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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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title="Deep Water Soloing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deep Water Soloing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicobloc" title="Psicobloc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicobloc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicobloc" title="Psicobloc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psicobloc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Water_Soloing" title="Deep Water Soloing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deep Water Soloing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD" title="ディープウォーターソロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディープウォーターソロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Water_Soloing" title="Deep Water Soloing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deep Water Soloing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Natalija_Gros_in_Kamenjak%2C_Croatia%2C_2009_photo_Jure_Breceljnik.jpg/220px-Natalija_Gros_in_Kamenjak%2C_Croatia%2C_2009_photo_Jure_Breceljnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Natalija_Gros_in_Kamenjak%2C_Croatia%2C_2009_photo_Jure_Breceljnik.jpg/330px-Natalija_Gros_in_Kamenjak%2C_Croatia%2C_2009_photo_Jure_Breceljnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Natalija_Gros_in_Kamenjak%2C_Croatia%2C_2009_photo_Jure_Breceljnik.jpg/440px-Natalija_Gros_in_Kamenjak%2C_Croatia%2C_2009_photo_Jure_Breceljnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalija_Gros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalija Gros (page does not exist)">Natalija Gros</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalija_Gros" class="extiw" title="sl:Natalija Gros">sl</a>]</span> deep-water soloing at Kamenjak, Croatia (from the 2009 film, <i>Le Tango Vertical</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;padding:0;font-size:95%;line-height:1.3em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Climbing" title="Category:Climbing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">IFSC victories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_knots" title="List of climbing knots">Knots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Historical events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">Grade milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Eight-thousanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Types of <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">Bouldering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering#Highball_bouldering" title="Bouldering">Highball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">Free</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_climbing" title="Solo climbing">Solo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep-water solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_solo_climbing" title="Rope solo climbing">Rope solo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_rope_climbing" title="Top rope climbing">Top roping</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Types of <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Himalayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">Alpine style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition style">Expedition style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambling" title="Scrambling">Scrambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">Hillwalking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Other types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildering" title="Buildering">Buildering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_climbing" title="Grass climbing">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_access" title="Rope access">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_climbing" title="Pole climbing">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock hopping">Rock hopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftopping" title="Rooftopping">Rooftopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking" title="Roof and tunnel hacking">Roof hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_climbing" title="Rope climbing">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide Climbing">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_climbing" title="Tree climbing">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Key actions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">Abseiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">Belaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Leading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redpoint_(climbing)" title="Redpoint (climbing)">Redpointing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumaring">Jumaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_rescue_(climbing)" title="Self rescue (climbing)">Self rescuing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simul_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Simul climbing">Simul climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traversing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_technique" title="Climbing technique">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> Key terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_free_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="First free ascent">FFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_female_free_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="First female free ascent">FFFA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route" title="Climbing route">Route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(climbing)" title="Pitch (climbing)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">Crack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_climbing" title="Face climbing">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(climbing)" title="Overhang (climbing)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">Slab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climbing_sidebar" title="Template:Climbing sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climbing_sidebar" title="Template talk:Climbing sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Deep-water soloing</b> (<b>DWS</b>), also known as <b>psicobloc</b> (from "psycho-bouldering"), is a form of <a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">free solo climbing</a> where any fall should result in the climber landing safely into deep water below the <a href="/wiki/Climbing_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing routes">route</a>. DWS is therefore considered safer than normal free solo climbing, however, DWS brings several unique additional risks including trauma from uncontrolled high-speed water entry, injury from hitting hazards above and below the water while falling, and drowning in rough or tidal seas, and is thus considered riskier than normal <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a>. </p><p>Deep-water soloing was largely started in <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in 1978 by Miquel Riera and his discovery of <i>Cova Del Diablo</i>, and was further popularised and developed by British climbers <a href="/wiki/Tim_Emmett" title="Tim Emmett">Tim Emmett</a>, Mike Robertson, and Neil Gresham, and Austrian climber Klem Loskot. DWS came to worldwide attention with <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sharma" title="Chris Sharma">Chris Sharma</a>'s 2006 ascent of the sea arch of <i><a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_(climb)" title="Es Pontàs (climb)">Es Pontàs</a></i>, which at <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">5.15a</a> (9a+) was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">hardest climbing</a> routes in the world. </p><p>DWS uses the sport climbing grading systems (mostly French sport climbing grades) with an additional S-grading system to reflect the unique risks of DWS on any route; DWS routes can vary from less than 5 metres (16 ft) to over 40 metres (130 ft) in height at the extreme end. <b>Competition deep-water soloing</b> has become popular, particularly in head-to-head "dueling" formats, and the "Psicobloc Masters Series" (2011, 2012–2018), which later evolved into the "Psicobloc Open Series" is one of the most notable DWS competitions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg/220px-Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg/330px-Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg/440px-Isabelle_escalade_Callanques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Patissier" title="Isabelle Patissier">Isabelle Patissier</a> deep-water soloing on the <a href="/wiki/Massif_des_Calanques" title="Massif des Calanques">Calanques</a> in France</figcaption></figure> <p>Deep-water soloing, or DWS, is <a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">free solo climbing</a> where any fall should land the climber in deep water below the <a href="/wiki/Climbing_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing routes">route</a>. It is thus considered a safer version of free solo climbing. It is not considered as safe as <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a> as the DWS climber encounters hazards that are unique to DWS, including injury or trauma on impact with the water or hitting hazards in the water (particularly from higher falls or uncontrolled falls), risk of drowning in rough seas and hitting the rock face before entering the water. Changing tides is a serious risk in DWS, as routes that might be very safe at high tide can become dangerous at lower tide, bringing underwater hazards into play.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DWS routes can vary from safe "bouldering-type" overhanging routes that are only a few metres in height above calm clear deep water, where any fall is almost guaranteed to result in clean low-speed entry into the water; which are graded S0-S1 DWS routes. At the other of the scale are DWS routes that are high (e.g. over 15 metres (49 ft), and going up to even 40–45 metres (131–148 ft) in height at the most extreme level), and where the climber needs to push themselves off the rock face to ensure that they enter the water cleanly, and control their surface impact as it will be at high speed; which are graded S2-S3 DWS routes.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_routes_and_locations">Types of routes and locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of routes and locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While DWS can be done on any rock face over or beside the water, it is particularly suited to certain areas that have at least slightly overhanging rock faces (i.e. ensuring the DWS climber lands in the water), have clear and deep water (i.e. so that any underwater hazards can be identified and/or avoided), and are in warmer climates (so the DWS climber does not have to wear a wetsuit, and the water is generally calmer). </p><p>Several locations that meet most of the above criteria have become particularly attractive for DWS:<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in Spain (and the <i>Cova del Diablo</i> cliffs in particular, and Cala Varques), the birthplace of DWS, and contains many of the world's hardest and most famous DWS routes, including <i><a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_(climb)" title="Es Pontàs (climb)">Es Pontàs</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a+</a> (5.15a), <i>Alasha</i> and <i>Black Pearl</i> at <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a</a> (5.14d).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other leading European DWS locations include <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Split and Sustipan), <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Azores), <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (Capo Testa and Capo Caccia), <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (cliffs of Gozo and Comino),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sea cliffs of the <a href="/wiki/Massif_des_Calanques" title="Massif des Calanques">Calanques</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the British Isles, DWS locations include <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ailladie" title="Ailladie">Ailladie</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-ukc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In SE Asia, leading DWS locations include <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (all along <a href="/wiki/Railay_Beach" title="Railay Beach">Railay Beach</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long_Bay" title="Hạ Long Bay">Hạ Long Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_B%C3%A0_Island" title="Cát Bà Island">Cát Bà Island</a> in particular),<sup id="cite_ref-A3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Langkawi" title="Langkawi">Langkawi</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (at <a href="/wiki/El_Nido,_Palawan" title="El Nido, Palawan">El Nido, Palawan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg/220px-DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg/330px-DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg/440px-DWS_Cala_Varques_Mallorca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Climber on <i>Smash it in!</i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">8a</a> (5.13b), Cala Varques, <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Deep-water soloing has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> when in 1978, Miquel Riera became frustrated with the <a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">aid climbing</a> routes in his local area so he went to <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Porto Pi, Palma</a> with his friends Jaume Payeras, Eduardo Moreno, and Pau Bover to find routes they could <a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">free climb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became Mallorca's first <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a> venue, and as time progressed, Riera moved onto the nearby sea cliffs where they established DWS routes. Riera and his companions named it "psicobloc" (translated into English, means "Psycho Bouldering"),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published articles and photographs in climbing magazines on their activities. Towards the end of the 1980s, Miquel, aided by Pepino Lopez, Xisco Meca, Pepe Link, and Miki Palmer, had discovered the short sea cliffs of <i>Cala Varques</i>, <i>Cala Serena</i>, and the impressive cliff in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Cristo" title="Porto Cristo">Porto Cristo</a>, which was to become known as <i>Cova del Diablo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three notable routes were established at <i>Cova del Diablo</i>: <i>Surfing in the Bar</i>, <i>Surfer Dead</i>, and <i>Surfing Bird</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg/220px-Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg/330px-Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg/440px-Psicobloc_Cal%C3%B3_Blanc_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3293" /></a><figcaption>Climber on <i>Metrosexual</i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">7a+</a> (5.12a), Cala Varques, <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1990s saw an explosion in Britain for what was called "Deep Water Soloing" (DWS), starting with Nick Buckley's ascent of <i>The Conger</i> (1983).<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's southern coast saw new DWS routes from the Cook brothers, Mike Robertson, Steve Taylor, and Pete Oxley.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the British Climbers' Club, published <i>Into the Blue: A guide to Deep Water Soloing in Dorset</i>, the first-ever DWS guidebook in the world, and proposed an evolved S-grading system and climbing style to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, British climber <a href="/wiki/Tim_Emmett" title="Tim Emmett">Tim Emmett</a> received an email from Miquel showing <i>Cova Del Diablo</i> and led to a trip by Emmett with other leading climbers such as Mike Robertson, Neil Gresham, and Austrian Klem Loskot.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2002, Robertson published an article titled 'Sympathy for the Devil' in <i>Climber</i> magazine describing <i>Cova Del Diablo</i> and the twenty-six new routes (from 4+ to 8a) that Emmett's party had added to the existing three routes.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publication of Robertson's article led to more international teams coming to <i>Cova Del Diablo</i> to create additional routes and explore new Mallorcan cliffs such as <i>Cala Sa Nau</i>, <i>Cala Barques</i>, <i>Cala Mitjana</i>, and <i>Porto Cristo Novo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These teams also introduced Dutch climber Toni Lamprecht to Mallorcan DWS, which resulted in a vast number of new lines being established, chiefly at <i>Cala Barques</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DWS became more mainstream and globally recognized amongst climbers when a couple of short films were made by climbing filmmakers such as Udo Neumann in 2001, and <a href="/wiki/Big_UP_Productions" title="Big UP Productions">Josh and Brett Lowell</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films featured some of the sport's pioneers: Emmett, Lamprecht, Klem Loskot, and a newcomer to the style, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sharma" title="Chris Sharma">Chris Sharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2006, DWS came to international attention when Sharma completed the right-hand finish to a line that climbed the underside of the dramatic 20-metre (66 ft) <a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s" title="Es Pontàs">Es Pontàs</a> arch in Mallorca and carried a grade of <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a+</a> (5.15a), the hardest-ever DWS grade. Sharma had been looking for a DWS-equivalent to his 2001 sport climb, <i><a href="/wiki/Realization_(climb)" title="Realization (climb)">Realization</a></i>, also <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a+</a> (5.15a), and his <a href="/wiki/First_free_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="First free ascent">first free ascent</a> was featured in the iconic 2007 film <i>King Lines</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-A0_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_DWS">Competition DWS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competition DWS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg/220px-Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg/330px-Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg/440px-Psicobloc_Utah_Olympic_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Psicobloc Masters, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Park" title="Utah Olympic Park">Olympic Park</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been numerous competitions held in DWS, the most notable of which is the "Psicobloc Masters Series" that began in 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilbao, Spain">Bilbao, Spain</a> organized by Spanish climber Finuco Martinez. From 2013 to 2018, the "Psicobloc Masters" was held in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Olympic_Park" title="Utah Olympic Park">Utah Olympic Park</a> and organized by a consortium that included Chris Sharma.<sup id="cite_ref-OUT_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUT-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the series moved to Montreal, and was later rebranded as the "Psicobloc Open Series". </p><p>The general format is a circa 50-foot (15 m) outdoor artificial climbing wall that severely overhangs a circa 12-foot (3.7 m) swimming pool. Climbers "duel" in head-to-head races on the wall in a series of knock-out rounds until the ultimate winner is decided. Climbers compete in men's, women's, and youth's formats.<sup id="cite_ref-OUT_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUT-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DWS presents a number of specific risks not normally encountered in rock climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deep_Water_Solo_Spot,_Algarve_Portugal_.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deep_Water_Solo_Spot%2C_Algarve_Portugal_.png/220px-Deep_Water_Solo_Spot%2C_Algarve_Portugal_.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deep_Water_Solo_Spot%2C_Algarve_Portugal_.png/330px-Deep_Water_Solo_Spot%2C_Algarve_Portugal_.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Deep_Water_Solo_Spot%2C_Algarve_Portugal_.png/440px-Deep_Water_Solo_Spot%2C_Algarve_Portugal_.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Sequence of a DWS climber making an "Armchair Landing".</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Water entry: A fall into deep water from a height of over 10 metres (33 ft) can seriously injure the climber, particularly if the entry is not controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On difficult DWS routes, a fall can happen spontaneously and from a position where the climber was on an overhang—thus falling onto their back. DWS climbers build up their skills of controlling body position on water entry at the lower S-grades.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Underwater hazards: There may be rock features under the water's surface that the falling DWS may hit on a forceful or high-speed water entry. DWS climbers sometimes use an "armchair landing" technique to limit the depth of water they penetrate which involves adopting a quasi-sitting position while falling.<sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is very effective and can absorb a 30-foot (9.1 m) fall in just 5 feet (1.5 m) of water, but "armchair landings" are difficult to master and dangerous at greater heights.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Effect of tides: All of the S-grades are specific to high tides. A DWS route graded S0-S1 at high tide, can become an S2 or S3 at low tides (e.g. Neil Gresham's 2012 DWS route <i>Olympiad</i> in Pembroke in Wales, has a DWS grade of F8b S1 at high tide, but is a non-DWS route with a traditional climbing English grade of E10 6c at low tide<sup id="cite_ref-OLY_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLY-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); particularly if underwater features come increasingly into play. DWS climbers need to understand the tidal system in the area and plan their climbs accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson3_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rough seas: DWS climbers have drowned, overcome by rough or swelling seas from which they were unable to escape (and often in a fatigued state).<sup id="cite_ref-CL5_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DWS climbers avoid climbing alone and have a support climber either in an inflatable dingy or in a position to lower a rope from above.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson3_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock-climbing equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg/220px-Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg/330px-Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg/440px-Cova_Del_Diablo_Mallorca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Climbers launching a <a href="/wiki/Dingy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingy">dingy</a> at <i>Cova del Diablo</i>, Mallorca.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">free solo climbing</a> DWS needs very little climbing equipment outside of the chalk bag and rock climbing shoes. A number of additional items of equipment have become common amongst DWS climbers, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bench seats/ladders. Some DWS routes have makeshift wooden benches and small rope ladders installed at the base of the routes, hanging from pieces of protection, to enable the DWS climber to access the route, and rest/dry-off between attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inflatable dingy. DWS climbers sometimes employ a lightweight inflatable <a href="/wiki/Dingy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingy">dingy</a> that they can anchor at the bottom of the route and use for both recovery after falls, and resting between attempts; it can also be used by a second DWS climber for stand-by assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tape harnesses. DWS climbers do not typically use a <a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">climbing harness</a>; however, many DWS routes require the climber to <a href="/wiki/Abseil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abseil">abseil</a> down the rock face to access the route (unless they can use the inflatable dingy). For this, they can use a makeshift harness made from a climbing <a href="/wiki/Sling_(climbing)" title="Sling (climbing)">sling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson2_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grading">Grading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_sport_grades">French sport grades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French sport grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg/220px-White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg/330px-White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg/440px-White_Rhino_Tea_Deep_Water_Solo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>DWS climber on <i>White Rhino Tea</i> (f7a S1), Devon, England.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main DWS grade is "technical grade" which reflects the difficulty of the hardest movements or sequences on the route. The <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#French_numerical_grade" title="Grade (climbing)">French sport climbing grades</a> (e.g., 6a, 6b, 6c, ... 8b, 8b+, 8c, etc.) are generally the most popular technical grades in European DWS. In England, the traditional English grading system is sometimes used, although where French sport grades are quoted in England an "f" suffix is often placed before the grade to clarify that it is a French grade and not a British grade (e.g. f6a to distinguish from the British <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#British" title="Grade (climbing)">E4 6a</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-grades">S-grades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: S-grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In circa 1995, British DWS climbers developed the S-grade system to give an additional grade for the objective level of danger that deep water soloing a given route presented to the climber in addition to the "technical difficulty" grade (above).<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British climbers felt that the English E-grade suffix reflected <a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">traditional climbing</a> dangers (e.g. how good is the level of protection available to the traditional climber on the route), and not the dangers specific to the DWS climber (who was not going to be placing traditional climbing protection on the route); it is akin to the "<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms#r/x" title="Glossary of climbing terms">R/X</a>" suffix of <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Yosemite_Decimal_System" title="Grade (climbing)">American grades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, British climber Neil Gresham's 2012 DWS route <i>Olympiad</i>, has a DWS grade of F8b S1, but a traditional climbing English grade of E10 6c.<sup id="cite_ref-OLY_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLY-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four levels of S-grade, as described by Mike Robinson in <i>Deep Water</i> (2007), are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>S0: "Safe at most tides, not particularly high crux moves. Avoid bottling out of an S0 if possible. These are essentially safe, so climb until you fall. Commitment normally pays off!"<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>S1: "Care required; either the tide or the water depth needs checking, or maybe there is a highish crux on the route. Remember that, in big-tide venues, a huge tide and good timing can turn an S1 into an S0".<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>S2: "A little more care than S1 required. Possibly spring-tide only (higher water levels). Check your tide timetable. 'Landings' can be more significant – maybe a crash landing into shallow-ish water is required, or a slight 'push' to clear rock or a slight slab/reef below. Likely to have a high crux".<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>S3: "Expect the water to be either too shallow or too far away! You can't really afford to fall off an S3 without a large measure of control or timing. Failure on the route might require a full body-length crash landing into the deepest water available, or a long and scary downward flight. If you're operating in a tidal venue, wait for the biggest high tide possible".<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_ascents_and_milestones">Notable ascents and milestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable ascents and milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">List of grade milestones in rock climbing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg/220px-Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg/330px-Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg/440px-Es_Pont%C3%A0s_Cala_Santany%C3%AD_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="5983" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_(climb)" title="Es Pontàs (climb)">Es Pontàs</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a+</a> (5.15a), Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of DWS ascents are particularly notable in the sport: </p> <ul><li>2006: <i><a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_(climb)" title="Es Pontàs (climb)">Es Pontàs</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a+</a> (5.15a), <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a>). First ascent was by Chris Sharma who left it ungraded but famously took over 50 attempts to complete the 7-foot (2.1 m) <a href="/wiki/Dyno_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyno (climbing)">dyno</a> high up on the dramatic 15-metre (49 ft) sea arch; the DWS route of <i>Es Pontàs</i> launched DWS to a much wider global audience and its first ascent featured prominently in Sharma's iconic 2007 climbing film, <i>King Lines</i>. Was repeated by <a href="/wiki/Jernej_Kruder" title="Jernej Kruder">Jernej Kruder</a> (2016), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hojer" title="Jan Hojer">Jan Hojer</a> (2018), and <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Schubert" title="Jakob Schubert">Jakob Schubert</a> in 2021 with a consensus that the grade is circa 5.15 (being a high DWS brings additional complexity in grading), which was the first-ever in DWS.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CLBR_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLBR-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016: <i>Alasha</i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a</a> (5.14d), <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in Spain. First ascent was by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sharma" title="Chris Sharma">Chris Sharma</a>, who left it ungraded and named it after his daughter; there was speculation it was harder than <i><a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_(climb)" title="Es Pontàs (climb)">Es Pontàs</a></i> and possibly at <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9b</a> (5.15b);<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Schubert" title="Jakob Schubert">Jakob Schubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jernej_Kruder" title="Jernej Kruder">Jernej Kruder</a> made the first repeats in 2021, and estimated that its grade to be circa 9a, which takes account of the fact that the crux is at an intimidating height of 15 metres (49 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-CLBR_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLBR-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017: <i>The King</i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">8b+</a> (5.14a), <a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27Arc" title="Pont d'Arc">Pont d'Arc</a> in France. First ascent by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sharma" title="Chris Sharma">Chris Sharma</a>; while not one of Sharma's hardest DWS routes, the great height of the arch (30 metres (98 ft) at the apex) and its natural beauty, attracted significant attention; locals named it <i>The King</i> in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: <i>Weatherman</i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">8a+</a> (5.13c), <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in Spain. Julia Kruder repeated <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sharma" title="Chris Sharma">Chris Sharma</a>'s route, and becomes the first female to climb a DWS route at the grade of 8a+.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024: <i>Poseidon's Kiss</i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">8c</a> (5.14b), <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> in Spain. Hannes Van Duysen becomes (possibly) the first to flash an 8c DWS route.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of notable films have been made focused on DWS free solo climbing including:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>King Lines</i>, a 2007 documentary film about <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sharma" title="Chris Sharma">Chris Sharma</a>, featuring his free solo climb of the DWS route, <i><a href="/wiki/Es_Pont%C3%A0s_(climb)" title="Es Pontàs (climb)">Es Pontàs</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)#Free_climbing" title="Grade (climbing)">9a+</a> (5.15a), in <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deep-water_soloing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deep-water soloing">Deep-water soloing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_climbing" title="Solo climbing">Solo climbing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/videos/natalija-gros-le-tango-vertical/">"Natalija Gros – Le Tango Vertical"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i>. 24 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climbing&rft.atitle=Natalija+Gros+%E2%80%93+Le+Tango+Vertical&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fvideos%2Fnatalija-gros-le-tango-vertical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Mike (2007). <i>Deep Water: Rockfax Guidebook to Deep Water Soloing</i>. Rockfax. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873341766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873341766"><bdi>978-1873341766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Water%3A+Rockfax+Guidebook+to+Deep+Water+Soloing&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Rockfax&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1873341766&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CL5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL5_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonHawkins2019" class="citation web cs1">Simon, R, Bryan; Hawkins, Seth C. (18 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/skills/learn-this-deep-water-soloing-101/">"Learn This: Deep-Water Soloing 101"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climbing&rft.atitle=Learn+This%3A+Deep-Water+Soloing+101&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=R%2C+Bryan&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Seth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climbing.com%2Fskills%2Flearn-this-deep-water-soloing-101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/destinations/deep_water_soloing_guide_to_mallorca-5290">"Deep Water Soloing Guide to Mallorca"</a>. <i>UKClimbing</i>. 30 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UKClimbing&rft.atitle=Deep+Water+Soloing+Guide+to+Mallorca&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukclimbing.com%2Farticles%2Fdestinations%2Fdeep_water_soloing_guide_to_mallorca-5290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnside2017" class="citation web cs1">Burnside, Peter (22 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebmc.co.uk/6-best-european-dws-destinations-not-mallorca">"The 6 Best European DWS destinations that aren't Mallorca!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Mountaineering_Council" title="British Mountaineering Council">British Mountaineering Council</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Mountaineering+Council&rft.atitle=The+6+Best+European+DWS+destinations+that+aren%27t+Mallorca%21&rft.date=2017-07-22&rft.aulast=Burnside&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebmc.co.uk%2F6-best-european-dws-destinations-not-mallorca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grimper.com/news-pratiquer-deep-water-solo-psicobloc-provence">"DWS en Provence"</a>. <i>Grimper</i>. 14 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grimper&rft.atitle=DWS+en+Provence&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grimper.com%2Fnews-pratiquer-deep-water-solo-psicobloc-provence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ukc_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Mike (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/page.php?id=469">"So You Want to Go Deep Water Soloing?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+You+Want+to+Go+Deep+Water+Soloing%3F&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukclimbing.com%2Farticles%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climb-europe.com/rockclimbingshop/rock-climbing-thailand">"Thailand rock climbing, sport climbing and deep water soloing (DWS)"</a>. <i>climb-europe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climb-europe.com&rft.atitle=Thailand+rock+climbing%2C+sport+climbing+and+deep+water+soloing+%28DWS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimb-europe.com%2Frockclimbingshop%2Frock-climbing-thailand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/videos/deep-water-psicobloc-in-vietnam-with-kyra-condie-and-tim-emmett/">"Deep Water: Psicobloc in Vietnam with Kyra Condie and Tim Emmett"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Outside_(magazine)" title="Outside (magazine)">Outside</a></i>. 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlanetMountain&rft.atitle=Jakob+Schubert+makes+first+repeat+of+Alasha%2C+Chris+Sharma%27s+extreme+Mallorca+DWS&rft.date=2021-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fclimbing%2Fjakob-schubert-makes-first-repeat-alasha-chris-sharma-extreme-dws-mallorca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/chris-sharma-climbs-huge-pont-d-arc-deep-water-solo.html">"Chris Sharma climbs huge Pont d'Arc Deep Water Solo"</a>. <i>PlanetMountain</i>. 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlanetMountain&rft.atitle=Chris+Sharma+climbs+huge+Pont+d%27Arc+Deep+Water+Solo&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fclimbing%2Fchris-sharma-climbs-huge-pont-d-arc-deep-water-solo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gripped.com/news/watch-chris-sharma-climb-wild-5-14-dws/">"Watch Chris Sharma Climb Wild 5.14 DWS"</a>. <i>Gripped Magazine</i>. 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gripped+Magazine&rft.atitle=Watch+Chris+Sharma+Climb+Wild+5.14+DWS&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgripped.com%2Fnews%2Fwatch-chris-sharma-climb-wild-5-14-dws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland2017" class="citation web cs1">Boland, Whitney (8 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbull.com/us-en/climber-chris-sharma-free-solo-pont-d-arc-france">"Chris Sharma Climbs Massive Pont D'Arc"</a>. <i>RedBull</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RedBull&rft.atitle=Chris+Sharma+Climbs+Massive+Pont+D%27Arc&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbull.com%2Fus-en%2Fclimber-chris-sharma-free-solo-pont-d-arc-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/jernej-julia-kruder-cruise-mallorca-deep-water-solo.html">"Jernej and Julia Kruder cruise Mallorca's Deep Water Solo"</a>. <i>PlanetMountain</i>. 29 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlanetMountain&rft.atitle=Jernej+and+Julia+Kruder+cruise+Mallorca%27s+Deep+Water+Solo&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetmountain.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fclimbing%2Fjernej-julia-kruder-cruise-mallorca-deep-water-solo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DBRGj3ptrdN/">"Poseidon's kiss 8c - FLASH⚡️🔱"</a>. <i>Instagram</i>. 18 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instagram&rft.atitle=Poseidon%27s+kiss+8c+-+FLASH%E2%9A%A1%EF%B8%8F%F0%9F%94%B1&rft.date=2024-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FDBRGj3ptrdN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisharat2022" class="citation web cs1">Bisharat, Andrew (6 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outsideonline.com/culture/books-media/best-climbing-mountaineering-films-of-all-time/?scope=anon">"The 20 Best Climbing Films of All Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Outside_(magazine)" title="Outside (magazine)">Outside</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outside&rft.atitle=The+20+Best+Climbing+Films+of+All+Time&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.aulast=Bisharat&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideonline.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks-media%2Fbest-climbing-mountaineering-films-of-all-time%2F%3Fscope%3Danon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Mike (2007). <i>Deep Water: Rockfax Guidebook to Deep Water Soloing</i>. Rockfax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873341766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873341766"><bdi>978-1873341766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Water%3A+Rockfax+Guidebook+to+Deep+Water+Soloing&rft.pub=Rockfax&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1873341766&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesGlaisterBeail2016" class="citation book cs1">James, Alan; Glaister, Mark; Beail, Daimon (2016). <i>Spain: Mallorca, Sport Climbing and Deep Water Soloing</i>. Rockfax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873341186" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873341186"><bdi>978-1873341186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+Mallorca%2C+Sport+Climbing+and+Deep+Water+Soloing&rft.pub=Rockfax&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1873341186&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Glaister%2C+Mark&rft.au=Beail%2C+Daimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep-water+soloing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep-water_soloing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deep-water_solo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deep-water solo">deep-water solo</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climbing.com/videos/video-chris-sharma-es-pontas-deep-water-solo-remastered/">VIDEO: This Has To Be the Most Iconic Chris Sharma Video, DWS of Es Pontas (9a+)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i> (April 2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebmc.co.uk/6-best-european-dws-destinations-not-mallorca">VIDEO: The 6 Best European DWS destinations that aren’t Mallorca!</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Mountaineering_Council" title="British Mountaineering Council">British Mountaineering Council</a> (2017)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climbing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climbing" title="Template:Climbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climbing" title="Template talk:Climbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing#Types_of_rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">Bouldering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering#Highball_bouldering" title="Bouldering">Highball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">Free</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_climbing" title="Solo climbing">Solo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deep-water solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_solo_climbing" title="Rope solo climbing">Rope solo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_rope_climbing" title="Top rope climbing">Top roping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route#Types_of_routes" title="Climbing route">Route types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">Crack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_climbing" title="Face climbing">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(climbing)" title="Overhang (climbing)">Overhang / Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">Slab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Himalayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">Alpine style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_climbing" title="Expedition climbing">Expedition style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambling" title="Scrambling">Scrambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">Hillwalking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildering" title="Buildering">Buildering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_climbing" title="Grass climbing">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_access" title="Rope access">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_climbing" title="Pole climbing">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropes_course" title="Ropes course">Ropes course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftopping" title="Rooftopping">Rooftopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking" title="Roof and tunnel hacking">Roof and tunnel hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide Climbing">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_climbing" title="Tree climbing">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alpine_clubs" title="List of alpine clubs">Alpine clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Cup" title="IFSC Climbing World Cup">IFSC World Cup winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Championships">IFSC World Championships winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">IFSC victories</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deaths <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders" title="List of deaths on eight-thousanders">Eight-thousanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest" title="List of people who died climbing Mount Everest">Everest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_and_mountaineering_equipment_brands" title="List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_knots" title="List of climbing knots">Knots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Historical events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">Grade milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ascents_of_mountain_summits" title="List of first ascents of mountain summits">First ascents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_technique" title="Climbing technique">Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aider" class="mw-redirect" title="Aider">Aider</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy chain (climbing)">Daisy chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(climbing)" title="Ascender (climbing)">Ascender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petzl_Croll" title="Petzl Croll">Croll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_device" title="Belay device">Belay device</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_belay" title="Auto belay">Auto belay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_glasses" title="Belay glasses">Glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Belay gloves">Gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(climbing)" title="Bolt (climbing)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">Boulder mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabiner" title="Carabiner">Carabiner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maillon" title="Maillon">Maillon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_rope" title="Climbing rope">Climbing rope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord (climbing)">Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_rope" title="Static rope">Static</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_chalk" title="Liquid chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (climbing)">Descenders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_8_(climbing)" title="Figure 8 (climbing)">Figure-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (climbing)">Hooks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifi_hook" title="Fifi hook">Fifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyhook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhook (climbing)">Skyhook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock climbing hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_(climbing)" title="Hex (climbing)">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyard_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyard (climbing)">Lanyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_anchor_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal anchor system">PAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(climbing)" title="Nut (climbing)">Nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(climbing)" title="Copperhead (climbing)">Copperhead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton" title="Piton">Piton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portaledge" title="Portaledge">Portaledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickdraw" title="Quickdraw">Quickdraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-locking_device" title="Self-locking device">SLDs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigri" title="Grigri">Grigri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revo_(climbing)" title="Revo (climbing)">Revo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_(climbing_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling (climbing equipment)">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device" title="Spring-loaded camming device">SLCDs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camalot" title="Camalot">Camalot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricam" title="Tricam">Tricam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing#Equipment" title="Ice climbing">Ice and snow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpenstock" title="Alpenstock">Alpenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalakov_thread" title="Abalakov thread">Abalakov thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">Bottled oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">Ice axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_tool" title="Ice tool">Ice tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_screw" title="Ice screw">Ice screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_boot" title="Mountaineering boot">Mountaineering boot</a></li> <li>Rescue <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_cord" title="Avalanche cord">Avalanche cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECCO" title="RECCO">RECCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_transceiver" title="Avalanche transceiver">Transeiver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_anchor" title="Snow anchor">Snow anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">Abseiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rappel" title="Australian rappel">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BClfersitz" title="Dülfersitz">Dülfersitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">Belaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_pointing" title="Front pointing">Front pointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissade_(climbing)" title="Glissade (climbing)">Glissading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">Jumaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Leading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (climbing)">Flashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsight" class="mw-redirect" title="Onsight">Onsighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redpoint_(climbing)" title="Redpoint (climbing)">Redpointing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">Rescue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_rescue" title="Crevasse rescue">Crevasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_rescue_(climbing)" title="Self rescue (climbing)">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-arrest" title="Self-arrest">Self-arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simul-climbing" title="Simul-climbing">Simul-climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rope_team" title="Rope team">Rope team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(climbing)" title="Spotting (climbing)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traversing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_traverse" title="Tyrolean traverse">Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ape_index" title="Ape index">Ape index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_shoe" title="Approach shoe">Approach shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_climbing" title="Clean climbing">Clean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route" title="Climbing route">Climbing route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">Guidebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">Climbing wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_(climbing)" title="Chipping (climbing)">Chipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(climbing)" title="Pitch (climbing)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topo_(climbing)" title="Topo (climbing)">Topo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(heights)" title="Exposure (heights)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_factor" title="Fall factor">Fall factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_guide" title="Mountain guide">Guides</a></li> <li>Training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachar_ladder" title="Bachar ladder">Bachar ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_board" title="Campus board">Campus board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangboard">Hangboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonBoard" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonBoard">MoonBoard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Journal" title="Alpine Journal">Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpinist_(magazine)" title="Alpinist (magazine)">Alpinist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Journal" title="American Alpine Journal">American Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alpine_Journal" title="Canadian Alpine Journal">Canadian Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desnivel" title="Desnivel">Desnivel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Journal" title="Himalayan Journal">Himalayan Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planinski_Vestnik" title="Planinski Vestnik">Planinski Vestnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_%26_Ice" title="Rock & Ice">Rock & Ice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summit_(magazine)" title="Summit (magazine)">Summit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alpinist" title="The Alpinist">The Alpinist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(film)" title="El Capitan (film)">El Capitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_Wall" title="The Dawn Wall">The Dawn Wall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Solo" title="Free Solo">Free Solo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Grit" title="Hard Grit">Hard Grit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment" title="Black Diamond Equipment">Black Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_(company)" title="CAMP (company)">CAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Designs" title="Cascade Designs">Cascade Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuter_Sport" title="Deuter Sport">Deuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Winters" title="Early Winters">Early Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Sports" title="Eastern Mountain Sports">Eastern Mountain Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ten_Footwear" title="Five Ten Footwear">Five Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostline_Kits" title="Frostline Kits">Frostline Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_(company)" title="Gerry (company)">GERRY Mountain Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grivel_(company)" title="Grivel (company)">Grivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holubar_Mountaineering" title="Holubar Mountaineering">Holubar Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JanSport" title="JanSport">JanSport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellwood_Company" title="Kellwood Company">Sierra Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelty_(company)" title="Kelty (company)">Kelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sportiva" title="La Sportiva">La Sportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowe_Alpine" title="Lowe Alpine">Lowe Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammut_Sports_Group" title="Mammut Sports Group">Mammut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmot_(company)" title="Marmot (company)">Marmot Mountain Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(manufacturer)" title="Millet (manufacturer)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Equipment_Co-op" title="Mountain Equipment Co-op">Mountain Equipment Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Safety_Research" title="Mountain Safety Research">Mountain Safety Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Research" title="Outdoor Research">Outdoor Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc." title="Patagonia, Inc.">Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petzl" title="Petzl">Petzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_(company)" title="Rab (company)">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Equipment,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational Equipment, Inc.">REI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Face" title="The North Face">The North Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therm-a-Rest" title="Therm-a-Rest">Therm-a-Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Country_(company)" title="Wild Country (company)">Wild Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing clubs">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Access_Fund" title="The Access Fund">Access Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_of_Canada" title="Alpine Club of Canada">Alpine Club of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Club" title="American Alpine Club">American Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club" title="Appalachian Mountain Club">Appalachian Mountain Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Alpine_Club" title="Austrian Alpine Club">Austrian Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mountaineering_Council" title="British Mountaineering Council">British Mountaineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Alpin_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Alpin Français">Club Alpin Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Alpino_Italiano" title="Club Alpino Italiano">Club Alpino Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Deportes_de_Monta%C3%B1a_y_Escalada" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada">Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_montagne_et_de_l%27escalade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade">Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Alpine_Club" title="German Alpine Club">German Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Climbing_Federation" title="South African National Climbing Federation">South African Climbing Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Alpine_Club" title="South Tyrol Alpine Club">South Tyrol Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alpine_Club" title="Swiss Alpine Club">Swiss Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Climbing" title="USA Climbing">USA Climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">International Federation of Sport Climbing</a> (IFSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIAGM" class="mw-redirect" title="UIAGM">Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes</a> (UIAGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Mountain_Leader_Associations" title="Union of International Mountain Leader Associations">Union of International Mountain Leader Associations</a> (UIMLA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climbing" title="Category:Climbing">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climbing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Climbing">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climbing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climbing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climbing_competitions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climbing_competitions" title="Template:Climbing competitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climbing_competitions" title="Template talk:Climbing competitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing_competitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing competitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climbing_competitions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing competitions">Climbing competitions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing#Competition_lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Lead climbing</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">sport climbing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering#Competition_bouldering" title="Bouldering">Bouldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing#Competition_speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed climbing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Competition_DWS">Deep-water soloing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing#Competition_ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing#Competition_multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rankings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IFSC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Cup" title="IFSC Climbing World Cup">IFSC Climbing World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Championships">IFSC Climbing World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Youth_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Youth Championships">IFSC Climbing World Youth Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Paraclimbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Paraclimbing World Championships">IFSC Paraclimbing World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Sport climbing at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="Sport climbing at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics">Summer Youth Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_World_Games" title="Sport climbing at the World Games">World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Games" title="X Games">X Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IFSC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFSC_Climbing_African_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFSC Climbing African Championships (page does not exist)">African Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFSC_Climbing_African_Youth_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFSC Climbing African Youth Championships (page does not exist)">African Youth Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_Asian_Cup" title="IFSC Climbing Asian Cup">Asian Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_Asian_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing Asian Championships">Asian Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_Asian_Youth_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing Asian Youth Championships">Asian Youth Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_European_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing European Championships">European Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFSC_Climbing_European_Youth_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFSC Climbing European Youth Championships (page does not exist)">European Youth Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFSC_Climbing_European_Youth_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFSC Climbing European Youth Cup (page does not exist)">European Youth Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFSC_Climbing_Pan_American_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFSC Climbing Pan American Championships (page does not exist)">Pan American Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IFSC_Climbing_Pan_American_Youth_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFSC Climbing Pan American Youth Championships (page does not exist)">Pan American Youth Championships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Sport climbing at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing_at_the_European_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport climbing at the European Games">European Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA_Climbing" title="USA Climbing">American Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_Austrian_Championships" title="Climbing Austrian Championships">Austrian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Belgian_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Belgian Championships (page does not exist)">Belgian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Canadian_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Canadian Championships (page does not exist)">Canadian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Czech_Republic_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Czech Republic Championships (page does not exist)">Czech Republic Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_French_Championships" title="Climbing French Championships">French Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_German_Championships" title="Climbing German Championships">German Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_Italian_Championships" title="Climbing Italian Championships">Italian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_Japan_Cup" title="Climbing Japan Cup">Japan Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Russian_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Russian Championships (page does not exist)">Russian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Spanish_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Spanish Championships (page does not exist)">Spanish Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Slovenian_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Slovenian Championships (page does not exist)">Slovenian Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climbing_Swiss_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climbing Swiss Championships (page does not exist)">Swiss Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sportroccia" title="Sportroccia">Sportroccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Master" title="Rock Master">Rock Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melloblocco" title="Melloblocco">Melloblocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bouldering_and_Lead_Climbing_Championships" title="Nordic Bouldering and Lead Climbing Championships">Nordic Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueco_Rock_Rodeo" title="Hueco Rock Rodeo">Hueco Rock Rodeo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Competition_DWS">Psicobloc Open Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="World" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UIAA_Ice_Climbing_World_Cup" title="UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup">UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIAA_Ice_Climbing_World_Championships" title="UIAA Ice Climbing World Championships">UIAA Ice Climbing World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UIAA_Ice_Climbing_World_Youth_Championships" title="UIAA Ice Climbing World Youth Championships">UIAA Ice Climbing World Youth Championships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">International Federation of Sport Climbing</a> (IFSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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