CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91351993af56ce46',cH: '9wgQy5cLoW58nxB1VeRDCZridHtOtLNepzzo2pMQMPU-1739788204-1.2.1.1-87dSrNnwaV94C1FPwnIdArVMzo2zWGplizXjh1jJ_5V5wD0poSI0Ztug0erUxh74',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=digital%20environment&__cf_chl_tk=cJTsI6.Zmm1Yr63KABLPvpOvlVmoeCktnZQoPJXGCUw-1739788204-1.0.1.1-cH81rXRhT7TGiWGA0cOzkp7zJziu0WE2jQH99RxmVyc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788204',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=digital%20environment&__cf_chl_f_tk=cJTsI6.Zmm1Yr63KABLPvpOvlVmoeCktnZQoPJXGCUw-1739788204-1.0.1.1-cH81rXRhT7TGiWGA0cOzkp7zJziu0WE2jQH99RxmVyc",md: "B1bpHoGrR3hHw48eJTn44hL4be9hB.8pS831Y2fumSg-1739788204-1.2.1.1-VK0SFPMJUjdP3XU39boI6Bhq0n9RaOJXKNtmoSHF5J99rwkFSuHftZsSC3eUXgdTPwLhfuCDRXq2XMC6vBcJNXqUpjRsdn6_bUiFs2iX_rTnIiQUlLxTs7DawNIV4cyexMHT.yqntaXIIGWvkPxfdB69p2vHdUV2ANt.JdWdNg1hrJosFJRpUiPOKECJSgtfP2.SysWeWL625t7apnqwrFKCppjj.88.ksFMqJF.entBfIe.49500rBDHTUbIfR4MIsKYkJ9_tmQdjo7YTBFJ8LGM6BmwJBi5n4CANgINIiZD0V826C8HDU2O0AJdKVR9BCBSqhjuwxqwUDnmelYzGBlqmAm0i8BHqEPrNIwY8VoZOqCPG7qL07Grzm2xROtecHmC.030jCGkKLIgBULY4QtGKbR_aNOPSsRw_seAoA3xlWLFy3zKLTswqsOu7cAf1qm9qqpRMzBG5rcTsPBVonkA9gxHwVDrUgFTpc51LUYnxZ83uA1upXDEmkxk4UwwFXAV3sIIg5FiWjXtMsC2vVm5RhJ3jqz1iqia5rbwaZ6s7UCWe6i0srWJHO8LhQc56oMQhNAVpYTDRO.Pjzee8F7pIADMBw_ihdup98s_RiGL9qHpXhXDQo9dDuvt1gN34_Ws7Vkale2YEztepNR2jXNOBzWQ.5u__eumTn9YbXWSxr6nkmfyyZv3r8UgbHerxHlFLle8XmzYwFZn8FG.4okiXNyo9ZzoVIg_mskcrDxD3djwolxTTIE7BfCNLtakbf40xKYy4a8Jxu6CSaJryMDDrvCAaPiD0LGojjBonC9mpfo1Wzy3zUSrCPozvvq2q_lnom.jIqYOCbvETWYoc7ZFNiRMozp.foEd7xKmeqlU61cxtFNJikfnSdnxBtl0JVc1.9OVdbK8OkSoVpZ0sC8MRSAoT6JZycA1UkLUcUgBF3rovisF4DayJc0KSu.2Q8GksSICrD9LQuzMz3Hb.LpyqVdhnZ5qAUz2eJrhlpclecfNrxDD2LvIDJGs22M07n1eIM86T7eAwIqW7lFW312uHyIx8D9hdalxrBondySFlbkibVfKLOI9ltPymET5LKl6KZJUC2J_LjdnlRuaJV_hcW3P6.JDRGUFegg2VEL98aNMXAiy9B35HyzQ9tC51eb6sgS7CRm77yGXCdomKMg54wmspVS7rLslJcAR0te46P8f1TxI_CHIdVp9Nj2eOckHV7OPmxJdKJrwvamSNVFIG.5dfihGRTyBrzjgWTsBg_oAt.Mml_eO1iPOzTyPm_j711lfENy.qi1rWEbpRJS2KF3CoeIu97Xu.8M_vAhfQo5I5MFqk5_L6_ONaRL8.pOyt.C6PuodW6_GC4b0UuJyQg.ZzgKDfkkC6AtIgsGOxRhgyvo1ivnsvoAKxRS6pD10YqIJaCxGJ41lsaMI8o893RR.SUrj6aUzzYMdhl94CTWusQGM8plgz5DQxnE2Cs9NRfjyoFaRqPGjqzOtwxBtF1EcV3CjmqIFfHLt7FxaGjO74tLX7Eb8unUD3pR0uRrl9LpEqlKSRSFg7NzK0j._hdLCpPpsjvid.64NlDtguK9QweXmf6f17ArP_os7nkpEX.VjSoaB7zc2Uo2kBVKeBxbqVryF_YIopKbaCyaLoyaP7oA6LomunN6UhfbvqZD3AZsx4ydvnVW0eEn25_q0Akwt_8__tTzbE.xRKSVN9sCo.imM0J390eb4JluDYJB.eEQOUSm0.So7MON0XnvyZFy3EYUWpbUgrmv9fOuqyYY61R5k_PPf4aXQb8sMeS2FaWqT4mIA4FMluwuTGMpvT4mUIdGoUv.yOh7tRvKYGBDZZ4QTdSwGcdoC_p.8YTlA17gs729PY_KHYDE4Ra1syIOTyKEwf4Zi2DhbBeTyquV4Yd0dlTM7j5zuzS2JCNaPMAaY6faSlhNT47_kGGGvwQpCqgBXOJuH.VEkF6WY8MPuAaOWMSFkcKo68Ry",mdrd: "S74u5zyIAPFSw5krHHy4YZuMcd2LzBhN3h7OENhxCes-1739788204-1.2.1.1-_BEel0EeA_iAYmskArOKP5RZ2nxYYmoqVMDC.D1yIft10qCw_9QHG4izN4QcRK2hYP7ze0Wc6SVrIcJ_ZdS47j17l7WfPdWywfvYYRae6sQymMdu0Hyj3e4Plj5HdqGuOUDA7zPf_tzN0y7JD4ZF.eaafdyqr4Odyiu4fi4VMCHQBYDWcSkYpSXb9.CzibY3QFxVVpK.6cMH0iZ37_fjDJzMqeMruMNS1IfdBtkBl3v_WsL.YtlGp52o5IXogV1NoEZujx_gZnW69Juzh4doPq4YkQlYR1RvefNovm7laL5XXpc2yQSgpG.GMHOqH7B6zyTZaCIuShxBBGv02gh93OqlnJyOQPeIL9coz0vgzAg3bN3JoUtjHD2dBV0TMo6eqvc0qwLj7FgdwTX96Tc4yDJMscrCRg6VWhB0XxP6zVqtVzIXuP_Y_gRQGocp6h5jyIMrZYU8nP7MJEnwA1zECldSY.8_xYnOeM4hY5h59sY6WPKD2Vl.a.5MftDPoowCy54fSkSSnoaxXRlP826TcdQyfS742sYhVUjvoEuPnKL.DwYaH1OeONRzrThfkcNBeDoxwj6xK.nOwPgxu3ecQMBup9dUbBgTu0xo4_EIrF.nWxJqc4Lr3IQhcGEpo4PpFbphFzlaW_jZ4AF7Bo5xHJE623sbIPTAraLqjLQWQ8OnVVlTjaapshQrGN0SQdDkJYisGzxNS5Mc6BDV8mg3J9u2d.9aboSmFJaRZFUD9V2fZVketf3guq_xkTWrlbykoeZj0S_U1xDyJFkzH9bPUBV2uPFvU7NKRVdJSYw1YxvIVHRIxEhp9.3PiqhXI8FX6dA_KDet3xf7yYV8W33I_chxzAicU4U6_zgXhOybf_FsMhzIpeE9a0E25UtbvMzNvxbfsaZQe2kD4z_zonD3FX_DJC1a.Um26GAjW6z0TKC.YcZzSFR_K3Br7tYshyXZYV3P.EBSY_M3JgIBUyIafVZ0mkldBlJRxORh2BdrweOfJEaIqpEv9ZGmhevvCqeDPp.VSwewIv.G6MBTAS1l4EQpwlhh8jAHMZAKIHJsop9vRUo7AJmnsu6dfj77_Q6eY4qLkbbhOPLZj78kF5jH5eH.9Ui26J_U.sOvUXKeRU5uaroRoRevIA7gRiB7mApaXdOSwj4eE2TMGfvCwfmOuopgD_KrLUsvke0FpsUL2c2aBga53g1K6RlSD1hBKcuMsKX6vC7U8Sqw93FBK0vbs8gtWP.QNvAWRlPJtCkhOEf6glHsiYBddTGUdD2oo3qz4tLFSJyAU1oCo5Hzp0jw2F0lhJM2xVejpqvMFYv2ieu5Zg6EtzbLhy0fDN1PJwZlWyyirH1AP9jPwfw8sPcEbLMA8iHwXadNNFW1IgsjgwCz56cJZxoobTHoQPXCoRiHh1BQCn0tKT1lbrPwWg1YUWmBooK9DtXxfxJ1Wq1YGd38yUYd8JtmeDnskcGC0WG31gknMX.GL2iIVCnOkj5y789TsO5UTRVJWc6mE6HpWqbKmEG9QqjAHCQV27yQ6jOcfUwlHCltL2o5h5gC85yCN3feTCwkPqSBSJWKPMEJpYAygREkNKNZE0kLqQM9SVjgf0BcgE2IITt1nfR9ojUtVdPTEjjN.00Oqs9enSZwgXERIWwrw0Q1SAR3gr7dZSrtAANMukvAwmfEgYpGCN5DGUCw3IwCadlN3EZjrNba6f7CfBaaGvar65WM8onYTh4nkWVJuVPT6P.GbxGceviGvESGe8TPpzBNoYCe_WOfRcA9d2fpiZ39iUIddlUIGMIaNCo_.DFD6U8QY3QJ..W_2f7zEaEjv8FHPgGsdKCYqTAx2BceuIu2QUYCYeYZrUS6somgSgjN_pbsm1znMSdiySTMst3eZpH6dY11UtBXAFDEO0PCyk_QgOxqCEYN1k0az7os6TqWXjTWNN_tXoifAdWNkeqEjJEuEm_DtGgl.kJo9Tfv_U2olMbfNs1OFPc2uudLMSMV8ItNw0fogP3gRw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91351993af56ce46';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=digital%20environment&__cf_chl_rt_tk=cJTsI6.Zmm1Yr63KABLPvpOvlVmoeCktnZQoPJXGCUw-1739788204-1.0.1.1-cH81rXRhT7TGiWGA0cOzkp7zJziu0WE2jQH99RxmVyc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>