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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utbruddet_i_934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utbruddet_i_934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utbruddet i 934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utbruddet_i_934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utbruddet_i_1783–84" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utbruddet_i_1783–84"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utbruddet i 1783–84</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utbruddet_i_1783–84-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Utbruddet i 1783–84</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utbruddet_i_1783–84-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konsekvenser_på_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsekvenser_på_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Konsekvenser på Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsekvenser_på_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsekvenser_i_Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsekvenser_i_Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Konsekvenser i Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsekvenser_i_Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsekvenser_i_Nord-Amerika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsekvenser_i_Nord-Amerika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Konsekvenser i Nord-Amerika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsekvenser_i_Nord-Amerika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andre_konsekvenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andre_konsekvenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Andre konsekvenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andre_konsekvenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benjamin_Franklin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benjamin_Franklin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Benjamin Franklin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benjamin_Franklin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 49 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakag%C3%ADgar" title="Lakagígar – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lakagígar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A" title="لاكي – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Лакі – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лакі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Лякі – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лякі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki_(bolkan)" title="Laki (bolkan) – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Laki (bolkan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki-Krater" title="Laki-Krater – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laki-Krater" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Λάκι – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakag%C3%ADgar" title="Lakagígar – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lakagígar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_(%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="لکی (کوهستان) – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لکی (کوهستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakag%C3%ADgar" title="Lakagígar – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lakagígar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%82%A4%EC%82%B0" title="라키산 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라키산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB_(%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD)" title="Լաքի (հրաբուխ) – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լաքի (հրաբուխ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakag%C3%ADgar" title="Lakagígar – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lakagígar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99_(%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9)" title="לאקי (הר געש) – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאקי (הר געש)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლაკი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki_(vulk%C4%81ns)" title="Laki (vulkāns) – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laki (vulkāns)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakis" title="Lakis – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lakis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Лаки (вулкан) – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лаки (вулкан)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ლაკი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakag%C3%ADgar" title="Lakagígar – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lakagígar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki_(vulkaan)" title="Laki (vulkaan) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laki (vulkaan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AD%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="ラキ火山 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラキ火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="لاکی – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki" title="Laki – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki_(vulc%C3%A3o)" title="Laki (vulcão) – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laki (vulcão)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Лаки (вулкан) – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаки (вулкан)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krateri_Laki" title="Krateri Laki – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krateri Laki" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakagigar" title="Lakagigar – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lakagigar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кратер Лаки – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кратер Лаки" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater_Laki" title="Krater Laki – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krater Laki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakagigar" title="Lakagigar – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lakagigar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="லாக்கி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84" title="ภูเขาไฟลาไค – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาไฟลาไค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Лакі (вулкан) – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лакі (вулкан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="拉基火山 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉基火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="拉基火山 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉基火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laki" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Laki" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laki"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laki"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Laki" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Laki" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&oldid=24535071" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Laki&id=24535071&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaki"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLaki"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Laki&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lakag%C3%ADgar_(Laki_eruption_fissures)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203726" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates" style="font-size:85%; margin:0 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geografiske_koordinater" title="Geografiske koordinater">Koordinater</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=no&pagename=Laki&params=64_03_53_N_18_13_34_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kart, flyfoto og andre data for dette stedet"><span class="latitude">64°03′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°13′34″V</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/250px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/500px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Lakagígar eller <i>Lakikraterne</i> på norsk.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"><span class="hidden"> </span> Juhász Péter, <i>Lakagígar, Iceland</i> (2004)</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lakag%C3%ADgar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lakag%C3%ADgar.png/250px-Lakag%C3%ADgar.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lakag%C3%ADgar.png/500px-Lakag%C3%ADgar.png 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Kart over Island som viser den geografiske plasseringen av Laki.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laki</a></b> eller <b>Lakagígar</b> (<i>Lakikraterne</i> på norsk) er en <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">vulkansk</a> sprekk som ligger sør på <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a>, ikke så langt fra kløften <a href="/wiki/Eldgj%C3%A1" title="Eldgjá">Eldgjá</a> og det lille tettstedet <a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur" title="Kirkjubæjarklaustur">Kirkjubæjarklaustur</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skaftafell_nasjonalpark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaftafell nasjonalpark (ikke skrevet ennå)">Skaftafell nasjonalpark</a>. </p><p>Laki er en del av et vulkansk system med senter i <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsv%C3%B6tn" title="Grímsvötn">Grímsvötnvulkanen</a> og som inkluderer Eldgjá og <a href="/wiki/Katla" title="Katla">Katlavulkanen</a>. Området ligger mellom <a href="/wiki/Isbre" title="Isbre">isbreene</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDrdalsj%C3%B6kull" title="Mýrdalsjökull">Mýrdalsjökull</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull" title="Vatnajökull">Vatnajökull</a>. </p><p>I år <a href="/wiki/934" title="934">934</a> hadde Lakisystemet et stort vulkanutbrudd, i form av en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flombasalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flombasalt (ikke skrevet ennå)">flombasalt</a> i Eldgjáutbruddet, som produserte 19,6 km³ med lava. I <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>–<a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">84</a> hadde systemet igjen et utbrudd, denne gangen fra Lakisprekken og den tilstøtende Grímsvötnvulkanen, noe som produserte 15 km³ med basaltlava og skyer av <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluor</a>- og <a href="/wiki/Svoveldioksid" title="Svoveldioksid">svoveldioksidforbindelser</a> som tok livet av over 50% av husdyrene i området og førte til en <a href="/wiki/Hungersn%C3%B8d" title="Hungersnød">hungersnød</a> som tok livet av 21% av befolkningen på Island. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utbruddet_i_934">Utbruddet i 934</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utbruddet i 934" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utbruddet i 934"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eldgjáutbruddet i Lakisystemet i 934 produserte 19,6 km³ med flombasalt og var et av de større vulkanutbrudd på <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">Jorden</a> i historisk tid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utbruddet_i_1783–84"><span id="Utbruddet_i_1783.E2.80.9384"></span>Utbruddet i 1783–84</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utbruddet i 1783–84" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utbruddet i 1783–84"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/8._juni" title="8. juni">8. juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a> åpnet eksplosivt en sprekk med 130 kratere, først på grunn av at stigende strømmer av <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> kom i kontakt med <a href="/wiki/Grunnvann" title="Grunnvann">grunnvann</a>. Etterhvert ble utbruddene mindre eksplosive, og de endret type fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plinisk_utbrudd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plinisk utbrudd (ikke skrevet ennå)">pliniske</a> til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stromboliansk_utbrudd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stromboliansk utbrudd (ikke skrevet ennå)">strombolianske utbrudd</a>, og senere til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiisk_utbrudd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawaiisk utbrudd (ikke skrevet ennå)">hawaiiske utbrudd</a> med store mengder lava. Dette utbruddet var vurdert til 6 på skalaen for <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a>, men det 8 måneder lange utbruddet av svovolholdige gassene resulterte i en av de viktigste klimatiske og sosiale hendelser i det siste årtusenet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utbruddet, som også er kjent som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skaft%C3%A1reldar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaftáreldar (ikke skrevet ennå)">Skaftáreldar</a> («Skaftáelvbrannene») eller Síðueldur, produserte rundt 15 km³ med basaltisk lava og den totale mengden <a href="/wiki/Tefra" title="Tefra">tefra</a> var 0,91 km³. Det har blitt estimert at lavafontenene nådde en høyde på mellom 800 og 1 400 m. I <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a> ble sommeren 1783 kjent som <i>sandsommeren</i> på grunn av nedfallet av <a href="/wiki/Vulkansk_aske" title="Vulkansk aske">vulkansk aske</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_timewatch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gassene fra utbruddet nådde en høyde på rundt 15 km, og mengden av de luftbårne småpartiklene økte gradvis og forårsaket en nedkjøling av den <a href="/wiki/Nordlige_halvkule" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordlige halvkule">nordlige halvkule</a>. </p><p>Utbruddet varte til <a href="/wiki/7._februar" title="7. februar">7. februar</a> <a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a>, men mesteparten av lavaen strømmet ut i løpet av de første fem månedene av utbruddet. Grímsvötnvulkanen som Lakisprekken strekker seg fra hadde også utbrudd i samme periode – 1783–<a href="/wiki/1785" title="1785">1785</a>. Gassene fra vulkanutbruddet, inkludert 8 millioner tonn <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluor</a> og 120 millioner tonn <a href="/wiki/Svoveldioksid" title="Svoveldioksid">svoveldioksid</a>, ga opphav til det som siden har blitt kjent som <i>Lakidisen</i> rundt omkring i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsekvenser_på_Island"><span id="Konsekvenser_p.C3.A5_Island"></span>Konsekvenser på Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Konsekvenser på Island" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Konsekvenser på Island"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konsekvensene for Island var katastrofale. Rundt 21% av befolkningen døde i hungersnøden fra 1783 til 1784 etter at sprekkutbruddene døde ut. Rundt 80% av sauene, 50% av storfeet og 50% av hestene døde på grunn av fluorforgiftning (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorose (ikke skrevet ennå)">fluorose</a>) fra de 8 million tonn fluor som ble frigitt under utbruddet<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_timewatch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sogneprest" title="Sogneprest">Sognepresten</a> Jón Steingrímsson ble berømt på grunn av sin <i>eldmessa</i> («ildpreken» på norsk). Hele befolkningen i den lille byen Kirkjubæjarklaustur var i kirken. På samme tidspunkt var byen i fare for å bli ødelagt av lavastrømmer, men mens landsbyfolket var i kirken stoppet lavaen like ved byen. Jón Steingrímssons øyenvitneskildringer var de mest omfattende og detaljerte ikke bare av det aktuelle utbruddet, men av vulkanutbrudd noe sted i verden noensinne frem til den tid. Han beskriver den fallende asken som så lang og tykk som selhår, og bombardementet av smeltet lava som kuruker som plasker ned på bakken.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsekvenser_i_Europa">Konsekvenser i Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Konsekvenser i Europa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Konsekvenser i Europa"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lakagigar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lakagigar.JPG/250px-Lakagigar.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lakagigar.JPG/375px-Lakagigar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lakagigar.JPG/500px-Lakagigar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Det er tydelig at Lakiutbruddet var svært stort i omfang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det har blitt beregnet at rundt 120 millioner tonn med svoveldioksid ble sendt ut i atmosfæren under utbruddet, noe som er rundt 3 ganger det totale utslippet av svoveldioksid i hele <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> i <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. De store mengdene svoveldioksid i kombinasjon med uvanlige meteorologiske forhold førte til at en tykk, svovelholdig dis spredte seg til Vest-Europa og førte til tusenvis av dødsfall gjennom 1783 og vinteren 1784. </p><p>Sommeren 1783 var den varmeste som noensinne var målt og det sjeldne <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytrykk" title="Høytrykk">høytrykket</a> over Island skapte sørøstlige vinder. Giftskyen nådde tidlig <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> som da var en del av <a href="/wiki/Danmark-Norge" title="Danmark-Norge">Danmark-Norge</a>. Den spredte seg deretter til <a href="/wiki/Praha" title="Praha">Praha</a> i <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hmen" title="Böhmen">Böhmen</a> <a href="/wiki/17._juni" title="17. juni">17. juni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> <a href="/wiki/18._juni" title="18. juni">18. juni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <a href="/wiki/20._juni" title="20. juni">20. juni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> <a href="/wiki/22._juni" title="22. juni">22. juni</a> og <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a> <a href="/wiki/23._juni" title="23. juni">23. juni</a>. Sikten ble så dårlig at båter måtte bli i havn da de ikke kunne navigere til havs, og solen ble beskrevet som «blodfarget»<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_timewatch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Inhalering av disse gassene forårsaket kvelning etter interne hevelser. Den lokale dødelighetsprosenten i <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> hadde i august og september 1783 en økning på 5% med over 40 døde. I Storbritannia viser arkiver at dødeligheten økte blant arbeidere som oppholdt seg mye utendørs, og en dødelighet på kanskje 2–3 ganger høyere enn normalt i Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire og på østkysten. Anslag tyder på at rundt 23 000 briter døde som følge av forgiftning i august og september. </p><p>Giftskyen førte også til oppvarming noe som ledet til kraftige tordenvær med haglstormer som etter sigende tok livet av mye storfe fram til den forsvant på høsten. Dette meteorologiske avviket førte til en ekstrem vinter i 1784. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert White (ikke skrevet ennå)">Gilbert White</a> skrev at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selborne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selborne (ikke skrevet ennå)">Selborne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> hadde 28 dager på rad med frost. Det er antatt at den ekstreme vinteren tok livet av rundt 8 000 mennesker i Storbritannia alene. Når våren kom opplevde <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> og andre sentrale deler av Europa alvorlig flom som førte til store skader<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_timewatch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De meteorologiske ettervirkningene fra Lakiutbruddet bidro til flere år med ekstreme værforhold i Europa. I Frankrike førte dette over tid blant annet til at store avlinger ble ødelagt med påfølgende fattigdom på bygda, etterfulgt av tørke, dårlige vintre og somre. I <a href="/wiki/1788" title="1788">1788</a> herjet en voldsom haglstorm som ødela store avlinger. Alt dette førte til en økning i fattigdom og hungersnød som bidro til å utløse <a href="/wiki/Den_franske_revolusjonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Den franske revolusjonen">den franske revolusjonen</a> i <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>. Laki var bare en av faktorene i en tiårsperiode med klimatiske avvik, ettersom <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsv%C3%B6tn" title="Grímsvötn">Grímsvötn</a>-utbruddet varte fra 1783 til 1785 og en studie i nyere tid av <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> også har antydet at det var en usedvanlig kraftig El-Niño-effekt i perioden <a href="/wiki/1789" title="1789">1789</a>–<a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">93</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsekvenser_i_Nord-Amerika">Konsekvenser i Nord-Amerika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Konsekvenser i Nord-Amerika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Konsekvenser i Nord-Amerika"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Nord-Amerika" title="Nord-Amerika">Nord-Amerika</a> var vinteren 1784 den lengste og kaldeste som noensinne er målt. Det ble registrert den lengste perioden med kuldegrader i <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, den største snømengden i <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> og den lengste perioden <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> var frosset over. Det var også mulig å gå på skøyter i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charleston_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charleston Harbor (ikke skrevet ennå)">Charleston Harbor</a>. En kraftig snøstorm rammet sørlige deler av dagens <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippielven" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippielven">Mississippielven</a> frøs i <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, og det var is enkelte steder i <a href="/wiki/Mexicogulfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicogulfen">Mexicogulfen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andre_konsekvenser">Andre konsekvenser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Andre konsekvenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Andre konsekvenser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lakiutbruddet påvirket også klimaet utenfor Europa, med svekket <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">monsunsirkulasjon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> og <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, noe som medførte reduksjon i nedbørsmengden på -1 til -3 mm per dag over <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> i Afrika, og førte til blant annet lavere vannstand i <a href="/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen">Nilen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benjamin_Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Benjamin Franklin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Benjamin Franklin"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den amerikanske diplomat <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, som var i <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> for å forhandle den avtale som skulle få en heldig slutt på <a href="/wiki/Den_amerikanske_uavhengighetskrig" class="mw-redirect" title="Den amerikanske uavhengighetskrig">den amerikanske uavhengighetskrig</a>, spekulerte på om den uvanlig kalde vinteren 1784-85 kunne ha en sammenheng med «de voldsomme mengder av røyk, som så lenge hadde vedvart å strømme ut av <a href="/wiki/Hekla" title="Hekla">Hekla</a> hele sommeren» (man kjente til det islandske utbruddet, men Franklin bommet på vulkanen). Dermed ble Benjamin Franklin blant de første som på historisk belagt vis ante en sammenheng mellom vulkansk aktivitet og klimaendringer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulkansk_aktivitet_p%C3%A5_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkansk aktivitet på Island">Vulkansk aktivitet på Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_geografi" title="Islands geografi">Islands geografi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Brayshay and Grattan, 1999; Demarée and Ogilvie, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_timewatch-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_timewatch_2-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/timewatch">BBC Timewatch: "Killer Cloud", broadcast 19 January 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Witze and Jeff Kempe: <i>Island on Fire: The Extraordinary Story of Laki, the Volcano that Turned Eighteenth-Century Europe Dark,</i> Profile Books, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9781781250044" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781781250044</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Richard H. Grove, “Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Niño,” <i>Nature</i> 393 (1998), 318-319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Wood, C.A., 1992. "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption" in C. R. Harrington (Ed.), <i>The Year Without a Summer?</i> Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, pp. 58– 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Steve Lonker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918142052/http://acatte.club.fr/Iceland_Laki_in_english.htm">«Laki»</a> (på engelsk). Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acatte.club.fr/Iceland_Laki_in_english.htm">originalen</a> 18. september 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 25. august 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ALaki&rft.au=Steve+Lonker&rft.btitle=Laki&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facatte.club.fr%2FIceland_Laki_in_english.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Luke Oman, Alan Robock, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, and Thorvaldur Thordarson, "High-latitude eruptions cast shadow over the African monsoon and the flow of the Nile" in <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, Vol. 33, L18711, 2006, doi:10.1029/2006GL027665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Alexandra Witze and Jeff Kempe: <i>Island on Fire: The Extraordinary Story of Laki, the Volcano that Turned Eighteenth-Century Europe Dark,</i> Profile Books, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9781781250044" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781781250044</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brayshay, M and Grattan, J. – "Environmental and social responses in Europe to the 1783 eruption of the Laki fissure volcano in Iceland: a consideration of contemporary documentary evidence" in Firth, C. R. and McGuire, W. J. (eds) <i>Volcanoes in the Quaternary</i>. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 161, 173-187, 1999</li> <li>Grattan, J., Brayshay, M. and Sadler, J. – "Modelling the distal impacts of past volcanic gas emissions: Evidence of Europe-wide environmental impacts from gases emitted during the eruption of Italian and Icelandic volcanoes in 1783" in <i>Quaternaire</i>, 9, 25-35. 1998.</li> <li>Grattan, D., Schütenhelm, R. and Brayshay, M. – "Volcanic gases, environmental crises and social response" in Grattan, J. and Torrence, R. (eds) <i>Natural Disasters and Cultural Change</i>, Routledge, London 87-106. 2002.</li> <li>Grattan, J.P. and Brayshay, M.B. - "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000338532&er=deny">An Amazing and Portentous summer: Environmental and social responses in Britain to the 1783 eruption of an Iceland Volcano</a>" in <i>The Geographical Journal</i> 161(2), 125-134. 1995.</li> <li>Richard B. Stothers – "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713110938/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/1996/Stothers_2.html">The great dry fog of 1783</a>" in <i>Climatic Change</i>, 32, 79–89, 1996.</li> <li>Thorvaldur Thordarson and Stephen Self – "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oro.open.ac.uk/5099/">Atmospheric and environmental effects of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption</a>; a review and reassessment" in <i>J. Geophys. Res.</i>, 108, D1, 4011, doi:10.1029/2001JD002042, 2003.</li> <li>Alexandra Witze and Jeff Kempe: <i>Island on Fire: The Extraordinary Story of Laki, the Volcano that Turned Eighteenth-Century Europe Dark,</i> Profile Books, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9781781250044" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781781250044</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laki&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/europe_west_asia/laki.html">Informasjon om Laki- and Grímsvötnutbruddene i 1783–1785</a> <span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morgue.anglicansonline.org/051106/">Informasjon om Jón Steingrímsson fra Angilicans Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020717/http://morgue.anglicansonline.org/051106/">Arkivert</a> 28. september 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070114001924/http://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/ivhhn/members/people/grattan.html">Kildeinformasjon fra Dr John Grattan ved International Volcanic Heath Hazard Network</a> <span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/meetings/cc02babstracts/Grattan-p.pdf">A Sulphurous Stench: Illness and Death in Europe Following the Eruption of the Laki Fissure</a> <span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span></li></ul> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Island" title="Portal:Island">Island</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24994932">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 språk</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nytt emne</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f7c94ff49-8xhd4","wgBackendResponseTime":123,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.281","walltime":"0.467","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2619,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":19370,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2175,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":17585,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":5,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 322.722 1 -total"," 37.12% 119.796 1 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