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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Increments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Mir</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Space Shuttle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_cooperation_begins_(1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_cooperation_begins_(1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New cooperation begins (1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_cooperation_begins_(1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America_arrives_at_Mir_(1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America_arrives_at_Mir_(1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>America arrives at <i>Mir</i> (1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America_arrives_at_Mir_(1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priroda_(1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priroda_(1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Priroda</i> (1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priroda_(1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_and_collision_(1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_and_collision_(1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fire and collision (1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_and_collision_(1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_One_closes_down_(1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_One_closes_down_(1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Phase One closes down (1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_One_closes_down_(1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phases_Two_and_Three:_ISS_(1998–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases_Two_and_Three:_ISS_(1998–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Phases Two and Three: ISS (1998–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases_Two_and_Three:_ISS_(1998–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_list_of_Shuttle–Mir_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_list_of_Shuttle–Mir_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Complete list of Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_list_of_Shuttle–Mir_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety_and_scientific_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_scientific_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Safety and scientific return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_scientific_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="برنامج شاتل-مير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج شاتل-مير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="শাটল-মির কর্মসূচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাটল-মির কর্মসূচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Мир-Шатъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мир-Шатъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Transbordador%E2%80%93Mir" title="Programa Transbordador–Mir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Transbordador–Mir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Shuttle-Mir" title="Program Shuttle-Mir – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumf%C3%A6rge-Mir-programmet" title="Rumfærge-Mir-programmet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumfærge-Mir-programmet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-Mir-Programm" title="Shuttle-Mir-Programm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shuttle-Mir-Programm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_-_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%81" title="Πρόγραμμα Διαστημικού Λεωφορείου - Μιρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Διαστημικού Λεωφορείου - Μιρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programa Shuttle-Mir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programa Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%E2%80%93%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="برنامه شاتل–میر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه شاتل–میر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programme Shuttle-Mir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%94%ED%8B%80-%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="셔틀-미르 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셔틀-미르 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programma Shuttle-Mir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="תוכנית מיר ומעבורות החלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית מיר ומעבורות החלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E2%80%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პროგრამა შატლი – მირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროგრამა შატლი – მირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir" title="Shuttle–Mir – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Shuttle–Mir" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir" title="Program Shuttle–Mir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Program Shuttle–Mir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="シャトル・ミール計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャトル・ミール計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir-programmet" title="Shuttle–Mir-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shuttle–Mir-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Shuttle-Mir" title="Program Shuttle-Mir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programa Shuttle-Mir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_Shuttle-Mir" title="Programul Shuttle-Mir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Programul Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80_%E2%80%94_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Мир — Шаттл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мир — Шаттл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Shuttle-Mir" title="Program Shuttle-Mir – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E2%80%93%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="โครงการกระสวยอวกาศ–มีร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงการกระสวยอวกาศ–มีร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Shuttle-Mir" title="Chương trình Shuttle-Mir – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình Shuttle-Mir" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD-%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B7%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="太空梭-和平号计划 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太空梭-和平号计划" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q754842#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1993–1998 collaborative Russia–US space program</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Shuttle–Mir program</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Программа «Мир» — «Шаттл»</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/170px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/255px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/340px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">PKA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Completed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">February 3, 1994 (<a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">June 2, 1998 (<a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Vehicle information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crewed vehicle(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Space program of the United States">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 120%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States space program</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/90px-NASA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/135px-NASA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NASA_logo.svg/180px-NASA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="92" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/90px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/135px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg/180px-United_States_Space_Force_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px; font-size: 95%"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Human spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Robotic spaceflight programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">CRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Logistics_Services" title="Gateway Logistics Services">GLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Strategic_Science_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Strategic Science Missions">Large Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Millennium program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha"><i>Alpha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_III" title="Minotaur III"><i>III</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Space program of the Soviet Union">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 200%; font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 5px 5px 5px"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">Human spaceflight programs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1-L3" class="mw-redirect" title="N1-L3">N1-L3</a> (Moon landing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> (Mars flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(satellite)" title="Molniya (satellite)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_program" title="Mars program">Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M" title="Mars 1M">Marsnik program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_1_and_Orion_2_Space_Observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories">Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega program</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Expendable launch vehicle">Expendable launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">Kosmos-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">Molniya-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">K</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zander" title="Friedrich Zander">Friedrich Zander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh" title="Mstislav Keldysh">Mstislav Keldysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korolev" title="Sergei Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kemurdzhian" title="Alexander Kemurdzhian">Alexander Kemurdzhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Feoktistov" title="Konstantin Feoktistov">Konstantin Feoktistov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonravov" title="Mikhail Tikhonravov">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yangel" title="Mikhail Yangel">Mikhail Yangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Glushko" title="Valentin Glushko">Valentin Glushko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chelomey" title="Vladimir Chelomey">Vladimir Chelomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerim_Kerimov" title="Kerim Kerimov">Kerim Kerimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Mishin" title="Vasily Mishin">Vasily Mishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chertok" title="Boris Chertok">Boris Chertok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:Soviet space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:Soviet space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Программа «Мир»–«Шаттл»</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a collaborative space program between Russia and the United States that involved American <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a> visiting the Russian <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i>, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz spacecraft</a> to allow American astronauts to engage in long-duration expeditions aboard <i>Mir</i>. </p><p>The project, sometimes called "Phase One", was intended to allow the United States to learn from Russian experience with long-duration spaceflight and to foster a spirit of cooperation between the two nations and their <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space agencies">space agencies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Space Agency">Russian Space Agency</a> (PKA). The project helped to prepare the way for further cooperative space ventures; specifically, "Phase Two" of the joint project, the construction of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). The program was announced in 1993, the first mission started in 1994 and the project continued until its scheduled completion in 1998. Eleven Space Shuttle missions, a joint Soyuz flight and almost 1,000 cumulative days in space for American astronauts occurred over the course of seven long-duration expeditions. In addition to Space Shuttle launches to <i>Mir</i> the United States also fully funded and equipped with scientific equipment the <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a> module (launched in 1995) and the <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> module (launched in 1996), making them de facto U.S. modules during the duration of the Shuttle-<i>Mir</i> program.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the four-year program, many firsts in <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> were achieved by the two nations, including the first American astronaut to launch aboard a Soyuz spacecraft, the largest <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> ever to have been assembled at that time in history, and the first American <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> using a Russian <a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlan space suits">Orlan spacesuit</a>. </p><p>The program was marred by various concerns, notably the safety of <i>Mir</i> following a fire, a Russian spacecraft colliding with Spektr rendering it uninhabitable, financial issues with the cash-strapped Russian space program and worries from astronauts about the attitudes of the program administrators. Nevertheless, a large amount of science, expertise in space station construction and knowledge in working in a cooperative space venture was gained from the combined operations, allowing the construction of the ISS to proceed much more smoothly than would have otherwise been the case. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg/220px-Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg/330px-Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg/440px-Salyut_docked_with_shuttle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A "Shuttle–<i>Salyut</i>" program was proposed in the 1970s, yet never realized. This rendering depicts a Space Shuttle docked to a <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme#Second_generation_–_long-duration_inhabitation_of_space" title="Salyut programme">second-generation <i>Salyut</i> space station</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> docked to <i>Salyut</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> aft port.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program can be traced back to the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a>, that resulted in a joint US/Soviet mission during the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> period of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the docking between a US Apollo spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. This was followed by the talks between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> in the 1970s about a "Shuttle–<i>Salyut</i>" program to fly <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> missions to a <a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme"><i>Salyut</i> space station</a>, with later talks in the 1980s even considering flights of the future Soviet shuttles from the <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> to a future US space station – this "Shuttle–<i>Salyut</i>" program never materialized however during the existence of the Soviet Intercosmos program.<sup id="cite_ref-MIRheritage_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIRheritage-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This changed after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>: the end of Cold War and <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> resulted in funding for the US modular space station (originally named <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom"><i>Freedom</i></a>), which was planned since the early 1980s, being slashed.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar budgetary difficulties were being faced by other nations with space station projects, prompting American government officials to start negotiations with partners in Europe, Russia, Japan, and Canada in the early 1990s to begin a collaborative, multi-national, space station project.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, as the successor to much of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its space program, the deteriorating economic situation in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of post-Soviet Russia">post-Soviet economic chaos</a> led to growing financial problems of the now Russian space station program. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a> space station as a replacement for the aging <i>Mir</i> became illusionary, though only after its base block, DOS-8, had been built.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments resulted in bringing the former adversaries together with the Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> Program, which would pave the way to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, a joint project with several international partners.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecom-20160222_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20160222-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of cylindrical modules with projecting feathery solar arrays and a spaceplane docked to the lower module. In the background is the blackness of space, and in the lower right corner is Earth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/220px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/330px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg/440px-Atlantis_docked_to_MIR_-_GPN-2000-001315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> docked to <i>Mir</i> on <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1992, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">American President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> agreed to co-operate on <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> by signing the <i>Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes</i>. This agreement called for setting up a short, joint space project, during which one American <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> would board the Russian space station <i>Mir</i> and two Russian <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#Russian" title="Astronaut">cosmonauts</a> would board a Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1993, American <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the United States">Vice-President</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Al Gore Jr.">Al Gore Jr.</a>, and Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the International Space Station.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also agreed, in preparation for this new project, that the United States would be heavily involved in the <i>Mir</i> project in the years ahead, under the code name "Phase One" (the construction of the ISS being "Phase Two").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Space Shuttle flight to <i>Mir</i> was a rendezvous mission without docking on <a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a>. This was followed during the course of the project by nine Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> docking missions, from <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a> to <a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>. The Shuttle rotated crews and delivered supplies, and one mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>, carried a docking module and a pair of solar arrays to <i>Mir</i>. Various scientific experiments were also conducted, both on shuttle flights and long-term aboard the station. The project also saw the launch of two new modules, <i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i>, to <i>Mir</i>, which were used by American astronauts as living quarters and laboratories to conduct the majority of their science aboard the station. These missions allowed NASA and Roscosmos to learn a great deal about how best to work with international partners in space and how to minimize the risks associated with assembling a large space station in orbit, as would have to be done with the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JointReport_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JointReport-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project also served as a political ruse on the part of the American government, providing a diplomatic channel for NASA to take part in the funding of the cripplingly under-funded Russian space program. This in turn allowed the newly fledged <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russian government</a> to keep <i>Mir</i> operating, in addition to the Russian space program as a whole, ensuring the Russian government remained friendly towards the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increments">Increments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Increments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of six men and one woman, arranged in two rows, four sitting at the front and three standing at the back. They are each wearing tan trousers and a blue polo shirt with a patch and their name on it, and the US and NASA flags are visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg/220px-Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg/330px-Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg/440px-Shuttle-Mir_Astronauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>The seven American astronauts who carried out long-duration Increments on <i>Mir</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the flights of the Shuttle to <i>Mir</i>, Phase One also featured seven "Increments" aboard the station, long-duration flights aboard <i>Mir</i> by American astronauts. The seven astronauts who took part in the Increments, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andrew Thomas</a>, were each flown in turn to <a href="/wiki/Star_City,_Russia" title="Star City, Russia">Star City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, to undergo training in various aspects of the operation of <i>Mir</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> used for transport to and from the Station. The astronauts also received practice in carrying out <a href="/wiki/Spacewalks" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalks">spacewalks</a> outside <i>Mir</i> and lessons in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>, which would be used throughout their missions to talk with the other cosmonauts aboard the station and Mission Control in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center#RKA_Mission_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">TsUP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their expeditions aboard <i>Mir</i>, the astronauts carried out various experiments, including growth of crops and crystals, and took hundreds of photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. They also assisted in the maintenance and repair of the aging station, following various incidents with fires, collisions, power losses, uncontrolled spins and toxic leaks. In all, the American astronauts would spend almost a thousand days aboard <i>Mir</i>, allowing NASA to learn a great deal about long-duration spaceflight, particularly in the areas of astronaut psychology and how best to arrange experiment schedules for crews aboard space stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mir"><i>Mir</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of cylindrical modules with projecting feathery solar arrays, with Earth's horizon visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/220px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/330px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg/440px-Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>The view of <i>Mir</i> from <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i></a> in 1998 as it left the station during <a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Mir</i> was constructed between 1986 and 1996 and was the world's first modular space station. It was the first consistently inhabited long-term <a href="/wiki/Research_station" title="Research station">research station</a> in space, and previously held the record for longest continuous human presence in space, at eight days short of ten years. <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> purpose was to provide a large and habitable scientific laboratory in space, and, through a number of collaborations, including <a href="/wiki/Intercosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> and Shuttle–<i>Mir</i>, was made internationally accessible to cosmonauts and astronauts of many different countries. The station existed until March 23, 2001, at which point it was deliberately deorbited, and broke apart during atmospheric re-entry.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mir</i> was based upon the <a href="/wiki/Salyut" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut">Salyut</a> series of space stations previously launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (seven Salyut space stations had been launched since 1971), and was mainly serviced by Russian-crewed <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> cargo ships. The <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> space shuttle was anticipated to visit <i>Mir</i>, but its program was canceled after its first uncrewed spaceflight. Visiting US Space Shuttles used an <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">Androgynous Peripheral Attach System</a> docking collar originally designed for Buran, mounted on a bracket originally designed for use with the American <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Space Shuttle docked to <i>Mir</i>, the temporary enlargements of living and working areas amounted to a complex that was the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> at that time, with a combined mass of 250 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (250 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 280 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-79_rollout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An overhead view of a spaceplane, coloured white on its topside and black on its underside, attached to a large orange tank, to which two slender white rockets are also attached. A gray platform supporting this stack serves as the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/STS-79_rollout.jpg/220px-STS-79_rollout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/STS-79_rollout.jpg/330px-STS-79_rollout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/STS-79_rollout.jpg/440px-STS-79_rollout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption>An overhead view of <i>Atlantis</i> as it sits atop the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Launcher_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Launcher Platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a> (MLP) before <a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle was a partially <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> system that was operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>. Its official program name was <i>Space Transportation System (STS)</i>, taken from a 1969 plan for <a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">a system of reusable spacecraft</a> of which it was the only item funded for development.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype, whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in Florida. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-ShuttleByNumbers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShuttleByNumbers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Space Shuttle carried large payloads to various orbits, and, during the Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> and ISS programs, provided crew rotation and carried various supplies, modules and pieces of equipment to the stations. Each Shuttle was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or 10 years' operational life.<sup id="cite_ref-Basics_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basics-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SSS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nine docking missions were flown to <i>Mir</i>, from 1995 to 1997 during "Phase One": Space Shuttle  <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> docked seven times to <i>Mir</i>, with  <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> and  <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a> each flying one docking mission to <i>Mir</i>. As Space Shuttle  <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a> was the oldest and heaviest of the fleet, it was not suited for efficient operations at <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> (and later the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS's</a>) 51.6-degree inclination – <i>Columbia</i> was therefore not retrofitted with the necessary external airlock and Orbital Docking System, and never flew to a space station.<sup id="cite_ref-MissionChronicle_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MissionChronicle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-60_Launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A space shuttle launches into a dawn sky. Clouds in the sky, in the launch plume and from the flame trench, are visible, as is the scaffolding-like launchpad and some vegetation silhouetted in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/STS-60_Launch.jpg/220px-STS-60_Launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/STS-60_Launch.jpg/330px-STS-60_Launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/STS-60_Launch.jpg/440px-STS-60_Launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>The Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program begins—<i>Discovery</i> launches on <a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a>, the first flight of the program.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_cooperation_begins_(1994)"><span id="New_cooperation_begins_.281994.29"></span>New cooperation begins (1994)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New cooperation begins (1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phase One of the Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program began on February 3, 1994, with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i></a> on its 18th mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a>. The eight-day mission was the first shuttle flight of that year, the first flight of a Russian <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Krikalev" title="Sergei Krikalev">Sergei Krikalev</a>, aboard the American shuttle, and marked the start of increased cooperation in space for the two nations, 37 years after the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of an <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international agreement</a> on human space flight, the mission was the second flight of the <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> pressurized module and marked the hundredth "<a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a>" payload to fly in space. The primary payload for the mission was the <a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a> (or WSF), a device designed to generate new semiconductor films for advanced electronics. The WSF was flown at the end of <i>Discovery</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> robotic arm over the course of the flight. During the mission, the astronauts aboard <i>Discovery</i> also carried out various experiments aboard the <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> module in the Orbiter's payload bay, and took part in a live bi-directional audio and downlink video hookup between themselves and the three cosmonauts on board <i>Mir</i>, <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_M._Afanasyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor M. Afanasyev">Viktor Afanasyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yury_Usachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Usachev">Yury Usachev</a> (flying <i>Mir</i> expeditions LD-4 and EO-15).<sup id="cite_ref-MissionChronicle_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MissionChronicle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_%26_Mir_(STS-71).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of modules and feathery solar arrays floats in the middle distance before an image of the Earth and the blackness of space above its horizon. Sunrays project from the top centre of the image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg/220px-Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg/330px-Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg/440px-Earth_%26_Mir_%28STS-71%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>A view of <i>Mir</i> following <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> undocking at the end of <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America_arrives_at_Mir_(1995)"><span id="America_arrives_at_Mir_.281995.29"></span>America arrives at <i>Mir</i> (1995)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: America arrives at Mir (1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1995 began with the launch of the Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i> on February 3. Discovery's mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a>, was the second Space Shuttle flight in the program and the first flight of the shuttle with a female pilot, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a>. Referred to as the "near-<i>Mir</i>" mission, the eight-day flight saw the first rendezvous of a Space Shuttle with <i>Mir</i>, as Russian cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Titov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Titov</a> and the rest of <i>Discovery</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> crew approached within 37 feet (11 m) of <i>Mir</i>. Following the rendezvous, Collins performed a flyaround of the station. The mission, a dress rehearsal for the first docked mission in the program, <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>, also carried out testing of various techniques and pieces of equipment that would be used during the docking missions that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Thagard_increment"></span> Five weeks after <i>Discovery</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> flight, the March 14 launch of <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a> carried expedition EO-18 to <i>Mir</i>. The crew consisted of cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dezhurov" title="Vladimir Dezhurov">Vladimir Dezhurov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Strekalov" title="Gennady Strekalov">Gennady Strekalov</a> and NASA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a>, who became the first American to fly into space aboard the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a>. During the course of their 115-day expedition, the <i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i> science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a <a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton rocket</a> and docked to <i>Mir</i>. Spektr carried more than 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i></a> following the first Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> docking during mission <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LoME_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Docking_Module_(STS-74).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A space shuttle payload bay, covered in white insulation, with a small, cylindrical orange module at one end, supported by the shuttle's robotic arm. The blackness of space and the Earth serve as the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Docking_Module_%28STS-74%29.jpg/220px-Docking_Module_%28STS-74%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Docking_Module_%28STS-74%29.jpg/330px-Docking_Module_%28STS-74%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Docking_Module_%28STS-74%29.jpg/440px-Docking_Module_%28STS-74%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module"><i>Mir</i> Docking Module</a>, positioned in <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> payload bay on <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>, ready to be docked to <i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The primary objectives of STS-71, launched on June 27, called for the Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> to rendezvous and perform the first docking between an American Space Shuttle and the station. On June 29, <i>Atlantis</i> successfully docked with <i>Mir</i>, becoming the first US spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Atlantis</i> delivered cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Budarin" title="Nikolai Budarin">Nikolai Budarin</a>, who would form the expedition EO-19 crew, and retrieved astronaut Norman Thagard and cosmonauts Vladimir Dezhurov and Gennady Strekalov of the expedition EO-18 crew. <i>Atlantis</i> also carried out on-orbit joint US-Russian life sciences investigations aboard a <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> module and performed a logistical resupply of the station.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final Shuttle flight of 1995, <a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a>, began with the November 12 launch of Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i>, and delivered the Russian-built <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking Module</a> to <i>Mir</i>, along with a new pair of solar arrays and other hardware upgrades for the station. The Docking Module was designed to provide more clearance for Shuttles in order to prevent any collisions with <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> solar arrays during docking, a problem which had been overcome during <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a> by relocating the station's <i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i> module to a different location on the station. The module, attached to <i>Kristall</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> docking port, prevented the need for this procedure on further missions. During the course of the flight, nearly 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of water were transferred to <i>Mir</i> and experiment samples including blood, urine and saliva were moved to <i>Atlantis</i> for return to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S79e5219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rectangular dish shape of scaffolding covered in transparent sheeting, with a white insulation-covered radio receiver and support projecting from the centre. The blackness of space serves as the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/S79e5219.jpg/220px-S79e5219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/S79e5219.jpg/330px-S79e5219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/S79e5219.jpg/440px-S79e5219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A view of the Travers RADAR antenna on the newly launched <i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i> module during <a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priroda_(1996)"><span id="Priroda_.281996.29"></span><i>Priroda</i> (1996)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Priroda (1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continuous US presence aboard <i>Mir</i> started in 1996 with the March 22 launch of <i>Atlantis</i> on mission <a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a>, when the Second Increment astronaut <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a> was transferred to the station. STS-76 was the third docking mission to <i>Mir</i>, which also demonstrated logistics capabilities through deployment of a <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> module, and placed experiment packages aboard <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> docking module, which marked the first <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">spacewalk</a> which occurred around docked vehicles. The spacewalks, carried out from <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> crew cabin, provided valuable experience for astronauts in order to prepare for later assembly missions to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lucid became the first American woman to live on station, and, following a six-week extension to her Increment due to issues with Shuttle <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Boosters</a>, her 188-day mission set the US single spaceflight record. During Lucid's time aboard <i>Mir</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i> module, with about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) of US science hardware, was docked to <i>Mir</i>. Lucid made use of both <i>Priroda</i> and <i>Spektr</i> to carry out 28 different science experiments and as living quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view showing a module covered in white insulation with a smaller module, covered in orange insulation, connected to the end of it. Part of a space shuttle can be seen attached to the orange module, and a number of folded and unfolded solar arrays are visible. The limb of the Earth forms the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg/220px-STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg/330px-STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg/440px-STS-81_Atlantis_at_Mir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i> docked to <i>Mir</i> during <a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a>. The crew compartment, nose and a portion of the payload bay of <i>Atlantis</i> are visible, behind <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <i>Kristall</i> and Docking Modules.</figcaption></figure> <p>Her stay aboard <i>Mir</i> ended with the flight of <i>Atlantis</i> on <a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a>, which launched on September 16. STS-79 was the first Shuttle mission to carry a double Spacehab module. More than 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of supplies were transferred to <i>Mir</i>, including water generated by <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>, and experiments that included investigations into <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> development, and other biology studies. About 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of experiment samples and equipment were also transferred back from <i>Mir</i> to <i>Atlantis</i>, making the total transfer the most extensive yet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This, the fourth docking, also saw <a href="/wiki/John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a> transferring onto <i>Mir</i> to take his place as resident Increment astronaut. His stay on the station improved operations in several areas, including transfer procedures for a docked space shuttle, "hand-over" procedures for long-duration American crew members and "Ham" <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> communications. </p><p>Two spacewalks were carried out during his time aboard. Their aim was to remove <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> connectors from a 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> array on the base block and reconnect the cables to the more efficient new solar power arrays. In all, Blaha spent four months with the Mir-22 cosmonaut crew conducting <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">material science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life science</a> research, before returning to Earth the next year aboard <i>Atlantis</i> on <a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_and_collision_(1997)"><span id="Fire_and_collision_.281997.29"></span>Fire and collision (1997)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fire and collision (1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_after_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white panel covered in buttons, which shows signs of fire damage on its bottom edge. Wiring and other pieces of hardware are arrayed beneath the panel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mir_after_Fire.jpg/220px-Mir_after_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mir_after_Fire.jpg/330px-Mir_after_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mir_after_Fire.jpg/440px-Mir_after_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>A charred panel onboard <i>Mir</i> following the fire</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997 <a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a> replaced Increment astronaut John Blaha with <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a>, after Blaha's 118-day stay aboard <i>Mir</i>. During this fifth shuttle docking, the crew of <i>Atlantis</i> moved supplies to the station and returned to Earth the first plants to complete a life cycle in space; a crop of wheat planted by Shannon Lucid. During five days of mated operations, the crews transferred nearly 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) of logistics to <i>Mir</i>, and transferred 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) of materials back to <i>Atlantis</i> (the most materials transferred between the two spacecraft to that date).<sup id="cite_ref-STS-81_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-81-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The STS-81 crew also tested the Shuttle Treadmill <a href="/wiki/Vibration_isolation" title="Vibration isolation">Vibration Isolation</a> and Stabilization System (TVIS), designed for use in the <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)"><i>Zvezda</i> module</a> of the International Space Station. The shuttle's small vernier jet thrusters were fired during the mated operations to gather engineering data for "reboosting" the ISS. After undocking, <i>Atlantis</i> performed a fly-around of <i>Mir</i>, leaving Linenger aboard the station.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STS-81_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STS-81-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG/220px-Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG/330px-Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG/440px-Mir_collision_damage_STS086-720-091.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4127" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption>Picture of the damage caused by the collision with Progress M-34, taken by <i>Atlantis</i> during <a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During his Increment, Linenger became the first American to conduct a spacewalk from a foreign space station and the first to test the Russian-built <a href="/wiki/Orlan_space_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlan space suits">Orlan-M</a> spacesuit alongside Russian cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Tsibliyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Tsibliyev">Vasili Tsibliyev</a>. All three crewmembers of expedition EO-23 performed a "fly-around" in the Soyuz spacecraft, first undocking from one docking port of the station, then manually flying to and redocking the capsule at a different location. This made Linenger the first American to undock from a space station aboard two different spacecraft (Space Shuttle and Soyuz).<sup id="cite_ref-LoME_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linenger and his Russian crewmates Vasili Tsibliyev and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lazutkin" title="Aleksandr Lazutkin">Aleksandr Lazutkin</a> faced several difficulties during the mission. These included the most severe fire aboard an orbiting spacecraft (caused by a backup oxygen-generating device), failures of various on board systems, a near collision with a <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> resupply cargo ship during a long-distance manual docking system test and a total loss of station electrical power. The power failure also caused a loss of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a>, which led to an uncontrolled "tumble" through space.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next NASA astronaut to stay on <i>Mir</i> was <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a>. Foale and Russian mission specialist <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kondakova" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Kondakova">Elena Kondakova</a> boarded <i>Mir</i> from <i>Atlantis</i> on mission <a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a>. The STS-84 crew transferred 249 items between the two spacecraft, along with water, experiment samples, supplies and hardware. One of the first items transferred to <i>Mir</i> was an Elektron oxygen-generating unit. <i>Atlantis</i> was stopped three times while backing away during the undocking sequence on May 21. The aim was to collect data from a European sensor device designed for future rendezvous of <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV) with the International Space Station.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gold-coloured solar array, bent and twisted out of shape and with several holes. The edge of a module can be seen to the right of the image, and Earth is visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg/220px-Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg/330px-Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg/440px-Damaged_Spektr_solar_array.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Damaged solar arrays on <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <i>Spektr</i> module following a collision with an uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress spacecraft</a> in September 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>Foale's Increment proceeded fairly normally until June 25, when a resupply ship collided with solar arrays on the <i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i> module during the second test of the Progress manual docking system, TORU. The module's outer shell was hit and holed, which caused the station to lose pressure. This was the first on-orbit depressurization in the history of spaceflight. The crew quickly cut cables leading to the module and closed <i>Spektr</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> hatch in order to prevent the need to abandon the station in their Soyuz lifeboat. Their efforts stabilized the station's air pressure, whilst the pressure in <i>Spektr</i>, containing many of Foale's experiments and personal effects, dropped to a vacuum. Fortunately, food, water and other vital supplies were stored in other modules, and salvage and replanning effort by Foale and the science community minimized the loss of research data and capability.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to restore some of the power and systems lost following the isolation of <i>Spektr</i> and to attempt to locate the leak, <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> new commander <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Vinogradov" title="Pavel Vinogradov">Pavel Vinogradov</a> carried out a salvage operation later in the mission. They entered the empty module during a so-called "IVA" spacewalk, inspecting the condition of hardware and running cables through a special hatch from <i>Spektr</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> systems to the rest of the station. Following these first investigations, Foale and Solovyev conducted a 6-hour EVA on the surface of <i>Spektr</i> to inspect the damaged module.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_(STS-86).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of modules, covered in white insulation and projecting feathery solar arrays, with a small spacecraft covered in brown insulation docked at their centre. The image is seen through a window, with the blackness of space and the Earth forming the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mir_%28STS-86%29.jpg/220px-Mir_%28STS-86%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mir_%28STS-86%29.jpg/330px-Mir_%28STS-86%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Mir_%28STS-86%29.jpg/440px-Mir_%28STS-86%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>A view of <i>Mir</i> from <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> window, showing several of the station's modules and the docked Soyuz capsule</figcaption></figure> <p>After these incidents, the US Congress and NASA considered whether to abandon the program out of concern for astronauts' safety but NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a> decided to continue the program.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next flight to <i>Mir</i>, <a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a>, brought Increment astronaut <a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a> to the station. </p><p>STS-86 performed the seventh Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> docking, the last of 1997. During <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> stay crew members Titov and Parazynski conducted the first joint US–Russian extravehicular activity during a Shuttle mission, and the first in which a Russian wore a US spacesuit. During the five-hour spacewalk, the pair affixed a 121-pound (55 kg) Solar Array Cap to the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking Module</a>, for a future attempt by crew members to seal off the leak in <i>Spektr</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> hull. The mission returned Foale to Earth, along with samples, hardware, and an old Elektron oxygen generator, and dropped Wolf off on the Station ready for his 128-day Increment. Wolf had originally been scheduled to be the final <i>Mir</i> astronaut, but was chosen to go on the Increment instead of astronaut <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Lawrence">Wendy Lawrence</a>. Lawrence was deemed ineligible for flight because of a change in Russian requirements after the Progress supply vehicle collision. The new rules required that all <i>Mir</i> crew members should be trained and ready for spacewalks, but a Russian spacesuit could not be prepared for Lawrence in time for launch.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-91_Landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spaceplane, coloured white on its topside and black on its underside, lands on a runway. A strip of turf is visible in the foreground, there are trees in the background and there is a cloud of smoke coming from the spaceplane's rear wheels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/STS-91_Landing.jpg/220px-STS-91_Landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/STS-91_Landing.jpg/330px-STS-91_Landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/STS-91_Landing.jpg/440px-STS-91_Landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i> lands at the end of <a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a> on 12 June 1998, bringing the Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program to a close.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_One_closes_down_(1998)"><span id="Phase_One_closes_down_.281998.29"></span>Phase One closes down (1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phase One closes down (1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final year of Phase One began with the flight of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Space Shuttle <i>Endeavour</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a>. The mission delivered cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Salizhan_Sharipov" title="Salizhan Sharipov">Salizhan Sharipov</a> to <i>Mir</i> and replaced David Wolf with <a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andy Thomas</a>, following Wolf's 119-day Increment.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his Increment, the last of the program, Thomas worked on 27 science investigations into areas of advanced technology, <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth sciences</a>, human life sciences, microgravity research, and ISS risk mitigation. His stay on <i>Mir</i>, considered the smoothest of the entire Phase One program, featured weekly "Letters from the Outpost" from Thomas and passed two milestones for length of spaceflight—815 consecutive days in space by American astronauts since the launch of Shannon Lucid on the STS-76 mission in March 1996, and 907 days of <i>Mir</i> occupancy by American astronauts dating back to Norman Thagard's trip to <i>Mir</i> in March 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas returned to Earth on the final Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>. The mission closed out Phase One, with the EO-25 and STS-91 crews transferring water to <i>Mir</i> and exchanging almost 4,700 pounds (2,100 kg) of cargo experiments and supplies between the two spacecraft. Long-term American experiments that had been on board <i>Mir</i> were also moved into <i>Discovery</i>. Hatches were closed for undocking at 9:07 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">Eastern Daylight Time</a> (EDT) on June 8 and the spacecraft separated at 12:01 p.m. EDT that day.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three modules linked in a linear arrangement float in space with the Earth in the background. The top module is a metallic cylinder with a large white circle visible on it and a black cone at either end. The two lower modules are cylindrical and covered in white insulation, and have two blue solar arrays projecting from each. A smaller, brown spacecraft is docked to the lower module." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg/220px-Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg/330px-Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg/440px-Unity-Zarya-Zvezda_STS-106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, Phase Two of the ISS program</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases_Two_and_Three:_ISS_(1998–present)"><span id="Phases_Two_and_Three:_ISS_.281998.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Phases Two and Three: ISS (1998–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phases Two and Three: ISS (1998–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div> <p>With the landing of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> on June 12, 1998, the Phase One program concluded. Techniques and equipment developed during the program assisted the development of Phase Two: initial assembly of the International Space Station (ISS). The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)" title="Destiny (ISS module)"><i>Destiny</i> Laboratory Module</a> in 2001 marked the end of Phase Two and the start of Phase Three, the final outfitting of the station, completed in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-ISS_Phases_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISS_Phases-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, a reconfiguration of the American segment was completed to allow its docking ports to accommodate NASA-sponsored commercial crew vehicles, that were expected to start visiting the ISS in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ISS_Recongfig_2015_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISS_Recongfig_2015-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the ISS has a pressurized volume of 915 cubic metres (32,300 cu ft), and its pressurized modules total 51 metres (167 ft) in length, plus a large truss structure that spans 109 metres (358 ft), making it the largest spacecraft ever assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-ISS_facts_&_figures_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISS_facts_&_figures-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The completed station consists of five laboratories and is able to support six crew members. With over 332 cubic metres (11,700 cu ft) of habitable volume and a mass of 400,000 kilograms (880,000 lb) the completed station is almost twice the size of the combined Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ISS_facts_&_figures_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISS_facts_&_figures-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phases Two and Three are intended to continue both international cooperation in space and zero-gravity scientific research, particularly regarding long-duration spaceflight. By spring 2015, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Roscosmos</a>, NASA, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> (CSA) have agreed to extend the ISS's mission from 2020 to 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-ISS_mission_extension_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISS_mission_extension-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 that was then extended out to 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of this research will provide considerable information for long-duration expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and flights to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISS_International_Cooperation_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISS_International_Cooperation-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the intentional deorbiting of <i>Mir</i> on 23 March 2001, the ISS became the only space station in orbit around Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Mir_deorbited_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mir_deorbited-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It retained that distinction until the launch of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a> space laboratory on 29 September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiangong-1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiangong-1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> legacy lives on in the station, bringing together five space agencies in the cause of exploration and allowing those space agencies to prepare for their next leap into space, to the Moon, Mars and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Mir's_Legacy_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mir's_Legacy-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_list_of_Shuttle–Mir_missions"><span id="Complete_list_of_Shuttle.E2.80.93Mir_missions"></span>Complete list of Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Complete list of Shuttle–Mir missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mission</th> <th>Launch Date</th> <th>Shuttle</th> <th>Patch</th> <th>Crew</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></td> <td>3 February 1994</td> <td><i>Discovery</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-60-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sts-60-patch.png/55px-Sts-60-patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sts-60-patch.png/83px-Sts-60-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sts-60-patch.png/110px-Sts-60-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2052" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Reightler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Reightler">Kenneth Reightler</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Jan_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Jan Davis">N. Jan Davis</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sega" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Sega">Ronald Sega</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang Díaz">Franklin Chang Díaz</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Krikalev" title="Sergei Krikalev">Sergei Krikalev</a></td> <td>First Russian cosmonaut on US spacecraft | Deployed the <a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a> | Carried the <a href="/wiki/SpaceHab" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceHab">SpaceHab</a> single module </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></td> <td>3 February 1995</td> <td><i>Discovery</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-63-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sts-63-patch.png/55px-Sts-63-patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sts-63-patch.png/83px-Sts-63-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sts-63-patch.png/110px-Sts-63-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="2253" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Wetherbee" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wetherbee">James Wetherbee</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Harris">Bernard Harris</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">C. Michael Foale</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Janice_E._Voss" title="Janice E. Voss">Janice Voss</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Titov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Titov</a></td> <td>First Shuttle rendezvous with <i>Mir</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></td> <td>14 March 1995</td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png/55px-Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png/83px-Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png/110px-Soyuz_TM-21_Patch.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1962" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dezhurov" title="Vladimir Dezhurov">Vladimir Dezhurov</a></b> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Strekalov" title="Gennady Strekalov">Gennady Strekalov</a></b> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a></b></td> <td>First American astronaut on Russian spacecraft | Delivered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir-EO-18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir-EO-18 (page does not exist)">Mir-EO-18</a> crew | Delivered Norman Thagard for long-duration stay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></td> <td>27 June 1995</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-71-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sts-71-patch.png/55px-Sts-71-patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sts-71-patch.png/83px-Sts-71-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sts-71-patch.png/110px-Sts-71-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert Gibson</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Precourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Precourt">Charles Precourt</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_S._Baker" title="Ellen S. Baker">Ellen Baker</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Harbaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Harbaugh">Gregory Harbaugh</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Dunbar">Bonnie Dunbar</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Solovyev" title="Anatoly Solovyev">Anatoly Solovyev</a></b> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Budarin" title="Nikolai Budarin">Nikolai Budarin</a></b></td> <td>First Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> docking | Delivered <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-19" title="Mir EO-19">Mir EO-19</a> crew | Returned Mir EO-18 crew </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></td> <td>12 November 1995</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-74-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sts-74-patch.png/55px-Sts-74-patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sts-74-patch.png/83px-Sts-74-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sts-74-patch.png/110px-Sts-74-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="2270" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Cameron" title="Kenneth D. Cameron">Kenneth Cameron</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Halsell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Halsell">James Halsell</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry Ross</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_S._McArthur" title="William S. McArthur">William S. McArthur</a></td> <td>Delivered the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module"><i>Mir</i> Docking Module</a> | Hadfield became first and only Canadian to visit <i>Mir</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></td> <td>22 March 1996</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-76-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sts-76-patch.png/55px-Sts-76-patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sts-76-patch.png/83px-Sts-76-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sts-76-patch.png/110px-Sts-76-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2624" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Chilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Chilton">Kevin Chilton</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Searfoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Searfoss">Richard Searfoss</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sega" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Sega">Ronald Sega</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Clifford" title="Michael R. Clifford">Michael Clifford</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Godwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Godwin">Linda Godwin</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></b></td> <td>Delivered Shannon Lucid for long-duration stay | Carried the SpaceHab single module </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></td> <td>16 September 1996</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-79_patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/STS-79_patch.svg/55px-STS-79_patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/STS-79_patch.svg/83px-STS-79_patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/STS-79_patch.svg/110px-STS-79_patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Readdy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Readdy">William Readdy</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Wilcutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrence Wilcutt">Terrence Wilcutt</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jay_Apt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Apt">Jay Apt</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Akers" title="Thomas Akers">Thomas Akers</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Walz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Walz">Carl Walz</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/John_Blaha" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blaha">John Blaha</a></b></td> <td>First flight of the SpaceHab double module | Delivered John Blaha for long-duration stay | Returned Shannon Lucid from long-duration stay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></td> <td>12 January 1997</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-81-patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sts-81-patch.png/55px-Sts-81-patch.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sts-81-patch.png/83px-Sts-81-patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sts-81-patch.png/110px-Sts-81-patch.png 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="1938" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Baker" title="Michael A. Baker">Michael Baker</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brent_Jett" class="mw-redirect" title="Brent Jett">Brent Jett</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wisoff" title="Peter Wisoff">Peter Wisoff</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Grunsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="John Grunsfeld">John Grunsfeld</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Ivins" title="Marsha Ivins">Marsha Ivins</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a></b></td> <td>Delivered Jerry Linenger for long-duration stay | Returned John Blaha from long-duration stay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></td> <td>15 May 1997</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-84_patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/STS-84_patch.svg/55px-STS-84_patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/STS-84_patch.svg/83px-STS-84_patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/STS-84_patch.svg/110px-STS-84_patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Precourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Precourt">Charles Precourt</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Clervoy" title="Jean-François Clervoy">Jean-François Clervoy</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Noriega" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Noriega">Carlos Noriega</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lu">Edward Lu</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Kondakova" title="Yelena Kondakova">Yelena Kondakova</a> |<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">C. Michael Foale</a></b></td> <td>Delivered Michael Foale for long-duration stay | Returned Jerry Linenger from long-duration stay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></td> <td>26 September 1997</td> <td><i>Atlantis</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-86-patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sts-86-patch.svg/55px-Sts-86-patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sts-86-patch.svg/83px-Sts-86-patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sts-86-patch.svg/110px-Sts-86-patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4580" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Wetherbee" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wetherbee">James Wetherbee</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Bloomfield" title="Michael J. Bloomfield">Michael Bloomfield</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Titov_(cosmonaut)" title="Vladimir Titov (cosmonaut)">Vladimir Titov</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Parazynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Parazynski">Scott Parazynski</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean-Loup Chrétien">Jean-Loup Chrétien</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Lawrence">Wendy Lawrence</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">David Wolf</a></b></td> <td>Vladimir Titov became first Russian cosmomaut to use an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">EMU</a> | Delivered David Wolf for long-duration stay | Returned Michael Foale from long-duration stay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></td> <td>31 January 1998</td> <td><i>Endeavour</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-89-patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sts-89-patch.svg/55px-Sts-89-patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sts-89-patch.svg/83px-Sts-89-patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sts-89-patch.svg/110px-Sts-89-patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Wilcutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrence Wilcutt">Terrence Wilcutt</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_F._Edwards_Jr." title="Joe F. Edwards Jr.">Joe Edwards</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_F._Reilly" title="James F. Reilly">James F. Reilly</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Anderson" title="Michael P. Anderson">Michael Anderson</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Dunbar">Bonnie Dunbar</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Salizhan_Sharipov" title="Salizhan Sharipov">Salizhan Sharipov</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Andrew Thomas</a></b></td> <td>Delivered Andrew Thomas for long-duration stay | Returned David Wolf from long-duration stay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></td> <td>2 June 1998</td> <td><i>Discovery</i></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sts-91-patch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sts-91-patch.svg/55px-Sts-91-patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sts-91-patch.svg/83px-Sts-91-patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sts-91-patch.svg/110px-Sts-91-patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Precourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Precourt">Charles Precourt</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Pudwill_Gorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominic Pudwill Gorie">Dominic Pudwill Gorie</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang Díaz">Franklin Chang Díaz</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Lawrence">Wendy Lawrence</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Kavandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Kavandi">Janet Kavandi</a> | <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valery_Ryumin" title="Valery Ryumin">Valery Ryumin</a></td> <td>Final Shuttle Mir mission | Returned Andrew Thomas from long-duration stay </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man holding a piece of hose floats in front of a selection of transient space station hardware. He is wearing a gray-and-yellow plastic mask over his mouth and nose, a pair of goggles above his eyes, and a blue jumpsuit with a name patch on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg/220px-Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg/330px-Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg/440px-Linenger_in_Respirator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a> wearing a respirator mask following the 1997 fire aboard <i>Mir</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_scientific_return">Safety and scientific return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Safety and scientific return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of the program was primarily concerned with the safety of the aging <i>Mir</i>, particularly following the fire aboard the station and collision with the Progress supply vessel in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fire, caused by the malfunction of a backup <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator#Solid_oxygen_generator_from_Mir" title="Chemical oxygen generator">solid-fuel oxygen generator</a> (SFOG), burned for, according to various sources, between 90 seconds and 14 minutes, and produced large amounts of toxic smoke that filled the station for around 45 minutes. This forced the crew to don respirators, but some of the respirator masks initially worn were broken. <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguishers</a> mounted on the walls of the modules were immovable. The fire occurred during a crew rotation, and as such there were six men aboard the station rather than the usual three. Access to one of the docked Soyuz lifeboats was blocked, which would have prevented escape by half of the crew. A similar incident had occurred on an earlier <i>Mir</i> expedition, although in that case the SFOG burned for only a few seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The near-miss and collision incidents presented further safety issues. Both were caused by failure of the same piece of equipment, the TORU manual docking system, which was undergoing tests at the time. The tests were called in order to gauge the performance of long-distance docking in order to enable the cash-strapped Russians to remove the expensive <a href="/wiki/Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)"><i>Kurs</i></a> automatic docking system from the Progress ships. </p><p>In the wake of the collision NASA and the Russian Space Agency instigated numerous safety councils who were to determine the cause of the accident. As their investigations progressed, the two space agencies results began moving in different directions. NASA's results blamed the TORU docking system, as it required the astronaut or cosmonaut in charge to dock the Progress without the aide of any sort of telemetry or guidance. However, the Russian Space Agency's results blamed the accident on crew error, accusing their own cosmonaut of miscalculating the distance between the Progress and the space station.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Space Agency's results were heavily criticized, even by their own cosmonaut Tsibliyev, on whom they were placing the blame. During his first press conference following his return to Earth, the cosmonaut expressed his anger and disapproval by declaring, "It has been a long tradition here in Russia to look for scapegoats."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accidents also added to the increasingly vocal criticism of the aging station's reliability. Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Blaine_Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaine Hammond">Blaine Hammond</a> claimed that his safety concerns about <i>Mir</i> were ignored by NASA officials, and that records of safety meetings "disappeared from a locked vault".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mir</i> was originally designed to fly for five years but eventually flew for three times that length of time. During Phase One and afterward, the station was showing her age—constant computer crashes, loss of power, uncontrolled tumbles through space and leaking pipes were an ever-present concern for crews. Various breakdowns of <i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Elektron oxygen-generating system were also a concern. These breakdowns led crews to become increasingly reliant on the SFOG systems that caused the fire in 1997. SFOG systems continue to be a problem aboard the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue of controversy was the scale of its actual scientific return, particularly following the loss of the <i>Spektr</i> science module. Astronauts, managers and various members of the press all complained that the benefits of the program were outweighed by the risks associated with it, especially considering the fact that most of the US science experiments had been contained within the holed module. As such, a large amount of American research was inaccessible, reducing the science that could be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The safety issues caused NASA to reconsider the future of the program at various times. The agency eventually decided to continue and came under fire from various areas of the press regarding that decision.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes">Attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attitudes of the Russian space program and NASA towards Phase One were also of concern to the astronauts involved. Because of Russia's financial issues, many workers at the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center#RKA_Mission_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">TsUP</a> felt that the mission hardware and continuation of <i>Mir</i> was more important than the lives of the cosmonauts aboard the station. As such the program was run very differently compared to American programs: cosmonauts had their days being planned for them to the minute, actions (such as docking) which would be performed manually by shuttle pilots were all carried out automatically, and cosmonauts had their pay docked if they made any errors during their flights. Americans learned aboard <i><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></i> and earlier space missions that this level of control was not productive and had since made mission plans more flexible. The Russians, however, would not budge, and many felt that significant work time was lost because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the two accidents in 1997, astronaut <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Linenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Linenger">Jerry Linenger</a> felt that the Russian authorities attempted a cover-up to downplay the significance of the incidents, fearing that the Americans would back out of the partnership. A large part of this "cover-up" was the seeming impression that the American astronauts were not in fact "partners" aboard the station, but were instead "guests". NASA staff did not find out for several hours about the fire and collision and found themselves kept out of decision-making processes. NASA became more involved when Russian mission controllers intended to place blame for the accident entirely on <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tsibliyev" title="Vasily Tsibliyev">Vasily Tsibliyev</a>. It was only after the application of significant pressure from NASA that this stance was changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At various times during the program, NASA managers and personnel found themselves limited in terms of resources and manpower, particularly as Phase Two geared up, and had a hard time getting anywhere with NASA administration. One particular area of contention was with crew assignments to missions. Many astronauts allege that the method of selection prevented the most skilled people from performing roles they were best-suited for.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakup of the Soviet Union">breakup of the Soviet Union</a> a few years earlier, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russian economy</a> had been slowly collapsing and the budget for space exploration was reduced by around 80%. Before and after Phase One, a great deal of Russia's space finances came from flights of astronauts from <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">Europe</a> and other countries, with one Japanese <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">TV station</a> paying $9.5 million to have one of their reporters, <a href="/wiki/Toyohiro_Akiyama" title="Toyohiro Akiyama">Toyohiro Akiyama</a>, flown aboard <i>Mir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of Phase One, cosmonauts regularly found their missions extended to save money on launchers, the six-yearly flights of the <a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> had been reduced to three, and there was a distinct possibility of <i>Mir</i> being sold for around $500 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics argued that the $325 million contract NASA had with Russia was the only thing keeping the Russian space program alive, and only the Space Shuttle was keeping <i>Mir</i> aloft. NASA also had to pay hefty fees for <a href="/wiki/Training_manual" title="Training manual">training manuals</a> and equipment used by astronauts training at <a href="/wiki/Star_City,_Russia" title="Star City, Russia">Star City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems came to a head when <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC's</a> <i>Nightline</i> revealed that there was a distinct possibility of embezzlement of American finances by the Russian authorities in order to build a suite of new cosmonaut houses in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, or else that the building projects were being funded by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mafia">Russian Mafia</a>. NASA administrator Goldin was invited onto <i>Nightline</i> to defend the homes but he refused to comment. NASA's office for external affairs was quoted as saying, "What Russia does with its own money is their business."<sup id="cite_ref-Dragonfly_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragonfly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_spacecraft" title="List of heaviest spacecraft">List of heaviest spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">Skylab 4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guidelines">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011116160227/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-b-lessons.htm">NASA.gov</a> . Retrieved 27 November 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIRheritage-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIRheritage_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mir_Hardware_Heritage/Part_2_-_Almaz,_Salyut,_and_Mir#2.1.6_Shuttle-Salyut_(1973-1978;_1980s)" class="extiw" title="s:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir">s:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 2 - Almaz, Salyut, and Mir#2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut (1973-1978; 1980s)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSSM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Harland2004" class="citation book cs1">David Harland (November 30, 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofspacestat0000harl"><i>The Story of Space Station Mir</i></a></span>. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23011-5"><bdi>978-0-387-23011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Space+Station+Mir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York+Inc&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-387-23011-5&rft.au=David+Harland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofspacestat0000harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spacecom-20160222-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spacecom-20160222_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Khatib2016" class="citation news cs1">Al-Khatib, Talal (22 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/31999-mir-space-station-30th-anniversary.html">"30 Years Later: The Legacy of the Mir Space Station"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516110009/https://www.space.com/31999-mir-space-station-30th-anniversary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Station%3A+Impact+of+the+Expanded+Russian+Role+on+Funding+and+Research&rft.pub=Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=1994-06-21&rft.au=Donna+Heivilin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gao.gov%2Ft2pbat3%2F151975.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Dismukes2004" class="citation web cs1">Kim Dismukes (April 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011116155733/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-b-start.htm">"Shuttle–Mir History/Background/How "Phase 1" Started"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-b-start.htm">the original</a> on November 16, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir+History%2FBackground%2FHow+%22Phase+1%22+Started&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-04-04&rft.au=Kim+Dismukes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle-mir%2Fhistory%2Fh-b-start.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Dismukes2004" class="citation web cs1">Kim Dismukes (April 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011113225550/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/welcome/w-g-goals.htm">"Shuttle–Mir History/Welcome/Goals"</a>. NASA. 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Nield & Pavel Mikhailovich Vorobiev (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117163319/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/references/documents/phase1-joint-report.pdf">Phase One Program Joint Report</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/references/documents/phase1-joint-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2004-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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F. Portree (March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907191412/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf">"Mir Hardware Heritage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N</i>. <b>95</b>: 23249. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224003836/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523041156/https://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003032520/http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_STS.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle+Basics&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-03-05&rft.au=Jim+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Freturntoflight%2Fsystem%2Fsystem_STS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSS-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSS_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Harland2004" class="citation book cs1">David M. Harland (July 5, 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofspaceshut0000harl"><i>The Story of the Space Shuttle</i></a></span>. Springer-Praxis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-793-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-793-3"><bdi>978-1-85233-793-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Space+Shuttle&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2004-07-05&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-793-3&rft.au=David+M.+Harland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofspaceshut0000harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MissionChronicle-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MissionChronicle_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MissionChronicle_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSue_McDonald1998" class="citation report cs1">Sue McDonald (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531210016/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1998-208920.pdf">Mir Mission Chronicle</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/TP-1998-208920.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 31, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mir+Mission+Chronicle&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1998-12&rft.au=Sue+McDonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FTP-1998-208920.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Dismukes2004" class="citation web cs1">Kim Dismukes (April 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011110151412/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/spacecraft/to-s-orb.htm">"Shuttle–Mir History/Spacecraft/Space Shuttle Orbiter"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/spacecraft/to-s-orb.htm">the original</a> on November 10, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir+History%2FSpacecraft%2FSpace+Shuttle+Orbiter&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004-04-04&rft.au=Kim+Dismukes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle-mir%2Fspacecraft%2Fto-s-orb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Ray2000" class="citation web cs1">Justin Ray (April 14, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/features/000414overhaul/weightloss.html">"Columbia Weight Loss Plan"</a>. Spaceflight Now. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102729/http://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/features/000414overhaul/weightloss.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Weight+Loss+Plan&rft.pub=Spaceflight+Now&rft.date=2000-04-14&rft.au=Justin+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2Fshuttle%2Ffeatures%2F000414overhaul%2Fweightloss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harwood1994" class="citation news cs1">William Harwood (February 4, 1994). "Space Shuttle Launch Begins Era of US-Russian Cooperation". <i>Washington Post</i>. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Space+Shuttle+Launch+Begins+Era+of+US-Russian+Cooperation&rft.pages=a3&rft.date=1994-02-04&rft.au=William+Harwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH_Flights-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH_Flights_21-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011111081412/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-flights.htm">"Shuttle–Mir History/Shuttle Flights and Mir Increments"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/history/h-flights.htm">the original</a> on November 11, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir+History%2FShuttle+Flights+and+Mir+Increments&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fshuttle-mir%2Fhistory%2Fh-flights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Dumoulin2001" class="citation web cs1">Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-60/mission-sts-60.html">"STS-60 Mission Summary"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213447/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-60/mission-sts-60.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved March 9, 2007 from NewsBank. p. a1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=US+%26+Russia+Find+Common+Ground+in+Space+%E2%80%93+Nations+Overcome+Hurdles+in+Ambitious+Partnership&rft.pages=a1&rft.date=1995-01-29&rft.au=Kathy+Sawyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoME-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoME_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoME_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">List of Mir expeditions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottLeonov2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">Scott, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Leonov, Alexei</a> (April 30, 2005). <i>Two Sides of the Moon</i>. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329042625/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-71/mission-sts-71.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSA+%E2%80%93+STS-74+%E2%80%93+Daily+Reports&rft.pub=Canadian+Space+Agency&rft.date=1999-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc-csa.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fmissions%2Fsts-074%2Freports.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Dumoulin2001" class="citation web cs1">Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-74/mission-sts-74.html">"STS-74 Mission Summary"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220034436/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-74/mission-sts-74.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-74+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-74%2Fmission-sts-74.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harwood1995" class="citation news cs1">William Harwood (November 15, 1995). "Space Shuttle docks with Mir – Atlantis uses manoeuvres similar to those needed for construction". <i>Washington Post</i>. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806102139/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-76/mission-sts-76.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-76+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-76%2Fmission-sts-76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harwood1996" class="citation news cs1">William Harwood (September 20, 1996). "Lucid transfers from Mir to Space Shuttle". <i>Washington Post</i>. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518135705/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-79/mission-sts-79.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-79+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-79%2Fmission-sts-79.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STS-81-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STS-81_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STS-81_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Dumoulin2001" class="citation web cs1">Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-81/mission-sts-81.html">"STS-81 Mission Summary"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520090649/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-81/mission-sts-81.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-81+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-81%2Fmission-sts-81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Dumoulin2001" class="citation web cs1">Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-84/mission-sts-84.html">"STS-84 Mission Summary"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210102245/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-84/mission-sts-84.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-84+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-84%2Fmission-sts-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hoffman1997" class="citation news cs1">David Hoffman (August 22, 1997). "Crucial Mir spacewalk carries high hopes – continued Western support could hinge on mission's success". <i>Washington Post</i>. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230243/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-86/mission-sts-86.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-86+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-86%2Fmission-sts-86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Dumoulin2001" class="citation web cs1">Jim Dumoulin (June 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-89/mission-sts-89.html">"STS-89 Mission Summary"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062707/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-89/mission-sts-89.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-89+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-89%2Fmission-sts-89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Thomas, Andrew</a> (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/documentation/thomas-letters/letters.htm">"Letters from the Outpost"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060759/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/documentation/thomas-letters/letters.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STS-91+Mission+Summary&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2001-06-29&rft.au=Jim+Dumoulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.ksc.nasa.gov%2Fshuttle%2Fmissions%2Fsts-91%2Fmission-sts-91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harwood1998" class="citation news cs1">William Harwood (June 13, 1998). "Final American returns from Mir". <i>Washington Post</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Spaceflight.com&rft.atitle=ISS+relocates+PMM+in+reconfiguration+for+future+crew+vehicles&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fiss-program-station-reconfiguration-future-crew-vehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISS_facts_&_figures-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISS_facts_&_figures_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISS_facts_&_figures_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2015" class="citation web cs1">Garcia, Mark (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/onthestation/facts_and_figures.html">"ISS Facts and Figures"</a>. <i>International Space Station</i>. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316002732/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-400/ch9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SP-400+Skylab%2C+Our+First+Space+Station&rft.atitle=9+The+Third+Manned+Period&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Leland+F.+Belew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-400%2Fch9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Evans2007" class="citation book cs1">Ben Evans (2007). <i>Space Shuttle Challenger: Ten Journeys into the Unknown</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SpaceViews+Update+97+May+15%3A+Policy&rft.pub=Students+for+the+Exploration+and+Development+of+Space&rft.date=1997-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseds.org%2Fspaceviews%2F970515%2Fpol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuttle%E2%80%93Mir+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Like the earlier Apollo–Soyuz program, the Russian language version presents its vehicle name first, so the literal translation is ‘program “Mir”–“Shuttle”’</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815204932/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/">History of Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (NASA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/nasa4/nasa4.htm">Diary of Linenger Increment</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesoberg.com/mirlessons.html">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Lessons for the International Space Station James Oberg, Contributing Editor, SPECTRUM magazine June 1998, pp. 28–37</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shuttle–Mir_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shuttle-Mir" title="Template:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shuttle-Mir" title="Template talk:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shuttle-Mir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shuttle–Mir_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/100px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/150px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/200px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="910" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Increments">Increments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_M._Linenger" title="Jerry M. Linenger">Linenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Foale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_of_Mir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mir_modules" title="Template:Mir modules"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mir_modules" title="Template talk:Mir modules"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mir_modules" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mir modules"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Components_of_Mir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components of <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Core module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1"><i>Kvant</i>-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2"><i>Kvant</i>-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/120px-Mir_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/180px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/240px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian/American modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking module</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyappa_arm" title="Lyappa arm"><i>Lyappa</i> arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)"><i>Strela</i> crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">APAS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)"><i>Luch</i> satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload" title="Mir Environmental Effects Payload">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visiting spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/VBK-Raduga" title="VBK-Raduga">VBK-Raduga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i> programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">Deorbit of Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">List of human spaceflights to Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">List of Mir expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">List of Mir visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_spaceflights_to_Mir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_Mir_flights" title="Template:Crewed Mir flights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_Mir_flights" title="Template talk:Crewed Mir flights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_Mir_flights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed Mir flights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_spaceflights_to_Mir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">Human spaceflights</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">Soyuz T-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">Soyuz TM-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-5" title="Soyuz TM-5">Soyuz TM-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-6" title="Soyuz TM-6">Soyuz TM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">Soyuz TM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">Soyuz TM-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">Soyuz TM-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">Soyuz TM-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">Soyuz TM-11</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mir insignia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/100px-Mir_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/150px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/200px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12" title="Soyuz TM-12">Soyuz TM-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Soyuz TM-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">Soyuz TM-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">Soyuz TM-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">Soyuz TM-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">Soyuz TM-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-18" title="Soyuz TM-18">Soyuz TM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-19" title="Soyuz TM-19">Soyuz TM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">Soyuz TM-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-22" title="Soyuz TM-22">Soyuz TM-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">Soyuz TM-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Soyuz TM-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">Soyuz TM-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-26" title="Soyuz TM-26">Soyuz TM-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Soyuz TM-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">Soyuz TM-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Soyuz TM-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-30" title="Soyuz TM-30">Soyuz TM-30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttle" title="Template talk:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of crews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> <small>(ESA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> <small>(CSA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote Controlled Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6#Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space Launch Complex 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration"><i>Inspiration</i> <small>(design)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder"><i>Pathfinder</i> <small>(simulator)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Propulsion_Test_Article" title="Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article">MPTA <small>(engine test article)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalist_in_Space_Project" title="Journalist in Space Project">Journalist in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuttle-Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (rocket family)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a></li> <li>Ares <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence"><i>Independence</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs" title="Studied Space Shuttle designs">studied designs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in Space</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia:_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a></i> (2004 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger:_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a></i> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space Shuttle America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous:_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space Shuttle Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)">Shuttle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle:_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.flightgear.org/Space%20Shuttle">Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <small> (joint) </small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <small> (joint) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuttle-Mir</a> <small> (joint) </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Moon: </i> <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1.2FL3_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><i>Interplanetary: </i> <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li><i>Spaceplanes: </i> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, <a href="/wiki/LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li> <li><i>Capsules: </i> <a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><i>Space Stations: </i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight programs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station program">International Space Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S66-63536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/130px-S66-63536.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/195px-S66-63536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/S66-63536.jpg/260px-S66-63536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6856" data-file-height="4741" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">Dyna-Soar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Space_Plane_Program" title="Orbital Space Plane Program">Orbital Space Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Orion (nuclear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">NASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom"><i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russia–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Ambassadors of Russia to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ambassador%27s_residence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Russian ambassador's residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">Ambassadors of the United States to Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Houston">Consulate-General of Russia, Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in New York City">Consulate-General of Russia, New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Henry Hammond House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Russia_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate-General of Russia in San Francisco">Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Point,_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_European_and_Eurasian_Affairs" title="Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Hope" title="Operation Provide Hope">Operation Provide Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1998)" title="Moscow Summit (1998)">1998 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">2001 Slovenia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">2005 Slovakia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%2B2_format" title="5+2 format">5+2 format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_reset" title="Russian reset">Russian reset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obama%E2%80%93Medvedev_Commission" title="Obama–Medvedev Commission">Obama–Medvedev Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Syria%27s_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons">Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_St._Petersburg_raid" title="2017 St. Petersburg raid">2017 St. Petersburg raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">2018 Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Geneva summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Conference" title="Arctic Ocean Conference">Arctic Ocean Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat_Declaration" title="Ilulissat Declaration">Ilulissat Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_to_Combat_Nuclear_Terrorism" title="Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism">Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Chernomyrdin_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Russia_Investment_Fund" title="The U.S. Russia Investment Fund">The U.S. Russia Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Joint_Commission_on_POW/MIAs" title="U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs">U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">2024 Ankara prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIMPAC" title="RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kildin_Island" title="Submarine incident off Kildin Island">Kildin Island submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_incident_off_Kola_Peninsula" title="Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula submarine incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca_laser_incident" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident">Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_kidnapping_of_Mormon_missionaries_in_Saratov,_Russia" title="1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia">Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Pristina airport incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Russian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM_Broadcasting" title="RM Broadcasting">RM Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(CIA)" title="Stephen Holmes (CIA)">Stephen Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Deterrence_Initiative" title="European Deterrence Initiative">European Deterrence Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic_Resolve" title="Operation Atlantic Resolve">Operation Atlantic Resolve</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian interference in United States elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump associates and Russian officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele_dossier" title="Steele dossier">Steele dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Butina" title="Maria Butina">Maria Butina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2024 United States elections">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">Zersetzung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Trevor_Reed" title="Arrest of Trevor Reed">Arrest of Trevor Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout%E2%80%93Brittney_Griner_prisoner_exchange" title="Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange">Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">Black Sea drone incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spies_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Pentagon_document_leaks" title="2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks">2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tenet_Media_investigation" title="2024 Tenet Media investigation">2024 Tenet Media investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_foreign_agent_law" title="Russian foreign agent law">Russian foreign agent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitsky_Act" title="Magnitsky Act">Magnitsky Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_List" title="Guantanamo List">Guantanamo List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Freedom_Support_Act_of_2014" title="Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014">Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_undesirable_organizations_law" title="Russian undesirable organizations law">Russian undesirable organizations law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_Elections_from_Threats_by_Establishing_Redlines_Act" title="Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act">Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_American_Security_from_Kremlin_Aggression_Act" title="Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act">Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Venezuelan_Threat_Mitigation_Act" title="Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act">Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_KleptoCapture" title="Task Force KleptoCapture">Task Force KleptoCapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14071" title="Executive Order 14071">Executive Order 14071</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">Mutual detargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program" title="Megatons to Megawatts Program">Megatons to Megawatts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO–Russia relations">NATO–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_legs" title="Bush legs">Bush legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_on_Global_Interests" title="Center on Global Interests">Center on Global Interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Americans" title="Congress of Russian Americans">Congress of Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">United States military and prostitution in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Russia_Foundation" title="U.S. Russia Foundation">U.S. Russia Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_Business_Council" title="U.S.–Russia Business Council">U.S.–Russia Business Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_US%E2%80%93Russia_Forum" title="Stanford US–Russia Forum">Stanford US–Russia Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Europe-America_500" title="Space Flight Europe-America 500">Space Flight Europe-America 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Game" title="New Great Game">New Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_One_Inch_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Not One 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