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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_reactiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_reactiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>By reactiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_reactiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-reactive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-reactive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Non-reactive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-reactive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Drying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure-sensitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure-sensitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>Pressure-sensitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure-sensitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.3</span> <span>Contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.4</span> <span>Hot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Reactive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anaerobic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anaerobic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Anaerobic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anaerobic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-part" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-part"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>Multi-part</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-part-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-mixed_and_frozen_adhesives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-mixed_and_frozen_adhesives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.3</span> <span>Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-mixed_and_frozen_adhesives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-part" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-part"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.4</span> <span>One-part</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-part-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>By origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Natural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Synthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_of_adhesion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_of_adhesion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanisms of adhesion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_of_adhesion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_to_improve_adhesion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_to_improve_adhesion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Methods to improve adhesion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_to_improve_adhesion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Failure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Failure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Failure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cohesive_fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cohesive_fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cohesive fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cohesive_fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adhesive_fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adhesive_fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Adhesive fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adhesive_fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other types of fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_of_adhesive_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_of_adhesive_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Design of adhesive joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_of_adhesive_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelf_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelf_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Shelf life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelf_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adhesive</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gom" title="Gom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%82" title="لاصق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاصق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesivu" title="Adesivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adesivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2m-che" title="Liâm-che – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liâm-che" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клей – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Лепило – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лепило" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljepilo" title="Ljepilo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljepilo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesiu" title="Adhesiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adhesiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Çилĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çилĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidlo" title="Lepidlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lepidlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim" title="Lim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klebstoff" title="Klebstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klebstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liim" title="Liim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Κόλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesivo" title="Adhesivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adhesivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluo" title="Gluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekeda" title="Lekeda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lekeda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="چسب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چسب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adh%C3%A9sif" title="Adhésif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adhésif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greamach%C3%A1n" title="Greamachán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Greamachán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherente" title="Adherente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adherente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%91%EC%B0%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="접착제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="접착제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljepilo" title="Ljepilo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ljepilo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluo" title="Gluo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gluo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perekat" title="Perekat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perekat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%90%B1%E1%90%85%E1%91%A6" title="ᓂᐱᐅᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᐱᐅᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADm" title="Lím – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lím" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A7" title="דבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9m" title="Lém – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lém" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಂಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Желім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Желім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundi" title="Gundi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gundi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gluten" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABme" title="Līme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Līme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koll" title="Koll – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klijai" title="Klijai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klijai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liem" title="Liem – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragaszt%C3%B3" title="Ragasztó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ragasztó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakaoly" title="Lakaoly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lakaoly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6" title="പശ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പശ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelekat" title="Pelekat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelekat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijm" title="Lijm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E7%9D%80%E5%89%A4" title="接着剤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="接着剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim" title="Lim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim" title="Lim – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lim" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelim" title="Yelim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yelim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%9A" title="سریښ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سریښ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klej" title="Klej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesivo" title="Adesivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adesivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeziv" title="Adeziv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adeziv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llut%27ana" title="Llut'ana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llut'ana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjit%C3%ABsi" title="Ngjitësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjitësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adhesive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidlo" title="Lepidlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lepidlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepak" title="Lepak – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lepak" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepak" title="Lepak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lepak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liima" title="Liima – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim" title="Lim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likidong_pandikit" title="Likidong pandikit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likidong pandikit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒட்டுபொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டுபொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Җилем – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җилем" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అసంజకలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అసంజకలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="กาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutkal" title="Tutkal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tutkal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Клей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="چپچپات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چپچپات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keo" title="Keo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Keo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkola" title="Pangkola – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pangkola" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%90%88%E5%89%82" title="黏合剂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黏合剂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E6%B0%B4" title="膠水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="膠水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%90%88%E5%89%82" title="黏合剂 – 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Glue" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Glue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Glue (disambiguation)">Glue (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Adhesive_(band)" title="Adhesive (band)">Adhesive (band)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg/220px-AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg/330px-AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg/440px-AdhesivesForHouseUse004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">Nitrocellulose</a> adhesive dispensed from a tube</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Adhesive</b>, also known as <b>glue</b>, <b>cement</b>, <b>mucilage</b>, or <b>paste</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is any non-metallic substance applied to one or both surfaces of two separate items that <a href="/wiki/Molecular_binding" title="Molecular binding">binds</a> them together and resists their separation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of adhesives offers certain advantages over other binding techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">mechanical fastenings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>. These include the ability to bind different materials together, the more efficient distribution of stress across a joint, the cost-effectiveness of an easily mechanized process, and greater flexibility in design. Disadvantages of adhesive use include decreased stability at high temperatures, relative weakness in bonding large objects with a small bonding surface area, and greater difficulty in separating objects during testing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinloch19872_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinloch19872-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adhesives are typically organized by the method of <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> followed by <i>reactive</i> or <i>non-reactive</i>, a term which refers to whether the adhesive <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemically reacts</a> in order to harden. Alternatively, they can be organized either by their starting <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">physical phase</a> or whether their raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin. </p><p>Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The earliest human use of adhesive-like substances was approximately 200,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Mazza_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazza-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Neanderthals produced tar from the dry distillation of birch bark for use in binding stone tools to wooden handles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first references to adhesives in literature appeared approximately 2000 BC. The Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. In Europe, glue was not widely used until the period AD 1500–1700. From then until the 1900s increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only since the 20th century has the development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly, and innovation in the field continues to the present. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_glue_liquid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Animal_glue_liquid.jpg/220px-Animal_glue_liquid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Animal_glue_liquid.jpg/330px-Animal_glue_liquid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Animal_glue_liquid.jpg/440px-Animal_glue_liquid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Liquid animal glue</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of human adhesive use was discovered in central Italy when three stone implements were discovered with <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_tar" title="Birch bark tar">birch bark tar</a> indications. The tools were dated to about 200,000 before present in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>. It is the earliest example of tar-<a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">hafted</a> stone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazza_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazza-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">experimental archeology</a> study published in 2019 demonstrated how birch bark tar can be produced in an easier, more discoverable process. It involves directly burning birch bark under an overhanging rock surface in an open-air environment and collecting the tar that builds up on the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although sticky enough, plant-based, single-component adhesives can be brittle and vulnerable to environmental conditions. The first use of compound adhesives was discovered in Sibudu, South Africa. Here, 70,000-year-old stone segments that were once inserted in axe hafts were discovered covered with an adhesive composed of plant gum and red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> (natural iron oxide) as adding ochre to plant gum produces a stronger product and protects the gum from disintegrating under wet conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wadley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to produce stronger adhesives allowed middle Stone Age humans to attach stone segments to sticks in greater variations, which led to the development of new tools.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of material from <a href="/wiki/Le_Moustier" title="Le Moustier">Le Moustier</a> indicates that Middle Paleolithic people, possibly <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a>, used glue made from a mixture of ocher and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> to make hand grips for cutting and scraping stone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent examples of adhesive use by prehistoric humans have been found at the burial sites of ancient tribes. Archaeologists studying the sites found that approximately 6,000 years ago the tribesmen had buried their dead together with food found in broken clay pots repaired with tree resins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another investigation by archaeologists uncovered the use of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bituminous</a> cements to fasten ivory eyeballs to statues in Babylonian temples dating to approximately 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20031_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/170px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/255px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/340px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>'s axe, which used pitch as an adhesive</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2000, a paper revealed the discovery of a 5,200-year-old man nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrolean Iceman">Tyrolean Iceman</a>" or "Ötzi", who was preserved in a glacier near the Austria-Italy border. Several of his belongings were found with him including two arrows with flint arrowheads and a copper hatchet, each with evidence of organic glue used to connect the stone or metal parts to the wooden shafts. The glue was analyzed as <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a>, which requires the heating of tar during its production. The retrieval of this tar requires a transformation of birch bark by means of heat, in a process known as pyrolysis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first references to adhesives in literature appeared in approximately 2000 BC. Further historical records of adhesive use are found from the period spanning 1500–1000 BC. Artifacts from this period include paintings depicting wood gluing operations and a casket made of wood and glue in King <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun's</a> tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ancient Egyptian artifacts employ animal glue for bonding or lamination. Such lamination of wood for bows and furniture is thought to have extended their life and was accomplished using <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> (milk protein)-based glues. The ancient Egyptians also developed starch-based pastes for the bonding of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> to clothing and a <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris">plaster of Paris</a>-like material made of calcined gypsum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20032_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20032-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molten_beeswax.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Molten_beeswax.JPG/220px-Molten_beeswax.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Molten_beeswax.JPG/330px-Molten_beeswax.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Molten_beeswax.JPG/440px-Molten_beeswax.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Beeswax</figcaption></figure> <p>From AD 1 to 500 the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">Wood veneering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> were developed, the production of animal and fish glues refined, and other materials utilized. Egg-based pastes were used to bond gold leaves, and incorporated various natural ingredients such as blood, bone, hide, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks began the use of <a href="/wiki/Slaked_lime" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaked lime">slaked lime</a> as mortar while the Romans furthered mortar development by mixing lime with volcanic ash and sand. This material, known as <a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">pozzolanic cement</a>, was used in the construction of the Roman Colosseum and Pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20032_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20032-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans were also the first people known to have used tar and beeswax as caulk and sealant between the wooden planks of their boats and ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Central Asia, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in approximately AD 1000 can be partially attributed to the good range and power of the bows of Genghis Khan's hordes. These bows were made of a bamboo core, with <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horn</a> on the belly (facing towards the archer) and <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">sinew</a> on the back, bound together with <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Casein_glue_preparation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Casein_glue_preparation.jpg" decoding="async" width="413" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casein_glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Casein glue">Casein glue</a> preparation</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, glue fell into disuse until the period AD 1500–1700.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, world-renowned cabinet and furniture makers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale" title="Thomas Chippendale">Thomas Chippendale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Phyfe" title="Duncan Phyfe">Duncan Phyfe</a> began to use adhesives to hold their products together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1690, the first commercial glue plant was established in The Netherlands. This plant produced glues from animal hides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20033_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20033-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue. The following decades of the next century witnessed the manufacture of casein glues in German and Swiss factories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876, the first U.S. patent (number 183,024) was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first U.S. postage stamps used <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_gum" title="Postage stamp gum">starch-based adhesives</a> when issued in 1847. The first US patent (number 61,991) on dextrin (a starch derivative) adhesive was issued in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010137-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural rubber was first used as material for adhesives in 1830,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which marked the starting point of the modern adhesive.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, a British patent (number 3288) was issued for the plating of metal with brass by <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electrodeposition</a> to obtain a stronger bond to rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20033_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20033-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the automobile and the need for rubber shock mounts required stronger and more durable bonds of rubber and metal. This spurred the development of cyclized rubber treated in strong acids. By 1927, this process was used to produce solvent-based thermoplastic <a href="/wiki/Rubber_cement" title="Rubber cement">rubber cements</a> for metal to rubber bonding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural rubber-based sticky adhesives were first used on a backing by Henry Day (US Patent 3,965) in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later these kinds of adhesives were used in cloth backed surgical and electric tapes. By 1925, the pressure-sensitive tape industry was born.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinloch19872_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinloch19872-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, sticky notes, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch Tape">Scotch Tape</a>, and other tapes are examples of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key step in the development of synthetic plastics was the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Thermoset_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoset plastic">thermoset plastic</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> phenolic in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two years, phenolic resin was applied to plywood as a coating varnish. In the early 1930s, phenolics gained importance as adhesive resins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi2003_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi2003-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s witnessed great advances in the development and production of new plastics and resins due to the First and Second World Wars. These advances greatly improved the development of adhesives by allowing the use of newly developed materials that exhibited a variety of properties. With changing needs and ever evolving technology, the development of new synthetic adhesives continues to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to their low cost, natural adhesives are still more commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi200310_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi200310-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_glues" title="List of glues">List of glues</a></div> <p>Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion. These are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemically reacts</a> in order to harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural, or synthetic origin, or by their starting <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">physical phase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_reactiveness">By reactiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By reactiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-reactive">Non-reactive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-reactive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Drying">Drying</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of adhesives that harden by drying: <i>solvent-based adhesives</i> and <i>polymer dispersion adhesives</i>, also known as <i>emulsion adhesives</i>. Solvent-based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>) dissolved in a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">White glue</a>, contact adhesives and <a href="/wiki/Rubber_cement" title="Rubber cement">rubber cements</a> are members of the <i>drying adhesive</i> family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens. Depending on the chemical composition of the adhesive, they will adhere to different materials to greater or lesser degrees. </p><p>Polymer dispersion adhesives are milky-white dispersions often based on <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a> (PVAc). They are used extensively in the woodworking and packaging industries. They are also used with fabrics and fabric-based components, and in engineered products such as loudspeaker cones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pressure-sensitive">Pressure-sensitive</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pressure-sensitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesive</a></div> <p><i>Pressure-sensitive adhesives</i> (PSA) form a bond by the application of light pressure to bind the adhesive with the adherend. They are designed to have a balance between flow and resistance to flow. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow (i.e., "wet") to the adherend. The bond has strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity, molecular interactions, such as <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a>, become involved in the bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength. </p><p>PSAs are designed for either permanent or removable applications. Examples of permanent applications include safety labels for power equipment, foil tape for <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> duct work, automotive interior trim assembly, and sound/vibration damping films. Some high performance permanent PSAs exhibit high adhesion values and can support kilograms of weight per square centimeter of contact area, even at elevated temperatures. Permanent PSAs may initially be removable (for example to recover mislabeled goods) and build adhesion to a permanent bond after several hours or days. </p><p>Removable adhesives are designed to form a temporary bond, and ideally can be removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend. Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films, <a href="/wiki/Masking_tape" title="Masking tape">masking tapes</a>, bookmark and note papers, barcode labels, price marking labels, promotional graphics materials, and for skin contact (wound care dressings, EKG electrodes, athletic tape, analgesic and trans-dermal drug patches, etc.). Some removable adhesives are designed to repeatedly stick and unstick.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have low adhesion, and generally cannot support much weight. <a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesive</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it notes</a>. </p><p>Pressure-sensitive adhesives are manufactured with either a liquid carrier or in 100% solid form. Articles are made from liquid PSAs by coating the adhesive and drying off the solvent or water carrier. They may be further heated to initiate a <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-linking</a> reaction and increase <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular weight</a>. 100% solid PSAs may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive, or they may be high viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to allow coating, and then cooled to their final form. Major raw material for PSA's are <a href="/wiki/Acrylate" title="Acrylate">acrylate</a>-based polymers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Contact">Contact</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contact_adhesives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact adhesives">Contact adhesives</a></div> <p><i>Contact adhesives</i> form high shear-resistance bonds with a rapid cure time. They are often applied in thin layers for use with <a href="/wiki/Laminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminate">laminates</a>, such as bonding <a href="/wiki/Formica_(plastic)" title="Formica (plastic)">Formica</a> to countertops, and in footwear, as in attaching outsoles to uppers. <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychloroprene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychloroprene">polychloroprene</a> (Neoprene) are commonly used contact adhesives. Both of these elastomers undergo <a href="/wiki/Strain_crystallization" title="Strain crystallization">strain crystallization</a>. </p><p>Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together. Some contact adhesives require as long as 24 hours to dry completely before the surfaces are to be held together.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a> are typically not needed due to the rapid bond formation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hot">Hot</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg/220px-Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg/330px-Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg/440px-Stanley-Hot-Glue-Gun-GR35K.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>A glue gun, an example of a hot adhesive</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></div> <p><i>Hot adhesives</i>, also known as <i>hot melt adhesives</i>, are <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastics</a> applied in molten form (in the 65–180 °C range) which solidify on cooling to form strong bonds between a wide range of materials. <a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene-vinyl acetate</a>-based hot-melts are particularly popular for crafts because of their ease of use and the wide range of common materials they can join. A glue gun (shown at right) is one method of applying hot adhesives. The glue gun melts the solid adhesive, then allows the liquid to pass through its barrel onto the material, where it solidifies. </p><p>Thermoplastic glue may have been invented around 1940 by <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> as a solution to the problem that water-based adhesives, commonly used in packaging at that time, failed in humid climates, causing packages to open. However, water-based adhesives are still of strong interest as they typically do not contain volatile solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactive">Reactive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reactive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anaerobic">Anaerobic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anaerobic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anaerobic adhesives cure when in contact with metal, in the absence of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They work well in a close-fitting space, as when used as a <a href="/wiki/Thread-locking_fluid" title="Thread-locking fluid">Thread-locking fluid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Multi-part">Multi-part</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multi-part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Multi-component adhesives</i> harden by mixing two or more components which chemically react. This reaction causes polymers to cross-link<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into <a href="/wiki/Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">urethanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxies</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a>)</span>. </p><p>There are several commercial combinations of multi-component adhesives in use in industry. Some of these combinations are: </p> <ul><li>Polyester resin & polyurethane resin</li> <li>Polyols & polyurethane resin</li> <li>Acrylic polymers & polyurethane resins</li></ul> <p>The individual components of a multi-component adhesive are not adhesive by nature. The individual components react with each other after being mixed and show full adhesion only on curing. The multi-component resins can be either solvent-based or solvent-less. The solvents present in the adhesives are a medium for the polyester or the polyurethane resin. The solvent is dried during the curing process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pre-mixed_and_frozen_adhesives">Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives</i> (PMFs) are adhesives that are mixed, deaerated, packaged, and frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it is necessary for PMFs to remain frozen before use, once they are frozen at −80 °C they are shipped with <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> and are required to be stored at or below −40 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PMF adhesives eliminate mixing mistakes by the end user and reduce exposure of curing agents that can contain irritants or toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PMFs were introduced commercially in the 1960s and are commonly used in aerospace and defense.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="One-part">One-part</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: One-part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>One-part adhesives</i> harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy source, such as <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, heat, and <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg/220px-Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg/330px-Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg/440px-Steeldive_SD8205-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>A watch with a date magnifying lens ("cyclops"). The cyclops is attached with transparent UV light curing adhesive to the top of the watch crystal.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ultraviolet</i> (UV) <i>light curing adhesives</i>, also known as <i>light curing materials</i> (LCM), have become popular within the manufacturing sector due to their rapid curing time and strong bond strength. Light curing adhesives can cure in as little as one second and many formulations can bond dissimilar substrates (materials) and withstand harsh temperatures. These qualities make <a href="/wiki/UV_curing" title="UV curing">UV curing</a> adhesives essential to the manufacturing of items in many industrial markets such as electronics, telecommunications, medical, aerospace, glass, and optical. Unlike traditional adhesives, UV light curing adhesives not only bond materials together but they can also be used to seal and coat products. They are generally acrylic-based. </p><p><i>Heat curing adhesives</i> consist of a pre-made mixture of two or more components. When heat is applied the components react and cross-link. This type of adhesive includes <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermoset</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">urethanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">polyimides</a>. </p><p><i>Moisture curing adhesives</i> cure when they react with moisture present on the substrate surface or in the air. This type of adhesive includes <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacrylates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanoacrylates">cyanoacrylates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">urethanes</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_polyurethane_applications#Adhesives" title="List of polyurethane applications">List of polyurethane applications § Adhesives</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_origin">By origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural">Natural</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Natural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrin</a>), natural resins, or animals (e.g. the milk protein <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a><sup id="cite_ref-cornell_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hide-based <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glues</a>). These are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bioadhesives" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioadhesives">bioadhesives</a>. </p><p>One example is a simple paste made by cooking flour in water. Starch-based adhesives are used in <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated board">corrugated board</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">paper sack</a> production, paper tube winding, and <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_adhesive" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallpaper adhesive">wallpaper adhesives</a>. Casein glue is mainly used to adhere glass bottle labels. Animal glues have traditionally been used in bookbinding, wood joining, and many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic glues except in specialist applications like the production and repair of stringed instruments. <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">Albumen</a> made from the protein component of blood has been used in the <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> industry. <a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a>, a wood hardboard, was originally bonded using natural wood <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Organic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic polymer">organic polymer</a>, though most modern particle boards such as <a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fiberboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-density fiberboard">MDF</a> use synthetic thermosetting resins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic">Synthetic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Synthetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synthetic adhesives are made out of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. Many are based on <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoplastics">thermoplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermosetting plastic">thermosets</a>. Examples of thermosetting adhesives are: <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacrylate" title="Cyanoacrylate">cyanoacrylate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylic</a> polymers. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons Klister in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applicators of different adhesives are designed according to the adhesive being used and the size of the area to which the adhesive will be applied. The adhesive is applied to either one or both of the materials being bonded. The pieces are aligned and pressure is added to aid in adhesion and rid the bond of air bubbles. </p><p>Common ways of applying an adhesive include brushes, rollers, using films or pellets, spray guns and applicator guns (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Caulk" title="Caulk">caulk gun</a>). All of these can be used manually or automated as part of a machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_adhesion">Mechanisms of adhesion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of adhesion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">Adhesion</a></div> <p>For an adhesive to be effective it must have three main properties. Firstly, it must be able to <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wet</a> the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)" title="Substrate (materials science)">base material</a>. Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface. It must also increase in strength after application, and finally it must be able to transmit load between the two surfaces/substrates being adhered.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adhesion, the attachment between adhesive and substrate may occur either by mechanical means, in which the adhesive works its way into small pores of the substrate, or by one of several chemical mechanisms. The strength of adhesion depends on many factors, including the means by which it occurs. </p><p>In some cases, an actual <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bond</a> occurs between adhesive and substrate. <a href="/wiki/Thiomer" title="Thiomer">Thiolated polymers</a>, for example, form chemical bonds with endogenous proteins such as mucus glycoproteins, integrins or <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratins</a> via disulfide bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-Leichner_2019_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leichner_2019-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their comparatively high adhesive properties, these polymers find numerous biomedical applications. In others, electrostatic forces, as in static electricity, hold the substances together. A third mechanism involves the <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals forces">van der Waals forces</a> that develop between molecules. A fourth means involves the moisture-aided diffusion of the glue into the substrate, followed by hardening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_to_improve_adhesion">Methods to improve adhesion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Methods to improve adhesion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quality of adhesive bonding depends strongly on the ability of the adhesive to efficiently cover (wet) the substrate area. This happens when the <a href="/wiki/Surface_energy" title="Surface energy">surface energy</a> of the substrate is greater than the surface energy of the adhesive. However, high-strength adhesives have high surface energy. Thus, they bond poorly to low-surface-energy polymers or other materials. To solve this problem, surface treatment can be used to increase the surface energy as a preparation step before adhesive bonding. Importantly, surface preparation provides a reproducible surface allowing consistent bonding results. The commonly used surface activation techniques include <a href="/wiki/Plasma_activation" title="Plasma activation">plasma activation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">flame treatment</a> and wet chemistry priming.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocius_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocius-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure">Failure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdhesiveFractures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AdhesiveFractures.svg/550px-AdhesiveFractures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AdhesiveFractures.svg/825px-AdhesiveFractures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AdhesiveFractures.svg/1100px-AdhesiveFractures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Failure of the adhesive joint can occur in different locations</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several factors that could contribute to the failure of two adhered surfaces. Sunlight and heat may weaken the adhesive. Solvents can deteriorate or dissolve adhesive. Physical stresses may also cause the separation of surfaces. When subjected to loading, debonding may occur at different locations in the adhesive joint. The major fracture types are the following: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cohesive_fracture">Cohesive fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cohesive fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cohesive fracture</i> is obtained if a crack propagates in the bulk polymer which constitutes the adhesive. In this case the surfaces of both adherends after debonding will be covered by fractured adhesive. The crack may propagate in the center of the layer or near an interface. For this last case, the cohesive fracture can be said to be "cohesive near the interface". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adhesive_fracture">Adhesive fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adhesive fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Adhesive fracture</i> (sometimes referred to as <i>interfacial fracture</i>) is when debonding occurs between the adhesive and the adherend. In most cases, the occurrence of adhesive fracture for a given adhesive goes along with smaller fracture toughness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_fracture">Other types of fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other types of fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other types of fracture include: </p> <ul><li>The <i>mixed</i> type, which occurs if the crack propagates at some spots in a cohesive and in others in an interfacial manner. Mixed fracture surfaces can be characterised by a certain percentage of adhesive and cohesive areas.</li> <li>The <i>alternating crack path</i> type which occurs if the cracks jump from one interface to the other. This type of fracture appears in the presence of tensile pre-stresses in the adhesive layer.</li> <li>Fracture can also occur in the adherend if the adhesive is tougher than the adherend. In this case, the adhesive remains intact and is still bonded to one substrate and remnants of the other. For example, when one removes a price label, the adhesive usually remains on the label and the surface. This is cohesive failure. If, however, a layer of paper remains stuck to the surface, the adhesive has not failed. Another example is when someone tries to pull apart <a href="/wiki/Oreo" title="Oreo">Oreo</a> cookies and all the filling remains on one side; this is an adhesive failure, rather than a cohesive failure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_of_adhesive_joints">Design of adhesive joints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Design of adhesive joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fracture_modes_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fracture_modes_v2.svg/350px-Fracture_modes_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fracture_modes_v2.svg/525px-Fracture_modes_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fracture_modes_v2.svg/700px-Fracture_modes_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Modes of failure</figcaption></figure> <p>As a general design rule, the material properties of the object need to be greater than the forces anticipated during its use. (i.e. geometry, loads, etc.). The engineering work will consist of having a good model to evaluate the function. For most adhesive joints, this can be achieved using <a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">fracture mechanics</a>. Concepts such as the <a href="/wiki/Stress_concentration" title="Stress concentration">stress concentration</a> factor and the <a href="/wiki/Strain_energy_release_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain energy release rate">strain energy release rate</a> can be used to predict failure. In such models, the behavior of the adhesive layer itself is neglected and only the adherents are considered. </p><p>Failure will also very much depend on the opening <i>mode</i> of the joint. </p> <ul><li><i>Mode I</i> is an opening or tensile mode where the loadings are normal to the crack.</li> <li><i>Mode II</i> is a sliding or in-plane shear mode where the crack surfaces slide over one another in direction perpendicular to the leading edge of the crack. This is typically the mode for which the adhesive exhibits the highest resistance to fracture.</li> <li><i>Mode III</i> is a tearing or antiplane shear mode.</li></ul> <p>As the loads are usually fixed, an acceptable design will result from combination of a material selection procedure and geometry modifications, if possible. In adhesively bonded structures, the global geometry and loads are fixed by structural considerations and the design procedure focuses on the material properties of the adhesive and on local changes on the geometry. </p><p>Increasing the joint resistance is usually obtained by designing its geometry so that: </p> <ul><li>The bonded zone is large</li> <li>It is mainly loaded in mode II</li> <li>Stable crack propagation will follow the appearance of a local failure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shelf_life">Shelf life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shelf life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some glues and adhesives have a limited <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a>. Shelf life is dependent on multiple factors, the foremost of which being temperature. Adhesives may lose their effectiveness at high temperatures, as well as become increasingly stiff.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors affecting shelf life include exposure to oxygen or water vapor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive_surface_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesive surface forces">Adhesive surface forces</a> – Molecular property<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_glue" title="Impact glue">Impact glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive_tape" title="Adhesive tape">Adhesive tape</a> – Strip of material backed with adhesive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-Tack" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-Tack">Blu-Tack</a> – Pressure-sensitive adhesive putty<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_sniffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue sniffing">Glue sniffing</a> – Chemical, often household, breathed in to cause intoxication<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_stick" title="Glue stick">Glue stick</a> – Solid adhesive in a twist or push-up tube</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">Mucilage</a> – Thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a> – Substance used to block the passage of fluids through openings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Wood glue</a> – Adhesive made of natural or synthetic raw materials for bonding wood and wood-based materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_testing_of_adhesives" title="Accelerated testing of adhesives">Accelerated testing of adhesives</a> – test for adhesives<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPike" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pike, Roscoe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5823/adhesive">"adhesive"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=adhesive&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Roscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F5823%2Fadhesive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinloch1987" class="citation book cs1">Kinloch, A.J. (1987). <i>Adhesion and Adhesives : Science and Technology</i> (Reprinted. ed.). 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file.php?fileid=19868">Studies in organic archaeology I: identification of the prehistoric adhesive used by the "Tyrolean Iceman" to fix his weapons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725014700/http://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file.php?fileid=19868">Archived</a> 25 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improvement+in+Processes+of+Preparing+Glue&rft.pub=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft.date=1876-10-10&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Charles+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatimg1.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FDocid%3D00183024%26homeurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpatft.uspto.gov%252Fnetacgi%252Fnph-Parser%253FSect2%253DPTO1%252526Sect2%253DHITOFF%252526p%253D1%252526u%253D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsearch-bool.html%252526r%253D1%252526f%253DG%252526l%253D50%252526d%253DPALL%252526S1%253D0183024.PN.%252526OS%253DPN%252F183024%252526RS%253DPN%252F183024%26PageNum%3D%26Rtype%3D%26SectionNum%3D%26idkey%3DNONE%26Input%3DView%2Bfirst%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513235141/http://www.adhesives.org/adhesives-sealants/fastening-bonding/history-of-bonding/bonding-an-ancient-art">"Bonding- An Ancient Art"</a>. <i>Adhesives.org</i>. Adhesives and Sealants Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adhesives.org/adhesives-sealants/fastening-bonding/history-of-bonding/bonding-an-ancient-art">the original</a> on 13 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adhesives.org&rft.atitle=Bonding-+An+Ancient+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adhesives.org%2Fadhesives-sealants%2Ffastening-bonding%2Fhistory-of-bonding%2Fbonding-an-ancient-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWypych2018" class="citation book cs1">Wypych, George (2018). <i>Handbook of Adhesion Promoters</i>. Elsevier. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927885-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927885-30-7"><bdi>978-1-927885-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Adhesion+Promoters&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-927885-30-7&rft.aulast=Wypych&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi20034_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittalPizzi2003">Mittal & Pizzi 2003</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Yarusso2002" class="citation book cs1">David J. Yarusso (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZcbSr8MW98C&pg=PA499">"Chapter 13: Effect of rheology on PSA performance"</a>. In A.V. Pocius; David A. Dillard (eds.). <i>Adhesion Science and Engineering: Surfaces, Chemistry and Applications</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052598-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052598-3"><bdi>978-0-08-052598-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Effect+of+rheology+on+PSA+performance&rft.btitle=Adhesion+Science+and+Engineering%3A+Surfaces%2C+Chemistry+and+Applications&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-08-052598-3&rft.au=David+J.+Yarusso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZcbSr8MW98C%26pg%3DPA499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbnesajjad2010138_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbnesajjad2010">Ebnesajjad 2010</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi2003-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi2003_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittalPizzi2003">Mittal & Pizzi 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi200310-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittalPizzi200310_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittalPizzi2003">Mittal & Pizzi 2003</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roofonline.com/mil-hdbk-691b-department-of-defense-military-standardization-handbook-adhesive-bonding">"MIL-HDBK-691B - Department of Defense - Military Standardization Handbook - Adhesive Bonding"</a>. <i>Roof Online</i>. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801052433/https://roofonline.com/mil-hdbk-691b-department-of-defense-military-standardization-handbook-adhesive-bonding">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roof+Online&rft.atitle=MIL-HDBK-691B+-+Department+of+Defense+-+Military+Standardization+Handbook+-+Adhesive+Bonding&rft.pages=47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froofonline.com%2Fmil-hdbk-691b-department-of-defense-military-standardization-handbook-adhesive-bonding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarcode2014" class="citation web cs1">Barcode, Barry (23 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midcomdata.com/rubber-acrylic-adhesive-labels/">"Rubber Acrylic Adhesive Labels"</a>. <i>Midcomdata</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085930/http://www.midcomdata.com/rubber-acrylic-adhesive-labels/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midcomdata&rft.atitle=Rubber+Acrylic+Adhesive+Labels&rft.date=2014-07-23&rft.aulast=Barcode&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midcomdata.com%2Frubber-acrylic-adhesive-labels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thistothat.com/glue/contact.shtml">"Contact Adhesives"</a>. <i>www.thistothat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912043858/http://www.thistothat.com/glue/contact.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://composite.about.com/library/glossary/c/bldef-c1257.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+contact+adhesive+on+About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomposite.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fglossary%2Fc%2Fbldef-c1257.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woodworkbasics.com/contact-adhesive.html">"Contact Adhesive"</a>. <i>woodworkbasics.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=woodworkbasics.com&rft.atitle=Contact+Adhesive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodworkbasics.com%2Fcontact-adhesive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhakareLokhandeBondardeDhumal2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bhakare, Madhuri A.; Lokhande, Kshama D.; Bondarde, Mahesh P.; Dhumal, Pratik S.; Some, Surajit (15 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894722059010">"Dual functions of bioinspired, water-based, reusable composite as a highly efficient flame retardant and strong adhesive"</a>. <i>Chemical Engineering Journal</i>. <b>454</b>: 140421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ChEnJ.45440421B">2023ChEnJ.45440421B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2022.140421">10.1016/j.cej.2022.140421</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1385-8947">1385-8947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Journal&rft.atitle=Dual+functions+of+bioinspired%2C+water-based%2C+reusable+composite+as+a+highly+efficient+flame+retardant+and+strong+adhesive&rft.volume=454&rft.pages=140421&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.issn=1385-8947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cej.2022.140421&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ChEnJ.45440421B&rft.aulast=Bhakare&rft.aufirst=Madhuri+A.&rft.au=Lokhande%2C+Kshama+D.&rft.au=Bondarde%2C+Mahesh+P.&rft.au=Dhumal%2C+Pratik+S.&rft.au=Some%2C+Surajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1385894722059010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/adhesion2.html">"About anaerobic adhesives"</a>. ThreeBond Holdings Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916055843/https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/adhesion2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+anaerobic+adhesives&rft.pub=ThreeBond+Holdings+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.threebond.co.jp%2Fen%2Ftechnical%2Fseminar%2Fadhesion2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelsmannSpaldingPeters2010" class="citation book cs1">Engelsmann, Stephan; Spalding, Valerie; Peters, Stefan (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Y2ykcUBWZsC&q=Multi-component+adhesives+harden+by+mixing+two+or+more+components+which+chemically+react&pg=PA83"><i>Plastics: in Architecture and Construction</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783034611947" title="Special:BookSources/9783034611947"><bdi>9783034611947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastics%3A+in+Architecture+and+Construction&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=9783034611947&rft.aulast=Engelsmann&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Spalding%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Peters%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Y2ykcUBWZsC%26q%3DMulti-component%2Badhesives%2Bharden%2Bby%2Bmixing%2Btwo%2Bor%2Bmore%2Bcomponents%2Bwhich%2Bchemically%2Breact%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_D._Hermansen2017" class="citation book cs1">Ralph D. Hermansen (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiRdDgAAQBAJ"><i>Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds</i></a>. Apple Academic Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781771883153" title="Special:BookSources/9781771883153"><bdi>9781771883153</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polymeric+Thermosetting+Compounds&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Apple+Academic+Press&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.isbn=9781771883153&rft.au=Ralph+D.+Hermansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXiRdDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/93547-repackaging-options-for-two-component-adhesives-sealants-and-coatings">"Repackaging Options for Two-Component Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings"</a>. Adhesives and Sealants Industry. 5 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912070031/http://www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/93547-repackaging-options-for-two-component-adhesives-sealants-and-coatings">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Repackaging+Options+for+Two-Component+Adhesives%2C+Sealants+and+Coatings&rft.pub=Adhesives+and+Sealants+Industry&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adhesivesmag.com%2Farticles%2F93547-repackaging-options-for-two-component-adhesives-sealants-and-coatings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._LicariDale_W._Swanson2011" class="citation book cs1">James J. Licari; Dale W. Swanson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ5kEWU5aHoC&q=Premixed+and+frozen+adhesives+history&pg=PA28"><i>Adhesives Technology for Electronic Applications: Materials, Processing, Reliability</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437778908" title="Special:BookSources/9781437778908"><bdi>9781437778908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adhesives+Technology+for+Electronic+Applications%3A+Materials%2C+Processing%2C+Reliability&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781437778908&rft.au=James+J.+Licari&rft.au=Dale+W.+Swanson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZ5kEWU5aHoC%26q%3DPremixed%2Band%2Bfrozen%2Badhesives%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appli-tec.com/adhesives/history-of-frozen-adhesives/">"History of Pre-Mixed and Frozen (PMF) Adhesives"</a>. Appli-tec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Pre-Mixed+and+Frozen+%28PMF%29+Adhesives&rft.pub=Appli-tec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appli-tec.com%2Fadhesives%2Fhistory-of-frozen-adhesives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornell_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=160">CCMR – Ask A Scientist!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023201/http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=160">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723225324/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/innovation/article3208149.ece">"Ny Teknik: Sverige fastnade tack vare åsnan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/innovation/article3208149.ece">the original</a> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ny+Teknik%3A+Sverige+fastnade+tack+vare+%C3%A5snan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyteknik.se%2Fnyheter%2Finnovation%2Farticle3208149.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1991" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, J. E. (1991). <i>The New Science of Strong materials (or why you don't fall through the floor)</i> (2nd rev. ed.). Penguin Books. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140135979" title="Special:BookSources/0140135979"><bdi>0140135979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Science+of+Strong+materials+%28or+why+you+don%27t+fall+through+the+floor%29&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0140135979&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leichner_2019-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leichner_2019_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeichnerJelkmannBernkop-Schnürch2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Leichner C, Jelkmann M, Bernkop-Schnürch A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature". <i>Adv Drug Deliv Rev</i>. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>152: <span class="nowrap">191–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addr.2019.04.007">10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31028759">31028759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135464452">135464452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adv+Drug+Deliv+Rev&rft.atitle=Thiolated+polymers%3A+Bioinspired+polymers+utilizing+one+of+the+most+important+bridging+structures+in+nature&rft.volume=151-152&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135464452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31028759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.addr.2019.04.007&rft.aulast=Leichner&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Jelkmann%2C+M&rft.au=Bernkop-Schn%C3%BCrch%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocius-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pocius_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.V. Pocius, "Adhesion and adhesives technology", Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoguercioSalvalaggioPivaKlein-Júnior2011" class="citation journal cs1">Loguercio, AD; Salvalaggio, D; Piva, AE; Klein-Júnior, CA; de LR Accorinte, M; Meier, MM; Grande, RHM; Reis, A (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2341%2F10-218L">"Adhesive Temperature: Effects on Adhesive Properties and Resin-Dentin Bond Strength"</a>. <i>Operative Dentistry</i>. <b>36</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2341%2F10-218L">10.2341/10-218L</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-7734">0361-7734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21851256">21851256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Operative+Dentistry&rft.atitle=Adhesive+Temperature%3A+Effects+on+Adhesive+Properties+and+Resin-Dentin+Bond+Strength&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.issn=0361-7734&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21851256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2341%2F10-218L&rft.aulast=Loguercio&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Salvalaggio%2C+D&rft.au=Piva%2C+AE&rft.au=Klein-J%C3%BAnior%2C+CA&rft.au=de+LR+Accorinte%2C+M&rft.au=Meier%2C+MM&rft.au=Grande%2C+RHM&rft.au=Reis%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2341%252F10-218L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbnesajjad2010" class="citation book cs1">Ebnesajjad, Sina (2010). "History of Adhesives". <i>Handbook of Adhesives and Surface Preparation: Technology, Applications and Manufacturing</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437744613" title="Special:BookSources/9781437744613"><bdi>9781437744613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Adhesives&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Adhesives+and+Surface+Preparation%3A+Technology%2C+Applications+and+Manufacturing&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781437744613&rft.aulast=Ebnesajjad&rft.aufirst=Sina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kinloch, Anthony J. (1987). <i>Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman and Hall">Chapman and Hall</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041227440X" title="Special:BookSources/041227440X">041227440X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauWongLeeLee2002" class="citation book cs1">Lau, John H.; Wong, C. P.; Lee, Ning-Cheng; Lee, S. W. Ricky (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuMFzSiKTlUC"><i>Electronics Manufacturing: With Lead-free, Halogen-free, and Conductive-adhesive Materials</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138624-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138624-1"><bdi>978-0-07-138624-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronics+Manufacturing%3A+With+Lead-free%2C+Halogen-free%2C+and+Conductive-adhesive+Materials&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-138624-1&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Wong%2C+C.+P.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ning-Cheng&rft.au=Lee%2C+S.+W.+Ricky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuMFzSiKTlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittalPizzi2003" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, K.L.; <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pizzi" title="Antonio Pizzi">Pizzi, A.</a> (2003). <i>Handbook of Adhesive Technology</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824709861" title="Special:BookSources/0824709861"><bdi>0824709861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Adhesive+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0824709861&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft.au=Pizzi%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddAllenAlting1994" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x1smAf_PAcC"><i>Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide</i></a>. Industrial Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8311-3049-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8311-3049-0"><bdi>0-8311-3049-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Processes+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8311-3049-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Dell+K.&rft.au=Alting%2C+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6x1smAf_PAcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdhesive" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adhesive&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adhesives" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adhesives">Adhesives</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/adhesive" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/adhesive">adhesive</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adhesives.org">Educational portal on adhesives and sealants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Adhesives/Adhesive_Bond.html">RoyMech: The theory of adhesive bonding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/3M-Industrial/Adhesives/Resources/Classification/">3M's Adhesive & Tapes Classification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thistothat.com/">Database of adhesives for attaching different materials</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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= 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-6w59l","timestamp":"20250215005918","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adhesive","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adhesive","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131790","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131790","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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