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concentration</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: safe limits concentration"> <meta name="keywords" content="safe limits concentration"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="safe limits concentration"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7498</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: safe limits concentration</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7498</span> Safe Limits Concentration of Ammonia at Work Environments through CD8 Expression in Rats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Rohim%20Tualeka">Abdul Rohim Tualeka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erick%20Caravan%20K.%20Betekeneng"> Erick Caravan K. Betekeneng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramdhoni%20Zuhro"> Ramdhoni Zuhro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reko%20Triyono"> Reko Triyono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sahri"> M. Sahri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It has been widely reported incidence caused by acute and chronic effects of exposure to ammonia in the working environment in Indonesia, but ammonia concentration was found to be below the threshold value. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety limit concentration of ammonia in the working environment through the expression of CD8 as a reference for determining the threshold value of ammonia in the working environment. This research was a laboratory experimental with post test only control group design using experimental animals as subjects experiment. From homogeneity test results indicated that the weight of white rats exposed and control groups had a homogeneous variant with a significant level of p (0.701) > α (0.05). Description of the average breathing rate is 0.0013 m³/h. Average weight rats based group listed exposure is 0.1405 kg. From the calculation IRS CD8, CD8 highest score in the doses contained 0.0154, with the location of the highest dose of ammonia without any effect on the lungs of rats is 0.0154 mg/kg body weight of mice. Safe Human Dose (SHD) ammonia is 0.002 mg/kg body weight workers. The conclusion of this study is the safety limit concentration of ammonia gas in the working environment of 0,025 ppm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ammonia" title="ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CD8" title=" CD8"> CD8</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rats" title=" rats"> rats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration" title=" safe limits concentration"> safe limits concentration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72574/safe-limits-concentration-of-ammonia-at-work-environments-through-cd8-expression-in-rats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7497</span> Impact on Vegetables Irrigated with Municipal and Industrial Wastewater from Korangi Drain near IoBM, Karachi </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nida%20Rabab">Nida Rabab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study was conducted to assess the Impact on Vegetables Irrigated with Municipal and Industrial wastewater from Korangi Drain near IoBM, Karachi. Some vegetables are grown using sewage and industrial wastewater laden with alarmingly high levels of heavy metals and bacteriological contamination. Maximum concentration of lead was found in spinach 8.20 mg/l as against safe limits of 0.01 mg/l and maximum nickel concentration was found in banana 3.114 mg/l as against 0.02 mg/l, whereas all vegetables were invariably bacteriologically contaminated much beyond safe limits. Appropriate legislations in Sindh and competent manpower for rigorous monitoring to gage the harmful impact on vegetables grown with untreated municipal and industrial wastewater to effectively combat the problems of growing vegetables. The emptying of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater through Korangi Drain in fresh water bodies into Karachi cost should be banned to save the coast becoming hypoxic causing irreparable loss to marine life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laden" title="laden">laden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration" title=" concentration"> concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypoxic" title=" hypoxic"> hypoxic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetables" title=" vegetables"> vegetables</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31988/impact-on-vegetables-irrigated-with-municipal-and-industrial-wastewater-from-korangi-drain-near-iobm-karachi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7496</span> Status of Radiation Protection at Radiation Oncology, BPKM Cancer Hospital, Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surendra%20B.%20Chand">Surendra B. Chand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20P.%20Chaurasia"> P. P. Chaurasia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20%20Adhikari"> M. P. Adhikari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20N.%20Yadav"> R. N. Yadav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate all the safety procedures toward the radiation protection for workers in the radiation oncology department. Materials and Methods: The annual thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) reports for five years of the staffs were evaluated, radiation surveys were done in the control consoles, radiotherapy machines room and waiting areas of all machines using Aloka survey meter. Results: The five years TLD reports shows that the whole body dose of the individual staffs is found within the annual dose limit except the accidental exposures. Radiation exposures in the working areas are also safe limits. Conclusion: The radiation safety practices for radiation protection are satisfactory and the radiation workers of the departments are found working within the safe limit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20protection" title="radiation protection">radiation protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICRP" title=" ICRP"> ICRP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20limits" title=" dose limits"> dose limits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TLD" title=" TLD"> TLD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20devices" title=" radiation devices "> radiation devices </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2538/status-of-radiation-protection-at-radiation-oncology-bpkm-cancer-hospital-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">569</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7495</span> Calculation of Solar Ultraviolet Irradiant Exposure of the Cornea through Sunglasses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauro%20Masili">Mauro Masili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernanda%20O.%20Duarte"> Fernanda O. Duarte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liliane%20Ventura"> Liliane Ventura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic waves from 100 – 400 nm wavelength. The World Health Organization and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) recommend guidelines on the exposure of the eyes to UV radiation because it is correlated to ophthalmic diseases. Those exposure limits for an 8-h period are 1) UV radiant exposure should not exceed 30 J/m2 when irradiance is spectrally weighted using an actinic action spectrum; 2) unweighted radiant exposure in the UV-A spectral region 315 – 400 nm should not exceed 10 kJ/m2. Sunglasses play an important role in preventing eye injuries related to Sun exposure. We have calculated the direct and diffuse solar UV irradiance in a geometry that refers to an individual wearing a sunglass, in which the solar rays strike on a vertical surface. The diffuse rays are those scattered from the atmosphere and from the local environment. The calculations used the open-source SMARTS2 spectral model, in which we assumed a clear sky condition, aside from information about site location, date, time, ozone column, aerosols, and turbidity. In addition, we measured the spectral transmittance of a typical sunglasses lens and the global solar irradiance was weighted with the spectral transmittance profile of the lens. The radiant exposure incident on the eye’s surface was calculated in the UV and UV-A ranges following the ICNIRP’s recommendations for each day of the year. The tested lens failed the UV-A safe limit, while the UV limit failed to comply with this limit after the aging process. Hence, the ICNIRP safe limits should be considered in the standards to increase the protection against UV radiation on the eye. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICNIRP%20safe%20limits" title="ICNIRP safe limits">ICNIRP safe limits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO-12312-1" title=" ISO-12312-1"> ISO-12312-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunglasses" title=" sunglasses"> sunglasses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultraviolet%20radiation" title=" ultraviolet radiation"> ultraviolet radiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163507/calculation-of-solar-ultraviolet-irradiant-exposure-of-the-cornea-through-sunglasses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7494</span> Determination of Heavy Metals in Canned Dry-Milk and Fish from Supermarkets in Addis Ababa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kefyalew%20Muleta">Kefyalew Muleta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tetemke%20Mehari"> Tetemke Mehari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Human being require metallic elements such as copper and zinc up to certain limits that could cause problems if found in excess. Other metallic elements like cadmium and lead can be harmful to health if foodstuffs containing them are consumed regularly. Canned dry-milk and fish contain these metals in the journey from farm to fork. Objective: This study was designed to determine the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in four brands of canned dry-milk and fish from supermarkets in Addis Ababa. Methods: Laboratory based cross-sectional study design was used to determine the concentration of the heavy metals in four different brands of canned dry-milk and fish imported from different country from February to March 2013. The foods brands were sampled by simple random sampling method from eight supermarkets in Addis Ababa and coded. Wet oxidation using HNO3 and H2O2 was used to extract the heavy metals from the foods samples and analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Conclusions: From this study, it can be concluded that the level of Cadmium and Copper residues in canned dry-milk significantly vary among brands; and the levels of copper residue significantly vary among brands of canned fish at 95 % level. The AM milk brand from Ethiopia was safe in cadmium level. The cadmium and lead level in the NF fish brands from Indonesia packed in vegetables oil, and the lead level in DF brand packed in brine are safe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AAS" title="AAS">AAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canned%20dry%20milk" title=" canned dry milk"> canned dry milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canned%20fish" title=" canned fish"> canned fish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cd" title=" Cd"> Cd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cu" title=" Cu"> Cu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pb" title=" Pb"> Pb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zn" title=" Zn"> Zn</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33636/determination-of-heavy-metals-in-canned-dry-milk-and-fish-from-supermarkets-in-addis-ababa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">420</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7493</span> Dietary Exposure of Heavy Metals through Cereals Commonly Consumed by Dhaka City Residents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Md.%20Bayejid%20Hosen">A. Md. Bayejid Hosen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M%20Zakir%20Hossain%20Howlader"> B. M Zakir Hossain Howlader</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Yearul%20Kabir"> C. Yearul Kabir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contamination of soil and agricultural products by heavy metals resulting from rapid industrial development has caused major concern. Dietary exposure to heavy metals has been associated with toxic and adverse health effects. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to Pb, Cd and Hg. The aim of this study was to monitor the presence of heavy metals in cereals collected from different wholesale markets of Dhaka City. One hundred and sixty cereal samples were collected and analyzed for determination of heavy metals. Heavy metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of six heavy metals– lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and antimony were estimated. The average concentrations of heavy metals in cereals fall within the safe limit established by regulatory organizations except for Pb (152.4 μg/100g) and Hg (15.13 μg/100g) which exceeded the safe limits. BARI gom-26 was the highest source of Pb (304.1 μg/100g) whereas Haski-29 rice variety contained the highest amount of Hg (60.85 μg/100g). Though all the cereal varieties contained approximately same amount of Cr the naizer sail varieties contained huge amount of Cr (171.8 μg/100g). Among all the cereal samples miniket rice varieties contained the least amount of heavy metals. The concentration of Cr (63.24 μg/100g), Cd (5.54 μg/100g) and As (3.26 μg/100g) in all cereals were below the safe limits. The daily intake of heavy metals was determined using the total weight of cereals consumed each day multiplied by the concentrations of heavy metals in cereals. The daily intake was compared with provisional maximum tolerable daily intake set by different regulatory organizations. The daily intake of Cd (23.0 μg), Hg (63.0 μg) and as (13.6 μg) through cereals were below the risk level except for Pb (634.0 μg) and Cr (263.1 μg). As the main meal of average Bangladeshi people is boiled rice served with some sorts of vegetables, our findings indicate that the residents of Dhaka City are at risk from Pb and Cr contamination. Potential health risks from exposure to heavy metals in self-planted cereals need more attention. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination" title="contamination">contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dietary%20exposure" title=" dietary exposure"> dietary exposure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20health" title=" human health"> human health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICP-MS" title=" ICP-MS"> ICP-MS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28231/dietary-exposure-of-heavy-metals-through-cereals-commonly-consumed-by-dhaka-city-residents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7492</span> Assessment of Some Heavy Metals (Manganese, Copper, Nickel and Zinc) in Muscle and Liver of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Ilushi River, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joshua%20I.%20Izegaegbe">Joshua I. Izegaegbe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Femi%20F.%20Oloye"> Femi F. Oloye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Catherine%20E.%20Nasiru"> Catherine E. Nasiru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study determined the level of manganese, zinc, copper, and nickel in the liver and muscle of the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus from Ilushi River, Edo State, Nigeria with a view to determining the extent of contamination. Heavy metal determination of digested fish samples was done using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The results show that the muscles and livers were contaminated to varying levels with the presence of some non-metallic elements. The heavy metal load revealed that zinc had the highest mean concentration of 0.217±0.008µg/g in liver and 0.130±0.006µg/g in muscle, while copper recorded the least concentration in liver 0.063±0.004µg/g and 0.027±0.003µg/gin muscle. The distribution of the heavy metals in the muscles and livers of Clarias gariepinus showed significant variations and the results also revealed that the concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu,Ni and Mn) found in the liver was higher than those found in the muscle. This indicates that the liver is a better accumulator of heavy metal in Clarias gariepinus than the muscles. On comparison with WHO/FAO/FEPA/USFDA standards, the study shows that the concentrations of heavy metals in liver and muscle were within permissible limits safe for human consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clarias%20gariepinus" title="clarias gariepinus">clarias gariepinus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver" title=" liver"> liver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle" title=" muscle"> muscle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55440/assessment-of-some-heavy-metals-manganese-copper-nickel-and-zinc-in-muscle-and-liver-of-the-african-catfish-clarias-gariepinus-in-ilushi-river-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7491</span> Spatial Distribution of Natural Radionuclides in Soil, Sediment and Waters in Oil Producing Areas in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20O.%20Avwiri">G. O. Avwiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20O.%20Agbalagba"> E. O. Agbalagba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20P.%20Ononugbo"> C. P. Ononugbo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th and 40K) in the soil, sediment and water of oil producing communities in Delta and Rivers States were determined using γ-ray spectrometry. The mean soil/sediment activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in onshore west in Delta state is 40.2±5.1Bqkg-1, 29.9±4.2Bqkg-1 and 361.5±20.0Bqkg-1 respectively, the corresponding values obtained in onshore east1 of Rivers state is 20.9±2.8Bqkg-1, 19.4±2.5Bqkg-1and 260.0±14.1Bqkg-1 respectively. While the mean activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in onshore east2 of Rivers state is 29.3±3.5Bqkg-1, 21.6±2.6Bqkg-1 and 262.1±14.6Bqkg-1 respectively. These values obtained show enhanced NORMs but are well within the world range. All the radiation hazard indices examined in soil have mean values lower than their maximum permissible limits. In drinking water, the obtained average values of226Ra, 228Ra and 40K is 8.4±0.9, 7.3±0.7 and 29.9±2.2Bql-1 respectively for well water, 4.5±0.6, 5.1±0.4 and 20.9±2.0Bql-1 respectively for borehole water and 11.3±1.2, 8.5±0.7 and 32.4±3.7Bql-1 respectively for river water in onshore west. For onshore east1, average activity concentration of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K is 8.3±1.0, 8.6±1.1 and 39.6±3.3Bql-1 respectively for well water, 3.8±0.8, 4.9±0.6 and 35.7±4.1Bql-1 respectively for borehole water and 5.5±0.8, 5.4±0.7 and 36.9±3.8Bql-1 respectively for river water. While in onshore east2 average value of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K is 10.1±1.1, 8.3±1.0 and 50.0±3.9Bql-1 respectively for well water, 4.7±0.9, 4.0±0.4 and 28.8±3.0Bql-1 respectively for borehole water and 7.7±0.9, 6.1±0.8 and 27.1±2.9Bql-1 respectively for river water and the average activity concentrations in the produced water226Ra, 228Ra and 40K is 5.182.14Bql-1, 6.042.48Bql-1 and 48.7813.67Bql-1 respectively. These values obtained are well above world average values of 1.0, 0.1 and 10Bql-1 for 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K respectively, those of the control site values and most reported values around the world. Though the hazard indices (Raeq, Hex, Hin) examined in water is still within the tolerable level, the committed effective dose estimated are above ICPR 0.1 mSvy-1 permissible limits. The overall results show that soil and sediment in the area are safe radiologically, but the result indicates some level of water pollution in the studied area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioactivity" title="radioactivity">radioactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediment%20and%20water" title=" sediment and water"> sediment and water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niger%20Delta" title=" Niger Delta"> Niger Delta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20detector" title=" gamma detector"> gamma detector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26627/spatial-distribution-of-natural-radionuclides-in-soil-sediment-and-waters-in-oil-producing-areas-in-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7490</span> Gradations in Concentration of Heavy and Mineral Elements with Distance and Depth of Soil in the Vicinity of Auto Mechanic Workshops in Sabon Gari, Kaduna State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20D.%20Paul">E. D. Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Otanwa"> H. Otanwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20F.%20Paul"> O. F. Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20J.%20Salifu"> A. J. Salifu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20E.%20Toryila"> J. E. Toryila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20E.%20Gimba"> C. E. Gimba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concentration levels of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and two mineral elements (Ca and Mg) were determined in soil samples collected from the vicinity of two auto mechanic workshops in Sabon-Gari, Kaduna state, Nigeria, using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), in order to compare the gradation of their concentrations with distance and depth of soil from the workshop sites. At site 1, concentrations of lead, chromium, iron, and zinc were generally found to be above the World Health Organization limits, while those of Nickel and Cadmium fell within the limits. Iron had the highest concentration with a range of 176.274 ppm to 489.127 ppm at depths of 5 cm to 15 cm and a distance range of 5 m to 15 m, while the concentration of cadmium was least with a range of 0.001 ppm to 0.008 ppm at similar depth and distance ranges. In addition, there was more of calcium (11.521 ppm to 121.709 ppm), in all the samples, than magnesium (11.293 ppm to 21.635 ppm). Similar results were obtained for site II. The concentrations of all the metals analyzed showed a downward gradient with an increase in depth and distance from both workshop sites except for iron and zinc at site 2. The immediate and remote implications of these findings on the biota are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AAS" title="AAS">AAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanic%20workshops" title=" mechanic workshops"> mechanic workshops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation" title=" variation"> variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23160/gradations-in-concentration-of-heavy-and-mineral-elements-with-distance-and-depth-of-soil-in-the-vicinity-of-auto-mechanic-workshops-in-sabon-gari-kaduna-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23160.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">494</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7489</span> Effectiveness of the Resistance to Irradiance Test on Sunglasses Standards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauro%20Masili">Mauro Masili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liliane%20Ventura"> Liliane Ventura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is still controversial in the literature the ultraviolet (UV) radiation effects on the ocular media, but the World Health Organization has established safe limits on the exposure of eyes to UV radiation based on reports in literature. Sunglasses play an important role in providing safety, and their lenses should provide adequate UV filters. Regarding UV protection for ocular media, the resistance-to-irradiance test for sunglasses under many national standards requires irradiating lenses for 50 uninterrupted hours with a 450 W solar simulator. This artificial aging test may provide a corresponding evaluation of exposure to the sun. Calculating the direct and diffuse solar irradiance at a vertical surface and the corresponding radiant exposure for the entire year, we compare the latter with the 50-hour radiant exposure of a 450 W xenon arc lamp from a solar simulator required by national standards. Our calculations indicate that this stress test is ineffective in its present form. We provide evidence of the need to re-evaluate the parameters of the tests to establish appropriate safe limits against UV radiation. This work is potentially significant for scientists and legislators in the field of sunglasses standards to improve the requirements of sunglasses quality and safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO%2012312-1" title="ISO 12312-1">ISO 12312-1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20simulator" title=" solar simulator"> solar simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sunglasses%20standards" title=" sunglasses standards"> sunglasses standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%20protection" title=" UV protection"> UV protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55247/effectiveness-of-the-resistance-to-irradiance-test-on-sunglasses-standards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7488</span> Analysis of Histamine Content in Selected Food Products from the Serbian Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brizita%20Djordjevic">Brizita Djordjevic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bojana%20Vidovic"> Bojana Vidovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milica%20Zrnic"> Milica Zrnic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uros%20Cakar"> Uros Cakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Stankovic"> Ivan Stankovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davor%20Korcok"> Davor Korcok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sladjana%20Sobajic"> Sladjana Sobajic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Histamine is a biogenic amine, which is formed by enzymatic decarboxylation from the amino acid histidine. It can be found in foods such as fish and fish products, meat and fermented meat products, cheese, wine and beer. The presence of histamine in these foods can indicate microbiological spoilage or poor manufacturing processes. The consumption of food containing large amounts of histamine can have toxicological consequences. In 62 food products (31 canned fish products, 19 wines and 12 cheeses) from the market of Serbia the content of histamine was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Immunolab GmbH, Kassel, Germany). The detection limits of this assay were 20 µg/kg for fish and cheese and 4 µg/L for wine. The concentration of histamine varied between 0.16-207 mg/kg in canned fish products, 0.03-1.47 mg/kg in cheeses and 0.01- 0.18 mg/L in wines. In all analyzed canned fish products the results obtained for the histamine were below the limits set by European and national legislation, so they can be considered acceptable and safe for the health consumers. The levels of histamine in analyzed cheeses and wines were very low and did not pose safety concerns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cheese" title="cheese">cheese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzyme-linked%20immunosorbent%20assay" title=" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay"> enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histamine" title=" histamine"> histamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fish%20products" title=" fish products"> fish products</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wine" title=" wine"> wine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13046/analysis-of-histamine-content-in-selected-food-products-from-the-serbian-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7487</span> Radiological Assessment of Fish Samples Due to Natural Radionuclides in River Yobe, North Eastern Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20T.%20Abba">H. T. Abba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbas%20Baba%20Kura"> Abbas Baba Kura </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Assessment of natural radioactivity of some fish samples in river Yobe was conducted, using gamma spectroscopy method with NaI(TI) detector. Radioactivity is phenomenon that leads to production of radiations, whereas radiation is known to trigger or induce cancer. The fish were analyzed to estimate the radioactivity (activity) concentrations due to natural radionuclides (Radium 222(226Ra), Thorium 232 (232Th) and Potassium 40 (40K)). The obtained result show that the activity concentration for (226Ra), in all the fish samples collected ranges from 15.23±2.45 BqKg-1 to 67.39±2.13 BqKg-1 with an average value of 34.13±1.34 BqKg-1. That of 232Th, ranges from 42.66±0.81 BqKg-1 to 201.18±3.82 BqKg-1, and the average value stands at 96.01±3.82 BqKg-1. The activity concentration for 40K, ranges between 243.3±1.56 BqKg-1 to 618.2±2.81 BqKg-1 and the average is 413.92±1.7 BqKg-1. This study indicated that average daily intake due to natural activity from the fish is valued at 0.913 Bq/day, 2.577Bq/day and 11.088 Bq/day for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K respectively. This shows that the activity concentration values for fish, shows a promising result with most of the fish activity concentrations been within the acceptable limits. However locations (F02, F07 and F12) fish, became outliers with significant values of 112.53μSvy-1, 121.11μSvy-1 and 114.32μSvy-1 effective Dose. This could be attributed to variation in geological formations within the river as while as the feeding habits of these fish. The work shows that consumers of fish from River Yobe have no risk of radioactivity ingestion, even though no amount of radiation is assumed to be totally safe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation" title="radiation">radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radio-activity" title=" radio-activity"> radio-activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose" title=" dose"> dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radionuclides" title=" radionuclides"> radionuclides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river%20Yobe" title=" river Yobe "> river Yobe </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12312/radiological-assessment-of-fish-samples-due-to-natural-radionuclides-in-river-yobe-north-eastern-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7486</span> An Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution by Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) in Different Cities of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shumaila%20Shakoor">Shumaila Shakoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The levels of metal pollution (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) were investigated in the leaves of Dalbergia sisso in urban areas of the Sahiwal and Faisalabad City. For this purpose, three habitats were selected for sampling (roads, residential areas and parks). High concentration of metal was found in roadside samples as compared to residential areas and parks. In Sahiwal city the mean concentration of Copper (7.68µgg-¹) Zinc (43.55µgg-¹) and lead (4.79µgg-¹) were detected. Similarly, concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in leaves of Faisalabad city ranged from 14.4-11.3µgg-¹, 49.7-49.5µgg-¹,138.7-47.1µgg-¹. Highest concentration of heavy metals was detected in Faisalabad as compared to Sahiwal city and level of heavy metals was below the threshold limits, therefore, the concentration of heavy metals was not high in Dalbergia sissoo. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cadmium" title="cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead" title=" lead"> lead</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc" title=" zinc"> zinc</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55644/an-analysis-of-heavy-metal-pollution-by-shisham-dalbergia-sissoo-in-different-cities-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7485</span> Detection of Total Aflatoxin in Flour of Wheat and Maize Samples in Albania Using ELISA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aferdita%20Dinaku">Aferdita Dinaku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonida%20Canaj"> Jonida Canaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aflatoxins are potentially toxic metabolites produced by certain kinds of fungi (molds) that are found naturally all over the world; they can contaminate food crops and pose a serious health threat to humans by mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Several types of aflatoxin (14 or more) occur in nature. In Albanian nutrition, cereals (especially wheat and corn) are common ingredients in some traditional meals. This study aimed to investigate the presence of aflatoxins in the flour of wheat and maize that are consumed in Albania’s markets. The samples were collected randomly in different markets in Albania and detected by the ELISA method, measured in 450 nm. The concentration of total aflatoxins was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and they were ranged between 0.05-1.09 ppb. However, the screened mycotoxin levels in the samples were lower than the maximum permissible limits of European Commission No 1881/2006 (4 μg/kg). The linearity of calibration curves was good for total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1) (R²=0.99) in the concentration range 0.005-4.05 ppb. The samples were analyzed in two replicated measurements and for each sample, the standard deviation (statistical parameter) is calculated. The results showed that the flour samples are safe, but the necessity of performing such tests is necessary. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aflatoxins" title="aflatoxins">aflatoxins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELISA%20technique" title=" ELISA technique"> ELISA technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20contamination" title=" food contamination"> food contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flour" title=" flour"> flour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132620/detection-of-total-aflatoxin-in-flour-of-wheat-and-maize-samples-in-albania-using-elisa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7484</span> Seeking Safe Haven: An Analysis of Gold Performance during Periods of High Volatility</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerald%20Abdesaken">Gerald Abdesaken</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20O.%20Miller"> Thomas O. Miller</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyzes the performance of gold as a safe-haven investment. Assuming high market volatility as an impetus to seek a safe haven in gold, the return of gold relative to the stock market, as measured by the S&P 500, is tracked. Using the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) volatility index (VIX) as a measure of stock market volatility, various criteria are established for when an investor would seek a safe haven to avoid high levels of risk. The results show that in a vast majority of cases, the S&P 500 outperforms gold during these periods of high volatility and suggests investors who seek safe haven are underperforming the market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold" title="gold">gold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portfolio%20management" title=" portfolio management"> portfolio management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20haven" title=" safe haven"> safe haven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VIX" title=" VIX"> VIX</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137176/seeking-safe-haven-an-analysis-of-gold-performance-during-periods-of-high-volatility" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7483</span> Setting Control Limits For Inaccurate Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ran%20Etgar">Ran Etgar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The process of rounding off measurements in continuous variables is commonly encountered. Although it usually has minor effects, sometimes it can lead to poor outcomes in statistical process control using X ̅-chart. The traditional control limits can cause incorrect conclusions if applied carelessly. This study looks into the limitations of classical control limits, particularly the impact of asymmetry. An approach to determining the distribution function of the measured parameter (Y ̅) is presented, resulting in a more precise method to establish the upper and lower control limits. The proposed method, while slightly more complex than Shewhart's original idea, is still user-friendly and accurate and only requires the use of two straightforward tables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title="quality control">quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process%20control" title=" process control"> process control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=round-off" title=" round-off"> round-off</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rounding%20error" title=" rounding error"> rounding error</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166517/setting-control-limits-for-inaccurate-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7482</span> Identifying Knowledge Gaps in Incorporating Toxicity of Particulate Matter Constituents for Developing Regulatory Limits on Particulate Matter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ananya%20Das">Ananya Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arun%20Kumar"> Arun Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gazala%20Habib"> Gazala Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vivekanandan%20Perumal"> Vivekanandan Perumal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Regulatory bodies has proposed limits on Particulate Matter (PM) concentration in air; however, it does not explicitly indicate the incorporation of effects of toxicities of constituents of PM in developing regulatory limits. This study aimed to provide a structured approach to incorporate toxic effects of components in developing regulatory limits on PM. A four-step human health risk assessment framework consists of - (1) hazard identification (parameters: PM and its constituents and their associated toxic effects on health), (2) exposure assessment (parameters: concentrations of PM and constituents, information on size and shape of PM; fate and transport of PM and constituents in respiratory system), (3) dose-response assessment (parameters: reference dose or target toxicity dose of PM and its constituents), and (4) risk estimation (metric: hazard quotient and/or lifetime incremental risk of cancer as applicable). Then parameters required at every step were obtained from literature. Using this information, an attempt has been made to determine limits on PM using component-specific information. An example calculation was conducted for exposures of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and its metal constituents from Indian ambient environment to determine limit on PM values. Identified data gaps were: (1) concentrations of PM and its constituents and their relationship with sampling regions, (2) relationship of toxicity of PM with its components. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air" title="air">air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=component-specific%20toxicity" title=" component-specific toxicity"> component-specific toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20health%20risks" title=" human health risks"> human health risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particulate%20matter" title=" particulate matter"> particulate matter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51442/identifying-knowledge-gaps-in-incorporating-toxicity-of-particulate-matter-constituents-for-developing-regulatory-limits-on-particulate-matter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7481</span> Establishing Control Chart Limits for Rounded Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ran%20Etgar">Ran Etgar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The process of rounding off measurements in continuous variables is commonly encountered. Although it usually has minor effects, sometimes it can lead to poor outcomes in statistical process control using X̄ chart. The traditional control limits can cause incorrect conclusions if applied carelessly. This study looks into the limitations of classical control limits, particularly the impact of asymmetry. An approach to determining the distribution function of the measured parameter ȳ is presented, resulting in a more precise method to establish the upper and lower control limits. The proposed method, while slightly more complex than Shewhart's original idea, is still user-friendly and accurate and only requires the use of two straightforward tables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPC" title="SPC">SPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=round-off%20data" title=" round-off data"> round-off data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20limit" title=" control limit"> control limit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rounding%20error" title=" rounding error"> rounding error</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162235/establishing-control-chart-limits-for-rounded-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7480</span> Assessment of Heavy Metals in Vegetables Grown on Irrigated Land in Butura, Bokkos LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ogbole%20Alexandra%20Simi">Ogbole Alexandra Simi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wuyep%20Solomon%20Zitta"> Wuyep Solomon Zitta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monday%20Seri%20Nentok"> Monday Seri Nentok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boilif%20Yilni%20Edward"> Boilif Yilni Edward</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ocheri%20Maxwell%20Idoko"> Ocheri Maxwell Idoko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vegetables have positive antioxidative properties and are abundant in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. However, if consumed in large quantities, it may be harmful to human health. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of heavy metals on irrigated pepper, cabbage, and Irish potatoes grown in Butura. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA240FS) was used to analyze cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) levels. Three samples were selected from each of the vegetables grown on nine selected farms at distances of 0 m, 10 m, and 30 m. This forms a composite sample of vegetables at each farm. The study showed that the concentrations of cobalt, chromium, cadmium, copper, arsenic, zinc and nickel were within the standard limits set by the FAO/WHO, except for lead, which is higher than the allowable limits for vegetables. These may have behavioral problems, neurological complications, and hematologic disorders for consumers. Thus, these findings could lead to a risk for the human population consuming these vegetables. It is recommended that irrigation water and agricultural soils be constantly monitored to determine the concentration of metals accumulated by crop plants to ensure that crop plants are safe for consumption by humans. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable" title="vegetable">vegetable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cabbage" title=" cabbage"> cabbage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigated" title=" irrigated"> irrigated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irish%20potato" title=" Irish potato"> Irish potato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bokkos" title=" Bokkos"> Bokkos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pepper" title=" pepper"> pepper</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191893/assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-vegetables-grown-on-irrigated-land-in-butura-bokkos-lga-plateau-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">22</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7479</span> Assessment of Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Concentrations in Mafikeng Waste Water Treatment Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mathuthu">M. Mathuthu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20N.%20Gaxela"> N. N. Gaxela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Y.%20Olobatoke"> R. Y. Olobatoke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A study was carried out to assess the heavy metal and radionuclide concentrations of water from the waste water treatment plant in Mafikeng Local Municipality to evaluate treatment efficiency. Ten water samples were collected from various stages of water treatment which included sewage delivered to the plant, the two treatment stages and the effluent and also the community. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal content using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Gross α/β activity concentration in water samples was evaluated by Liquid Scintillation Counting whereas the concentration of individual radionuclides was measured by gamma spectroscopy. The results showed marked reduction in the levels of heavy metal concentration from 3 µg/L (As)–670 µg/L (Na) in sewage into the plant to 2 µg/L (As)–170 µg/L (Fe) in the effluent. Beta activity was not detected in water samples except in the in-coming sewage, the concentration of which was within reference limits. However, the gross α activity in all the water samples (7.7-8.02 Bq/L) exceeded the 0.1 Bq/L limit set by World Health Organization (WHO). Gamma spectroscopy analysis revealed very high concentrations of 235U and 226Ra in water samples, with the lowest concentrations (9.35 and 5.44 Bq/L respectively) in the in-coming sewage and highest concentrations (73.8 and 47 Bq/L respectively) in the community water suggesting contamination along water processing line. All the values were considerably higher than the limits of South Africa Target Water Quality Range and WHO. However, the estimated total doses of the two radionuclides for the analyzed water samples (10.62 - 45.40 µSv yr-1) were all well below the reference level of the committed effective dose of 100 µSv yr-1 recommended by WHO. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gross%20%CE%B1%2F%CE%B2%20activity" title="gross α/β activity">gross α/β activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radionuclides" title=" radionuclides"> radionuclides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=235U" title=" 235U"> 235U</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=226Ra" title=" 226Ra"> 226Ra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20sample" title=" water sample"> water sample</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20169/assessment-of-heavy-metals-and-radionuclide-concentrations-in-mafikeng-waste-water-treatment-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7478</span> Oxygenation in Turbulent Flows over Block Ramps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thendiyath%20Roshni">Thendiyath Roshni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefano%20Pagliara"> Stefano Pagliara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Block ramps (BR) or rock chutes are eco-friendly natural river restoration structures. BR are made of ramp of rocks and flows over BR develop turbulence and helps in the entrainment of ambient air. These act as natural aerators in river flow and therefore leads to oxygenation of water. As many of the hydraulic structures in rivers, hinders the natural path for aquatic habitat. However, flows over BR ascertains a natural rocky flow and ensures safe and natural movement for aquatic habitat. Hence, BR is considered as a better alternative for drop structures. As water quality is concerned, turbulent and aerated flows over BR or macro-roughness conditions improves aeration and thereby oxygenation. Hence, the objective of this paper is to study the oxygenation in the turbulent flows over BR. Experimental data were taken for a slope (S) of 27.5% for three discharges (Q = 9, 15 and 21 lps) conditions. Air concentration were measured with the help of air concentration probe for three different discharges in the uniform flow region. Oxygen concentration is deduced from the air concentration as ambient air is entrained in the flows over BR. Air concentration profiles and oxygen profiles are plotted in the uniform flow region for three discharges and found that air concentration and oxygen concentration does not show any remarkable variation in properties in the longitudinal profile in uniform flow region. An empirical relation is developed for finding the average oxygen concentration (Oₘ) for S = 27.5% in the uniform flow region for 9 < Q < 21 lps. The results show that as the discharge increases over BR, there is a reduction of oxygen concentration in the uniform flow region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aeration" title="aeration">aeration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20ramps" title=" block ramps"> block ramps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygenation" title=" oxygenation"> oxygenation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20flows" title=" turbulent flows"> turbulent flows</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98618/oxygenation-in-turbulent-flows-over-block-ramps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7477</span> Thermodynamic Study of Homo-Pairs in Molten Cd-Me, (Me=Ga,in) Binary Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yisau%20Adelaja%20Odusote">Yisau Adelaja Odusote</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olakanmi%20Felix%20Akinto"> Olakanmi Felix Akinto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The associative tendency between like atoms in molten Cd-Ga and Cd-In alloy systems has been studied by using the Quasi-Chemical Approximation Model (QCAM). The concentration dependence of the microscopic functions (the concentration-concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limits, Scc(0), the chemical short-range order (CSRO) parameter α1 as well as the chemical diffusion) and the mixing properties as the free energy of mixing, GM, enthalpy of mixing and entropy of mixing of the two molten alloys have been determined. Thermodynamic properties of both systems deviate positively from Raoult's law, while the systems are characterized by positive interaction energy. The role of atomic size ratio on the alloying properties was discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homo-pairs" title="homo-pairs">homo-pairs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interchange%20energy" title=" interchange energy"> interchange energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enthalpy" title=" enthalpy"> enthalpy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy" title=" entropy"> entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cd-Ga" title=" Cd-Ga"> Cd-Ga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cd-In" title=" Cd-In"> Cd-In</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27883/thermodynamic-study-of-homo-pairs-in-molten-cd-me-megain-binary-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27883.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7476</span> A Simulation for Behaviors of Preys to Avoid Pursuit of Predator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae%20Moon%20Lee">Jae Moon Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generally the predator will continuously aim to attack the prey, while the prey will maintain a safe distance from the predator in order to avoid it . If the predator has enough energy to chase a certain amount of distance, it will begin to attack the prey. The prey needs to approach the predator for various reasons such as getting food. However, it will also try to keep a safe distance because of the threat of predators. The safe distance is dependent on the amount of the energy of predator, and the behaviors of prey is changed according to the size of the safe distance. This paper is to simulate the behaviors of preys to avoid the pursuit of predator based on the safe distance. The simulations will be executed experimentally under single predator and multiple preys. The results of the simulations show that the amount of energy of predator gives a great influence on the behavior of the prey. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predator" title="predator">predator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prey" title=" prey"> prey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20distance" title=" safe distance"> safe distance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27952/a-simulation-for-behaviors-of-preys-to-avoid-pursuit-of-predator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27952.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7475</span> External Store Safe Separation Evaluation Process Implementing CFD and MIL-HDBK-1763</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thien%20Bach%20Nguyen">Thien Bach Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nhu-Van%20Nguyen"> Nhu-Van Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phi-Minh%20Nguyen"> Phi-Minh Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minh%20Hien%20Dao"> Minh Hien Dao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The external store safe separation evaluation process implementing CFD and MIL-HDBK-1763 is proposed to support the evaluation and compliance of the external store safe separation with the extensive using CFD and the criteria from MIL-HDBK-1763. The criteria of safe separation are researched and investigated for the various standards and handbooks such as MIL-HDBK-1763, MIL-HDBK-244A, AGARD-AG-202 and AGARD-AG-300 to acquire the appropriate and tailored values and limits for the typical applications of external carriages and aircraft fighters. The CFD and 6DOF simulations are extensively used in ANSYS 2023 R1 Software for verification and validation of moving unstructured meshes and solvers by calibrating the position, aerodynamic forces and moments of the existing air-to-ground missile models. The verified CFD and 6DoF simulation separation process is applied and implemented for the investigation of the typical munition separation phenomena and compliance with the tailored requirements of MIL-HDBK-1763. The prediction of munition trajectory parameters under aircraft aerodynamics interference and specified rack unit consideration after munition separation is provided and complied with the tailored requirements to support the safe separation evaluation of improved and newly external store munition before the flight test performed. The proposed process demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability in providing the understanding of the complicated store separation and the reduction of flight test sorties during the improved and new munition development projects by extensively using the CFD and tailoring the existing standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20store%20separation" title="external store separation">external store separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIL-HDBK-1763" title=" MIL-HDBK-1763"> MIL-HDBK-1763</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20meshes" title=" moving meshes"> moving meshes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flight%20test%20data" title=" flight test data"> flight test data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=munition." title=" munition."> munition.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192199/external-store-safe-separation-evaluation-process-implementing-cfd-and-mil-hdbk-1763" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">23</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7474</span> Effluent from Royal LERD Wastewater Treatment Systems to Furnish Nutrients for Phytoplankton to Generate the Abundance of Hard Clam (Meretrix spp.) on Muddy Beach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Phewnil">O. Phewnil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Khowhit"> S. Khowhit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Inkapatanakul"> W. Inkapatanakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Boutson"> A. Boutson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Chunkao"> K. Chunkao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Chueawong"> O. Chueawong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Pattamapitoon"> T. Pattamapitoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Chanwong"> N. Chanwong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Nimpee"> C. Nimpee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The King’s Royally Initiated Laem Phak Bia Environmental Research and Development Project (“the Royal LERD Project”) is located in Laem Phak Bia Sub-District, Ban Laem District, Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Phetchaburi municipal wastewater was treated with a simple technology by using aquatic plants, constructed wetland, oxidation ponds through a nature-by-nature process. The effluent from the Royal LERD Project was discharged into Laem Phak Bia muddy beach. The soil sediment samples were collected from two zones (200 and 600 meters from the coast of the beach), and tested for cation-exchange capacity (CEC), pH and organic matter and soil particles content. The marine water samples were also collected from the beach in wet and dry seasons and analyzed for its quality and compositions, including but not limited to, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids (SS), nutrients, heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb), and phytoplankton at high and low tides. The soil texture was sandy loam with high concentration of calcium and magnesium which showed a property of base (pH 8). The marine water was qualified with the standard limits of coastal water quality. A dominant species was Coscinodiscus sp. It was found approximately 70.46% of total phytoplankton species in Meretrix casta gastrointestinal tract. The concentration of the heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) in the tissues and water content of two species of hard clams indicated that heavy metals in Meretrix casta were higher than those in Meretrix meretrix. However, the heavy metals in both species were under the standard limits and safe for consumption. It can be concluded that nutrients in effluent from the wastewater treatment systems play important role in promoting the growth of phytoplankton and generating abundance of hard clams on muddy beach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoplankton" title=" phytoplankton"> phytoplankton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20clam%20%28Meretrix%20spp.%29" title=" hard clam (Meretrix spp.)"> hard clam (Meretrix spp.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muddy%20beach" title=" muddy beach"> muddy beach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43165/effluent-from-royal-lerd-wastewater-treatment-systems-to-furnish-nutrients-for-phytoplankton-to-generate-the-abundance-of-hard-clam-meretrix-spp-on-muddy-beach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7473</span> Comparative Assessment of Organo-Chlorine Pesticides Residue in Fruits and Fruit Juices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saidu%20Garba%20Okereafor%20Stella">Saidu Garba Okereafor Stella</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The presence of 15 organochlorine pesticides residue was assessed from 29 different fruits and fruit juice samples from selected farms in Kaduna and Niger States using the quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS), followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed the presence of varying concentrations of ten (10) organochlorine pesticide residues in all the samples with Endrin ketone showing the highest concentration in 3 samples from Kaduna (guava juice 1 and 2 0.099 to 0.145 mg/kg) and Niger States (orange juice J19 0.102 mg/kg). The heptachlor was detected at high concentration in 11 samples, 7 samples from Kaduna State (mango juice 0.011 mg/kg, Washington orange 0.014 mg/kg, Valencia orange fruit 0.020 mg/kg, orange juice 0.011, white guava fruit 0.024 mg/kg, guava juice 0.023 mg/kg, guava juice 2 0.024 mg/kg) and 4 samples from (mango juice 1 0.015 mg/kg, pineapple juice 1 0.0120 mg/kg pineapple juice 2 011 mg/kg and mix juice 2 0.012 mg/kg) from Niger State. Dieldrine and endosulfansulfate were detected at high levels in one sample each from Niger (guava fruit 0.019 mg/kg and mixed juice1 0.011mg/kg), respectively. However, all were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by WHO/FAO which suggest that people consuming these type of contaminated fruits and fruits juices may contact diseases associated with those organochlorine pesticides residue. Minute concentrations of other organochlorines (α- BHC, δ- BHC, β- BHC, Lindane, and p’p DDT) ranged from 0.003 to 0.015 were recorded below the MRLs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruits%20and%20fruits%20juices" title="fruits and fruits juices">fruits and fruits juices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organochlorine%20pesticide%20residue" title=" organochlorine pesticide residue"> organochlorine pesticide residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20studies" title=" comparative studies"> comparative studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gc-ms%20spectrophometer" title=" gc-ms spectrophometer"> gc-ms spectrophometer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136919/comparative-assessment-of-organo-chlorine-pesticides-residue-in-fruits-and-fruit-juices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7472</span> Support Systems for Vehicle Use</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Gonz%C3%A1lez">G. González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Ram%C3%ADrez"> J. Ramírez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Rubiano"> A. Rubiano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article describes different patented systems for safe use in vehicles based on GPS technology, speed sensors, gyroscopes, maps, communication systems, and monitors, that inform the driver about traffic jam, obstruction in the road, speed limits, among others. Once the information is analyzed and contrasted to final propose new technical needs to be solved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPS" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20technology" title=" information technology"> information technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telecommunications" title=" telecommunications"> telecommunications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20networks" title=" communication networks"> communication networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gyroscope" title=" gyroscope"> gyroscope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20pollution" title=" environmental pollution"> environmental pollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1398/support-systems-for-vehicle-use" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">467</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7471</span> Assessment of Essential and Nonessential Metal Concentration in Selected Edible Fruit and Leaf Vegetables Grown with Adiahferom River, Tigray, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mulugeta%20Gurum%20Gerechal">Mulugeta Gurum Gerechal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this piece of study, food safety questions and potential health risks make this as one of the most serious environmental concerns. Then, the levels of essential and non-essential heavy metals concentration were studied in Onion, Carrot, Swiss chard and Lettuce vegetables and compared the permissible levels with international guidelines for safe food. The concentration of Fe was found in the higher concentrations compared to other metals analyzed or significantly different at 95% confidence level than the rest metals studied in this study. However, the levels of the concentration of Cd and Pb exceeded the permissible level set by WHO specifications in water samples, Cd and Pb exceeded the permissible level set by FAO/WHO specifications in all vegetable samples collected from Adiahferom River Fe and Cu were also found below the recommended levels. The higher concentration of Pb and Cd above the permissible level in vegetables used for human food may pose health risk to consumer. However, the Fe hasn’t any health effect they take on from the Adiahferom body River. Mostly, the levels of metals in similar vegetable samples differed between the three sampling site, that may be due to variation in sources and processes of contaminations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adiahferom" title="Adiahferom">Adiahferom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbidity" title=" turbidity"> turbidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physico-chemical" title=" physico-chemical"> physico-chemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assessment" title=" assessment"> assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193293/assessment-of-essential-and-nonessential-metal-concentration-in-selected-edible-fruit-and-leaf-vegetables-grown-with-adiahferom-river-tigray-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">8</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7470</span> The Methodology of System Modeling of Mechatronic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakhoua%20Najeh">Lakhoua Najeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aims of the work: After a presentation of the functionality of an example of a mechatronic system which is a paint mixer system, we present the concepts of modeling and safe operation. This paper briefly discusses how to model and protect the functioning of a mechatronic system relying mainly on functional analysis and safe operation techniques. Methods: For the study of an example of a mechatronic system, we use methods for external functional analysis that illustrate the relationships between a mechatronic system and its external environment. Thus, we present the Safe-Structured Analysis Design Technique method (Safe-SADT) which allows the representation of a mechatronic system. A model of operating safety and automation is proposed. This model enables us to use a functional analysis technique of the mechatronic system based on the GRAFCET (Graphe Fonctionnel de Commande des Etapes et Transitions: Step Transition Function Chart) method; study of the safe operation of the mechatronic system based on the Safe-SADT method; automation of the mechatronic system based on a software tool. Results: The expected results are to propose a model and safe operation of a mechatronic system. This methodology enables us to analyze the relevance of the different models based on Safe-SADT and GRAFCET in relation to the control and monitoring functions and to study the means allowing exploiting their synergy. Conclusion: In order to propose a general model of a mechatronic system, a model of analysis, safety operation and automation of a mechatronic system has been developed. This is how we propose to validate this methodology through a case study of a paint mixer system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechatronic%20systems" title="mechatronic systems">mechatronic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20modeling" title=" system modeling"> system modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20operation" title=" safe operation"> safe operation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safe-SADT" title=" Safe-SADT"> Safe-SADT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95047/the-methodology-of-system-modeling-of-mechatronic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7469</span> Quantification of Size Segregated Particulate Matter Deposition in Human Respiratory Tract and Health Risk to Residents of Glass City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalpana%20Rajouriya">Kalpana Rajouriya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Taneja"> Ajay Taneja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present study is to investigate the regional and lobar deposition of size-segregated PM in respiratory tract of human body. PM in different fractions is monitored using the Grimm portable environmental dust monitor during winter season in Firozabad; a Glass city of India. PM10 concentration (200.817g/m³) was 4.46 and 2.0 times higher than the limits prescribed by WHO (45g/m⁻³) and NAAQS (100g/m⁻³) government agencies. PM2.5 concentration (83.538 g/m3) was 5.56 and 1.39 times higher from WHO (15g/m-3) and NAAQS (60g/m⁻³) limits. Results inferred that PM10 and PM2.5 was highest deposited in head region (0.3477-0.5622 & 0.366-0.4704) followed by pulmonary region, especially in the 9-21year old persons. The variation in deposition percentage in our study is mainly due to the airway geometry, PM size, and its deposition mechanisms. The coarse fraction, due to its large size, cannot follow the airway path and mostly gets deposited by inertial impaction in the head region and its bifurcations. The present study results inferred that Coarse and fine PM deposition was highly visualized in 9 (8.45610⁻⁴ g, 2.91110⁻⁴g) year and 3 (1.49610⁻⁴ g, 8.59310⁻⁵g) month age category. So, the 9year children and 3month infants category have high level of health risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particulate%20matter" title="particulate matter">particulate matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MPPD%20model" title=" MPPD model"> MPPD model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20deposition" title=" regional deposition"> regional deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lobar%20deposition" title=" lobar deposition"> lobar deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20risk" title=" health risk"> health risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171925/quantification-of-size-segregated-particulate-matter-deposition-in-human-respiratory-tract-and-health-risk-to-residents-of-glass-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration&page=249">249</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration&page=250">250</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20limits%20concentration&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div 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