnastics_World_Cup" title="Artistic Gymnastics World Cup">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_World_Cup" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup">Rhythmic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_World_Games" title="Gymnastics at the World Games">World Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="African Artistic Gymnastics Championships">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="African Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships">Rhythmic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Asian Gymnastics Championships">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Gymnastics_Championships" title="European Gymnastics Championships">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Continents_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Four Continents Gymnastics Championships">Four Continents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Oceania Artistic Gymnastics Championships">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Championships" title="Pacific Rim Championships">Pacific Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships" title="Pan American Gymnastics Championships">Pan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Gymnastics_Championships" title="South American Gymnastics Championships">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_African_Games" title="Gymnastics at the African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Central American and Caribbean Games">CAC Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_European_Games" title="Gymnastics at the European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics_Grand_Prix" title="Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Gymnastics at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_South_American_Games" title="Gymnastics at the South American Games">South American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnastics at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gymnasts" title="List of gymnasts">List of gymnasts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_men%27s_artistic_gymnasts" title="List of men's artistic gymnasts">MAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artistic_gymnasts" title="List of women artistic gymnasts">WAG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longines_Prize_for_Elegance" title="Longines Prize for Elegance">Longines Prize for Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Gymnastics Hall of Fame">International Gymnastics Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_achievements_in_gymnastics_by_nation" title="Major achievements in gymnastics by nation">Major achievements by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_changes_in_gymnastics" title="Nationality changes in gymnastics">Nationality changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">Acro dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_group_gymnastics" title="Aesthetic group gymnastics">Aesthetic group gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Aesthetic_Group_Gymnastics_Championships" title="World Aesthetic Group Gymnastics Championships">World Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">Equestrian vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamGym" title="TeamGym">TeamGym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_gymnastics" title="Wheel gymnastics">Wheel gymnastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Template:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Template talk:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sports of the World Games program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sports_of_the_World_Games_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">Sports of the World Games program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artistic and dance sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_roller_skating" title="Artistic roller skating">Artistic roller skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancesport" title="Dancesport">Dancesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatic_gymnastics" title="Acrobatic gymnastics">Acrobatic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_gymnastics" title="Aerobic gymnastics">Aerobic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbling_(sport)" title="Tumbling (sport)">Tumbling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">Beach handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">Canoe polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">Inline hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> (women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racquetball" title="Racquetball">Racquetball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precision sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Billiards sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boules" title="Boules">Boules sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">Bowling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Strength sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">Powerlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trend sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_sports" title="Air sports">Air sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_marathon" title="Canoe marathon">Canoe marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifesaving_(sport)" title="Lifesaving (sport)">Lifesaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_sports" title="Roller sports">Speed roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_skating" title="Road skating">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_speed_skating" title="Inline speed skating">Track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past official sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(fishing)" title="Casting (fishing)">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cycling" title="Indoor cycling">Indoor cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">Roller hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a> (women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invitational sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> (men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_at_the_World_Games" title="Category:Sports at the World Games">Sports at the World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Games_Association" title="International World Games Association">International World Games Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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