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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Massa+at%C3%B2mica" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Massa+at%C3%B2mica" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Massa+at%C3%B2mica" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Massa+at%C3%B2mica" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Determinació_experimental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determinació_experimental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Determinació experimental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determinació_experimental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massa_atòmica_relativa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massa_atòmica_relativa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Massa atòmica relativa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massa_atòmica_relativa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unitat_de_massa_atòmica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unitat_de_massa_atòmica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unitat de massa atòmica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unitat_de_massa_atòmica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massa_atòmica_i_estructura_nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massa_atòmica_i_estructura_nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Massa atòmica i estructura nuclear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massa_atòmica_i_estructura_nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Massa atòmica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 96 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoommassa" title="Atoommassa - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoommassa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peso_atomico" title="Peso atomico - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peso atomico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتلة ذرية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتلة ذرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتلة درية - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كتلة درية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Masa atómica - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Masa atómica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_k%C3%BCtl%C9%99si" title="Atom kütləsi - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atom kütləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Атом массаһы - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атом массаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомна маса - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомна маса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0" title="পারমাণবিক ভর - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারমাণবিক ভর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_atomek" title="Mas atomek - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mas atomek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atomska masa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="کێشی ئەتۆمی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێشی ئەتۆمی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasse" title="Atommasse - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atommasse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasse" title="Atommasse - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atommasse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ατομικό βάρος - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατομικό βάρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atomic mass" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomomaso" title="Atomomaso - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomomaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Masa atómica - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masa atómica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatommass" title="Aatommass - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aatommass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_atomiko" title="Masa atomiko - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Masa atomiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="جرم اتمی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرم اتمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomimassa" title="Atomimassa - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomimassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_atomique" title="Masse atomique - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masse atomique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masse_atomiche" title="Masse atomiche - friülà" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Masse atomiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friülà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoommassa" title="Atoommassa - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atoommassa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mais_adamhach" title="Mais adamhach - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mais adamhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Masa atómica - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Masa atómica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מסה אטומית - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסה אטומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="परमाणु द्रव्यमान - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाणु द्रव्यमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Atomic mass" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomska masa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_atomik" title="Mas atomik - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mas atomik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomt%C3%B6meg" title="Atomtömeg - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atomtömeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Ատոմային զանգված - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմային զանգված" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Massa atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mmassi" title="Atómmassi - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Atómmassi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atomica" title="Massa atomica - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massa atomica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/na%27orteryratni" title="na'orteryratni - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="na'orteryratni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Massa atom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ატომური მასა - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომური მასა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takura_tabelkamt" title="Takura tabelkamt - cabilenc" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takura tabelkamt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilenc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомдық масса - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атомдық масса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89" title="원자 질량 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자 질량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомдук масса - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атомдук масса" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atomica" title="Massa atomica - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Massa atomica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommass" title="Atommass - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atommass" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomgewich" title="Atoomgewich - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atoomgewich" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atomica" title="Massa atomica - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Massa atomica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomin%C4%97_mas%C4%97" title="Atominė masė - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atominė masė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasa" title="Atommasa - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atommasa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомска маса - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомска маса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81" title="Атом масс - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атом масс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अणुभार - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अणुभार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisim_atom" title="Jisim atom - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jisim atom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommass" title="Atommass - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atommass" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoommassa" title="Atoommassa - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoommassa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasse" title="Atommasse - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atommasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasse" title="Atommasse - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atommasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਰਮਾਣਵੀ ਭਾਰ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਣਵੀ ਭਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_atomowa" title="Masa atomowa - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masa atomowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Massa atòmica - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Massa atòmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایٹمی بھار - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایٹمی بھار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_at%C3%B3mica" title="Massa atómica - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massa atómica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uku_wisnu" title="Iñuku wisnu - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuku wisnu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masă atomică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомная масса - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомная масса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомова маса - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атомова маса" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ايٽمي مايو - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايٽمي مايو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atomska masa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atomic mass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mov%C3%A1_hmotnos%C5%A5" title="Atómová hmotnosť - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómová hmotnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_te%C5%BEa" title="Atomska teža - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atomska teža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuf_atam" title="Cuf atam - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cuf atam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_atomike" title="Masa atomike - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masa atomike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Atomska masa" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommasse" title="Atommasse - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atommasse" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Massa atom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atommassa" title="Atommassa - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atommassa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzani_atomia" title="Uzani atomia - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzani atomia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அணு நிறை - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணு நிறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Массаи атомӣ - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Массаи атомӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="มวลอะตอม - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มวลอะตอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomikong_masa" title="Atomikong masa - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomikong masa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_k%C3%BCtlesi" title="Atom kütlesi - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atom kütlesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомна маса - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атомна маса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جوہری کمیت - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہری کمیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_massasi" title="Atom massasi - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atom massasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Nguyên tử khối - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tử khối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_atomika" title="Masa atomika - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Masa atomika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="原子量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%BAwo_%C3%A1t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Ìwúwo átọ̀mù - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwúwo átọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA_chit-li%C5%8Dng" title="Goân-chú chit-liōng - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú chit-liōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="原子質量 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原子質量" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3840065#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Isotopo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Isotopo.gif/220px-Isotopo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Isotopo.gif/330px-Isotopo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Isotopo.gif/440px-Isotopo.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Desviació de dos <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2top" title="Isòtop">isòtops</a> de masses atòmiques diferents en un camp magnètic d'un <a href="/wiki/Espectr%C3%B2metre_de_massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Espectròmetre de massa">espectròmetre de massa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>massa atòmica</b>, simbolitzada <b><i>m</i><sub>a</sub></b>, és la <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom">àtom</a> en el seu <a href="/wiki/Estat_fonamental" title="Estat fonamental">estat fonamental</a> expressada en kilograms o en <a href="/wiki/Unitat_de_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat de massa atòmica">unitats de massa atòmica</a>, essent aquesta <i>m</i><sub>u</sub> = 1 u = 1,660 538 782(83) × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els valors de les masses atòmiques són molt petits, entre 1 u i 300 u, o entre 1 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">yg</a> i 500 yg. Més exactament van d'1,007 825 032 <a href="/wiki/Unitat_de_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat de massa atòmica">u</a> = 1,673 534 × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg per al <a href="/wiki/Proti" title="Proti">proti</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2top" title="Isòtop">isòtop</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> ¹H, l'àtom més lleuger que es troba a l'univers, fins a 294,213 92 u = 488,554 05 × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg per a l'isòtop d'<a href="/wiki/Oganess%C3%B3" title="Oganessó">oganessó</a> <sup>294</sup>Og, l'àtom més pesant obtingut fins ara de forma artificial i inestable.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els valors de masses atòmiques s'empren quan s'han de fer càlculs per a un determinat isòtop (<a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">desintegracions radioactives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusi%C3%B3_nuclear" title="Fusió nuclear">fusió nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fissi%C3%B3_nuclear" title="Fissió nuclear">fissió nuclear</a>, etc.). En <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica_nuclear" title="Física nuclear">física nuclear</a> sovint s'expressen les masses atòmiques amb la seva equivalència en energia a partir de l'<a href="/wiki/Equival%C3%A8ncia_entre_massa_i_energia" title="Equivalència entre massa i energia">equació d'Einstein</a> d'equivalència entre massa i energia <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/433bb44ddfee385eb550712c7ecb5fae86015327" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.655ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle E=m\cdot c^{2}}"></span>, que relaciona l'energia d'una partícula <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> amb la seva massa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> i la <a href="/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_llum" title="Velocitat de la llum">velocitat de la llum</a> al buit <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>. Les unitats habituals són els <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%B3-volt" title="Electró-volt">MeV</a>. El càlcul amb l'isòtop d'hidrogen més lleuger, el <a href="/wiki/Proti" title="Proti">proti</a> <sup>1</sup>H és:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(\mathrm {^{1}H} )=m_{a}(\mathrm {^{1}H} )\cdot c^{2}=1,673\ 534\times 10^{-27}\mathrm {kg} \cdot (299\ 792\ 458\ \mathrm {m\ s^{-1}} )^{2}\cdot {\frac {1\ \mathrm {eV} }{1,602\ 176\ 487\times 10^{-19}\mathrm {J} }}=938,78\ \mathrm {MeV} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>673</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>534</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>299</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>792</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>458</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>602</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>176</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>487</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>938</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>78</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(\mathrm {^{1}H} )=m_{a}(\mathrm {^{1}H} )\cdot c^{2}=1,673\ 534\times 10^{-27}\mathrm {kg} \cdot (299\ 792\ 458\ \mathrm {m\ s^{-1}} )^{2}\cdot {\frac {1\ \mathrm {eV} }{1,602\ 176\ 487\times 10^{-19}\mathrm {J} }}=938,78\ \mathrm {MeV} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3995754b0814a15bdccfd832a5a9754076610cbd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:108.324ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(\mathrm {^{1}H} )=m_{a}(\mathrm {^{1}H} )\cdot c^{2}=1,673\ 534\times 10^{-27}\mathrm {kg} \cdot (299\ 792\ 458\ \mathrm {m\ s^{-1}} )^{2}\cdot {\frac {1\ \mathrm {eV} }{1,602\ 176\ 487\times 10^{-19}\mathrm {J} }}=938,78\ \mathrm {MeV} }"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determinació_experimental"><span id="Determinaci.C3.B3_experimental"></span>Determinació experimental</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_at%C3%B2mica&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Determinació experimental"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg/220px-Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg/330px-Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg/440px-Openstax_college-physics_22.43_mass-spectrometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Esquema d'un <a href="/wiki/Espectrometria_de_masses" title="Espectrometria de masses">espectròmetre de masses</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les masses atòmiques actualment es determinen experimentalment mitjançant <a href="/wiki/Espectrometria_de_massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Espectrometria de massa">espectrometria de massa</a>, que utilitza la desviació magnètica dels àtoms ionitzats i accelerats en un <a href="/wiki/Camp_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Camp elèctric">camp elèctric</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ac42446bcd2cbb76ec8fe2895635d328da22e26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}}"></span>. En un primer pas, els àtoms s'han de <a href="/wiki/Vaporitzaci%C3%B3" title="Vaporització">vaporitzar</a> escalfant la mostra i <a href="/wiki/Ionitzaci%C3%B3" title="Ionització">ionitzar</a>, per exemple irradiant-los amb una font <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">radioactiva</a>. Les partícules α o β s'emeten a gran velocitat per part del <a href="/wiki/Radiois%C3%B2top" title="Radioisòtop">radioisòtop</a> i xoquen amb les capes d'electrons més externes dels àtoms, arrabassant alguns electrons, de manera que els àtoms queden carregats positivament amb una càrrega <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span>, múltiple sencer de la <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0rrega_el%C3%A8ctrica_elemental" title="Càrrega elèctrica elemental">càrrega elèctrica elemental</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"></span>. Tot seguit a aquests cations de càrrega <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=ne}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=ne}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c183be679d8aa324233a2d18149dcc05e40fe95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.646ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=ne}"></span> i massa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aefb2f5b0650af85e06c339f57a7f506978824a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.142ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{a}}"></span> entren dins d'un primer camp elèctric <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ac42446bcd2cbb76ec8fe2895635d328da22e26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}}"></span> on la <a href="/wiki/Difer%C3%A8ncia_de_potencial" title="Diferència de potencial">diferència de potencial</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa0ec3d68205fb7f4452de096cb34a50f661111e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.723ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta V}"></span> els accelera assolint una gran velocitat <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>, que és expressada per:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {2q\Delta V}{m_{a}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {2ne\Delta V}{m_{a}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>q</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {2q\Delta V}{m_{a}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {2ne\Delta V}{m_{a}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d9cd48679a89dfc6203d98a45e2091d2cc7bacd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:26.963ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\frac {2q\Delta V}{m_{a}}}}={\sqrt {\frac {2ne\Delta V}{m_{a}}}}}"></span> </p><p>A continuació passen per un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selector_de_velocitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selector de velocitat (encara no existeix)">selector de velocitat</a>, que pot estar constituït per un segon camp elèctric <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e6ee346e54f38302f47b5cf3016d8718f2040c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{2}}"></span> i un primer <a href="/wiki/Camp_magn%C3%A8tic" title="Camp magnètic">camp magnètic</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1fa091eb428443c9c5c5fcf32a69d3665c89e00c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{1}}"></span> perpendiculars, de manera que produeixen forces oposades (elèctrica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle F_{C}=qE_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle F_{C}=qE_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85263c9eadad7b6f20b249b51f0a66192dab2cb0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.913ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle F_{C}=qE_{2}}"></span> i magnètica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle F_{L}=qvB_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mi>v</mi> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle F_{L}=qvB_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73829065ac5f98df4e5b796c96367945ac663049" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.96ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle F_{L}=qvB_{1}}"></span>). Aquests camps s'ajusten degudament de forma que només els cations que duen una determinada velocitat poden travessar-lo. Finalment, els cations entren dins d'un segon camp magnètic <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/199944d59dcc18842dfd1deab6000a1d1dadcbae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{2}}"></span> on es desvien gràcies a la <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_de_Lorentz" title="Força de Lorentz">força de Lorentz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle F_{L}=qvB_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mi>v</mi> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle F_{L}=qvB_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df61a21883875951fe169922c23ed686413db323" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.96ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle F_{L}=qvB_{2}}"></span> seguint una trajectòria circular fins a un detector que permet determinar el radi de la trajectòria <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>. De la velocitat i el radi d'aquesta trajectòria se'n pot determinar la massa atòmica amb la següent expressió:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {m_{a}}{n}}={\frac {eB_{2}R}{v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>e</mi> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {m_{a}}{n}}={\frac {eB_{2}R}{v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/922f7eba449f93be254f56ad200231f00f0c2a05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.579ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {m_{a}}{n}}={\frac {eB_{2}R}{v}}}"></span>S'obtenen diferents valors a causa del fet que hi ha cations amb càrregues diferents (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle +e,+2e,+3e\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>e</mi> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle +e,+2e,+3e\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0604084bd2578277ef87b4f29b4b124eecfcb392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.178ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle +e,+2e,+3e\ldots }"></span>) i cal fer un tractament matemàtic extrapolant els valors per a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> = 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massa_atòmica_relativa"><span id="Massa_at.C3.B2mica_relativa"></span>Massa atòmica relativa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_at%C3%B2mica&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Massa atòmica relativa"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Massa_at%C3%B2mica_relativa" title="Massa atòmica relativa">Massa atòmica relativa</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Boron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boron.svg/150px-Boron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boron.svg/225px-Boron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Boron.svg/300px-Boron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Casella del <a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor">bor</a> a una <a href="/wiki/Taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Taula periòdica">taula periòdica</a>. El <a href="/wiki/Nombre_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nombre atòmic">nombre atòmic</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}"></span> es troba a la part superior i la <a href="/wiki/Massa_at%C3%B2mica_relativa" title="Massa atòmica relativa">massa atòmica relativa</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{r}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{r}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bfc925d70377b6da729e56bcc6313a7825a19b52" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.717ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{r}}"></span> a la inferior.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Massa_at%C3%B2mica_relativa" title="Massa atòmica relativa">massa atòmica relativa</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Element_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Element químic">element químic</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle \mathrm {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \mathrm {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07772afbdb4258065c0bc00349bfd8eb3daf9d82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle \mathrm {E} }"></span>, simbolitzada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle A_{r}(\mathrm {E} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle A_{r}(\mathrm {E} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15c8d4e598b9e4e61fd34d9668575b02a425734d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.109ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle A_{r}(\mathrm {E} )}"></span> i sense unitats, està definida com la <a href="/wiki/Mitjana_ponderada" title="Mitjana ponderada">mitjana ponderada</a> de les masses atòmiques dels <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2top" title="Isòtop">isòtops</a> d'aquest element <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {E} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {E} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e04faaeb4d9a83c18f0e3bcc28642f7dce303a9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.649ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {E} )}"></span> dividida per la <a href="/wiki/Unitat_de_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat de massa atòmica">unitat de massa atòmica</a> unificada <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c24c968c4ba7b6d62941075cdfddee7d3aa574bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.213ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{r}={\frac {{\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {E} )}{m_{u}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{r}={\frac {{\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {E} )}{m_{u}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a550c2b029613fc561ba472059052c0e62376481" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.301ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{r}={\frac {{\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {E} )}{m_{u}}}}"></span>Les masses atòmiques relatives hom pot trobar-les habitualment a les <a href="/wiki/Taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Taula periòdica">taules periòdiques</a> i són valors utilitzats en química a l'hora de realitzar <a href="/wiki/Estequiometria" title="Estequiometria">càlculs estequiomètrics</a>, ja que en ells es fan servir els elements químics en la composició isotòpica terrestre. Per exemple, el <a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor">bor</a> té dos isòtops, el <sup>10</sup>B present a la Terra en un 20 % i el <sup>11</sup>B present en un 80 %. Les seves masses atòmiques són <i>m<sub>a</sub></i>(<sup>10</sup>B) = 16,626 879 × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg i <i>m<sub>a</sub></i>(<sup>11</sup>B) = 18,281 379 × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg, la massa atòmica mitjana del bor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0e78022c76c6eda1aa96b9fb2877e16d457dd28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.712ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )}"></span> s'ha de calcular com una <a href="/wiki/Mitjana_ponderada" title="Mitjana ponderada">mitjana ponderada</a>, considerant les proporcions de cadascun dels isòtops:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )={\frac {20m_{a}(^{10}\mathrm {B} )+80m_{a}(^{11}\mathrm {B} )}{100}}=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>20</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>80</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )={\frac {20m_{a}(^{10}\mathrm {B} )+80m_{a}(^{11}\mathrm {B} )}{100}}=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77a05a44d30023a469e38cdcbc23e5df54f0668d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:37.537ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )={\frac {20m_{a}(^{10}\mathrm {B} )+80m_{a}(^{11}\mathrm {B} )}{100}}=}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ={\frac {20\cdot 16,626\,879\times 10^{-27}+80\cdot 18,281\,379\times 10^{-27}}{100}}=17,950\,479\times 10^{-27}kg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>20</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>626</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>879</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>80</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>18</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>281</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>379</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>17</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>950</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>479</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ={\frac {20\cdot 16,626\,879\times 10^{-27}+80\cdot 18,281\,379\times 10^{-27}}{100}}=17,950\,479\times 10^{-27}kg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69d04b850a44a532e402854e4505a2010e330c53" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:76.686ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ={\frac {20\cdot 16,626\,879\times 10^{-27}+80\cdot 18,281\,379\times 10^{-27}}{100}}=17,950\,479\times 10^{-27}kg}"></span> </p><p>i, finalment, la massa atòmica relativa del bor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle A_{r}(\mathrm {B} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle A_{r}(\mathrm {B} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f9832b836cefb5aa9671fe9bd778c72cacaf15e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.172ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle A_{r}(\mathrm {B} )}"></span> és:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{r}(\mathrm {B} )={\frac {{\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )}{m_{u}}}={\frac {17,950\,479\times 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} }{1,660\,539\times 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} }}=10,810\,032}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>17</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>950</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>479</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>660</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>539</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>810</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>032</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{r}(\mathrm {B} )={\frac {{\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )}{m_{u}}}={\frac {17,950\,479\times 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} }{1,660\,539\times 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} }}=10,810\,032}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c224b0b8baf2725a699fe6111752e2d4215ccb63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:56.39ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{r}(\mathrm {B} )={\frac {{\overline {m}}_{a}(\mathrm {B} )}{m_{u}}}={\frac {17,950\,479\times 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} }{1,660\,539\times 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} }}=10,810\,032}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unitat_de_massa_atòmica"><span id="Unitat_de_massa_at.C3.B2mica"></span>Unitat de massa atòmica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_at%C3%B2mica&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Unitat de massa atòmica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Unitat_de_massa_at%C3%B2mica" title="Unitat de massa atòmica">Unitat de massa atòmica</a></div> <p>La unitat de massa atòmica (<b>u</b> o <b>Da</b>) és una unitat de <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> no inclosa en el <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Internacional_d%27Unitats" title="Sistema Internacional d'Unitats">Sistema Internacional d'Unitats</a> (SI) igual a la dotzena part de la <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/%C3%80tom" title="Àtom">àtom</a> de <a href="/wiki/Carboni_12" title="Carboni 12">carboni 12</a> en el seu <a href="/wiki/Estat_fonamental" title="Estat fonamental">estat fonamental</a>. S'empra per expressar masses dels elements químics i altres espècies químiques. La constant de massa atòmica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c24c968c4ba7b6d62941075cdfddee7d3aa574bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.213ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"></span> val:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin-right:4em; margin-right:6em; min-width:50%; max-width:77%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><blockquote style="padding-right:2em; padding-left:1.5em; padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em; border:1px solid; font-family:Georgia,serif; border-color: #49768C; background-color: #FFFFFF;"> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}=1u=1,660\,539\,066\,60(50)\,\times 10^{-27}\quad kg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>660</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>539</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>066</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>60</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>50</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}=1u=1,660\,539\,066\,60(50)\,\times 10^{-27}\quad kg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f32fa8c51941fddfa2373a262a4676d32edc5dad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.538ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}=1u=1,660\,539\,066\,60(50)\,\times 10^{-27}\quad kg}"></span> </p> </blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>La constant de massa atòmica <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c24c968c4ba7b6d62941075cdfddee7d3aa574bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.213ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"></span> està directament relacionada amb la <a href="/wiki/Nombre_d%27Avogadro" title="Nombre d'Avogadro">constant d'Avogadro</a> (<i>N<sub>A</sub></i> = 1,602 214 076 × 10<sup>23</sup> mol<sup>–1</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La massa d'un sol àtom de <a href="/wiki/Carboni_12" title="Carboni 12">carboni 12</a> s'obté dividint la massa d'un <a href="/wiki/Mol" title="Mol">mol</a> (unitat de <a href="/wiki/Quantitat_de_subst%C3%A0ncia" title="Quantitat de substància">quantitat de matèria</a>) de carboni 12, per definició 12 g o 0,012 kg, entre el nombre d'àtoms presents en aquest mol, això és la constant d'Avogadro. La <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c24c968c4ba7b6d62941075cdfddee7d3aa574bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.213ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}}"></span> és la dotzena part d'aquesta quantitat:<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{u}={\frac {1}{12}}\cdot {\frac {0,012\;kg/mol\;^{12}C}{6,02214\times 10^{23}\;mol^{-1}}}={\frac {0,001\;kg/mol\;^{12}C}{6,02214\times 10^{23}\;mol^{-1}}}=1,660539\times 10^{-27}\;kg}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>012</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>02214</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <msup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>001</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>02214</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <msup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>660539</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{u}={\frac {1}{12}}\cdot {\frac {0,012\;kg/mol\;^{12}C}{6,02214\times 10^{23}\;mol^{-1}}}={\frac {0,001\;kg/mol\;^{12}C}{6,02214\times 10^{23}\;mol^{-1}}}=1,660539\times 10^{-27}\;kg}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2cf81e7a565bc1859ec20da0c13fff7250ee060d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:83.263ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{u}={\frac {1}{12}}\cdot {\frac {0,012\;kg/mol\;^{12}C}{6,02214\times 10^{23}\;mol^{-1}}}={\frac {0,001\;kg/mol\;^{12}C}{6,02214\times 10^{23}\;mol^{-1}}}=1,660539\times 10^{-27}\;kg}"></span>S'ha proposat anomenar aquesta unitat dalton, símbol Da, en honor a <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (1766-1844), l'autor de la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_at%C3%B2mica" title="Teoria atòmica">teoria atòmica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S’utilitza sovint en <a href="/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica">bioquímica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecular" title="Biologia molecular">biologia molecular</a>. Tot i que mai ha estat aprovat per la <a href="/wiki/Confer%C3%A8ncia_General_de_Pesos_i_Mesures" title="Conferència General de Pesos i Mesures">Conferència General de Pesos i Mesures</a> com unitat del Sistema Internacional,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aquesta l'accepta,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fins i tot combinat amb múltiples i submúltiples. Per exemple per expressar la massa de molècules grans en kilodaltons, kDa, o megadaltons, MDa, i per expressar el valor de petites diferències de massa d'àtoms o molècules en nanodaltons, nDa, fins i tot picodaltons, pDa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massa_atòmica_i_estructura_nuclear"><span id="Massa_at.C3.B2mica_i_estructura_nuclear"></span>Massa atòmica i estructura nuclear</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_at%C3%B2mica&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Massa atòmica i estructura nuclear"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Rutherford_atom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Rutherford_atom.svg/220px-Rutherford_atom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Rutherford_atom.svg/330px-Rutherford_atom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Rutherford_atom.svg/440px-Rutherford_atom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Model atòmic de Rutherford. El nucli en negre al centre envoltat pels electrons en vermell. Aquesta representació no està a escala, ja que els electrons són puntuals i el nucli és molt més petit.</figcaption></figure> <p>El 1909 el físic britànic <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1871-1937) dugué a terme un experiment amb el seu equip, ara conegut com a <a href="/wiki/Experiment_de_Rutherford" title="Experiment de Rutherford">experiment de Rutherford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amb l'objectiu d'estudiar l'àtom i comprovar el model atòmic suggerit el 1904 pel també físic britànic <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> (1856-1940).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Les dades aconseguides bombardejant amb <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_%CE%B1" title="Partícula α">partícules α</a> àtoms el dugueren a rebutjar el <a href="/wiki/Model_de_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Model de Thomson">model de Thomson</a> i a formular-ne el 1911 un de nou (<a href="/wiki/Model_de_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Model de Rutherford">model de Rutherford</a>) que permetia explicar les observacions que havia realitzat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bàsicament, el seu model diu que l'àtom té un <a href="/wiki/Nucli_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic">nucli</a>, molt petit, on es concentra pràcticament tota la massa atòmica i té tota la càrrega elèctrica positiva; al voltant d'ell es mouen els <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>, amb la càrrega negativa, a grans velocitats seguint òrbites circulars com ho fan els planetes del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_solar" title="Sistema solar">sistema solar</a> al voltant del Sol i deixant un espai buit molt gros entre ells i el nucli, que és molt petit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estudis posteriors permeteren descobrir que al <a href="/wiki/Nucli_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nucli atòmic">nucli atòmic</a> hi havia dos tipus de partícules, els <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó">protons</a> amb càrrega positiva, i els <a href="/wiki/Neutr%C3%B3" title="Neutró">neutrons</a>, sense càrrega elèctrica, i amb masses semblants. Ambdós s'anomenen <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3" title="Nucleó">nucleons</a> perquè estan situats al nucli. La massa d'un neutró en repòs (<i>m</i><sub>n</sub> = 1,675 × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg) és un poc superior a la massa del protó en repòs (<i>m</i><sub>p</sub> = 1,673× 10<sup>–27</sup> kg). Els electrons tenen masses en repòs quasi dues mil vegades inferiors als nucleons (<i>m</i><sub>e</sub> = 0,000 911 × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Barret_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barret-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La massa atòmica pot escriure's en funció del nombre de protons (Z o <a href="/wiki/Nombre_at%C3%B2mic" title="Nombre atòmic">nombre atòmic</a>) i de <a href="/wiki/Nucleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleons">nucleons</a> (A o <a href="/wiki/Nombre_m%C3%A0ssic" title="Nombre màssic">nombre màssic</a>): </p> <center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{a}=Z\cdot m_{p}+(A-Z)\cdot m_{n}-{\frac {E_{b}}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{a}=Z\cdot m_{p}+(A-Z)\cdot m_{n}-{\frac {E_{b}}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7080ae6c09a0f3e7a5f8e5877fec3274080c83d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:34.881ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{a}=Z\cdot m_{p}+(A-Z)\cdot m_{n}-{\frac {E_{b}}{c^{2}}}}"></span></center> <p>on: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}"></span> és el nombre de protons de l'àtom i, també, el nombre d'electrons si l'àtom és neutre.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A-Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A-Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d08bae1ba93429519ab1eff19d4e7a3b3fbafb5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.264ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A-Z}"></span> és el nombre de neutrons (nucleons - protons).</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d7d93b292637f64f747f3fe0ea4bad9f2bd65637" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.1ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{p}}"></span> és la massa del protó, exactament 1,672 621 637(83) × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae8181c5cf15da902bbaa5c2291aeb8167fe78ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{n}}"></span> és la massa del neutró, exactament 1,674 927 211(84) × 10<sup>–27</sup> kg.</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{b}}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{b}}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ccdc243d9c280043d5985d9d0eee7ce7b427bba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:2.786ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {E_{b}}{c^{2}}}}"></span> és el <a href="/wiki/Defecte_m%C3%A0ssic" title="Defecte màssic">defecte màssic</a>. Representa la massa que es perd en formar-se un nucli atòmic a partir dels nucleons lliures. El terme <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69d2e3ccd9bce33b1ae1562c2e7e831eb8f55bf3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.653ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{b}}"></span> és l'anomenada <a href="/wiki/Energia_de_lligadura" title="Energia de lligadura">energia de lligadura</a> que és la que manté units els <a href="/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3" title="Nucleó">nucleons</a> en el nucli. En dividir-se per <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f3386a00382ce857fb0b3b04b9fa2bbe5cfae9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"></span>, on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span> és la <a href="/wiki/Velocitat_de_la_llum" title="Velocitat de la llum">velocitat de la llum</a> (299 792 458 m s<sup>–1</sup>), permet expressar-la en termes de massa segons l'<a href="/wiki/Equival%C3%A8ncia_entre_massa_i_energia" title="Equivalència entre massa i energia">equació d'Einstein d'equivalència massa-energia</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle E_{b}=m\cdot c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle E_{b}=m\cdot c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6580a75379d26e25a64027009c82ac61f03b6d32" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.532ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle E_{b}=m\cdot c^{2}}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barret_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barret-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_at%C3%B2mica&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMcNaughtWilkinson1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">McNaught</span>, A.D.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wilkinson</span>, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00496.html"><i>IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, the "Gold Book"</i></a> (en anglès). 2a edició.  Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1997. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.A00496">10.1351/goldbook.A00496</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-9678550-9-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-9678550-9-8">ISBN 0-9678550-9-8</a></span> [Consulta: 13 març 2020].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IUPAC.+Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology%2C+the+%22Gold+Book%22&rft.aulast=McNaught&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2a%26nbsp%3Bedici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.place=Oxford&rft.isbn=0-9678550-9-8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00496&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FA00496.html"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Institute of Standards and Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some">Masses atòmiques relatives i composició isotòpica per a tots els elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231212733/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some">Arxivat</a> 2006-12-31 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</i>. 3a.  IUPAC, 2007.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantities%2C+Units+and+Symbols+in+Physical+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=3a&rft.pub=IUPAC"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/massa-atomica">espectròmetre de massa</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2">5,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBecker2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Becker</span>, Johanna Sabine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.cat/books/edition/Inorganic_Mass_Spectrometry/dIXVNAEACAAJ?hl=ca"><i>Inorganic mass spectrometry: principles and applications</i></a> (en anglès).  Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2007. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-470-01200-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-470-01200-0">ISBN 978-0-470-01200-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+mass+spectrometry%3A+principles+and+applications&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Johanna+Sabine&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01200-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.cat%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FInorganic_Mass_Spectrometry%2FdIXVNAEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150239/https://www.google.cat/books/edition/Inorganic_Mass_Spectrometry/dIXVNAEACAAJ?hl=ca">Arxivat</a> 2024-07-15 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFParsonage2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Parsonage</span>, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.cat/books/edition/Chemistry/8OcZSFxzQrAC?hl=ca&gbpv=0"><i>Chemistry</i></a> (en anglès).  Regne Unit: Oxford University Press., 2001. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780199147649" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780199147649">ISBN 9780199147649</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.aulast=Parsonage&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press.&rft.place=Regne+Unit&rft.isbn=9780199147649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.cat%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FChemistry%2F8OcZSFxzQrAC%3Fhl%3Dca%26gbpv%3D0"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150145/https://www.google.cat/books/edition/Chemistry/8OcZSFxzQrAC?hl=ca&gbpv=0">Arxivat</a> 2024-07-15 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816055623/https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/U06554">unified atomic mass unit (U06554)</a>».  The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/U06554">original</a> el 2022-08-16. [Consulta: 4 octubre 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322232304/https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?u">CODATA Value: atomic mass constant</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?u">original</a> el 2019-03-22. [Consulta: 4 octubre 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617004109/http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na">CODATA Value: Avogadro constant</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na">original</a> el 2017-06-17. [Consulta: 27 gener 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/0095712.xml">Massa atòmica</a>». <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</a></i>.  Barcelona:  <a href="/wiki/Grup_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana">Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816055658/https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/D01514">dalton</a>».  The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/D01514">original</a> el 2022-08-16. [Consulta: 5 octubre 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-FR.pdf/bb7be5ff-4b2f-3834-f46a-5b4af3669870?version=1.13&download=true"><i>Le Système International d'Unités (SI) = The International System of Units (SI)</i></a>. 9e éd.  Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2019. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-92-822-2272-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-92-822-2272-0">ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Syst%C3%A8me+International+d%27Unit%C3%A9s+%28SI%29+%3D+The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.date=2019&rft.edition=9e+%C3%A9d&rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft.place=S%C3%A8vres&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2FSI-Brochure-9-FR.pdf%2Fbb7be5ff-4b2f-3834-f46a-5b4af3669870%3Fversion%3D1.13%26download%3Dtrue"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131190603/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-FR.pdf/bb7be5ff-4b2f-3834-f46a-5b4af3669870?version=1.13&download=true">Arxivat</a> 2024-01-31 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70240217"><i>Le Système International d'Unités (SI) = The International System of Units (SI)</i></a>. 8e éd.  Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/92-822-2213-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/92-822-2213-6">ISBN 92-822-2213-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Syst%C3%A8me+International+d%27Unit%C3%A9s+%28SI%29+%3D+The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=8e+%C3%A9d&rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&rft.place=S%C3%A8vres&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70240217"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150242/https://search.worldcat.org/title/70240217">Arxivat</a> 2024-07-15 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGeigerRutherford1910"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Geiger</span>, Hans; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rutherford</span>, Ernest «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150238/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1910.0038">The scattering of α-particles by matter</a>». <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character</i>, 83, 565, 14-04-1910, pàg. 492–504. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1910.0038">original</a> el 2024-07-15. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1910.0038">10.1098/rspa.1910.0038</a> [Consulta: 22 març 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFF.R.S1904"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">F.R.S</span>, J. J. Thomson «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150245/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440409463107">XXIV. On the structure of the atom: an investigation of the stability and periods of oscillation of a number of corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the circumference of a circle; with application of the results to the theory of atomic structure</a>». <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>, 7, 39, 01-03-1904, pàg. 237–265. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440409463107">original</a> el 2024-07-15. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440409463107">10.1080/14786440409463107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982">1941-5982</a> [Consulta: 22 març 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRutherford1911"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rutherford</span>, E. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150244/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14786440508637080">LXXIX. The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom</a>». <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>, 21, 125, 01-05-1911, pàg. 669–688. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440508637080">original</a> el 2024-07-15. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440508637080">10.1080/14786440508637080</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982">1941-5982</a> [Consulta: 22 març 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barret-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barret_17-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barret_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBarret2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Barret</span>, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=ApD5nxhPzI4C&dq=atom+structure&hl=ca&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Atomic Structure and Periodicity</i></a>.  Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780854046577" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780854046577">ISBN 9780854046577</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Structure+and+Periodicity&rft.aulast=Barret&rft.aufirst=J&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.isbn=9780854046577&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApD5nxhPzI4C%26dq%3Datom%2Bstructure%26hl%3Dca%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240715150246/https://books.google.cat/books?id=ApD5nxhPzI4C&dq=atom+structure&hl=ca&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Arxivat</a> 2024-07-15 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massa_at%C3%B2mica&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some">Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements</a>» (en anglès). 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