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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life,_educational_background,_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life,_educational_background,_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life, educational background, and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life,_educational_background,_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Academic legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discourse,_Figure_(1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discourse,_Figure_(1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Discourse, Figure</i> (1971)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discourse,_Figure_(1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libidinal_Economy_(1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libidinal_Economy_(1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Libidinal Economy</i> (1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libidinal_Economy_(1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Postmodern_Condition_(1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Postmodern_Condition_(1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>The Postmodern Condition</i> (1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Postmodern_Condition_(1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_collapse_of_the_"grand_narrative"_and_"language-games"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_collapse_of_the_"grand_narrative"_and_"language-games""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The collapse of the "grand narrative" and "language-games"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_collapse_of_the_"grand_narrative"_and_"language-games"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Differend_(1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Differend_(1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>The Differend</i> (1983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Differend_(1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sublime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sublime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>The sublime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sublime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_Immatériaux_(1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_Immatériaux_(1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span><i>Les Immatériaux</i> (1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_Immatériaux_(1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Inhuman_(1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Inhuman_(1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span><i>The Inhuman</i> (1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Inhuman_(1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readings_in_Infancy_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readings_in_Infancy_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span><i>Readings in Infancy</i> (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readings_in_Infancy_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Mainmise"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Mainmise""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>"Mainmise"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Mainmise"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-François Lyotard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جان فرانسوا ليوتار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان فرانسوا ليوتار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%81-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জঁ-ফ্রঁসোয়া লিয়তার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জঁ-ফ্রঁসোয়া লিয়তার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жан-Франсуа Ліятар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан-Франсуа Ліятар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жан-Франсоа Лиотар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан-Франсоа Лиотар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD-%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Ζαν-Φρανσουά Λυοτάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν-Φρανσουά Λυοτάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean François Lyotard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jean François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ژان-فرانسوا لیوتار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان-فرانسوا لیوتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84_%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4" title="장프랑수아 리오타르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장프랑수아 리오타르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ז'אן-פרנסואה ליוטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן-פרנסואה ליוטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жан Франсуа Лиотар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жан Франсуа Лиотар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDans_Fransu%C4%81_Liot%C4%81rs" title="Žans Fransuā Liotārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žans Fransuā Liotārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جان فرانسوا ليوتار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان فرانسوا ليوتار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジャン＝フランソワ・リオタール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン＝フランソワ・リオタール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82-%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੌਂ-ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੁਆ ਲਿਓਤਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਂ-ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੁਆ ਲਿਓਤਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جان-فرانسوا لايوتارد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان-فرانسوا لايوتارد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Лиотар, Жан-Франсуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лиотар, Жан-Франсуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jean-François Lyotard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жан-Франсуа Ліотар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жан-Франсуа Ліотар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لیوتار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیوتار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%94" title="让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193257#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist (1924-1998)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lyotard" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Leotard" title="Leotard">Leotard</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9otard" title="Léotard">Léotard</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liotard" title="Liotard">Liotard</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean-François Lyotard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg/220px-Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg/330px-Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg/440px-Jean-Francois_Lyotard_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lyotard, photo by <a href="/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger" title="Bracha L. Ettinger">Bracha L. Ettinger</a>, 1995</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-08-10</span>)</span>10 August 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-04-21)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_X" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris X">University of Paris X</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'État">DrE</a>, 1971)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Dolores Djidzek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a> (early)<br /><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (late)<br /><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a> (late)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_d%27Aumale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycée d'Aumale (page does not exist)">Lycée of Constantine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_d%27Aumale_(Constantine)" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée d'Aumale (Constantine)">fr</a>]</span> (1950–52)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coll%C3%A8ge_Henri-IV_de_La_Fl%C3%A8che&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collège Henri-IV de La Flèche (page does not exist)">Collège Henri-IV de La Flèche</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Henri-IV_de_La_Fl%C3%A8che" class="extiw" title="fr:Collège Henri-IV de La Flèche">fr</a>]</span> (1952–59)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (1959–66)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_X" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris X">University of Paris X</a> (1966-70)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</a> (1968–70)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VIII">University of Paris VIII</a> (1970-87)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> (1987–94)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> (1994–98)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_International_de_Philosophie" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège International de Philosophie">Collège International de Philosophie</a><br />The <a href="/wiki/European_Graduate_School" title="European Graduate School">European Graduate School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">The "<a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">postmodern condition</a>"<br />Collapse of the "<a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">grand narrative</a>", <a href="/wiki/Libidinal_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Libidinal economy">libidinal economy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-François Lyotard</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃swa<span class="wrap"> </span>ljɔtaʁ]</a></span>; 10 August 1924 – 21 April 1998)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theorist</a>. His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and communication, the human body, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">postmodern art</a>, literature and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, and the relation between <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. He is best known for his articulation of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism#Jean-François_Lyotard" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="Anchor "Postmodernism#Jean-François Lyotard" links to a specific web page: "Jean-François Lyotard". The anchor (Jean-François Lyotard) has been deleted. (2024-06-05)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup> after the late 1970s and the analysis of the impact of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">postmodernity</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>. Lyotard was a key personality in contemporary continental philosophy and authored 26 books and many articles.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a director of the <a href="/wiki/International_College_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="International College of Philosophy">International College of Philosophy</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="François Châtelet">François Châtelet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Faye" title="Jean-Pierre Faye">Jean-Pierre Faye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lecourt" title="Dominique Lecourt">Dominique Lecourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life,_educational_background,_and_family"><span id="Early_life.2C_educational_background.2C_and_family"></span>Early life, educational background, and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life, educational background, and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jean François Lyotard was born on 10 August 1924, in <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>, France, to Jean-Pierre Lyotard, a sales representative, and Madeleine Cavalli. He went to school at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Buffon" title="Lycée Buffon">Lycée Buffon</a> (1935–42) and <a href="/wiki/Louis-le-Grand" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-le-Grand">Louis-le-Grand</a>, Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, Lyotard had many aspirations: to be an artist, a historian, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican friar">Dominican friar</a>, and a writer. He later gave up the dream of becoming a writer when he finished writing an unsuccessful fictional novel at the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-Sica,_Alan_2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sica,_Alan_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Lyotard described the realization that he would not become any of these occupations because of "fate", as he describes in his intellectual biography called <i>Peregrinations</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sica,_Alan_2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sica,_Alan_2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published in 1988. </p><p>Lyotard served as a medic during the liberation of Paris in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon after began studying philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> in the late 1940s, after failing the entrance exam to the more prestigious <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a> twice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1947 DES thesis,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Indifference as an Ethical Concept</i> (<i>L'indifférence comme notion éthique</i>), analyzed forms of indifference and detachment in <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied for the agrégation at the Sorbonne alongside fellow students Gilles Deleuze, Francois Châtelet and Michel Butor; in 1949 whilst waiting to retake the oral examination, he left Paris to teach at l’École militaire préparatoire d’Autun. Having gained the agrégation in 1950, Lyotard took up a position teaching philosophy at the Lycée d'Aumale (now <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Ahmed_Reda_Houhou" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée Ahmed Reda Houhou">Lycée Ahmed Reda Houhou</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> but returned to mainland France in 1952 to teach at the Prytanée military academy in La Flèche, where he wrote a short work on <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a>, published in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard moved to Paris in 1959 to teach at the Sorbonne: introductory lectures from this time (1964) have been posthumously published under the title <i>Why Philosophize?</i> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having moved to teach at the new campus of Nanterre in 1966, Lyotard participated in the events following March 22 and the tumult of May 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Lyotard earned a <a href="/wiki/State_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State doctorate">State doctorate</a> with his dissertation <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse,_Figure" title="Discourse, Figure">Discours, figure</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Dufrenne" title="Mikel Dufrenne">Mikel Dufrenne</a>—the work was published the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard joined the Philosophy department of the experimental University at Vincennes, later Paris 8, together with <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>, in the academic year 1970-71; it remained his academic home in France until 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married his first wife, Andrée May, in 1948 with whom he had two children, Corinne and Laurence, and later married for a second time in 1993 to Dolores Djidzek, the mother of his son David (born in 1986).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_life">Political life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, Lyotard became a member of <i><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a></i> ("Socialism or Barbarism"), a French political organization formed in 1948 around the inadequacy of the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> analysis to explain the new forms of domination in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <i>Socialisme ou Barbarie</i> and the publication of the same name had an objective to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of Marxism">critique of Marxism</a> from within the left, including the dominance of bureaucracy within the French Communist Party and its adherence to the dictats of the Soviet Union. His writings in this period are mostly concerned with <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics#Ultra-leftism" title="Far-left politics">far-left politics</a>, with a focus on the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian situation</a>—which he witnessed first-hand while teaching philosophy in Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the principal correspondent on Algeria for <i>Socialisme ou Barbarie</i>, during the period of Algeria's struggle for independence, Lyotard wrote a dozen essays analyzing the economic and political situation (1956–63), which were later reproduced in <i>La Guerre des Algeriens</i> (1989) and translated in <i>Political Writings</i> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard hoped to encourage an Algerian fight for independence from France, and a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, actively supporting the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> in secret, whilst also being critical of its approach.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following disputes with <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> in 1964, Lyotard left <i>Socialisme ou Barbarie</i> for the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Splinter_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter group">splinter group</a> <i>Pouvoir Ouvrier</i> ("Worker Power"), from which he resigned in turn in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Lyotard played an active part in the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968</a> uprisings, he distanced himself from <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary Marxism</a> with his 1974 book <i><a href="/wiki/Libidinal_Economy" title="Libidinal Economy">Libidinal Economy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He distanced himself from Marxism because he felt that Marxism had a rigid <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> approach and they were imposing "systematization of desires" through a strong emphasis on industrial production as the ground culture.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyotard taught at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_d%27Aumale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycée d'Aumale (page does not exist)">Lycée of Constantine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_d%27Aumale_(Constantine)" class="extiw" title="fr:Lycée d'Aumale (Constantine)">fr</a>]</span>, Algeria<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1950 to 1952. In 1952, Lyotard returned to mainland France to teach at the Prytanée military academy, La Flèche, Sarthe. He published the book <i>La phénoménologie</i> (<i>Phenomenology</i>) in 1954 and began to write for the journal <i>Socialisme ou Barbarie</i> under the pseudonym François Laborde.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Paris in 1959 Lyotard taught first at the Sorbonne, then moving to its recently created Nanterre campus in 1966. In 1970, Lyotard began teaching in the Philosophy department of the Experimental University Centre, Vincennes,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris VIII">University of Paris VIII</a> in 1971; he taught there until 1987 when he became Professor Emeritus. In 1982-3 Lyotard was involved in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_International_de_Philosophie" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège International de Philosophie">Collège International de Philosophie</a>, Paris, serving as its second Director in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard frequently lectured outside France as visiting professor at universities around the world. From 1974, these included trans-Atlantic visits, including: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (Canada), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> in Brazil. In 1987 he took a part-time professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> where he held a joint post with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Iser" title="Wolfgang Iser">Wolfgang Iser</a> in the Department of Critical Theory.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his death, he split his time between Paris and Atlanta, where he taught at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> as the Woodruff Professor of Philosophy and French from 1995-8. He was also a professor of Media Philosophy at The <a href="/wiki/European_Graduate_School" title="European Graduate School">European Graduate School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyotard_grave,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lyotard_grave%2C_Paris.jpg/250px-Lyotard_grave%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lyotard_grave%2C_Paris.jpg/375px-Lyotard_grave%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lyotard_grave%2C_Paris.jpg/500px-Lyotard_grave%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Lyotard's grave at <a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Père Lachaise Cemetery">Le Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Later works that Lyotard wrote were about French writer, activist, and politician, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>. One of them was a biography, <i>Signed, Malraux</i>, another an essay entitled <i>Soundproof Room</i>. Lyotard was interested in the aesthetic views of society that Malraux shared. Another later Lyotard book was <i>The Confession of Augustine</i>: a study in the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> of time. This work-in-progress was published posthumously in the same year of Lyotard's death. Two of his later essays on art were on the artwork of artist <a href="/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger" title="Bracha L. Ettinger">Bracha L. Ettinger</a>: Anima Minima (Diffracted Traces), 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Anamnesis (L'anamnese), 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lyotard repeatedly returned to the notion of the Postmodern in essays gathered in English as <i>The Postmodern Explained to Children</i>, <i>Toward the Postmodern</i>, and <i>Postmodern Fables</i>. In 1998, while preparing for a conference on <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Media theory">media theory</a>, he died unexpectedly from a case of <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> that had advanced rapidly. He is buried in Division 6 of <a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyotard's work is characterized by a persistent opposition to <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a>, métarécits (<a href="/wiki/Meta-narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-narrative">meta-narratives</a>), and generality. He is fiercely critical of many of the "universalist" claims of <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a>, and several of his works serve to undermine the fundamental principles that generate these broad claims. </p><p>In his writings of the early 1970s, Lyotard rejects what he regards as theological underpinnings of both <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>: "In Freud, it is Judaical, critical sombre (forgetful of the political); in Marx it is catholic. <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a>, reconciliatory (...) in the one and in the other the relationship of the economic with meaning is blocked in the category of representation (...) Here a politics, there a therapeutics, in both cases a laical theology, on top of the arbitrariness and the roaming of forces".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, he rejected <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>'s negative <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a> because he viewed them as seeking a "therapeutic resolution in the framework of a religion, here the religion of history."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lyotard's "libidinal economics" he aimed at "discovering and describing different social modes of investment of libidinal intensities".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_legacy">Academic legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Academic legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his academic career Jean-François Lyotard has contributed to the magazines <i>L'Âge nouveau</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Temps_modernes" title="Les Temps modernes">Les Temps modernes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou barbarie</a></i>, <i>Cahiers de philosophie</i>, <i>Esprit</i>, <i>Revue d'esthétique</i>, <i>Musique en jeu</i>, <i>L'Art vivant</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Semiotext(e)" title="Semiotext(e)">Semiotexte</a></i>, <i>October</i>, <i>Art Press International</i>, <i>Critique</i>, <i>Flash Art</i>, <i>Art Forum</i>, <i>Po&sie</i>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discourse,_Figure_(1971)"><span id="Discourse.2C_Figure_.281971.29"></span><i>Discourse, Figure</i> (1971)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discourse, Figure (1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Submitted as his <i>Doctorat d'Etat</i> (Higher State Doctorate), this complex work was not available in English until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unusual in form and contents, covering aspects of aesthetics (<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a>), linguistics (Benveniste, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a>), psychoanalysis (Freud), poetry (<a href="/wiki/Michel_Butor" title="Michel Butor">Michel Butor</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>), and painting (Italian Quattrocento; Paul Cézanne, Paul Klee; Jackson Pollock). The focus shifts from phenomenology to an engagement with psychoanalysis, in order to make the form of the book work differently to the usual expectations for an academic text of the time and to disorientate the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its reception has been delayed in the Anglophone world, missing the importance Lyotard attributed to it, considering it one of his three 'real books'<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the principal reference for his discussion of the 'figural' and its tri-part presentation (figure-image; figure-form; figure-matrix). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyotard's thesis, published under the title <a href="/wiki/Discourse,_Figure" title="Discourse, Figure"><i>Discours, Figure</i> (1971)</a>, focused on <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. Lyotard devoted himself a lot to aesthetic issues, in a way that sought to break with the <a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a> perspective, in which art had to think of itself as a materialization of the mind. He believed it was "more a tool to expose often unseen tensions, shifts, and complications in philosophical thinking and its relations with society--a way of helping it depart from <i><a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">doxa</a></i> without the assurances of higher knowledge or even a <i><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">sensus communis</a>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard's thought on <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern and contemporary art</a> focused on a few artists who allowed him to emphasize the flagship issues of French thought after the Second World War, particularly those of conceptual mastery of the artist as an author: <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger" title="Bracha L. Ettinger">Bracha L. Ettinger</a>, Albert Ayme, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Buren" title="Daniel Buren">Daniel Buren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Adami" title="Valerio Adami">Valerio Adami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monory" title="Jacques Monory">Jacques Monory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shusaku_Arakawa" title="Shusaku Arakawa">Shusaku Arakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Francken" title="Ruth Francken">Ruth Francken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis" title="Sam Francis">Sam Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Newman" title="Barnett Newman">Barnett Newman</a>, Joseph Kosuth, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Appel" title="Karel Appel">Karel Appel</a>, René Guiffrey, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Casimiro" title="Manuel Casimiro">Manuel Casimiro</a> and Gianfranco Baruchello.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libidinal_Economy_(1974)"><span id="Libidinal_Economy_.281974.29"></span><i>Libidinal Economy</i> (1974)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Libidinal Economy (1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one of Lyotard's most famous books, <i><a href="/wiki/Libidinal_Economy" title="Libidinal Economy">Libidinal Economy</a></i>, he offers a critique of Marx's idea of "false consciousness" and claims that the 19th-century working class enjoyed being a part of the industrialization process. Lyotard claims that this was due to libidinal energy—the term "libidinal" coming from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a></i>, used in psychoanalysis to refer to the desires of a deeper consciousness. <i>Libidinal Economy</i> has been called an achievement in attempting to live with the rejection of all religious and moral principles through an undermining of the structures associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structures conceal libidinal intensities while intense feelings and desires stave off set structures. However, there also can be no intensities or desires without structures, because there would be no dream of escaping the repressive structures if they do not exist. "Libidinal energy comes from this disruptive intervention of external events within structures that seek order and self-containment."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first of Lyotard's writings that had really criticized a Marxist view. It achieved great success, but was also the last of Lyotard's writings on this particular topic where he really opposed the views of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Postmodern_Condition_(1979)"><span id="The_Postmodern_Condition_.281979.29"></span><i>The Postmodern Condition</i> (1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Postmodern Condition (1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyotard is a skeptic of modern cultural thought. According to his 1979 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition:_A_Report_on_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge">The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge</a></i>, the impact of the postmodern condition was to provoke <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> about universalizing theories. Lyotard argues that people have outgrown their needs for <a href="/wiki/Metanarratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Metanarratives">metanarratives</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">métarécits</i>), likely due to the advancement of techniques and technologies since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and redeployment of advanced liberal capitalism (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>). He argues against the possibility of justifying the narratives that bring together disciplines and social practices, such as science and culture; according to James Williams, for Lyotard "the narratives we tell to justify a single set of laws and stakes are inherently unjust."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard further claims "even under fascism, politics is a matter of opinions and hence values."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">loss of faith</a> in metanarratives has an effect on how people view science, art, and literature. Little narratives have now become the appropriate way for explaining <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">political problems</a>. Lyotard argues that this is the driving force behind postmodern science. As metanarratives fade, science suffers a loss of faith in its search for <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, and therefore must find other ways of legitimating its efforts. Connected to this scientific legitimacy is the growing dominance for <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">information machines</a>. Lyotard argues that one day, in order for knowledge to be considered useful, it will have to be converted into <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">computerized data</a>. Years later, this led him into writing his book <i>The Inhuman</i>, published in 1988, in which he illustrates a world where technology has taken over.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_collapse_of_the_"grand_narrative"_and_"language-games""><span id="The_collapse_of_the_.22grand_narrative.22_and_.22language-games.22"></span>The collapse of the "grand narrative" and "language-games"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The collapse of the "grand narrative" and "language-games""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most famously, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition" title="The Postmodern Condition">La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir (The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge)</a></i> (1979), he proposes what he calls an extreme simplification of the "postmodern" as an 'incredulity towards meta-narratives'.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These meta-narratives—sometimes 'grand narratives'—are grand, large-scale theories and philosophies of the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">progress of history</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge#Science" title="Knowledge">knowability of everything by science</a>, and the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">absolute freedom</a>. Lyotard argues that people have ceased to believe that narratives of this kind are adequate to represent and contain human multiplicity. He points out that <a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">no one seemed to agree on what, if anything, was real</a> and everyone had their own perspective and story.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People have become alert to difference, diversity, the incompatibility of human aspirations, beliefs, and desires, and for that reason postmodernity is characterized by an abundance of micronarratives.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this concept, Lyotard draws from the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Language-games" class="mw-redirect" title="Language-games">language-games</a>" found in the work of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>. Lyotard notes that it is based on the mapping of society according to the concept of the language games.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lyotard's works, the term "language games", sometimes also called "phrase regimens", denotes the <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiplicity of communities</a> of meaning, the innumerable and incommensurable separate systems in which meanings are produced and rules for their circulation are created.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves, for example, an incredulity towards the metanarrative of <a href="/wiki/Human_emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Human emancipation">human emancipation</a>. </p><p>That is, the story of how the human race has set itself free. That brings together the language game of science, the language game of human historical conflicts, and the language game of human qualities into the overall justification of the steady development of the human race in terms of wealth and moral <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>. </p><p>According to this metanarrative, the justification of science is related to wealth and education. The development of history is seen as steady <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)#Types" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">progress towards civilization or moral well-being</a>. The language game of human passions, qualities and <a href="/wiki/Vice#Etymology" title="Vice">faults</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">character flaws (narratives)</a>), is seen as steadily shifting in favor of qualities and away from faults as science and historical developments help <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology#Character_Strengths_and_Virtues" title="Positive psychology">to conquer faults in favor of qualities</a>. The point is that any event ought to be able to be understood in terms of the justifications of this metanarrative; anything that happens can be understood and judged according to the discourse of human emancipation. For example, for any new social, political or scientific revolution, people could ask themselves the question, "Is this revolution a step towards the greater <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">the mass of human beings</a>?" It should always be possible to answer this question in terms of the rules of justification of the metanarrative of human emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This becomes more crucial in <i>Au juste: Conversations (Just Gaming)</i> (1979) and <i>Le Différend (<a href="/wiki/The_Differend" title="The Differend">The Differend</a>)</i> (1983), which develop a postmodern theory of justice. It might appear that the atomization of human beings implied by the notion of the micronarrative and the language game suggests a collapse of ethics. It has often been thought that universality is a condition for something to be a properly ethical statement: "thou shalt not steal" is an ethical statement in a way that "thou shalt not steal from Margaret" is not. The latter is too particular to be an ethical statement (what's so special about Margaret?); it is only ethical if it rests on a universal statement ("thou shalt not steal from anyone"). But universals are impermissible in a world that has lost faith in metanarratives, and so it would seem that ethics is impossible. Justice and injustice can only be terms within language games, and the universality of ethics is out of the window. Lyotard argues that notions of justice and injustice do in fact remain in postmodernism. The new definition of injustice is indeed to use the language rules from one "phrase regimen" and apply them to another. Ethical behavior is about remaining alert precisely to the threat of this injustice, about paying attention to things in their particularity and not enclosing them within abstract conceptuality. One must bear witness to the "differend". In a differend, there is a conflict between two parties that cannot be solved in a just manner. However, the act of being able to bridge the two and understand the claims of both parties, is the first step towards finding a solution. </p> <blockquote><p>"I would like to call a differend the case where the plaintiff is divested of the means to argue and becomes for that reason a victim. If the addressor, the addressee, and the sense of the testimony are neutralized, everything takes place as if there were no damages. A case of differend between two parties takes place when the regulation of the conflict that opposes them is done in the idiom of one of the parties while the wrong suffered by the other is not signified in that idiom."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In more than one book, Lyotard promoted what he called a new <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, in Book II of the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, condemns pagans for their shape-shifting and deceitful gods, antithetical to universal truth. Lyotard prefers a mirror image of Plato's critique, vindicating the pagans as Plato sees them. A new paganism would revolt against a Greek masculinist, such as that of Plato. The revolt would be led by women, for woman is antirational and anti-philosophical (at least as Plato understands what it is to be philosophical). Woman, as "the little girl", is "the antonym of the adult male questioner" and would serve as a release from the mental illness evident in Platonic philosophy, in Judaism and in the American, French and Russian revolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Differend_(1983)"><span id="The_Differend_.281983.29"></span><i>The Differend</i> (1983)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Differend (1983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Differend" title="The Differend">The Differend</a></i>, based on <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s views on the separation of Understanding, Judgment, and Reason, Lyotard identifies the moment in which language fails as the differend, and explains it as follows: "...the unstable state and instant of language wherein something which must be able to be put into phrases cannot yet be… the human beings who thought they could use language as an instrument of communication, learn through the feeling of pain which accompanies silence (and of pleasure which accompanies the invention of a new idiom)".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lyotard undermines the common view that the meanings of phrases can be determined by what they refer to (the referent). The meaning of a phrase—an event (something happens)—cannot be fixed by appealing to reality (what actually happened). Lyotard develops this view of language by defining "reality" in an original way, as a complex of possible senses attached to a referent through a name. The correct sense of a phrase cannot be determined by a reference to reality, since the referent itself does not fix sense, and reality itself is defined as the complex of competing senses attached to a referent. Therefore, the phrase event remains indeterminate. </p><p>Lyotard uses the example of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> and the revisionist historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Faurisson" title="Robert Faurisson">Robert Faurisson</a>’s demands for proof of the Holocaust to show how the differend operates as a <a href="/wiki/Double_bind" title="Double bind">double bind</a>. Faurisson argued that "the Nazi genocide of 6 million Jewish people was a hoax and a swindle, rather than a historical fact" and that "he was one of the courageous few willing to expose this wicked conspiracy".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faurisson will only accept proof of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> from eyewitnesses who were themselves victims of the gas chambers. However, any such eyewitnesses are dead and are not able to testify. Either there were no gas chambers, in which case there would be no eyewitnesses to produce evidence, or there were gas chambers, in which case there would still be no eyewitnesses to produce evidence, because they would be dead. Since Faurisson will accept no evidence for the existence of gas chambers, except the testimony of actual victims, he will conclude from both possibilities (gas chambers existed and gas chambers did not exist) that gas chambers did not exist. This presents a double bind. There are two alternatives, either there were gas chambers or there were not, which lead to the same conclusion: there were no gas chambers (and no final solution).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case is a differend because the harm done to the victims cannot be presented in the standard of judgment upheld by Faurisson. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_sublime">The sublime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The sublime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyotard was a frequent writer on <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> matters. He was, despite his reputation as a postmodernist, a great promoter of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist art">modernist art</a>. Lyotard saw <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> as a latent tendency within thought throughout time and not a narrowly limited historical period. He favored the startling and perplexing works of the high modernist avant-garde. In them he found a demonstration of the limits of human conceptuality, a valuable lesson for anyone too imbued with Enlightenment confidence. Lyotard has written extensively also on many contemporary artists of his choice: <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Adami" title="Valerio Adami">Valerio Adami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Buren" title="Daniel Buren">Daniel Buren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monory" title="Jacques Monory">Jacques Monory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Francken" title="Ruth Francken">Ruth Francken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shusaku_Arakawa" title="Shusaku Arakawa">Shusaku Arakawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracha_Ettinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracha Ettinger">Bracha Ettinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis" title="Sam Francis">Sam Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Appel" title="Karel Appel">Karel Appel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnett_Newman" title="Barnett Newman">Barnett Newman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Guiffrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Guiffrey (page does not exist)">René Guiffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Baruchello" title="Gianfranco Baruchello">Gianfranco Baruchello</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ayme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ayme (page does not exist)">Albert Ayme</a> as well as on earlier artists, notably <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He developed these themes in particular by discussing the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>. The "sublime" is a term in aesthetics whose fortunes revived under postmodernism after a century or more of neglect. It refers to the experience of pleasurable anxiety that people experience when confronting wild and threatening sights like, for example, a massive craggy mountain, black against the sky, looming terrifyingly. A sublime is the conjunction of two opposed feelings, which makes it harder to see the injustice of it, or a solution to it. </p><p>Lyotard found particularly interesting the explanation of the sublime offered by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" title="Critique of Judgment">Critique of Judgment</a></i> (<i>Kritik der Urtheilskraft</i>, more exactly <i>Critique of the Power of Judgment</i>). In this book, Kant explains this mixture of anxiety and pleasure in the following terms: there are two kinds of "sublime" experience. In the "mathematically" sublime, an object strikes the mind in such a way that people find themselves unable to take it in as a whole. More precisely, they experience a clash between their reason (which tells them that all objects are finite) and the imagination (the aspect of the mind that governs perception, and which sees an object incalculably larger than themselves, and feels infinite). In the "dynamically" sublime, the mind recoils at an object so immeasurably more powerful than the individual, whose weight, force, scale could crush a person without the remotest hope of being able to resist it. (Kant stresses that if a person is in <i>actual</i> danger, their feeling of anxiety is very different from that of a sublime feeling. The sublime is an aesthetic experience, not a practical feeling of personal danger.) This explains the feeling of anxiety. </p><p>What is deeply unsettling about the mathematically sublime is that the mental faculties that present visual perceptions to the mind are inadequate to the concept corresponding to it; in other words, what people are able to make themselves see cannot fully match up to what they know is there. They know it is a mountain but they cannot take the whole thing into their perception. Human sensibility is incapable of coping with such sights, but reason can assert the finitude of the presentation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the dynamically sublime, the sense of physical danger should prompt an awareness that humans are not just physical material beings, but moral and (in Kant's terms) <a href="/wiki/Noumenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Noumenal">noumenal</a> beings as well. The body may be dwarfed by its power but reason need not be. This explains, in both cases, why the sublime is an experience of pleasure as well as pain. </p><p>Lyotard is fascinated by this admission, from one of the philosophical architects of the Enlightenment, that the mind cannot always organize the world rationally. Some objects are simply incapable of being brought neatly under concepts. For Lyotard, in <i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_on_the_Analytic_of_the_Sublime" title="Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime">Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime</a></i>, but drawing on his argument in <i>The Differend</i>, this is a good thing. Such generalities as "concepts" fail to pay proper attention to the particularity of things. What happens in the sublime is a crisis where a person realizes the inadequacy of the imagination and reason to each other. What people are witnessing, says Lyotard, is actually the differend; the straining of the mind at the edges of itself and at the edges of its conceptuality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_Immatériaux_(1985)"><span id="Les_Immat.C3.A9riaux_.281985.29"></span><i>Les Immatériaux</i> (1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Les Immatériaux (1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Lyotard co-curated the exhibition <i>Les Immatériaux</i> at the Centre de Création Industrielle at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> in Paris, together with the design theorist and curator <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Chaput" title="Thierry Chaput">Thierry Chaput</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, <i>Les Immatériaux</i> was the largest exhibition held at the Centre Georges Pompidou. The exhibition was framed in a pre-1989 context that predicted globalization to be a melancholy foreshadowing of contemporary art's shifting function in the era of increasing transnational exchange, and as a turning point in a history of exhibits in the aftermath of what was formerly known as aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Rajchman" title="John Rajchman">John Rajchman</a> says this about the exhibition: "We might imagine Les Immatériaux as an extravagant staging of a peculiar moment in the role of information in the history of aesthetics after so-called ‘modernism’, yet before the ‘contemporary’ configuration of biennials that was already taking shape in the 1990s, within or against which the question of a new ‘history of exhibition’ now itself arises."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 a display about the exhibition was held at the Centre Georges Pompidou, including examples of some of the works included, a selection of films shown at the original accompanying ciné immatériaux programme, and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lesimmateriaux.beyondmatter.eu">virtual re-creation</a> of the exhibition featuring remastered sound from the original exhibition sound track.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Inhuman_(1988)"><span id="The_Inhuman_.281988.29"></span><i>The Inhuman</i> (1988)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Inhuman (1988)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book, <i>The Inhuman</i>, Lyotard explores the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a>, as well as the works of modernist and postmodernist artists like <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a>, in a wide-ranging debate. Time and memory, the sublime and the avant-garde, and the link between aesthetics and politics are all topics Lyotard addresses in the book. In his study he analyzes the close but problematic ties between modernity, development, and humanity, as well as the shift to postmodernity. The job of literature, philosophy, and the arts, according to Lyotard, is to give witness to and explain this arduous shift.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lyotard rejected classical humanism mainly because he paradoxically assumes that the humane is something that every person has inherently from birth but can only be realized through education. Lyotard essentially asks if humanity is so inherent to all humans, can it only be gained by undergoing education? By using the concept of the inhuman, Lyotard described all those things that humanism has excluded from its definition of man. </p><p>He developed a <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> thought experiment that would take place in 4.5 billion years, at the time of the explosion of the sun. Should the human species put itself in the position to live on without Earth, and if so what would then remain of "humanity"? Everything that is of importance for the determination of what is "human" would fall away if the human species began living an extra-planetary existence. Lyotard's opinion on this remained divided: on the one hand, he criticized the dehumanizing effects of modern technology that can already be observed today; on the other hand, he saw in them the chance to open up a space of possibilities, since they do not fix the human being to one image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Readings_in_Infancy_(1991)"><span id="Readings_in_Infancy_.281991.29"></span><i>Readings in Infancy</i> (1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Readings in Infancy (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First published by Galilée, Paris, in 1991 the volume appeared in full English translation in 2023 (Bloomsbury) edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harvey_(literary_theorist)" title="Robert Harvey (literary theorist)">Robert Harvey</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiff_Bamford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiff Bamford (page does not exist)">Kiff Bamford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a collection of essays on works by key figures from literature, politics and psychoanalysis: James Joyce; Franz Kafka; Hannah Arendt; Jean-Paul Sartre; Paul Valéry; Sigmund Freud are the vehicles for a meditation on the speechless <i>infans</i> of infancy (<i>enfance</i>). Read together, these chapters form an investigation into the area of research which preoccupied Lyotard throughout the last two decades of his life, named here as <i>infantia</i>, the infancy of thought: that which resists development, whether human, capitalist or technological.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Lyotard writes in the chapter 'Voices: Freud': "Writing has a debt of affect which it despairs of ever being able to pay off."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Mainmise""><span id=".22Mainmise.22"></span>"Mainmise"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Mainmise""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lyotard was impressed by the importance of childhood in human life,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he saw as providing the opportunity of creativity, as opposed to the settled <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> of maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "Mainmise" (1992),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, he also explored the hold of childhood experience on the individual through the (Roman) concept of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mancipium" class="extiw" title="wikt:mancipium">mancipium</a>, an authoritative right of possession.<sup id="cite_ref-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because parental influences affect the new-born before it has the linguistic skill even to articulate them, let alone oppose them, Lyotard considered that "We are born from others but also to others, given over defenseless to them. Subject to their <i>mancipium</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay "Mainmise" was collected in the 1993 publication <i>D'un trait d'union</i> (The Hyphen: Between Judaism and Christianity, 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with 'On a Hyphen' and responses and correspondence with Eberhard Gruber. In France it was also collected in the posthumously published collection "Misère de la philosophie" (The Poverty of Philosophy, no English translation available) edited by Dolorès Lyotard.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three major criticisms of Lyotard's work. Each coincides with a school of thought. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a> have written <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstructions</a> of Lyotard's work (Derrida 1992; Nancy 1985).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They focus on Lyotard's postmodern work and on <i>The Differend</i> in particular. A differend depends upon a distinction drawn between groups that itself depends upon the heterogeneity of <a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">language games</a> and genres of discourse. Why should these differences be privileged over an endless division and reconstruction of groups? In concentrating on specific differences, Lyotard's thought becomes overly dependent on differences; between categories that are given as fixed and well defined. From the point of view of deconstruction, Lyotard's philosophy gives too much credit to illegitimate categories and groups. Underlying any differend there is a multiplicity of further differences; some of these will involve crossing the first divide, others will question the integrity of the groups that were originally separated.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott,_Anthony_2003_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott,_Anthony_2003-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Frank" title="Manfred Frank">Manfred Frank</a> (1988) has put the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> criticism best.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2025)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> He attacks Lyotard's search for division over consensus on the grounds that it involves a philosophical mistake with serious political and social repercussions. Lyotard has failed to notice that an underlying condition for consensus is also a condition for the successful communication of his own thought. It is a <a href="/wiki/Performative_contradiction" title="Performative contradiction">performative contradiction</a> to give an account that appeals to reason on behalf of a difference that is supposed to elude it. So, in putting forward a false argument against a rational consensus, Lyotard plays into the hands of the irrational forces<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2025)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> that often give rise to injustice. Worse, he is then only in a position to testify to that injustice, rather than put forward a just and rational resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott,_Anthony_2003_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott,_Anthony_2003-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, these criticisms have been met with responses arguing that Frank misreads Lyotard's work, for example, failing to recognize the role of the sublime, as well as failing to see that Lyotard wants to go beyond the monopoly of the cognitive, argumentative genre, in order to give other genres a right to exist as well.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Nietzschean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzschean">Nietzschean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deleuzian" class="mw-redirect" title="Deleuzian">Deleuzian</a> point of view (James Williams 2000), Lyotard's postmodern philosophy took a turn toward a destructive modern <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> that his early work avoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott,_Anthony_2003_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott,_Anthony_2003-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Stivale" title="Charles J. Stivale">Charles J. Stivale</a> reviewed Lyotard's <i>The Differend</i> (in English translation) in 1990, stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jean-François Lyotard's is a dense work of philosophical, political and ethical reflection aimed at a specialized audience versed in current debates in logic, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>. Even George Van Den Abbeele's excellent translation, complete with a glossary of French terms not available in the original text (Paris: Minuit, 1983), does not, indeed cannot, alleviate the often terse prose with which Lyotard develops his reasoning. With this said, I must also observe that this work is of vital importance in a period when revisionism of all stripes attempts to rewrite, and often simply deny, the occurrence of historical and cultural events, i.e. in attempting to reconstruct "reality" in the convenient names of "truth" and "<a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>" … This overview must leave unexplored the broad philosophical bases from which Lyotard draws support, as well as important questions that he raises regarding history, justice and critical judgement. I can conclude only by suggesting that this work, despite the formidable difficulties inherent to its carefully articulated arguments, offers readers a rich formulation of precise questions for and about the current period of critical transition and re-opening in philosophy, ethics and aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collective tribute to Lyotard following his death was organized by the Collège International de Philosophie, and chaired by Dolores Lyotard and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Milner" title="Jean-Claude Milner">Jean-Claude Milner</a>, the College's director at that time. The proceedings were published by PUF in 2001 under the general title <i>Jean-François Lyotard, l'exercice du différend</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lyotard's work continues to be important in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To mark the tenth anniversary of Lyotard's death, an international symposium about Jean-François Lyotard organized by the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_International_de_Philosophie" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège International de Philosophie">Collège International de Philosophie</a> (under the direction of Dolores Lyotard, Jean-Claude Milner and Gerald Sfez) was held in Paris from January 25–27 in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gripari" title="Pierre Gripari">Pierre Gripari</a>'s novel <i>Pierrot la lune</i>, he writes about a Lyotard, who is given the name "Jef" in the novel, saying that he was the only person with whom he could open up about his homosexuality: "I do not understand Jef, but I need him."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a 1984 interview with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Van_Den_Abbeele" title="Georges Van Den Abbeele">Georges Van Den Abbeele</a>, Lyotard discusses how he views all the work he's published as rough drafts, noting that, "Even <i>Le différend</i> (1984), which I spent nine years elaborating and writing, remains a sketch, whose master I have not been. And in this sense, I can without lying plead limited responsibility. That is to say: a reader cannot incorrectly locate in a piece of writing an aspect which, according to me, is not at all there."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lyotard was quoted as having privately said, in a conversation with <a href="/wiki/David_Hawkes_(professor_of_English)" title="David Hawkes (professor of English)">David Hawkes</a>, that "capital is the enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A short study (176 pp) of Lyotard's life and work is published in the series Critical Lives by Reaktion Books, London, it is the only Biography of Lyotard currently available.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Phenomenology</i>. Trans. Brian Beakley. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991 [<i>La Phénoménologie</i>. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1954], <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0805-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0805-6">978-0-7914-0805-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Discourse, Figure</i>. Trans. Antony Hudek and Mary Lydon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011 [<i>Discours, figure</i>. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816645657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816645657">978-0816645657</a>.</li> <li><i>Libidinal Economy</i>. Trans. Iain Hamilton Grant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993 [<i>Économie libidinale</i>. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1974], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253207289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253207289">978-0253207289</a>.</li> <li><i>Duchamp's TRANS/formers</i>. Trans. Ian McLeod. California: Lapis Press, 1990 [<i>Les transformateurs Duchamp</i>. Paris: Editions Galilée, 1977], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932499639" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932499639">978-0932499639</a>.</li> <li><i>Just Gaming</i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Wlad_Godzich" title="Wlad Godzich">Wlad Godzich</a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985 [<i>Au juste: Conversations</i>. Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1979], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816612772" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816612772">978-0816612772</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition" title="The Postmodern Condition">The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge</a></i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bennington" title="Geoffrey Bennington">Geoffrey Bennington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Massumi" title="Brian Massumi">Brian Massumi</a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984 [<i>La Condition postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir</i>. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1979], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816611737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816611737">978-0816611737</a>.</li> <li><i>Pacific Wall</i>. Trans. Bruce Boone. California: Lapis Press, 1989 [<i>Le mur du pacifique</i>. Paris: Editions Galilée, 1979].</li> <li><i>The Differend: Phrases in Dispute</i>. Trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988 [<i>Le Différend</i>. Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1983].</li> <li><i>The Assassination of Experience by Painting – Monory</i>. Trans. Rachel Bowlby. London: Black Dog, 1998 [<i>L’Assassinat de l’expérience par la peinture, Monory</i>. Bègles: Castor Astral, 1984].</li> <li><i>Driftworks</i>. Ed. Roger McKeon. New York: Semiotext(e), 1984. [Essays and interviews dating from 1970 to 1972.]</li> <li><i>Enthusiasm: The Kantian Critique of History</i>. Trans. George Van Den Abbeele. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009 [<i>L'enthousiasme, la critique kantienne de l'histoire</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1986].</li> <li><i>The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence, 1982–1985</i>. Ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. Trans. Don Barry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993 [<i>Le Postmoderne expliqué aux enfants: Correspondance, 1982–1985</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1986].</li> <li><i>The Inhuman: Reflections on Time</i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bennington" title="Geoffrey Bennington">Geoffrey Bennington</a> and Rachel Bowlby. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991 [<i>L’Inhumain: Causeries sur le temps</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1988].</li> <li><i>Heidegger and "the jews."</i> Trans. Andreas Michael and Mark S. Roberts. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990 [<i>Heidegger et "les juifs."</i> Paris: Galilée, 1988].</li> <li><i>The Lyotard Reader</i>. Ed. Andrew Benjamin. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.</li> <li><i>Peregrinations: Law, Form, Event</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988 [<i>Pérégrinations: Loi, forme, événement</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1990].</li> <li><i>Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime: Kant's Critique of Judgment, §§ 23–29</i>. Trans. Elizabeth Rottenberg. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994 [<i>Leçons sur l’"Analytique du sublime": Kant, "Critique de la faculté de juger," paragraphes 23–29</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1991].</li> <li><i>The Hyphen: Between Judaism and Christianity</i>. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 1999 [<i>Un trait d’union</i>. Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Le Griffon d’argile, 1993].</li> <li><i>Political Writings</i>. Trans. Bill Readings and Kevin Paul Geiman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. [Political texts composed 1956–1989.]</li> <li><i>Postmodern Fables</i>. Trans. Georges Van Den Abbeele. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997 [<i>Moralités postmodernes</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1993].</li> <li><i>Toward the Postmodern</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harvey_(literary_theorist)" title="Robert Harvey (literary theorist)">Robert Harvey</a> and Mark S. Roberts. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1993. [Essays composed 1970–1991].</li> <li><i>Signed, Malraux</i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harvey_(literary_theorist)" title="Robert Harvey (literary theorist)">Robert Harvey</a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 [<i>Signé Malraux</i>. Paris: B. Grasset, 1996].</li> <li><i>The Politics of Jean-François Lyotard</i>. Ed. Chris Rojek and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan S. Turner (sociologist)">Bryan S. Turner</a>. New York: Routledge, 1998.</li> <li><i>The Confession of Augustine</i>. Trans. Richard Beardsworth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000 [<i>La Confession d’Augustin</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1998].</li> <li><i>Soundproof Room: Malraux's Anti-Aesthetics</i>. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harvey_(literary_theorist)" title="Robert Harvey (literary theorist)">Robert Harvey</a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001 [<i>Chambre sourde: L’Antiesthétique de Malraux</i>. Paris: Galilée, 1998].</li> <li><i>Jean-François Lyotard : Writings on Contemporary Art and Artists</i>, Six volumes. Ed. Herman Parret, Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010–2013.</li> <li><i>Jean-François Lyotard: The Interviews and Debates.</i> Ed. Kiff Bamford. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.</li> <li><i>Readings in Infancy.</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harvey_(literary_theorist)" title="Robert Harvey (literary theorist)">Robert Harvey</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiff_Bamford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiff Bamford (page does not exist)">Kiff Bamford</a>. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2023.</li> <li><i>Lyotard’s Interviews on Les Immatériaux.</i> Ed. Andreas Broeckmann and Sergio Meijide Casas, <i>Les Immatériaux Research, Working Paper No. 11</i>, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://les-immateriaux.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Lyotard_Interviews_Les_Immateriaux_LIR_WP_11_2024.pdf">(PDF)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_turn" title="Spatial turn">Spatial turn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>DES</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_sup%C3%A9rieures" class="extiw" title="fr:Diplôme d'études supérieures">Diplôme d'études supérieures</a></i>) – a diploma formerly awarded in France, roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Baker, <i>The Fiction of Postmodernity</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift_p._161-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._161_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan D. Schrift (2006), <i>Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers</i>, Blackwell Publishing, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrift_p._162-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrift_p._162_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan D. Schrift (2006), <i>Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers</i>, Blackwell Publishing, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh J. Silverman, <i>Lyotard: Philosophy, Politics and the Sublime</i>, Routledge, 2016, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolin" class="citation web cs1">Wolin, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Francois-Lyotard">"Jean-François Lyotard"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft.aulast=Wolin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJean-Francois-Lyotard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415252256" title="Special:BookSources/9780415252256"><bdi>9780415252256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415252256&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenoit2013" class="citation book cs1">Benoit, Peeters (2013). <i>Derrida: A Biography</i>. London: Polity. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745656151" title="Special:BookSources/9780745656151"><bdi>9780745656151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derrida%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780745656151&rft.aulast=Benoit&rft.aufirst=Peeters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2017" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Kiff (2017). <i>Jean-François Lyotard</i>. London. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-808-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-808-1"><bdi>978-1-78023-808-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966253014">966253014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966253014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-808-1&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Kiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sica,_Alan_2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sica,_Alan_2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sica,_Alan_2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sica, Alan. 2005, "Jean Francois Lyotard." <i>Social thought: from the Enlightenment to the present</i>. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratton2018" class="citation cs2">Gratton, Peter (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/lyotard/">"Jean François Lyotard"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2018&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gratton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2018%2Fentries%2Flyotard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Derrida, <i>The Work of Mourning</i>, ed. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2017" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Kiff (2017). <i>Jean-Francois Lyotard</i>. London: Reaktion. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780238081" title="Special:BookSources/9781780238081"><bdi>9781780238081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Francois+Lyotard&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781780238081&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Kiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (21 October 2013). <i>Why philosophize?</i>. Translated by Brown, Andrew (English ed.). Cambridge, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7072-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7072-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-7072-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/837528252">837528252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+philosophize%3F&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=English&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F837528252&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-7072-0&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2017" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Kiff (2017). <i>Jean-François Lyotard</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-808-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-808-1"><bdi>978-1-78023-808-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966253014">966253014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft.place=London&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966253014&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-808-1&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Kiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Derrida, <i>The Work of Mourning</i>, ed. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2017" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Kiff (2017). <i>Jean-Francois Lyotard: Critical Lives</i>. London: Reaktion. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780238081" title="Special:BookSources/9781780238081"><bdi>9781780238081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Francois+Lyotard%3A+Critical+Lives&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781780238081&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Kiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Derrida, <i>The Work of Mourning</i>, ed. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1993" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1993). "The Name of Algeria". <i>Political Writings</i>. UCL Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Name+of+Algeria&rft.btitle=Political+Writings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotardRamdani,_Mohammed1989" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François; Ramdani, Mohammed (1989). <i>La guerre des Algériens: écrits, 1956-1963</i>. Paris: Galilée. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7186-0353-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-7186-0353-4"><bdi>2-7186-0353-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21409668">21409668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerre+des+Alg%C3%A9riens%3A+%C3%A9crits%2C+1956-1963&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Galil%C3%A9e&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21409668&rft.isbn=2-7186-0353-4&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Ramdani%2C+Mohammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1993" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean François (1993). <i>Political writings</i>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-49922-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-49922-0"><bdi>0-203-49922-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51443880">51443880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+writings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51443880&rft.isbn=0-203-49922-0&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2020" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (2020). Bamford, Kiff (ed.). <i>Jean-François Lyotard: the interviews and debates</i>. London: Bloomsbury. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-08134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-08134-5"><bdi>978-1-350-08134-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1152059668">1152059668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard%3A+the+interviews+and+debates&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1152059668&rft.isbn=978-1-350-08134-5&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefort1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Lefort, Claude</a> (1977). "An Interview". <i>Telos</i> (30): 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=An+Interview&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lefort&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span> Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/lyotard/">http://www.iep.utm.edu/lyotard/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Bennington, <i>Lyotard: Writing the Event</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Doug. <i>Understanding Society: A Survey of Modern Social Theory</i>. Oxford University Press. 2008. pp. 257–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1991" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1991). <i>Phenomenology</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0805-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0805-1"><bdi>0-7914-0805-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22596856">22596856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenomenology&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22596856&rft.isbn=0-7914-0805-1&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversité_de_Paris_VIII1970" class="citation web cs1">Université de Paris VIII, Philosophie (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octaviana.fr/document/FVNP0178#?c=&m=&s=&cv=">"Département de philosophie : liste des UV et emploi du temps pour le semestre d'automne - 1970-1971"</a>. <i>octaviana.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=octaviana.fr&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9partement+de+philosophie+%3A+liste+des+UV+et+emploi+du+temps+pour+le+semestre+d%27automne+-+1970-1971&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Universit%C3%A9+de+Paris+VIII&rft.aufirst=Philosophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foctaviana.fr%2Fdocument%2FFVNP0178%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115200419/https://ciph.org/spip.php?page=quisommesnousdetail&id_personne=1110">"Jean-François LYOTARD | CIPh Paris"</a>. <i>ciph.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciph.org/spip.php?page=quisommesnousdetail&id_personne=1110">the original</a> on 2021-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ciph.org&rft.atitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+LYOTARD+%7C+CIPh+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciph.org%2Fspip.php%3Fpage%3Dquisommesnousdetail%26id_personne%3D1110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeeters2013" class="citation book cs1">Peeters, Benoît (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795757034"><i>Derrida : a biography</i></a>. Brown, Andrew (Literary translator) (English ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">454–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5615-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-5615-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795757034">795757034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derrida+%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795757034&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5615-1&rft.aulast=Peeters&rft.aufirst=Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F795757034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://egs.edu/biography/jean-francois-lyotard%e2%80%a0/">https://egs.edu/biography/jean-francois-lyotard%e2%80%a0/</a> Jean-François Lyotard Former Professor of Media Philosophy at The European Graduate School / EGS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François. "Diffracted Traces" (“Anima Minima”). In: Halala - Autistwork. Israel Museum, 1995. Rep. as: "Scriptures: Diffracted Traces." Theory, Culture and Society. Vol. 21(1). 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François. "L'anamnèse." In: Doctor and Patient. Pori: Museum of Art, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grave_of_Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard"><i>Tomb of Jean-François Lyotard</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomb+of+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AGrave_of_Jean-Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Lyotard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1974). "Adorno as the Devil". <i>Telos</i> (19): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Adorno+as+the+Devil&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1974" class="citation journal cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1974). "Adorno as the Devil". <i>Telos</i> (19): 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Adorno+as+the+Devil&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=126&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hurley, Robert (1974). "Introduction to Lyotard". <i>Telos</i>. <b>1974</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3817%2F0374019124">10.3817/0374019124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147017209">147017209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Lyotard&rft.volume=1974&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3817%2F0374019124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147017209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (2011). <i>Discourse, Figure</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4566-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-4566-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse%2C+Figure&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4566-4&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bamford, Kiff (2013). "Book Review: Discourse, Figure". <i>Art History</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">885–</span>888. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8365.12045">10.1111/1467-8365.12045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+History&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Discourse%2C+Figure&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E885-%3C%2Fspan%3E888&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8365.12045&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Kiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennington1988" class="citation book cs1">Bennington, Geoffrey (1988). <i>Lyotard: Writing the Event =Manchester University Press</i>. Bennington Books. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-975499641" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-975499641"><bdi>978-0-975499641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyotard%3A+Writing+the+Event+%3DManchester+University+Press&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Bennington+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-975499641&rft.aulast=Bennington&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajchman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rajchman, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/779104">"Jean-Francois Lyotard's Underground Aesthetics"</a>. <i>October</i>. <b>86</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779104">10.2307/779104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2870">0162-2870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779104">779104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=October&rft.atitle=Jean-Francois+Lyotard%27s+Underground+Aesthetics&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0162-2870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F779104&rft.aulast=Rajchman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F779104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2012" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (2012). <i>Textes dispersés = Miscellaneous texts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058677914" title="Special:BookSources/9789058677914"><bdi>9789058677914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textes+dispers%C3%A9s+%3D+Miscellaneous+texts&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789058677914&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemert, Charles. 2013. "The Idea of the Postmodern" Pp. 465–468 in Social Theory: The Multicultural, Global, and Classic Readings, Westview Press. Boulder, CO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, James. 2002. "Jean-Francois Lyotard", pp. 210–214, in <i>Key Contemporary Social Theorists</i> by Anthony Elliott and Larry Ray. Oxford, Blackwell |Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojekTurnerLyotard2012" class="citation book cs1">Rojek, Chris; Turner, Bryan S.; Lyotard, Jean-François (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1063482780"><i>The politics of Jean-François Lyotard</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81721-4"><bdi>978-1-134-81721-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1063482780">1063482780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1063482780&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81721-4&rft.aulast=Rojek&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Turner%2C+Bryan+S.&rft.au=Lyotard%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1063482780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Noel, and Stuart Sim. 1997. "Lyotard, Jean Francois (1924–)", pp. 205–208, in <i>The A-Z Guide to Modern Social and Political Theorists</i>, Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1979" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1979). <i>La Condition Postmoderne: Rapport sur le Savoir</i>. Les Editions de Minuit. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Condition+Postmoderne%3A+Rapport+sur+le+Savoir&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Les+Editions+de+Minuit&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemert, Charles C.. "After Modern." Social theory: the multicultural and classic readings.1993. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/micronarratives.html">Micronarratives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629164313/http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/nagy/threads/micronarratives.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." Key contemporary social theorists. 2003. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François (1984). <i>The Postmodern Condition.</i> Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, Print. pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, James (1998). <i>Lyotard: Toward a Postmodern Philosophy.</i> Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc, Print. pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1988" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/differendphrases0000lyot"><i>The Differend: Phrases in Dispute</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/differendphrases0000lyot/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1610-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1610-8"><bdi>0-8166-1610-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Differend%3A+Phrases+in+Dispute&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8166-1610-8&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdifferendphrases0000lyot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangle1992" class="citation book cs1">Pangle, Thomas L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsUJPyH_z-sC&pg=PA29"><i>The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4262-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4262-X"><bdi>0-8018-4262-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ennobling+of+Democracy%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Postmodern+Age&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+U.P.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8018-4262-X&rft.aulast=Pangle&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhsUJPyH_z-sC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François (1988). <i>The Differend: Phrases in Dispute.</i> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Print. p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2021" class="citation cs2">Moore, Robert J. 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Perry</i>, University of South Carolina Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>182, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1g4rtwf.15">10.2307/j.ctv1g4rtwf.15</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233936635">233936635</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matthew+J.+Perry&rft.atitle=The+Civil+Rights+Advocate&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1g4rtwf.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233936635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1g4rtwf.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François (1988). <i>The Differend: Phrases in Dispute.</i> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Print. pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2009–2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-Francois (2009–2013). <i>Writings on Contemporary Art and Artists</i> (7 volumes ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=30+Years+after+Les+Immat%C3%A9riaux%3A+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+Theory&rft.place=L%C3%BCneburg&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Meson+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeson.press%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2F9783957960313-30-Years-Les-Immateriaux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajchman" class="citation web cs1">Rajchman, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/research/publications/tate-papers/12/les-immateriaux-or-how-to-construct-the-history-of-exhibitions">"Les Immatériaux or How to Construct the History of Exhibitions: Landmark Exhibitions Issue – Tate Papers"</a>. <i>Tate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Les+Immat%C3%A9riaux+or+How+to+Construct+the+History+of+Exhibitions%3A+Landmark+Exhibitions+Issue+%E2%80%93+Tate+Papers&rft.aulast=Rajchman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Ftate-papers%2F12%2Fles-immateriaux-or-how-to-construct-the-history-of-exhibitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/collection/film-and-new-media/les-immateriaux-1985">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Les Immatériaux" (1985)"</a>. <i>Centre Pompidou</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+Pompidou&rft.atitle=%22Les+Immat%C3%A9riaux%22+%281985%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrepompidou.fr%2Fen%2Fcollection%2Ffilm-and-new-media%2Fles-immateriaux-1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1992" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1992) [originally published 1988]. <i>The Inhuman</i>. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804720083" title="Special:BookSources/9780804720083"><bdi>9780804720083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inhuman&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780804720083&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2023" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (2023) [originally published 1991]. <i>Readings in Infancy</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350167360" title="Special:BookSources/9781350167360"><bdi>9781350167360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Infancy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781350167360&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Readings, Bill. Book Review: Lectures d’enfance, Surfaces, 1992, issue=2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/surfaces/1992-v2-surfaces04925/1065245ar.pdf">https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/surfaces/1992-v2-surfaces04925/1065245ar.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyotard, Jean-François, Readings in Infancy, Bloomsbury, 2023. originally published 1991, page 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J-F Lyotard, <i>The Postmodern Explained to Children</i> (London, 1992) p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rereading_Jean-Francois_Lyotard_2016_p_142_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, R. (ed.), <i>Rereading Jean-Francois Lyotard</i> (2016), p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdcnet.org/philtoday/content/philtoday_1992_0036_0004_0419_0427">"Mainmise"</a>. <i>Philosophy Today</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">419–</span>427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fphiltoday199236411">10.5840/philtoday199236411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Today&rft.atitle=Mainmise&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fphiltoday199236411&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Fphiltoday%2Fcontent%2Fphiltoday_1992_0036_0004_0419_0427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Still, K. (ed.), <i>Minima Memoria</i> (Stanford, 2007), p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard1999" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (1999) [originally published 1993]. <i>The Hyphen: Between Judaism and Christianity</i>. Humanity Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573926355" title="Special:BookSources/9781573926355"><bdi>9781573926355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hyphen%3A+Between+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781573926355&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotard2000" class="citation book cs1">Lyotard, Jean-François (2000). <i>Misère de la philosophie</i>. Galilée. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782718605326" title="Special:BookSources/9782718605326"><bdi>9782718605326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mis%C3%A8re+de+la+philosophie&rft.pub=Galil%C3%A9e&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782718605326&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrida, Jacques. 2005. <i>On Touching, Jean-Luc-Nancy</i>, Stanford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott,_Anthony_2003-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott,_Anthony_2003_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott,_Anthony_2003_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott,_Anthony_2003_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." <i>Key contemporary social theorists</i>. 2003. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogozinski2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rogozinski, Jacob, ed. (2011-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cps.2341">"30 | 2011 Michel Henry : Une phénoménologie radicale"</a>. <i>Les Cahiers philosophiques de Strasbourg</i> (30). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcps.2341">10.4000/cps.2341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1254-5740">1254-5740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Cahiers+philosophiques+de+Strasbourg&rft.atitle=30+%26%23124%3B+2011+Michel+Henry+%3A+Une+ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie+radicale&rft.issue=30&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcps.2341&rft.issn=1254-5740&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4000%2Fcps.2341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStivale1990" class="citation journal cs1">Stivale, Charles J. (1990). "The Differend: Phrases in Dispute by Jean-Francois Lyotard and George van den Abbeele". <i>The French Review</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 722.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+French+Review&rft.atitle=The+Differend%3A+Phrases+in+Dispute+by+Jean-Francois+Lyotard+and+George+van+den+Abbeele&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=722&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Stivale&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadiou2009" class="citation book cs1">Badiou, Alain (July 2009). "A Note on the Texts". <i>Pocket Pantheon: Figures of Postwar Philosophy</i>. Verso. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-357-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-357-5"><bdi>978-1-84467-357-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Texts&rft.btitle=Pocket+Pantheon%3A+Figures+of+Postwar+Philosophy&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-357-5&rft.aulast=Badiou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." Key contemporary social theorists.2003. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGripari1963" class="citation book cs1">Gripari, Pierre (1963). <i>Pierrot la lune</i>. Paris: La Table ronde. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierrot+la+lune&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Paris%3A+La+Table+ronde&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gripari&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyotardAbbeele1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lyotard, Jean-Francois; Abbeele, Georges Van Den (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/464841">"Interview: Jean-Francois Lyotard"</a>. <i>Diacritics</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F464841">10.2307/464841</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-7162">0300-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/464841">464841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diacritics&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Jean-Francois+Lyotard&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0300-7162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F464841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F464841&rft.aulast=Lyotard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rft.au=Abbeele%2C+Georges+Van+Den&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F464841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkes2020" class="citation web cs1">Hawkes, David (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culturewars.com/news/logos-rising-hawkes-review">"A "Cultural Marxist" Critique of Logos Rising"</a>. <i>Culture Wars</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Wars&rft.atitle=A+%22Cultural+Marxist%22+Critique+of+Logos+Rising&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculturewars.com%2Fnews%2Flogos-rising-hawkes-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamford2017" class="citation book cs1">Bamford, Kiff (2017). <i>Jean-François Lyotard: Critical Lives</i>. London: Reaktion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-808-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-808-1"><bdi>978-1-78023-808-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard%3A+Critical+Lives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-808-1&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Kiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Lyotard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamford,_Kiff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamford, Kiff (page does not exist)">Bamford, Kiff</a>. <i>Jean-François Lyotard: Critical Lives</i>. London: Reaktion Books, 2017.</li> <li>Bamford, Kiff. <i>Lyotard and the "figural" in Performance, Art and Writing</i>. London: Bloomsbury, 2012.</li> <li>Callinicos, Alex. <i>Social Theory: A Historical Introduction</i>. New York: New York University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Elliott, Anthony, and Larry J. Ray. "Jean Francois Lyotard." Key contemporary social theorists. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2003.</li> <li>Ford Derek R. <i>Inhuman Educations: Jean-Francois Lyotard, Pedagogy, Thought</i>. Leiden: Brill. 2021.</li> <li>Grebowicz, Margret. <i>Gender After Lyotard</i>. SUNY Press, 2007.</li> <li>Lemert, Charles C.. "After Modern." Social theory: the multicultural and classic readings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.</li> <li>Lewis, Jeff. <i>Cultural Studies</i>. London: Sage, 2008.</li> <li>Lyotard, Dolorès, et al. <i>Jean-François Lyotard. L'Exercice du Différend</i> (with essays by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Milner" title="Jean-Claude Milner">Jean-Claude Milner</a>). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001.</li> <li>Mann, Doug. "The Postmodern Condition." Understanding society: a survey of modern social theory. Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Parker, Noel. <i>The A–Z Guide to Modern Social and Political Theorists</i>. London: Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1997.</li> <li>Readings, Bill. <i>Introducing Lyotard: Art and Politics</i>. New York: Routledge, 1991.</li> <li>Robbinis, Derek, ed. 2004 <i>J.F. Lyotard.</i> Sage Publishing.</li> <li>Sica, Alan. <i>Social Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Present</i>. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2005.</li> <li>The critical analysis of <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a> in his book <i>The Condition of Postmodernity</i> (Blackwell, 1989).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/lyotard.htm">The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (The first 5 chapters)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyotard.free.fr">International symposium.</a> <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_International_de_Philosophie" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège International de Philosophie">Collège International de Philosophie</a> January 25–27, 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927101130/http://www.kether.com/words/lyotard/index.html">Les Immatériaux: A Conversation with Jean-François Lyotard</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Template:Jean-François Lyotard"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jean-François Lyotard (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jean-François Lyotard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jean-François_Lyotard39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-François Lyotard</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse,_Figure" title="Discourse, Figure">Discourse, Figure</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidinal_Economy" title="Libidinal Economy">Libidinal Economy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Postmodern_Condition" title="The Postmodern Condition">The Postmodern Condition</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Differend" title="The Differend">The Differend</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_on_the_Analytic_of_the_Sublime" title="Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime">Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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