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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_(1993–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_(1993–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Founding (1993–1998) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_(1993–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_election_(1999–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_election_(1999–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Leader election (1999–2005) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_election_(1999–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarge_and_later_releases_(2005–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarge_and_later_releases_(2005–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sarge and later releases (2005–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarge_and_later_releases_(2005–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kernels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kernels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Kernels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kernels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desktop_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desktop_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Desktop environments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desktop_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Localization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Multimedia support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Packages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Packages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Packages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Packages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-APT_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APT_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 APT tools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APT_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDebi_and_other_front-ends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDebi_and_other_front-ends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 GDebi and other front-ends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDebi_and_other_front-ends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repositories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repositories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Repositories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repositories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-distribution_package_managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-distribution_package_managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cross-distribution package managers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-distribution_package_managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Branches </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Branches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbering_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbering_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Numbering scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbering_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Branding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Hardware </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hardware subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architectures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Developers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Release_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Release cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forks_and_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forks_and_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Forks and derivatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forks_and_derivatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Forks and derivatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Forks_and_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivatives_and_flavors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives_and_flavors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Derivatives and flavors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives_and_flavors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debian_GNU/Hurd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debian_GNU/Hurd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Debian GNU/Hurd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debian_GNU/Hurd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Debian GNU/kFreeBSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Debian</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دبيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ডেবিয়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেবিয়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дебиан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дебиан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ديبيان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديبيان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debiano" title="Debiano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Debiano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دبیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دبیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8" title="ડેબિયન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ડેબિયન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%B9%84%EC%95%88" title="데비안 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데비안" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="डेबियन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेबियन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דביאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דביאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡೆಬಿಯನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೆಬಿಯನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дебиан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дебиан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഡെബിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെബിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="डेबिअन ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डेबिअन ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टिम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="डेबियन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डेबियन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਡੈਬੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੈਬੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دیبیان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیبیان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_GNU/Linux" title="Debian GNU/Linux – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Debian GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="டெபியன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டெபியன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="డెబియన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డెబియన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="เดเบียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดเบียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian" title="Debian – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Debian" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7715973#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian_Project&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Project">Debian Project</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linux distribution based on free and open-source software</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linux distribution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Debian</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian-OpenLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The official logo (also known as open use logo) contains the well-known Debian swirl and best represents the visual identity of the Debian Project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Debian-OpenLogo.svg/100px-Debian-OpenLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Debian-OpenLogo.svg/150px-Debian-OpenLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Debian-OpenLogo.svg/200px-Debian-OpenLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="144" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_Debian_12_(Bookworm)_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Screenshot of Debian 12 (Bookworm) with the GNOME desktop environment version 43.9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Screenshot_of_Debian_12_%28Bookworm%29_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png/300px-Screenshot_of_Debian_12_%28Bookworm%29_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Screenshot_of_Debian_12_%28Bookworm%29_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png/450px-Screenshot_of_Debian_12_%28Bookworm%29_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Screenshot_of_Debian_12_%28Bookworm%29_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png/600px-Screenshot_of_Debian_12_%28Bookworm%29_GNOME_43.9%E2%80%94English.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Debian 12 (Bookworm) running its default <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> Version 43.9</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The Debian Project</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1993; 31 years ago (1993-08) <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.8 / November 9, 2024; 16 days ago (2024-11-09)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data">deb.debian.org</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">78 languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a> in Stable edition, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_release" title="Rolling release">rolling release</a> in Testing and Unstable (Sid) editions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dpkg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">arm64</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort">armel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armhf" class="mw-redirect" title="Armhf">armhf</a>, <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">mips64el</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mipsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mipsel">mipsel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ppc64el" class="mw-redirect" title="Ppc64el">ppc64el</a>, <a href="/wiki/S390x" class="mw-redirect" title="S390x">s390x</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">mips</a> (deprecated)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">riscv64</a> (in progress)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> on DVD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a> on CD and non-Linux ports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE Plasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATE_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="MATE (software)">MATE</a>, <a href="/wiki/LXQt" title="LXQt">LXQt</a>, <a href="/wiki/LXDE" title="LXDE">LXDE</a> available on Debian's website</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">DFSG</a>-compatible licenses, plus proprietary firmware files</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/">www.debian.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7715973#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Debian (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɛbiən/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-debfaq-def-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-debianorg-about-7">[7]</a> also known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open source</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>, developed by the Debian Project, which was established by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a> in August 1993. Debian is the basis for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions#Debian-based" title="List of Linux distributions">many other distributions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proxmox_Virtual_Environment" title="Proxmox Virtual Environment">Proxmox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali_Linux" title="Kali Linux">Kali Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pardus_(operating_system)" title="Pardus (operating system)">Pardus</a>, <a href="/wiki/IXsystems#TrueNAS" title="IXsystems">TrueNAS SCALE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astra_Linux" title="Astra Linux">Astra Linux</a>. Debian is one of the oldest operating systems based on the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> and, as of September 2023, the second oldest Linux distribution still in active development, only behind <a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a>. The project is coordinated over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> by a team of volunteers guided by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Debian_project_leaders" title="List of Debian project leaders">Debian Project Leader</a> and three foundational documents: the <a href="/wiki/Debian_Social_Contract" title="Debian Social Contract">Debian Social Contract</a>, the Debian Constitution, and the <a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a>. New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time-based <a href="/wiki/Freeze_(software_engineering)" title="Freeze (software engineering)">freeze</a>. In general, Debian has been developed openly and distributed freely according to some of the principles of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> and Free Software.<a href="#cite_note-Explaining_Why_We_Don't_Endorse_Other_Systems-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Because of this, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> sponsored the project from November 1994 to November 1995.<a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Debian-12">[11]</a> However, it is no longer endorsed by GNU and the FSF due to the distribution's long-term practice of hosting non-free software repositories and, since 2022, its inclusion of non-free firmware in its installation media by default.<a href="#cite_note-Explaining_Why_We_Don't_Endorse_Other_Systems-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-General_Resolution:_non-free_firmware:_results-9">[9]</a> On June 16, 1997, the Debian Project founded the <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Software in the Public Interest">Software in the Public Interest</a> to continue financially supporting development. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debian_version_history">Debian version history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Debian version history">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debian_version_history" title="Debian version history">Debian version history</a></div> Debian distribution codenames are based on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters" title="List of Toy Story characters">names of characters</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_(franchise)" title="Toy Story (franchise)">Toy Story</a> films. Debian's unstable trunk is named after <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Phillips_family" title="List of Toy Story characters">Sid</a>, a character who regularly destroyed his toys.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_(1993–1998)">Founding (1993–1998)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding (1993–1998)">edit</a>]</div> First announced on August 16, 1993, Debian was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a>, who initially called the system "the Debian Linux Release".<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The word "Debian" was formed as a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the first name of his then-girlfriend (later ex-wife) Debra Lynn and his own first name.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Before Debian's release, the <a href="/wiki/Softlanding_Linux_System" title="Softlanding Linux System">Softlanding Linux System</a> (SLS) had been a popular Linux distribution and the basis for <a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grassroots-17">[16]</a> The perceived poor maintenance and prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a> in SLS motivated Murdock to launch a new distribution.<a href="#cite_note-Scheetz_1998-18">[17]</a> Debian 0.01, released on September 15, 1993, was the first of several internal releases.<a href="#cite_note-ChangeLog-19">[18]</a> Version 0.90 was the first public release,<a href="#cite_note-ChangeLog-19">[18]</a> providing support through mailing lists hosted at <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The release included the Debian Linux Manifesto, outlining Murdock's view for the new <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. In it he called for the creation of a distribution to be maintained "openly in the spirit of Linux and GNU."<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The Debian project released the 0.9x versions in 1994 and 1995.<a href="#cite_note-releases-22">[21]</a> During this time it was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> for one year.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Ian Murdock delegated the base system, the core packages of Debian, to Bruce Perens and Murdock focused on the management of the growing project.<a href="#cite_note-Scheetz_1998-18">[17]</a> The first ports to non-<a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> architectures began in 1995, and Debian 1.1 was released in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-history4-24">[23]</a> By that time and thanks to <a href="/wiki/Ian_Jackson" title="Ian Jackson">Ian Jackson</a>, the dpkg package manager was already an essential part of Debian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrafft200531–32-25">[24]</a> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a> assumed the project leadership. Perens was a controversial leader, regarded as authoritarian and strongly attached to Debian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzog20139-26">[25]</a> He drafted a <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> and edited suggestions from a month-long discussion into the Debian Social Contract and the Debian Free Software Guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> After the FSF withdrew their sponsorship in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free software vs. open source debate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Perens initiated the creation of the legal <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Software in the Public Interest">Software in the Public Interest</a> instead of seeking renewed involvement with the FSF.<a href="#cite_note-history4-24">[23]</a> He led the conversion of the project from <a href="/wiki/A.out" title="A.out">a.out</a> to <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">ELF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scheetz_1998-18">[17]</a> He created the <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a> program to make it possible to run a Debian installer on a single <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, and wrote a new installer.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> By the time Debian 1.2 was released, the project had grown to nearly two hundred volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-Scheetz_1998-18">[17]</a> Perens left the project in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Ian Jackson became the leader in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Debian 2.0 introduced the second official port, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68000 family">m68k</a>.<a href="#cite_note-releases-22">[21]</a> During this time the first port to a non-Linux kernel, <a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/Hurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/Hurd">Debian GNU/Hurd</a>, was started.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> On December 2, the first Debian Constitution was ratified.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_election_(1999–2005)">Leader election (1999–2005)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leader election (1999–2005)">edit</a>]</div> From 1999, the project leader was elected yearly.<a href="#cite_note-vote-info-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/APT_(software)" title="APT (software)">APT</a> was deployed with Debian 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-releases-22">[21]</a> The number of applicants was overwhelming and the project established the new member process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2013141-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The first Debian derivatives, namely <a href="/wiki/Libranet" title="Libranet">Libranet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corel_Linux" title="Corel Linux">Corel Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormix" title="Stormix">Stormix</a>'s Storm Linux, were started in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-history4-24">[23]</a> The 2.2 release in 2000 was dedicated to Joel Klecker, a developer who died of <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In late 2000, the project reorganized the archive with new package "pools" and created the Testing distribution, made up of packages considered stable, to reduce the freeze for the next release.<a href="#cite_note-history4-24">[23]</a> In the same year, developers began holding an annual conference called <a href="/wiki/DebConf" class="mw-redirect" title="DebConf">DebConf</a> with talks and workshops for developers and technical users.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In May 2001, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> announced plans to base its Linux development on Debian.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In July 2002, the project released version 3.0, code-named Woody, the first release to include cryptographic software, a free licensed KDE and <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrafft200533-41">[40]</a> During these last release cycles, the Debian project drew considerable criticism from the free software community because of the long time between stable releases.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Some events disturbed the project while working on Sarge, as Debian servers were attacked by fire and hackers.<a href="#cite_note-history4-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> One of the most memorable was the Vancouver prospectus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2013150–156-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> After a meeting held in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, release manager Steve Langasek announced a plan to reduce the number of supported ports to four in order to shorten future release cycles.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> There was a large reaction because the proposal looked more like a decision and because such a drop would damage Debian's aim to be "the universal operating system".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2013153–154-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The first version of the Debian-based <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, named "4.10 Warty Warthog", was released on October 20, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-wartyRelease-53">[52]</a> Because it was distributed as a free download, it became one of the most popular and successful operating systems with more than "40 million users" according to <a href="/wiki/Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical Ltd.</a><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Kerner-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> However, Murdock was critical of the differences between Ubuntu packages and Debian, stating that it leads to incompatibilities.<a href="#cite_note-forking-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarge_and_later_releases_(2005–present)">Sarge and later releases (2005–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sarge and later releases (2005–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_Etch-ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Debian_Etch-ja.png/250px-Debian_Etch-ja.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Debian_Etch-ja.png/375px-Debian_Etch-ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Debian_Etch-ja.png/500px-Debian_Etch-ja.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Debian 4 (Etch), 2007</figcaption></figure> The 3.1 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Sarge_and_the_Bucket_O_Soldiers" title="List of Toy Story characters">Sarge</a> release was made in June 2005. This release updated 73% of the software and included over 9,000 new packages. A new installer with a modular design, <a href="/wiki/Debian-Installer" title="Debian-Installer">Debian-Installer</a>, allowed installations with <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a>, <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a> support, improved hardware detection, made installations easier for novice users, and was translated into almost forty languages. An installation manual and release notes were in ten and fifteen languages respectively. The efforts of Skolelinux, <a href="/wiki/Debian-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian-Med">Debian-Med</a> and Debian-Accessibility raised the number of packages that were educational, had a medical affiliation, and ones made for people with disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-history4-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-sargenew-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceweasel_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iceweasel_icon.svg/64px-Iceweasel_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iceweasel_icon.svg/96px-Iceweasel_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iceweasel_icon.svg/128px-Iceweasel_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iceweasel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceweasel">Iceweasel</a> logo</figcaption></figure> In 2006, as a result of a much-publicized dispute, <a href="/wiki/Debian%E2%80%93Mozilla_trademark_dispute" title="Debian–Mozilla trademark dispute">Mozilla software was rebranded in Debian</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> forked as Iceweasel and <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a> as Icedove. The Mozilla Corporation stated that software with unapproved modifications could not be distributed under the Firefox trademark. Two reasons that Debian modified the Firefox software were to change non-free artwork and to provide security patches.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In February 2016, it was announced that Mozilla and Debian had reached an agreement and Iceweasel would revert to the name Firefox; similar agreement was anticipated for Icedove/Thunderbird.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> A fund-raising experiment, Dunc-Tank, was created to solve the release cycle problem and release managers were paid to work full-time;<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> in response, unpaid developers slowed down their work and the release was delayed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Debian 4.0 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Etch" title="List of Toy Story characters">Etch</a>) was released in April 2007, featuring the x86-64 port and a graphical installer.<a href="#cite_note-releases-22">[21]</a> Debian 5.0 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Lenny" title="List of Toy Story characters">Lenny</a>) was released in February 2009, supporting Marvell's <a href="/wiki/Orion_(system-on-a-chip)" title="Orion (system-on-a-chip)">Orion</a> platform and netbooks such as the <a href="/wiki/Asus_Eee_PC" title="Asus Eee PC">Asus Eee PC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lenny_released-63">[62]</a> The release was dedicated to Thiemo Seufer, a developer who died in a car crash.<a href="#cite_note-thiemo-64">[63]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_6.0.2.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Debian_6.0.2.1.png/250px-Debian_6.0.2.1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Debian_6.0.2.1.png/375px-Debian_6.0.2.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Debian_6.0.2.1.png/500px-Debian_6.0.2.1.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Debian 6 (Squeeze), 2011</figcaption></figure> In July 2009, the policy of time-based development freezes on a two-year cycle was announced. Time-based freezes are intended to blend the predictability of time based releases with Debian's policy of feature based releases, and to reduce overall freeze time.<a href="#cite_note-two-year-cycle-65">[64]</a> The Squeeze cycle was going to be especially short; however, this initial schedule was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-two-year-cycle-2-66">[65]</a> In September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backports</a> service became official, providing more recent versions of some software for the stable release.<a href="#cite_note-news-backports-official-67">[66]</a> Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) was released in February 2011, featuring Debian GNU/kFreeBSD as a technology preview, along with adding a dependency-based boot system, and moving problematic firmware to the non-free section.<a href="#cite_note-squeeze_released-68">[67]</a> Debian 7 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Wheezy" title="List of Toy Story characters">Wheezy</a>) was released in May 2013, featuring multiarch support.<a href="#cite_note-news-wheezy-released-69">[68]</a> Debian 8 (<a href="/wiki/Jessie_(Toy_Story)" title="Jessie (Toy Story)">Jessie</a>) was released in April 2015, using <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> as the new init system.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Debian 9 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Stretch" title="List of Toy Story characters">Stretch</a>) was released in June 2017, with nftables as a replacement for iptables, support for Flatpak apps, and MariaDB as the replacement for MySQL.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Debian 10 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Buster" title="List of Toy Story characters">Buster</a>) was released in July 2019, adding support for <a href="/wiki/Secure_Boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Boot">Secure Boot</a> and enabling <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a> by default.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Debian 11 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Bullseye" title="List of Toy Story characters">Bullseye</a>) was released in August 2021, enabling persistency in the system journal, adding support for driverless scanning, and containing kernel-level support for <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> filesystems.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Debian 12 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Toy_Story_characters#Bookworm" title="List of Toy Story characters">Bookworm</a>) was released on June 10, 2023, including various improvements and features, increasing the supported Linux Kernel to version 6.1, and leveraging new "Emerald" artwork.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Debian is still in development and new packages are uploaded to unstable every day.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Debian used to be released as a very large set of CDs for each architecture, but with the release of Debian 9 (Stretch) in 2017, many of the images have been dropped from the archive but remain buildable via <a href="/wiki/Jigdo" title="Jigdo">jigdo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Throughout Debian's lifetime, both the Debian distribution and its website have won various awards from different organizations,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> including Server Distribution of the Year 2011,<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The best Linux distro of 2011,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> and a Best of the Net award for October 1998.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> On December 2, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> announced that they would offer Debian GNU/Linux as an endorsed distribution on the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a> cloud platform.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Microsoft has also added a user environment to their <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> desktop operating system called <a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a> that offers a Debian subset.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian10-installation-menu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Debian10-installation-menu.png/220px-Debian10-installation-menu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Debian10-installation-menu.png/330px-Debian10-installation-menu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Debian10-installation-menu.png/440px-Debian10-installation-menu.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Debian 10 installation menu (BIOS Mode)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian10-text-installer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Debian10-text-installer.png/220px-Debian10-text-installer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Debian10-text-installer.png/330px-Debian10-text-installer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Debian10-text-installer.png/440px-Debian10-text-installer.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Text version of the <a href="/wiki/Debian_Installer" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Installer">Debian Installer</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian10-graphical-installer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Debian10-graphical-installer.png/220px-Debian10-graphical-installer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Debian10-graphical-installer.png/330px-Debian10-graphical-installer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Debian10-graphical-installer.png/440px-Debian10-graphical-installer.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Graphical version of the Debian Installer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian10-console-login.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Debian10-console-login.png/220px-Debian10-console-login.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Debian10-console-login.png/330px-Debian10-console-login.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Debian10-console-login.png/440px-Debian10-console-login.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Debian 10 console login and welcome message</figcaption></figure> Debian has access to online <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">repositories</a> that contain over 51,000 <a href="/wiki/Package_(package_management_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Package (package management system)">packages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Debian officially contains only free software, but non-free software can be downloaded and installed from the Debian repositories.<a href="#cite_note-packages-86">[85]</a> Debian includes popular free programs such as <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> web browser, <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Evolution" title="GNOME Evolution">Evolution</a> mail, <a href="/wiki/K3b" title="K3b">K3b</a> disc burner, <a href="/wiki/VLC_media_player" title="VLC media player">VLC media player</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a> image editor, and <a href="/wiki/Evince" title="Evince">Evince</a> document viewer.<a href="#cite_note-packages-86">[85]</a> Debian is a popular choice for <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, for example as the operating system component of a <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> stack.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernels">Kernels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kernels">edit</a>]</div> Several flavors of the Linux kernel exist for each port. For example, the i386 port has flavors for IA-32 <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">PCs</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Physical_Address_Extension" title="Physical Address Extension">Physical Address Extension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a>, for older PCs, and for x86-64 PCs.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The Linux kernel does not officially contain <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> lacking source code, although such firmware is available in non-free packages and alternative installation media.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop_environments">Desktop environments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Desktop environments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png/220px-XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png/330px-XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png/440px-XFCE_4.12.3_on_Debian_9.3.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Xfce is default on CD images and non-Linux ports.</figcaption></figure> Debian offers CD and DVD images specifically built for <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)" title="MATE (desktop environment)">MATE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/LXDE" title="LXDE">LXDE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LXQt" title="LXQt">LXQt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-squeeze_released-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)" title="MATE (desktop environment)">MATE</a> support was added in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a> support was added with Debian 8 Jessie.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Less common <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window managers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(window_manager)" title="Enlightenment (window manager)">Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Openbox" title="Openbox">Openbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluxbox" title="Fluxbox">Fluxbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/IceWM" title="IceWM">IceWM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_Maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Window Maker">Window Maker</a> and others are available.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The default desktop environment of version 7 Wheezy was temporarily switched to Xfce, because GNOME 3 did not fit on the first CD of the set.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The default for the version 8 Jessie was changed again to Xfce in November 2013,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and back to GNOME in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localization">Localization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Localization">edit</a>]</div> Several parts of Debian are translated into languages other than American English, including package descriptions, configuration messages, documentation and the website.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The level of software localization depends on the language, ranging from the highly supported <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> to the barely translated <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The Debian 10 installer is available in 76 languages.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia_support">Multimedia support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Multimedia support">edit</a>]</div> Multimedia support has been problematic in Debian regarding <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codecs</a> threatened by possible patent infringements, lacking source code, or under too restrictive licenses.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Even though packages with problems related to their distribution could go into the non-free area, software such as <a href="/wiki/Libdvdcss" title="Libdvdcss">libdvdcss</a> is not hosted at Debian .<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> A notable third party repository exists, formerly named Debian-multimedia.org,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> providing software not present in Debian such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows</a> codecs, libdvdcss and the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Even though this repository is maintained by Christian Marillat, a Debian developer, it is not part of the project and is not hosted on a Debian server. The repository provides packages already included in Debian, interfering with the official maintenance. Eventually, project leader Stefano Zacchiroli asked Marillat to either settle an agreement about the packaging or to stop using the "Debian" name.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Marillat chose the latter and renamed the repository to deb-multimedia.org. The repository was so popular that the switchover was announced by the official blog of the Debian project.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> Debian offers DVD and CD <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">images</a> for installation that can be downloaded using <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jigdo" title="Jigdo">jigdo</a>. Physical discs can also be bought from retailers.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The full sets are made up of several discs (the amd64 port consists of 13 DVDs or 84 CDs),<a href="#cite_note-jigdo-cd-111">[110]</a> but only the first disc is required for installation, as the installer can retrieve software not contained in the first disc image from online repositories.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Debian offers different network installation methods. A minimal install of Debian is available via the netinst CD, whereby Debian is installed with just a base and later added software can be downloaded from the Internet. Another option is to boot the installer from the network.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> The default bootstrap loader is <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a> version 2, though the package name is simply grub, while version 1 was renamed to grub-legacy. This conflicts with distros (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a>), where grub version 2 is named grub2. The default desktop may be chosen from the DVD boot menu among <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE Plasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a> and <a href="/wiki/LXDE" title="LXDE">LXDE</a>, and from special disc 1 CDs.<a href="#cite_note-installation-7-6.3-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-wheezy-hands-on-115">[114]</a> Debian releases <a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">live install</a> images for CDs, DVDs and USB thumb drives, for <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> architectures, and with a choice of desktop environments. These Debian Live images allow users to boot from removable media and run Debian without affecting the contents of their computer. A full install of Debian to the computer's hard drive can be initiated from the live image environment.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Personalized images can be built with the live-build tool for discs, USB drives and for <a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">network booting</a> purposes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Installation images are <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_disc" title="Hybrid disc">hybrid</a> on some architectures and can be used to create a <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">bootable</a> USB drive (<a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a>).<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packages">Packages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Packages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package management</a> operations can be performed with different tools available on Debian, from the lowest level command <kbd>dpkg</kbd> to graphical front-ends like <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_(software)" title="Synaptic (software)">Synaptic</a>. The recommended standard for administering packages on a Debian system is the <kbd>apt</kbd> toolset.<a href="#cite_note-deb-ref-2-119">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a> provides the low-level infrastructure for package management.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The dpkg database contains the list of installed software on the current system. The dpkg command tool does not know about repositories. The command can work with local <a href="/wiki/Deb_(file_format)" title="Deb (file format)">.deb</a> package files, and information from the dpkg database.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APT_tools">APT tools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: APT tools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png/220px-Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png/330px-Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png/440px-Debian_7_Aptitude_Package_Details.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Using <a href="/wiki/Aptitude_(software)" title="Aptitude (software)">Aptitude</a> to view Debian package details</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian-aptitude.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Debian-aptitude.png/220px-Debian-aptitude.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Debian-aptitude.png/330px-Debian-aptitude.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Debian-aptitude.png/440px-Debian-aptitude.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Package installed with Aptitude</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Packaging Tool">Advanced Packaging Tool</a> (APT) allows a Debian system to retrieve and resolve package <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming)" title="Coupling (computer programming)">dependencies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">repositories</a>. APT tools share dependency information and cached packages.<a href="#cite_note-deb-ref-2-119">[118]</a> <ul><li>The <kbd>apt</kbd> command itself is intended as an end user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default compared to more specialized APT like apt-get and apt-cache explained below.</li> <li><kbd>apt-get</kbd> and <kbd>apt-cache</kbd> are command tools of the standard <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool#Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Packaging Tool">apt</a> package. apt-get installs and removes packages, and apt-cache is used for searching packages and displaying package information.<a href="#cite_note-deb-ref-2-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptitude_(software)" title="Aptitude (software)">Aptitude</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> tool that also offers a <a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-based user interface</a>. The program comes with enhancements such as better search on package <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deb-ref-2-119">[118]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDebi_and_other_front-ends">GDebi and other front-ends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: GDebi and other front-ends">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDebi_Package_installer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/GDebi_Package_installer.png/220px-GDebi_Package_installer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/GDebi_Package_installer.png/330px-GDebi_Package_installer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/GDebi_Package_installer.png/440px-GDebi_Package_installer.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of GDebi Package installer</figcaption></figure> GDebi is an APT tool which can be used in command-line and on the GUI.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> GDebi can install a local .deb file via the command line like the dpkg command, but with access to repositories to resolve dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Other graphical front-ends for APT include <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center" title="Ubuntu Software Center">Software Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_(software)" title="Synaptic (software)">Synaptic</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apper" class="mw-redirect" title="Apper">Apper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Software" title="GNOME Software">GNOME Software</a> is a graphical front-end for <a href="/wiki/PackageKit" title="PackageKit">PackageKit</a>, which itself can work on top of various software packaging systems. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repositories">Repositories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Repositories">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a> (DFSG) define the distinctive meaning of the word "free" as in "<a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>".<a href="#cite_note-socialcontract-127">[126]</a> Packages that comply with these guidelines, usually under the GNU General Public License, <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses#3-clause" title="BSD licenses">Modified BSD License</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic License</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> are included inside the main area;<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> otherwise, they are included inside the non-free and contrib areas. These last two areas are not distributed within the official installation media, but they can be adopted manually.<a href="#cite_note-socialcontract-127">[126]</a> Non-free includes packages that do not comply with the DFSG,<a href="#cite_note-debian-policy-130">[129]</a> such as documentation with invariant sections and <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> and legally questionable packages.<a href="#cite_note-debian-policy-130">[129]</a> Contrib includes packages which do comply with the DFSG but fail other requirements. For example, they may depend on packages which are in non-free or requires such for building them.<a href="#cite_note-debian-policy-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have criticized the Debian project for hosting the non-free repository and because the contrib and non-free areas are easily accessible,<a href="#cite_note-Explaining_Why_We_Don't_Endorse_Other_Systems-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> an opinion echoed by some in Debian including the former project leader Wichert Akkerman.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The internal dissent in the Debian project regarding the non-free section has persisted,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> but the last time it came to a vote in 2004, the majority decided to keep it.<a href="#cite_note-nonfreeremovalvote-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-distribution_package_managers">Cross-distribution package managers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cross-distribution package managers">edit</a>]</div> The most popular optional Linux cross-distribution package manager are graphical (front-ends) package managers. They are available within the official Debian Repository but are not installed by default. They are widely popular with both Debian users and Debian software developers who are interested in installing the most recent versions of application or using the cross-distribution package manager built-in sandbox environment. While at the same time remaining in control of the security.<a href="#cite_note-:0-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-138">[137]</a> Four most popular cross-distribution package managers, sorted in alphabetical order: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppImage" title="AppImage">AppImage</a> Linux distribution-agnostic binary software deployment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatpak" title="Flatpak">Flatpak</a> software code is owned and maintained by the not for profit Flatpak Team, with an open source <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPL-2.1-or-later</a> license.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_manager)" title="Homebrew (package manager)">Homebrew</a> software code is owned and maintained by its original author Max Howell, with an open source <a href="/wiki/BSD_2-Clause_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD 2-Clause License">BSD 2-Clause License</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(software)" title="Snap (software)">Snap</a> software code is owned and maintained by the for profit <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Group">Canonical Group Limited</a>, with an open source <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License, version 3.0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Branches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Debian_version_history" title="Debian version history">Debian version history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian10-CD-Cover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Debian10-CD-Cover.png/220px-Debian10-CD-Cover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Debian10-CD-Cover.png/330px-Debian10-CD-Cover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Debian10-CD-Cover.png/440px-Debian10-CD-Cover.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>A Debian 10 Buster box cover</figcaption></figure> Three <a href="/wiki/Branching_(version_control)" title="Branching (version control)">branches</a> of Debian (also called releases, distributions or suites) are regularly maintained:<a href="#cite_note-debian-releases-139">[138]</a> <ul><li>Stable is the current release and targets stable and well-tested software needs.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Stable is made by freezing Testing for a few months where bugs are fixed and packages with too many bugs are removed; then the resulting system is released as stable. It is updated only if major security or usability fixes are incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> This branch has an optional <a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backports</a> service that provides more recent versions of some software.<a href="#cite_note-news-backports-official-67">[66]</a> Stable's CDs and DVDs can be found in the Debian website.<a href="#cite_note-jigdo-cd-111">[110]</a> The current version of Stable is codenamed bookworm.<a href="#cite_note-debian-releases-139">[138]</a></li> <li>Testing is the preview branch that will eventually become the next major release. The packages included in this branch have had some testing in unstable but they may not be fit for release yet. It contains newer packages than stable but older than unstable. This branch is updated continually until it is frozen.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> Testing's CDs and DVDs can be found on the Debian website.<a href="#cite_note-jigdo-cd-111">[110]</a> The current version of Testing is codenamed trixie. <a href="#cite_note-debian-releases-139">[138]</a></li> <li>Unstable, always codenamed sid, is the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (software)">trunk</a>. Packages are accepted without checking the distribution as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> This branch is usually run by software developers who participate in a project and need the latest libraries available, and by those who prefer <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_edge_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleeding edge technology">bleeding-edge</a> software.<a href="#cite_note-debian-releases-139">[138]</a> Debian does not provide full Sid installation discs, but rather a minimal ISO that can be used to install over a network connection. Additionally, this branch can be installed through a system upgrade from stable or testing.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li></ul> Other branches in Debian: <ul><li>Oldstable is the prior stable release.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> It is supported by the Debian Security Team until one year after a new stable is released, and since the release of Debian 6, for another two years through the Long Term Support project.<a href="#cite_note-securityfaq-142">[141]</a> Eventually, oldstable is moved to a repository for archived releases.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> Debian 11 is the current Oldstable release (since 2023-06-10).</li> <li>Oldoldstable is the prior oldstable release. It is supported by the Long Term Support community. Eventually, oldoldstable is moved to a repository for archived releases. Debian 10 is the current Oldoldstable release (since 2023-06-10).</li> <li>Experimental is a temporary staging area of highly experimental software that is likely to break the system. It is not a full distribution and missing dependencies are commonly found in unstable, where new software without the damage chance is normally uploaded.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a></li></ul> The snapshot archive provides older versions of the branches. They may be used to install a specific older version of some software.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbering_scheme">Numbering scheme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Numbering scheme">edit</a>]</div> Stable and oldstable get minor updates, called point releases; as of August 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit">[update]</a>, the stable release is version 11.7,<a href="#cite_note-bullseye-changelog-144">[143]</a> released on April 29, 2023; 18 months ago (2023-04-29), and the oldstable release is version 10.10.<a href="#cite_note-buster-changelog-145">[144]</a> The numbering scheme for the point releases up to Debian 4.0 was to include the letter r (for revision)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzog2013Section_1.6-146">[145]</a> after the main version number and then the number of the point release; for example, the latest point release of version 4.0 is 4.0r9.<a href="#cite_note-etch-release-147">[146]</a> This scheme was chosen because a new dotted version would make the old one look obsolete and vendors would have trouble selling their CDs.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> From Debian 5.0, the numbering scheme of point releases was changed, conforming to the GNU version numbering standard;<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> the first point release of Debian 5.0 was 5.0.1 instead of 5.0r1.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The numbering scheme was once again changed for the first Debian 7 update, which was version 7.1.<a href="#cite_note-wheezy-changelog-151">[150]</a> The r scheme is no longer in use, but point release announcements include a note about not throwing away old CDs.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branding">Branding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Branding">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian-OpenLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Debian-OpenLogo.svg/110px-Debian-OpenLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Debian-OpenLogo.svg/165px-Debian-OpenLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Debian-OpenLogo.svg/219px-Debian-OpenLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>The official logo (also known as open use logo) that contains the well-known Debian swirl<a href="#cite_note-:2-153">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> Debian has two logos. The official logo (also known as <q>open use logo</q>) contains the well-known Debian <q>swirl</q> and best represents the visual identity of the Debian Project. A separate, logo, also exists for use by the Debian Project and its members only.<a href="#cite_note-:2-153">[152]</a> The Debian "swirl" logo was designed by Raul Silva<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> in 1999 as part of a contest to replace the semi-official logo that had been used.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The winner of the contest received an @Debian.org <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email address</a>, and a set of Debian 2.1 install CDs for the architecture of their choice. Initially, the swirl was magic smoke arising from an also included bottle of an Arabian-style genie presented in black profile, but shortly after was reduced to the red smoke swirl for situations where space or multiple colours were not an option, and before long the bottle version effectively was superseded[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Debian#Debian_Logo" title="Talk:Debian">discuss</a>]. There has been no official statement from the Debian project on the logo's meaning, but at the time of the logo's selection, it was suggested that the logo represented the <a href="/wiki/Magic_smoke" title="Magic smoke">magic smoke</a> that made computers work.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> One theory about the origin of the Debian logo is that <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Lightyear" title="Buzz Lightyear">Buzz Lightyear</a>, the chosen character for the first named Debian release, has a swirl in his chin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrafft200566-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Zacchiroli" title="Stefano Zacchiroli">Stefano Zacchiroli</a> also suggested that this swirl is the Debian one.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Buzz Lightyear's swirl is a more likely candidate as the codenames for Debian are names of Toy Story characters. The former Debian project leader <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a> used to work for Pixar and is credited as a studio tools engineer on <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_2" title="Toy Story 2">Toy Story 2</a> (1999). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hardware">edit</a>]</div> Hardware requirements are at least those of the kernel and the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> toolsets.<a href="#cite_note-hreqs2-163">[162]</a> Debian's recommended system requirements depend on the level of installation, which corresponds to increased numbers of installed components:<a href="#cite_note-hreqs1-164">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Minimum <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> size </th> <th>Recommended RAM size </th> <th>Minimum processor clock speed (IA-32) </th> <th>Hard-drive capacity </th></tr> <tr> <td>Non-desktop </td> <td>256 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a> </td> <td>512 MiB </td> <td> </td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Desktop </td> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Gibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibibyte">GiB</a> </td> <td>2 GiB </td> <td>1 GHz </td> <td>10 GB </td></tr></tbody></table> The real minimum memory requirements depend on the architecture and may be much less than the numbers listed in this table. It is possible to install Debian with 170 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of RAM for x86-64;<a href="#cite_note-hreqs1-164">[163]</a> the installer will run in low memory mode and it is recommended to create a <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">swap partition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-installation-7-6.3-114">[113]</a> The installer for <a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a> requires about 20 MB of RAM, but relies on network hardware.<a href="#cite_note-hreqs1-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Similarly, disk space requirements, which depend on the packages to be installed, can be reduced by manually selecting the packages needed.<a href="#cite_note-hreqs1-164">[163]</a> As of May 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit">[update]</a>, no Pure Blend exists that would lower the hardware requirements easily.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> It is possible to run <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> on older or low-end systems. However, the installation of <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window managers</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a> is recommended, as desktop environments are more resource intensive. Requirements for individual software vary widely and must be considered, with those of the base operating environment.<a href="#cite_note-hreqs1-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectures">Architectures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Architectures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg/220px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg/330px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg/440px-HP-HP9000-C110-Workstation_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> C110 <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> booting Debian Lenny</figcaption></figure> As of the upcoming Trixie release<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit">[update]</a>, the official ports are:<a href="#cite_note-packages_base-files-167">[166]</a> <ul><li>amd64: <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> architecture with 64-bit userland and supporting 32-bit software</li> <li>arm64: ARMv8-A architecture<a href="#cite_note-two-ports-168">[167]</a></li> <li>armel: Little-<a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endian</a> <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM architecture</a> (ARMv4T instruction set)<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> on various embedded systems (embedded <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">application binary interface</a> (EABI)), although support has ended after Buster</li> <li>armhf: ARM hard-float architecture (ARMv7 instruction set) requiring hardware with a <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">floating-point unit</a></li> <li>i386: <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> architecture with 32-bit userland, compatible with x86-64 machines<a href="#cite_note-hreqs2-163">[162]</a></li> <li>mips64el: Little-endian 64-bit MIPS</li> <li>mipsel: Little-endian 32-bit MIPS</li> <li>ppc64el: Little-endian <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture supporting <a href="/wiki/POWER7" title="POWER7">POWER7</a>+ and <a href="/wiki/POWER8" title="POWER8">POWER8</a> CPUs<a href="#cite_note-two-ports-168">[167]</a></li> <li>riscv64: 64-bit <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></li> <li>s390x: z/Architecture with 64-bit userland, intended to replace s390<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li></ul> Unofficial ports are available as part of the unstable distribution:<a href="#cite_note-packages_base-files-167">[166]</a> <ul><li>alpha: <a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a> architecture</li> <li>hppa: HP <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a> architecture</li> <li>hurd-i386: <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> kernel on <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> architecture</li> <li>ia64: <a href="/wiki/Intel_Itanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Itanium">Intel Itanium</a></li> <li>loong64: <a href="/wiki/Loongson#LoongArch" title="Loongson">LoongArch</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></li> <li>m68k: <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68k</a> architecture on <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> and various embedded <a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a> systems</li> <li>powerpc: 32-bit PowerPC</li> <li>ppc64: <a href="/wiki/Ppc64" title="Ppc64">PowerPC64</a> architecture supporting 64-bit PowerPC CPUs with <a href="/wiki/AltiVec" title="AltiVec">VMX</a></li> <li>sh4: Hitachi <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a> architecture</li> <li>sparc64: Sun <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> architecture with 64-bit userland</li> <li>x32: <a href="/wiki/X32_ABI" title="X32 ABI">x32 ABI</a> userland for x86-64<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></li></ul> Debian supports a variety of <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a> devices. The <a href="/wiki/NSLU2" title="NSLU2">NSLU2</a> was supported by the installer in Debian 4.0 and 5.0,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Michlmayr" title="Martin Michlmayr">Martin Michlmayr</a> is providing installation <a href="/wiki/Tar_(computing)" title="Tar (computing)">tarballs</a> since version 6.0.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Other supported NAS devices are the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_network-attached_storage_series" title="Buffalo network-attached storage series">Buffalo</a> Kurobox Pro,<a href="#cite_note-new-in-lenny-arm-176">[175]</a> GLAN Tank, Thecus N2100<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> and QNAP Turbo Stations.<a href="#cite_note-new-in-lenny-arm-176">[175]</a> Devices based on the Kirkwood <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> (SoC) are supported too, such as the <a href="/wiki/SheevaPlug" title="SheevaPlug">SheevaPlug</a> plug computer and OpenRD products.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> There are efforts to run Debian on mobile devices, but this is not a project goal yet since the Debian Linux kernel maintainers would not apply the needed patches.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Nevertheless, there are packages for resource-limited systems.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> There are efforts to support Debian on <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Debian is known to run on set-top boxes.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Work is ongoing to support the AM335x processor,<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> which is used in <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">electronic point of service</a> solutions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Debian may be customized to run on cash machines.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a>, a low-power <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> single-board computer (made by Texas Instruments) has switched to Debian Linux preloaded on its Beaglebone Black board's flash. Roqos Core, manufactured by Roqos, is a x86-64 based IPS firewall router running Debian Linux. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">General Resolution</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0; text-align: left;">elect↓</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0; text-align: right;">override↓</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Leader</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0; text-align: left;">↓appoint</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Delegate</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0; text-align: left;">↓decide</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Developer</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border: 0; text-align: right;">propose↑</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> </tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Simplified organizational structure</div></div></div> Debian's policies and team efforts focus on <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software_development_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative software development model">collaborative software development and testing processes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-debfaq-def-6">[6]</a> As a result, a new major release tends to occur every two years with revision releases that fix security issues and important problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzog2013Section_1.6-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-two-year-cycle-65">[64]</a> The Debian project is a volunteer organization with three foundational documents: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Debian_Social_Contract" title="Debian Social Contract">Debian Social Contract</a> defines a set of basic principles by which the project and its developers conduct affairs.<a href="#cite_note-socialcontract-127">[126]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a> define the criteria for "free software" and thus what software is permissible in the distribution. These guidelines have been adopted as the basis of the <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>. Although this document can be considered separate, it formally is part of the Social Contract.<a href="#cite_note-socialcontract-127">[126]</a></li> <li>The Debian Constitution describes the organizational structure for formal decision-making within the project, and enumerates the powers and responsibilities of the Project Leader, the Secretary and other roles.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-33">[32]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Debian developer population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Debian developers">DD</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/1999/vote_0001#quorum">1999</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">347</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2000/vote_0007#quorum">2000</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">347</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2001/vote_0001#quorum">2001</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">?</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2002/vote_0001#quorum">2002</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">939</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2003/vote_0001#quorum">2003</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">831</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2004/vote_001.quorum.log">2004</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">911</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2005/vote_001.quorum.log">2005</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">965</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001_quorum.log">2006</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">972</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2007/vote_001_quorum.log">2007</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,036</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2008/vote_001_quorum.log">2008</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,075</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2009/vote_001_quorum.log">2009</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,013</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2010/vote_001_quorum.log">2010</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">886</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2011/vote_001_quorum.log">2011</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">911</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2012/vote_001_quorum.log">2012</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">948</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2013/vote_001_quorum.log">2013</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">988</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2014/vote_001_quorum.log">2014</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,003</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2015/vote_001_quorum.log">2015</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,033</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2016/vote_001_quorum.log">2016</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2017/vote_001_quorum.log">2017</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,062</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2018/vote_001_quorum.log">2018</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,001</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2019/vote_001_quorum.log">2019</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,003</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2020/vote_001_quorum.log">2020</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,011</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2021/vote_001_quorum.log">2021</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,018</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2022/vote_001_quorum.log">2022</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2023/vote_001_quorum.log">2023</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">996</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/2024/vote_001_quorum.log">2024</a> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,010</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.debian.org/vote/">Debian Voting Information</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Debian developers are organized in a <a href="/wiki/Web_of_trust" title="Web of trust">web of trust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2013143-186">[185]</a> There are at present<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit">[update]</a> about one thousand active Debian developers,<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> but it is possible to contribute to the project without being an official developer.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> The project maintains official <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a> and conferences for communication and coordination between developers.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> For issues with single packages and other tasks,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> a public <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bug</a> tracking system is used by developers and end users. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> is also used for communication among developers<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> and to provide real time help.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Debian is supported by donations made to organizations authorized by the leader.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-33">[32]</a> The largest supporter is <a href="/wiki/Software_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Software in the Public Interest">Software in the Public Interest</a>, the owner of the Debian trademark, manager of the monetary donations<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> for various other community free software projects.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> A Project Leader is elected once per year by the developers. The leader has special powers, but they are not absolute, and appoints delegates to perform specialized tasks. Delegates make decisions as they think is best, taking into account technical criteria and consensus. By way of a General Resolution, the developers may recall the leader, reverse a decision made by the leader or a delegate, amend foundational documents and make other binding decisions.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-33">[32]</a> The voting method is based on the <a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a> (Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping).<a href="#cite_note-vote-info-34">[33]</a> <table id="Containerdebian-project-leaders" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:15.9em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Titledebian-project-leaders" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Debian_project_leaders" title="List of Debian project leaders">Debian project leaders</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navboxdebian-project-leaders" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This box: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Debian_project_leaders_graphical_timeline" title="Template:Debian project leaders graphical timeline">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Debian_project_leaders_graphical_timeline" title="Template talk:Debian project leaders graphical timeline">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Debian_project_leaders_graphical_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Debian project leaders graphical timeline">edit</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scaledebian-project-leaders" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:36em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1993 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1994 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1995 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1996 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1997 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.98em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1998 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)">1999 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.19em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2000 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2001 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2002 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2003 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.28em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.72em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2004 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.60em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2005 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2006 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.37em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2007 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2008 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2009 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.02em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2010 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2011 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.35em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2012 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.23em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2013 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.12em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2014 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2015 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2016 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2017 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2018 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.98em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2019 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2020 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.74em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2021 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.19em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2022 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.07em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2023 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2024 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.28em;transform:translateY(-50%)">2025 —</div></td><td id="Timelinedebian-project-leaders" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:10em;height:36em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#6ca;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:32.473em;height:2.880em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.440em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murdock" title="Ian Murdock">Ian Murdock</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ff9;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.419em;height:2.054em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.027em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#6cf;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.213em;height:1.206em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.603em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Jackson" title="Ian Jackson">Ian Jackson</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c96;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.791em;height:2.422em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.211em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Wichert Akkerman</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#fcc;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:25.674em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Ben Collins</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#9f9;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.659em;height:1.016em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.508em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bdale_Garbee" title="Bdale Garbee">Bdale Garbee</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#96c;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.326em;height:2.333em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.167em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Michlmayr" title="Martin Michlmayr">Martin Michlmayr</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#cc6;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.209em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Branden Robinson</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccc;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.093em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Anthony Towns</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f66;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.977em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hocevar" title="Sam Hocevar">Sam Hocevar</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#6c6;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:16.744em;height:2.233em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.116em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Steve McIntyre</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:13.395em;height:3.349em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.674em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Zacchiroli" title="Stefano Zacchiroli">Stefano Zacchiroli</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c66;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.163em;height:2.233em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.116em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Lucas Nussbaum</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f9c;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.047em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Neil McGovern</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#396;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.930em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Mehdi Dogguy</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ff3;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.698em;height:2.233em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.116em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lamb_(software_developer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Lamb (software developer)">Chris Lamb</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ef40d3;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.581em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Sam Hartman</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#10fc4f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.116em;height:4.465em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.233em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Jonathan Carter</div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#5436c2;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.116em;left:0.000em;width:10.000em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.558em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5">Andreas Tille</div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Captiondebian-project-leaders" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Captiondebian-project-leaders" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:14.75em"></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Project leadership is distributed occasionally. Branden Robinson was helped by the Project <a href="/wiki/Scud_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud (dog)">Scud</a>, a team of developers that assisted the leader,<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> but there were concerns that such leadership would split Debian into two developer classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrafft200534-197">[196]</a> Anthony Towns created a supplemental position, Second In Charge (2IC), that shared some powers of the leader.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Steve McIntyre was 2IC and had a 2IC himself.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> One important role in Debian's leadership is that of a <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">release</a> manager.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The release team sets goals for the next release, supervises the processes and decides when to release. The team is led by the next release managers and stable release managers.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Release assistants were introduced in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developers">Developers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Developers">edit</a>]</div> The Debian Project has an influx of applicants wishing to become developers.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> These applicants must undergo a vetting process which establishes their identity, motivation, understanding of the project's principles, and technical competence.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> This process has become much harder throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzog201313-205">[204]</a> Debian developers join the project for many reasons. Some that have been cited include: <ul><li>Debian is their main operating system and they want to promote Debian<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></li> <li>To improve the support for their favorite technology<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></li> <li>They are involved with a Debian derivative<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></li> <li>A desire to contribute back to the <a href="/wiki/Free-software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-software community">free-software community</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></li> <li>To make their Debian maintenance work easier<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></li></ul> Debian developers may resign their positions at any time or, when deemed necessary, they can be expelled.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-33">[32]</a> Those who follow the retiring protocol are granted the "emeritus" status and they may regain their membership through a shortened new member process.<a href="#cite_note-developer-duties-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 25ex;"> <table style="margin: 0 auto 1ex auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 5ex"> </td> <td style="width: 1ex"> </td> <td style="width: 5ex"> </td> <td style="width: 4ex"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid">upstream </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: larger">↓ </td> <td align="left" colspan="2">packaging </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid">package </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: larger">↓ </td> <td align="left" colspan="2">upload </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid">incoming </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: larger">↓ </td> <td align="left" colspan="2">checks </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #333; border: 1px solid #000; color: #fff">unstable </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: larger">↓ </td> <td align="left" colspan="2">migration </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #333; border: 1px solid #000; color: #fff">testing </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: larger">↓ </td> <td align="left" colspan="2">freeze </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #999; border: 1px solid #000; color: #fff">frozen </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: larger">↓ </td> <td align="left" colspan="2">release </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #333; border: 1px solid #000; color: #fff">stable </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="thumbcaption">Flowchart of the life cycle of a Debian package</div></div></div> Each software package has a maintainer that may be either one person or a team of Debian developers and non-developer maintainers.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> The maintainer keeps track of <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(software_development)" title="Upstream (software development)">upstream</a> releases, and ensures that the package coheres with the rest of the distribution and meets the standards of quality of Debian. Packages may include modifications introduced by Debian to achieve compliance with Debian Policy, even to fix non-Debian specific bugs, although coordination with upstream developers is advised.<a href="#cite_note-developer-duties-211">[210]</a> The maintainer releases a new version by uploading the package to the "incoming" system, which verifies the integrity of the packages and their <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a>. If the package is found to be valid, it is installed in the package archive into an area called the "pool" and distributed every day to hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Web_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mirror">mirrors</a> worldwide. The upload must be signed using <a href="/wiki/OpenPGP" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenPGP">OpenPGP</a>-compatible software.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> All Debian developers have individual <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">cryptographic key pairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Developers are responsible for any package they upload even if the packaging was prepared by another contributor.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Initially, an accepted package is only available in the unstable branch.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> For a package to become a candidate for the next release, it must migrate to the Testing branch by meeting the following:<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <ul><li>It has been in unstable for a certain length of time that depends on the urgency of the changes.</li> <li>It does not have "release-critical" bugs, except for the ones already present in Testing. Release-critical bugs are those considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release.</li> <li>There are no outdated versions in unstable for any release ports.</li> <li>The migration does not break any packages in Testing.</li> <li>Its dependencies can be satisfied by packages already in Testing or by packages being migrated at the same time.</li> <li>The migration is not blocked by a freeze.</li></ul> Thus, a release-critical bug in a new version of a shared library on which many packages depend may prevent those packages from entering Testing, because the updated library must meet the requirements too.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> From the branch viewpoint, the migration process happens twice per day, rendering Testing in <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_beta" title="Perpetual beta">perpetual beta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> Periodically, the release team publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release. A new release occurs after a freeze, when all important software is reasonably up-to-date in the Testing branch and any other significant issues are solved. At that time, all packages in the testing branch become the new stable branch.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> Although freeze dates are time-based,<a href="#cite_note-two-year-cycle-65">[64]</a> release dates are not, which are announced by the release managers a couple of weeks beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> A version of a package can belong to more than one branch, usually testing and unstable. It is possible for a package to keep the same version between stable releases and be part of oldstable, stable, testing and unstable at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Each branch can be seen as a collection of pointers into the package "pool" mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-distributions-129">[128]</a> One way to resolve the challenge of a release-critical bug in a new application version is the use of <a href="#Cross-distribution_package_manager">optional package managers</a>. They allow software developers to use sandbox environments, while at the same time remaining in control of security.<a href="#cite_note-:0-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-138">[137]</a> Another benefit of a cross-distribution package manager is that they allow application developers to directly provide updates to users without going through distributions, and without having to package and test the application separately for each distribution.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release_cycle">Release cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Release cycle">edit</a>]</div> A new stable branch of Debian gets released approximately every 2 years. It will receive official support for about 3 years with update for major security or usability fixes. Point releases will be available every several months as determined by Stable Release Managers (SRM).<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Debian also launched its Long Term Support (LTS) project since Debian 6 (Debian Squeeze). For each Debian release, it will receive two years of extra security updates provided by LTS Team after its End Of Life (EOL). However, no point releases will be made. Now each Debian release can receive 5 years of security support in total.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> The Debian project handles security through <a href="/wiki/Full_disclosure_(computer_security)" title="Full disclosure (computer security)">public disclosure</a>. Debian security advisories are compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures" title="Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures">Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures</a> dictionary, are usually coordinated with other free software vendors and are published the same day a vulnerability is made public.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> There used to be a security audit project that focused on packages in the stable release looking for security bugs;<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Steve Kemp, who started the project, retired in 2011 but resumed his activities and applied to rejoin in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> The stable branch is supported by the Debian security team; oldstable is supported for one year.<a href="#cite_note-securityfaq-142">[141]</a> Although Squeeze is not officially supported, Debian is coordinating an effort to provide <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">long-term support</a> (LTS) until February 2016, five years after the initial release, but only for the IA-32 and x86-64 platforms.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Testing is supported by the testing security team, but does not receive updates in as timely a manner as stable.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Unstable's security is left for the package maintainers.<a href="#cite_note-securityfaq-142">[141]</a> The Debian project offers documentation and tools to <a href="/wiki/Hardening_(computing)" title="Hardening (computing)">harden</a> a Debian installation both manually and automatically.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a> support is available and enabled by default since Buster.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Debian provides an optional hardening wrapper, and does not harden all of its software by default using <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/Position-independent_code" title="Position-independent code">PIE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow_protection" title="Buffer overflow protection">buffer overflow protection</a>, unlike operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> but tries to build as many packages as possible with hardening flags.<a href="#cite_note-new-in-7-233">[232]</a> In May 2008, a Debian developer discovered that the <a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a> package distributed with Debian and derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> made a variety of security keys vulnerable to a <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generator_attack" title="Random number generator attack">random number generator attack</a>, since only 32,767 different keys were generated.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-garfinkel-236">[235]</a> The security weakness was caused by changes made in 2006 by another Debian developer in response to memory debugger warnings.<a href="#cite_note-garfinkel-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> The complete resolution procedure was cumbersome because patching the security hole was not enough; it involved regenerating all affected keys and certificates.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value">Value</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Value">edit</a>]</div> The cost of developing all of the packages included in Debian 5.0 Lenny (323 million lines of code) has been estimated to be about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>8 billion, using one method based on the <a href="/wiki/COCOMO" title="COCOMO">COCOMO</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-measuring-lenny-239">[238]</a> As of May 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit">[update]</a>, Black Duck <a href="/wiki/Open_Hub" title="Open Hub">Open Hub</a> estimated that the current <a href="/wiki/Codebase" title="Codebase">codebase</a> (74 million lines of code) would cost about US$1.6 billion to develop, using a different method based on the same model.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forks_and_derivatives">Forks and derivatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Forks and derivatives">edit</a>]</div> A large number of <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> and derivatives have been built upon Debian over the years. Among the more notable are <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical Ltd.</a> and first released in 2004, which has surpassed Debian in popularity with desktop users;<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a>, first released in the year 2000 and one of the first distributions optimized to <a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">boot from external storage</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Devuan" title="Devuan">Devuan</a>, which gained attention in 2014 when it forked in disagreement over Debian's adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a> software suite, and has been mirroring Debian releases since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phoronix-244">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a> Debian Edition (<a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">LMDE</a>) uses Debian Stable as the software source base since 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivatives_and_flavors">Derivatives and flavors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Derivatives and flavors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions#Debian-based" title="List of Linux distributions">List of Linux distributions § Debian-based</a></div> Debian is one of the most popular Linux distributions, and many other distributions have been created from the Debian codebase.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a> lists 121 active Debian derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The Debian project provides its derivatives with guidelines for best practices and encourages derivatives to merge their work back into Debian.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertzog2013429-248">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debian_Pure_Blend" title="Debian Pure Blend">Debian Pure Blends</a> are subsets of a Debian release configured out-of-the-box for users with particular skills and interests.<a href="#cite_note-debian-pure-blends-249">[248]</a> For example, Debian Jr. is made for children, while <a href="/wiki/Debian_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Science">Debian Science</a> is for researchers and scientists.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> The complete Debian distribution includes all available Debian Pure Blends.<a href="#cite_note-debian-pure-blends-249">[248]</a> "Debian Blend" (without "Pure") is a term for a Debian-based distribution that strives to become part of mainstream Debian, and have its extra features included in future releases.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debian_GNU/Hurd">Debian GNU/Hurd</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Debian GNU/Hurd">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurd-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hurd-logo.svg/110px-Hurd-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hurd-logo.svg/165px-Hurd-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hurd-logo.svg/220px-Hurd-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Logo of GNU Hurd</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png/220px-Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png/330px-Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png/440px-Debian_GNU_HURD_XFCE_desktop_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Debian GNU/Hurd running on <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a></figcaption></figure> Debian GNU/Hurd is a flavor based on the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a> kernel (which, in turn, runs on the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a> <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>), instead of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. Debian GNU/Hurd has been in development since 1998,<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> and made a formal release in May 2013, with 78% of the software packaged for Debian GNU/Linux ported to the GNU Hurd.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Hurd is not yet an official Debian release, and is maintained and developed as an unofficial port. Debian GNU/Hurd is distributed as an installer CD (running the official Debian installer) or ready-to-run <a href="/wiki/Virtual_disk_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual disk image">virtual disk image</a> (<a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a>). The CD uses the <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> architecture, making it compatible with <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> PCs. The current version of Debian GNU/Hurd is 2023, published in June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-news-254">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD">Debian GNU/kFreeBSD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Debian GNU/kFreeBSD">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horned_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Horned_logo.svg/110px-Horned_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Horned_logo.svg/165px-Horned_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Horned_logo.svg/220px-Horned_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Logo of Debian GNU/kFreeBSD</figcaption></figure> Debian GNU/kFreeBSD is a discontinued<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Debian flavor. It used the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> and <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">userland</a>. The majority of software in Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was built from the same sources as Debian, with some kernel packages from <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>. The k in kFreeBSD is an abbreviation for kernel, which refers to the FreeBSD kernel. Before discontinuing the project, Debian maintained i386 and amd64 ports. The last version of Debian kFreeBSD was Debian 8 (Jessie) RC3. Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was created in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> It was included in Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) as a <a href="/wiki/Technology_preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology preview">technology preview</a>, and in Debian 7 (Wheezy) as an official port.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Debian GNU/kFreeBSD was discontinued as an officially supported platform as of Debian 8. Debian developers cited <a href="/wiki/Open_Sound_System" title="Open Sound System">OSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/PF_(firewall)" title="PF (firewall)">pf</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">jails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> as reasons for being interested in the FreeBSD kernel.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> It has not been officially updated since Debian 8.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> However, starting in July 2019, the operating system continued to be maintained unofficially.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a>As of July 2023, the development of Debian GNU/kFreeBSD has officially terminated due to the lack of interest and developers.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/23px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/35px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/47px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armbian" title="Armbian">Armbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_operating_systems" title="Comparison of mobile operating systems">Comparison of mobile operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_version_history" title="Debian version history">Debian version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Debian_project_leaders" title="List of Debian project leaders">List of Debian project leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">List of open source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobian" title="Mobian">Mobian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Optionally allows the installation of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">non-free firmware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">software</a><a href="#cite_note-Explaining_Why_We_Don't_Endorse_Other_Systems-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-General_Resolution:_non-free_firmware:_results-9">[9]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/detailed.en.html#rel-0">"Chapter 4. A Detailed History"</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+4.+A+Detailed+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fdoc%2Fmanuals%2Fproject-history%2Fdetailed.en.html%23rel-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.debian.org/ports/">"Debian -- Ports"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122100500/http://www.debian.org/ports/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+--+Ports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-release/2019/08/msg00582.html">"Dropping mips architecture for bullseye and sid"</a>. August 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dropping+mips+architecture+for+bullseye+and+sid&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-release%2F2019%2F08%2Fmsg00582.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2023/09/msg00000.html">"mipsel removed from unstable/experimental"</a>. 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Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990117033720/https://www.debian.org/intro/about">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 1999. 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Retrieved May 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Debian+GNU%2FLinux+Installation+Guide&rft.atitle=4.3.+Preparing+Files+for+USB+Memory+Stick+Booting&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Freleases%2Fsqueeze%2Famd64%2Fch04s03.html%23usb-copy-isohybrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deb-ref-2-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deb-ref-2_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deb-ref-2_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deb-ref-2_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deb-ref-2_119-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch02.en.html">"Chapter 2. Debian package management"</a>. Debian Reference. Debian. 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Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509052934/http://packages.debian.org/stable/dpkg">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Package%3A+dpkg+%281.16.15%29+%26%2391%3Bsecurity%26%2393%3B+%26%2391%3Bessential%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackages.debian.org%2Fstable%2Fdpkg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manpages.debian.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=dpkg">"dpkg"</a>. Debian. June 5, 2012. 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Retrieved June 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=10+Expert+Ubuntu+Tricks&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F163019%2Fubuntu_tricks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/stable/software-center">"Package: software-center (5.1.2debian3.1)"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706170439/https://packages.debian.org/stable/software-center">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Package%3A+software-center+%285.1.2debian3.1%29&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackages.debian.org%2Fstable%2Fsoftware-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/stable/synaptic">"Package: synaptic (0.75.13)"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706173039/https://packages.debian.org/stable/synaptic">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Package%3A+synaptic+%280.75.13%29&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackages.debian.org%2Fstable%2Fsynaptic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/stable/apper">"Package: apper (0.7.2-5)"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706185202/https://packages.debian.org/stable/apper">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. 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Retrieved June 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+Social+Contract&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fsocial_contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/">"License information"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720142826/https://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2017. 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Resources for Debian Developers"</a>. Debian Developer's Reference. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025010313/http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2008. 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Debian. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629002111/https://www.debian.org/vote/2006/vote_001#amendmenttexta">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Resolution%3A+Why+the+GNU+Free+Documentation+License+is+not+suitable+for+Debian+main&rft.pub=Debian&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fvote%2F2006%2Fvote_001%23amendmenttexta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/stable/fglrx-driver">"Package: fglrx-driver (1:12-6+point-3) [non-free]"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200624/https://packages.debian.org/stable/fglrx-driver">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. 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Retrieved July 9, 2014. <q>What makes Debian unacceptable is that its inclusion of non-free software is not a mistake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Debian+vs+gNewSense+%E2%80%93+FS+criteria&rft.pub=lists.nongnu.org&rft.date=2007-10-06&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.nongnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fgnuherds-app-dev%2F2007-10%2Fmsg00049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkerman1999" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Akkerman, Wichert (June 21, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-vote/1999/06/msg00043.html">"Moving contrib and non-free of master.debian.org"</a>. debian-vote (Mailing list). 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Debian. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112200525/https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/ch03s04.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Debian+GNU%2FLinux+Installation+Guide&rft.atitle=3.4.+Meeting+Minimum+Hardware+Requirements&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Freleases%2Fstable%2Famd64%2Fch03s04.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/releases/jessie/s390x/ch05s01.html.en">"5.1. Booting the Installer on S/390"</a>. Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide. 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Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192707/http://www.debian.org/releases/lenny/arm/release-notes/ch-whats-new.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Release+Notes+for+Debian+GNU%2FLinux+5.0+%28lenny%29%2C+ARM&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+What%27s+new+in+Debian+GNU%2FLinux+5.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Freleases%2Flenny%2Farm%2Frelease-notes%2Fch-whats-new.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/releases/etch/arm/release-notes/ch-whats-new.en.html">"Chapter 2 – What's new in Debian GNU/Linux 4.0"</a>. 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Retrieved July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Release+Notes+for+Debian+GNU%2FLinux+6.0+%28squeeze%29%2C+ARM+EABI&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+What%27s+new+in+Debian+GNU%2FLinux+6.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Freleases%2Fsqueeze%2Farmel%2Frelease-notes%2Fch-whats-new.en.html%23newforarm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/News/weekly/2012/24/index.en.html#mobiles">"Debian Project News – December 10th, 2012"</a>. Debian. December 10, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706181403/https://www.debian.org/News/weekly/2012/24/index.en.html#mobiles">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+Project+News+%E2%80%93+December+10th%2C+2012&rft.pub=Debian&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2FNews%2Fweekly%2F2012%2F24%2Findex.en.html%23mobiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://packages.debian.org/wheezy/matchbox">"Package: matchbox (1:5)"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706173217/https://packages.debian.org/wheezy/matchbox">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Package%3A+matchbox+%281%3A5%29&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpackages.debian.org%2Fwheezy%2Fmatchbox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2005" class="citation web cs1">Hess, Joey (September 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianWRT?action=recall&rev=1">"DebianWRT"</a>. Debian Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021035550/https://wiki.debian.org/DebianWRT?action=recall&rev=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DebianWRT&rft.pub=Debian+Wiki&rft.date=2005-09-23&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Joey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.debian.org%2FDebianWRT%3Faction%3Drecall%26rev%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/News/weekly/2013/21/#minidebconfs">"Debian Project News – December 2nd, 2013"</a>. Debian. 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Debian Wiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021053131/https://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/TI/BeagleBone?action=recall&rev=1">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014. 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Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706171828/https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_u">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+New+Member+%E2%80%93+Status+DD%2C+upl.&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnm.debian.org%2Fpublic%2Fpeople%2Fdd_u&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_nu">"Debian New Member – Status DD, non-upl"</a>. Debian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706171252/https://nm.debian.org/public/people/dd_nu">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+New+Member+%E2%80%93+Status+DD%2C+non-upl.&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnm.debian.org%2Fpublic%2Fpeople%2Fdd_nu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/intro/help">"How can you help Debian?"</a>. Debian. April 30, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516222212/http://www.debian.org/intro/help">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2014. 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Retrieved July 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2Fpub%2Fdebian-meetings&rft.pub=Debian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeetings-archive.debian.net%2Fpub%2Fdebian-meetings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/pseudo-packages">"Debian bug tracking system pseudo-packages"</a>. Debian. December 8, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213442/https://www.debian.org/Bugs/pseudo-packages">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2014. 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Retrieved December 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=Meet+Devuan%2C+the+Debian+fork+born+from+a+bitter+systemd+revolt&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F2854717%2Fmeet-devuan-the-debian-fork-born-from-a-bitter-systemd-revolt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoronix-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Phoronix_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTg1MDQ">"Devuan: Debian Without Systemd"</a>. 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Retrieved July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lists.debian.org&rft.atitle=debian-bsd+Jul+2019+by+thread&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-bsd%2F2019%2F07%2Fthreads.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927064527/https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2023/07/msg00176.html">"Debian official announcement"</a>. July 14, 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2023/07/msg00176.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debian+official+announcement&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.debian.org%2Fdebian-devel%2F2023%2F07%2Fmsg00176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2013" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, E. Gabriella (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codingf_col_2013_00_9193">Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14461-0"><bdi>978-0-691-14461-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coding+Freedom%3A+The+Ethics+and+Aesthetics+of+Hacking&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14461-0&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=E.+Gabriella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcodingf_col_2013_00_9193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzog2013" class="citation book cs1">Hertzog, Raphaël (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://debian-handbook.info/browse/stable/sect.release-lifecycle.html">The Debian Administrator's Handbook</a>. Freexian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-91414-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-91414-03-6"><bdi>979-10-91414-03-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debian+Administrator%27s+Handbook&rft.pub=Freexian&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=979-10-91414-03-6&rft.aulast=Hertzog&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdebian-handbook.info%2Fbrowse%2Fstable%2Fsect.release-lifecycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrafft2005" class="citation book cs1">Krafft, Martin F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLC36PmPVtAC">The Debian System: Concepts and Techniques</a>. No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-069-8"><bdi>978-1-59327-069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debian+System%3A+Concepts+and+Techniques&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-069-8&rft.aulast=Krafft&rft.aufirst=Martin+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLC36PmPVtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Debian&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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distributions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linux_distributions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//e/_(operating_system)" title="/e/ (operating system)">/e/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android-x86#Project_Celadon" title="Android-x86">Celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_Android_(operating_system)" title="Paranoid Android (operating system)">Paranoid Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArchBang" title="ArchBang">ArchBang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artix_Linux" title="Artix Linux">Artix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackArch" title="BlackArch">BlackArch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EndeavourOS" title="EndeavourOS">EndeavourOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugalware_Linux" title="Frugalware Linux">Frugalware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Linux" title="Garuda Linux">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre">Hyperbola GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinHES" title="LinHES">LinHES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjaro" title="Manjaro">Manjaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre" title="Parabola GNU/Linux-libre">Parabola GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a> (3.0 onwards)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemRescue" title="SystemRescue">SystemRescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Official: <a href="/wiki/Edubuntu" title="Edubuntu">Edubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubuntu" title="Kubuntu">Kubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubuntu" title="Lubuntu">Lubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Budgie" title="Ubuntu Budgie">Ubuntu Budgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Cinnamon" title="Ubuntu Cinnamon">Ubuntu Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Kylin" title="Ubuntu Kylin">Ubuntu Kylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_MATE" title="Ubuntu MATE">Ubuntu MATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Studio" title="Ubuntu Studio">Ubuntu Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Unity" title="Ubuntu Unity">Ubuntu Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xubuntu" title="Xubuntu">Xubuntu</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Derivatives: <a href="/wiki/BackBox" title="BackBox">BackBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Linux" title="Bodhi Linux">Bodhi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_OS" title="Elementary OS">elementary OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmabunt%C3%BCs" title="Emmabuntüs">Emmabuntüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_neon" title="KDE neon">KDE neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freespire" title="Freespire">Freespire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Lite" title="Linux Lite">Linux Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LXLE_Linux" title="LXLE Linux">LXLE Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(operating_system)" title="Nova (operating system)">Nova OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint_OS" title="Peppermint OS">Peppermint OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop!_OS" title="Pop! OS">Pop! OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisquel" title="Trisquel">Trisquel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_GNU/Linux" title="Uruk GNU/Linux">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubuntu" title="Wubuntu">Wubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorin_OS" title="Zorin OS">Zorin OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AntiX" title="AntiX">antiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Linux" title="Astra Linux">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Operating_System_Solutions" title="Bharat Operating System Solutions">Bharat Operating System Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlankOn_Linux" title="BlankOn Linux">BlankOn Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_OS" title="Commodore OS">Commodore OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux" title="Damn Small Linux">Damn Small Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepin" title="Deepin">deepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devuan" title="Devuan">Devuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elive" title="Elive">Elive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Endless OS">Endless OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomBox" title="FreedomBox">FreedomBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisen_Linux" title="Kaisen Linux">Kaisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Linux" title="Kali Linux">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanotix" title="Kanotix">Kanotix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Linux" title="MX Linux">MX Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrot_OS" title="Parrot OS">Parrot OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q4OS" title="Q4OS">Q4OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SparkyLinux" title="SparkyLinux">SparkyLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolydXK" title="SolydXK">SolydXK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Operating_System" title="Unity Operating System">UOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CentOS_Stream" title="CentOS Stream">CentOS Stream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlmaLinux" title="AlmaLinux">AlmaLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Linux" title="Miracle Linux">MIRACLE LINUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Linux" title="Oracle Linux">Oracle Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Linux" title="Rocky Linux">Rocky Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Toolkit" title="Network Security Toolkit">Network Security Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobara_Linux" title="Nobara Linux">Nobara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_OS" title="Red Star OS">Red Star OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_Linux" title="Ultramarine Linux">Ultramarine Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculate_Linux" title="Calculate Linux">Calculate Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoo" title="Pentoo">Pentoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandrake_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandrake Linux">Mandrake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALT_Linux" title="ALT Linux">ALT Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCLinuxOS" title="PCLinuxOS">PCLinuxOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandriva_Linux" title="Mandriva Linux">Mandriva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageia" title="Mageia">Mageia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMandriva_Lx" title="OpenMandriva Lx">OpenMandriva Lx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSA_Linux" title="ROSA Linux">ROSA Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrumi_Linux" title="Austrumi Linux">Austrumi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteus_(operating_system)" title="Porteus (operating system)">Porteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salix_OS" title="Salix OS">Salix OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenwalk" title="Zenwalk">Zenwalk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Enterprise_Server" title="Open Enterprise Server">Open Enterprise Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeckoLinux" title="GeckoLinux">GeckoLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4MLinux" title="4MLinux">4MLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHAOS_(operating_system)" title="CHAOS (operating system)">CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_Linux" title="Chimera Linux">Chimera Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Linux_OS" title="Clear Linux OS">Clear Linux OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRUX" title="CRUX">CRUX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwort_Linux" title="Kwort Linux">Kwort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoboLinux" title="GoboLinux">GoboLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Guix System">Guix SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiOS" title="KaiOS">KaiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaOS" title="KaOS">KaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_Linux" title="Puppy Linux">Puppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_Mage" title="Source Mage">Source Mage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solus_(operating_system)" title="Solus (operating system)">Solus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_SDE" title="T2 SDE">T2 SDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux" title="Tiny Core Linux">Tiny Core Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_Linux" title="Void Linux">Void</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIUI" title="MIUI">MIUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArchLabs" title="ArchLabs">ArchLabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antergos" title="Antergos">Antergos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(operating_system)" title="Chakra (operating system)">Chakra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ubuntu: <a href="/wiki/Asturix" title="Asturix">Asturix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lab_Linux" title="Black Lab Linux">Black Lab Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cub_Linux" title="Cub Linux">Cub Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobuntu" title="Gobuntu">Gobuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOS_(operating_system)" title="GOS (operating system)">gOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Caixa_M%C3%A1gica" title="Linux Caixa Mágica">Linux Caixa Mágica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinuxTLE" title="LinuxTLE">LinuxTLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinguy_OS" title="Pinguy OS">Pinguy OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabily" title="Sabily">Sabily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_GNOME" title="Ubuntu GNOME">Ubuntu GNOME</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other derivatives: <a href="/wiki/BackTrack" title="BackTrack">BackTrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corel_Linux" title="Corel Linux">Corel Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrunchBang_Linux" title="CrunchBang Linux">CrunchBang Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoudouLinux" title="DoudouLinux">DoudouLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamlinux" title="Dreamlinux">Dreamlinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather Linux">Feather Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNewSense" title="GNewSense">gNewSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandyLinux" title="HandyLinux">HandyLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libranet" title="Libranet">Libranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musix_GNU%2BLinux" title="Musix GNU+Linux">Musix GNU+Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsix" title="Parsix">Parsix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a> (1.0–2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwah_Linux" title="Sunwah Linux">Sunwah Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Container_Linux" title="Container Linux">Container Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabayon_Linux" title="Sabayon Linux">Sabayon Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Machine" title="XB Machine">xB Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BLAG_Linux_and_GNU" title="BLAG Linux and GNU">BLAG Linux and GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearOS" title="ClearOS">ClearOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linpus_Linux" title="Linpus Linux">Linpus Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korora_(operating_system)" title="Korora (operating system)">Korora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_for_PlayStation_2" title="Linux for PlayStation 2">Linux for PlayStation 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Linux" title="Scientific Linux">Scientific Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocks_Cluster_Distribution" title="Rocks Cluster Distribution">Rocks Cluster Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Blue_Linux" title="Think Blue Linux">Think Blue Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbolinux" title="Turbolinux">Turbolinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_Linux" title="Vine Linux">Vine Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux" title="Yellow Dog Linux">Yellow Dog Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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