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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_martial_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mixed martial arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_martial_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chain_wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chain_wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chain wrestling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chain_wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catch wrestling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83" title="مصارعة الإمساك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصارعة الإمساك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Wrestling" title="Catch Wrestling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Catch Wrestling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%82" title="Κατς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catch wrestling" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%86" title="کشتی کچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتی کچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catch wrestling" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EC%B9%98_%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%AC%EB%A7%81" title="캐치 레슬링 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐치 레슬링" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catch wrestling" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3" title="キャッチ・アズ・キャッチ・キャン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャッチ・アズ・キャッチ・キャン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolnoamerykanka" title="Wolnoamerykanka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolnoamerykanka" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Catch as catch can" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catch_as_Catch_Can_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Catch as Catch Can (disambiguation)">Catch as Catch Can</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Catch wrestling</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burns03-05-70-sprawl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Burns03-05-70-sprawl.jpg/200px-Burns03-05-70-sprawl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Burns03-05-70-sprawl.jpg/300px-Burns03-05-70-sprawl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Burns03-05-70-sprawl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">Catch-as-catch-can (CACC)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire wrestling</a><br />Loose-hold<br />Hooking<br />Rough and tumble<br />Fair fight<br /><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot wrestling</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Famous practitioners</th><td class="infobox-data">(see <a href="#Notable_practitioners">notable practitioners</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data">English wrestling<br />(<a href="/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_wrestling" title="Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling">Cumberland, Westmorland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon_wrestling" title="Devon wrestling">Devonshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire</a>) <br /> Indian <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manilla_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manilla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nauright_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nauright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Irish <a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">collar-and-elbow</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Gouging_(fighting_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouging (fighting style)">rough and tumble</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendant arts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu">Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folkstyle_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkstyle wrestling">folkstyle wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> (MMA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (as amateur <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>) since <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catch wrestling</b> (originally <b>catch-as-catch-can</b>) is an English style of <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> with looser rules than forms like <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a>. For example, catch wrestling allows leg attacks and joint locks. It was popularised by wrestlers of <a href="/wiki/Travelling_funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelling funfair">travelling funfairs</a> who developed their own <a href="/wiki/Submission_holds" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission holds">submission holds</a>, referred as "hooks" and "stretches", into their wrestling to increase their effectiveness against their opponents. </p><p>In the UK, catch wrestling combines several British styles of wrestling (primarily <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aspullsub_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspullsub-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_wrestling" title="Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling">Cumberland, Westmorland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Devon_wrestling" title="Devon wrestling">Devonshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a>) along with influences from the Indian <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manilla_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manilla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nauright_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nauright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Irish <a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">collar-and-elbow</a> styles of wrestling. </p><p>In America by 1840, the phrase "catch as catch can" was used to describe <a href="/wiki/Rough_and_tumble_fighting" title="Rough and tumble fighting">rough and tumble fighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Longstreet,_Augustus_Baldwin_1840,_pp._53-64_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longstreet,_Augustus_Baldwin_1840,_pp._53-64-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The training of many modern <a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">submission wrestlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestlers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial artists</a> is founded in catch wrestling through its various incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">amateur wrestling</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a>, once a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a>, was competitive catch wrestling. The original and historic <a href="/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Wrestling_Championship_(original_version)" title="World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (original version)">World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship</a> was created in 1905 to identify the best catch-as-catch-can wrestler in the world, before the belt was retired in 1957 and unified with the <a href="/wiki/NWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NWA World Heavyweight Championship">NWA World Heavyweight Championship</a>. Modern day professional wrestling has its origins in catch wrestling exhibitions at carnivals where predetermined (<a href="/wiki/Work_(professional_wrestling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Work (professional wrestling)">"worked"</a>) matches had elements of <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> introduced (as well as <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">striking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatic manoeuvres</a>), turning it into an <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few countries, such as in France and Germany, "catch" is still the term used for professional wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catch-as-catch-can was included in the <a href="/wiki/1904_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 Olympic Games">1904 Olympic Games</a> and continued through the 1936 Games; it had new rules and weight categories introduced similar to other <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">amateur wrestling</a> styles, and dangerous moves — including all submission holds — were banned. New rules and regulations were later developed and codified by <a href="/wiki/United_World_Wrestling" title="United World Wrestling">FILA</a> and amateur catch wrestling became known as <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>, which was then considered separate from the dangerous, professional catch style.<sup id="cite_ref-FILAFreestylesite_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FILAFreestylesite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> with origins in catch wrestling include <a href="/wiki/Folkstyle_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkstyle wrestling">folkstyle wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">shootfighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> (MMA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The linked page does not include a single mention of "catch wrestling" (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burns03-05-60hammerlock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Burns03-05-60hammerlock.jpg/250px-Burns03-05-60hammerlock.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Burns03-05-60hammerlock.jpg/375px-Burns03-05-60hammerlock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Burns03-05-60hammerlock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>A <i>hammerlock</i> as demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Burns" title="Martin Burns">Farmer Burns'</a> correspondence course, 1913</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3633FF;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling" title="Category:Professional wrestling">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrestling_-_Sikeston,_MO_1938_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg/175px-Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg/263px-Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg/350px-Wrestling_-_Sikeston%2C_MO_1938_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_professional_wrestling" title="History of professional wrestling">History of professional wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_professional_wrestling" title="Template:Years in professional wrestling">By year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_wrestling_championships" title="Early wrestling championships">Early wrestling championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Dust_Trio" title="Gold Dust Trio">Gold Dust Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_professional_wrestling_boom" title="1980s professional wrestling boom">1980s boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(professional_wrestling)" title="Black Saturday (professional wrestling)">Black Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NWA_World_Title_Tournament" title="NWA World Title Tournament">1994 NWA World Title Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Night_War" title="Monday Night War">Monday Night Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_Era" title="Attitude Era">Attitude Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling_mass_exodus" title="2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus">2000 All Japan Pro Wrestling mass exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invasion_(professional_wrestling)" title="The Invasion (professional wrestling)">The Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Night_Wars" title="Wednesday Night Wars">Wednesday Night Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable promotions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling" title="All Elite Wrestling">All Elite Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Pro_Wrestling" title="All Japan Pro Wrestling">All Japan Pro Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Women%27s_Pro-Wrestling" title="All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling">All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Star_Wrestling" title="All Star Wrestling">All Star Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association" title="American Wrestling Association">American Wrestling Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre" title="Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre">Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling" title="Extreme Championship Wrestling">Extreme Championship Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Martial-Arts_Wrestling" title="Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling">Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgeous_Ladies_of_Wrestling" title="Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling">Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions" title="Jim Crockett Promotions">Jim Crockett Promotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Promotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Promotions">Joint Promotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_Worldwide" title="Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide">Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling" title="Maple Leaf Wrestling">Maple Leaf Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance" title="National Wrestling Alliance">National Wrestling Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling" title="New Japan Pro-Wrestling">New Japan Pro-Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Noah" title="Pro Wrestling Noah">Pro Wrestling Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Honor" title="Ring of Honor">Ring of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Ground_Wrestling" title="Soft Ground Wrestling">Soft Ground Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling" title="Stampede Wrestling">Stampede Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Joshi_Pro-Wrestling" title="Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling">Tokyo Joshi Pro-Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Nonstop_Action_Wrestling" title="Total Nonstop Action Wrestling">Total Nonstop Action Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UWF_International" title="UWF International">UWF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Wrestling" title="Women of Wrestling">Women of Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">World Championship Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wonder_Ring_Stardom" title="World Wonder Ring Stardom">World Wonder Ring Stardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_promotions" title="List of professional wrestling promotions">Others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><small><b>Early 20th Century</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sandow" title="Billy Sandow">Billy Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toots_Mondt" title="Toots Mondt">Toots Mondt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Ed Lewis (wrestler)">Ed Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pfefer" title="Jack Pfefer">Jack Pfefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Londos" title="Jim Londos">Jim Londos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Lutteroth" title="Salvador Lutteroth">Salvador Lutteroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Thesz" title="Lou Thesz">Lou Thesz</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>Mid 20th Century</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgeous_George" title="Gorgeous George">Gorgeous George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Santo" title="El Santo">El Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Muchnick" title="Sam Muchnick">Sam Muchnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Burke" title="Mildred Burke">Mildred Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabulous_Moolah" title="The Fabulous Moolah">The Fabulous Moolah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Demon" title="Blue Demon">Blue Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verne_Gagne" title="Verne Gagne">Verne Gagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gotch" title="Karl Gotch">Karl Gotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikid%C5%8Dzan" title="Rikidōzan">Rikidōzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stu_Hart" title="Stu Hart">Stu Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino" title="Bruno Sammartino">Bruno Sammartino</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>1970s and 1980s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Funk" title="Terry Funk">Terry Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Race" title="Harley Race">Harley Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Solie" title="Gordon Solie">Gordon Solie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Inoki" title="Antonio Inoki">Antonio Inoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Baba" title="Giant Baba">Giant Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_M%C3%A1scaras" title="Mil Máscaras">Mil Máscaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_the_Giant" title="André the Giant">André the Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Heenan" title="Bobby Heenan">Bobby Heenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Col%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Colón">Carlos Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusty_Rhodes" title="Dusty Rhodes">Dusty Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Flair" title="Ric Flair">Ric Flair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Jr." title="Jim Crockett Jr.">Jim Crockett Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Crabtree" title="Shirley Crabtree">Big Daddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon" title="Vince McMahon">Vince McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite_Kid" title="Dynamite Kid">Dynamite Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Sayama" title="Satoru Sayama">Satoru "Tiger Mask" Sayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_Hogan" title="Hulk Hogan">Hulk Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Savage" title="Randy Savage">Randy Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_Shinma" title="Hisashi Shinma">Hisashi Shinma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Maeda" title="Akira Maeda">Akira Maeda</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>1990s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_(wrestler)" title="Sting (wrestler)">Sting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiji_Muto" title="Keiji Muto">The Great Muta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Undertaker" title="The Undertaker">The Undertaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ross" title="Jim Ross">Jim Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuharu_Misawa" title="Mitsuharu Misawa">Mitsuharu Misawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenta_Kobashi" title="Kenta Kobashi">Kenta Kobashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiaki_Kawada" title="Toshiaki Kawada">Toshiaki Kawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsushi_Onita" title="Atsushi Onita">Atsushi Onita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Antonio Peña">Antonio Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bischoff" title="Eric Bischoff">Eric Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyman" title="Paul Heyman">Paul Heyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cornette" title="Jim Cornette">Jim Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Hart" title="Bret Hart">Bret Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Michaels" title="Shawn Michaels">Shawn Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Nash" title="Kevin Nash">Kevin Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hall" title="Scott Hall">Scott Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Russo" title="Vince Russo">Vince Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin" title="Stone Cold Steve Austin">Stone Cold Steve Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">The Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_H" title="Triple H">Paul "Triple H" Levesque</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>2000s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Jericho" title="Chris Jericho">Chris Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Angle" title="Kurt Angle">Kurt Angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jarrett" title="Jeff Jarrett">Jeff Jarrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero" title="Eddie Guerrero">Eddie Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Mysterio" title="Rey Mysterio">Rey Mysterio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Lesnar" title="Brock Lesnar">Brock Lesnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Orton" title="Randy Orton">Randy Orton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cena" title="John Cena">John Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Tanahashi" title="Hiroshi Tanahashi">Hiroshi Tanahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADstico" title="Místico">Místico</a></li></ul> <p><small><b>2010s and 2020s</b></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CM_Punk" title="CM Punk">CM Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Danielson" title="Bryan Danielson">Bryan Danielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Reigns" title="Roman Reigns">Roman Reigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada" title="Kazuchika Okada">Kazuchika Okada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Omega" title="Kenny Omega">Kenny Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Khan" title="Tony Khan">Tony Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Khan" title="Nick Khan">Nick Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_Rhodes" title="Cody Rhodes">Cody Rhodes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Australia" title="Professional wrestling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Cholitas" title="Fighting Cholitas">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Canada" title="Professional wrestling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_China" title="Professional wrestling in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_France" title="Professional wrestling in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_India" title="Professional wrestling in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Israel" title="Professional wrestling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Japan" title="Professional wrestling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_New_Zealand" title="Professional wrestling in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Professional wrestling in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Russia" title="Professional wrestling in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_the_United_States" title="Professional wrestling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Styles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="British wrestling">British wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in_professional_wrestling" title="All-in professional wrestling">All-in style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral-Lord_Mountevans_rules" title="Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules">Mountevans rules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiserweight_(professional_wrestling)" title="Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)">Cruiserweight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_Division" title="X Division">X Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling" title="Hardcore wrestling">Hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergender_wrestling" title="Intergender wrestling">Intergender</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">Lucha libre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_wrestling" title="Midget wrestling">Midget</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mini-Estrella" title="Mini-Estrella">Mini-Estrella</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroresu" title="Puroresu">Puroresu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot style</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/U-Kei_(martial_arts)" title="U-Kei (martial arts)">U-Kei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_professional_wrestling" title="Women's professional wrestling">Women's</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Attire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_mask" title="Wrestling mask">Masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_singlet" title="Wrestling singlet">Wrestling singlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_shoe" title="Wrestling shoe">Wrestling shoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backyard_wrestling" title="Backyard wrestling">Backyarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blading_(professional_wrestling)" title="Blading (professional wrestling)">Blading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_championship" title="Professional wrestling championship">Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_heavyweight_wrestling_championships" title="Category:World heavyweight wrestling championships">World Heavyweight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_sheet" title="Dirt sheet">Dirt sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms" title="Glossary of professional wrestling terms">Glossary of terms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayfabe" title="Kayfabe">Kayfabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimmick_(professional_wrestling)" title="Gimmick (professional wrestling)">Gimmick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)" title="Face (professional wrestling)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)" title="Heel (professional wrestling)">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(professional_wrestling)" title="Shoot (professional wrestling)">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_(professional_wrestling)" title="Heat (professional wrestling)">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(professional_wrestling)" title="Job (professional wrestling)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_(professional_wrestling)" title="Push (professional wrestling)">Push</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_show" title="House show">House show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types" title="Professional wrestling match types">Match types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_professional_wrestling" title="Music in professional wrestling">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(professional_wrestling)" title="Rib (professional wrestling)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Sports entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_team" title="Tag team">Tag team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_weight_classes" title="Category:Professional wrestling weight classes">Weight classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_ring" title="Wrestling ring">Wrestling ring</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_Alley_Club" title="Cauliflower Alley Club">Cauliflower Alley Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_ear" title="Cauliflower ear">Cauliflower ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_films" title="Category:Professional wrestling films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lucha_libre_films" title="Category:Lucha libre films">Luchador films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_magazines" title="List of professional wrestling magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li>Paintings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrestlers_(Courbet)" title="The Wrestlers (Courbet)">Gustave Courbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestlers_(Eakins)" title="Wrestlers (Eakins)">Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrestlers_(Etty)" title="The Wrestlers (Etty)">William Etty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wrestlers_(Luks)" title="The Wrestlers (Luks)">George Luks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribera_Steakhouse" title="Ribera Steakhouse">Ribera Steakhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-bell_salute" title="Ten-bell salute">Ten-bell salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_video_games" title="List of professional wrestling video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_personalities_in_politics" title="Professional wrestling personalities in politics">Wrestling personalities in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubaz" title="Zubaz">Zubaz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media outlets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Botchamania" title="Botchamania">Botchamania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_y_Lucha" title="Box y Lucha">Box y Lucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Ring" title="Dark Side of the Ring">Dark Side of the Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Spirit_Magazine" title="Fighting Spirit Magazine">Fighting Spirit Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_Audio_Wrestling" title="Live Audio Wrestling">Live Audio Wrestling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSW_Review" title="OSW Review">OSW Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Slam" title="Power Slam">Power Slam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Wrestling_Illustrated" title="Pro Wrestling Illustrated">Pro Wrestling Illustrated</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAper_Luchas" title="Súper Luchas">Súper Luchas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter" title="Wrestling Observer Newsletter">Wrestling Observer Newsletter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_professional_wrestling" title="Animals in professional wrestling">Animals in professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Benoit_double-murder_and_suicide" title="Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide">Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hart#Death" title="Owen Hart">Death of Owen Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Transit_incident_(professional_wrestling)" title="Mass Transit incident (professional wrestling)">Mass Transit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Screwjob" title="Montreal Screwjob">Montreal Screwjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruiser_Brody#Death" title="Bruiser Brody">Murder of Bruiser Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Rikid%C5%8Dzan" title="Murder of Rikidōzan">Murder of Rikidōzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_professional_wrestling_deaths" title="List of premature professional wrestling deaths">Premature deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_boy_scandal" title="Ring boy scandal">Ring boy scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaking_Out_movement" title="Speaking Out movement">Speaking Out</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._McMahon" title="United States v. McMahon">United States v. McMahon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon_sex_trafficking_scandal" title="Vince McMahon sex trafficking scandal">Vince McMahon sex trafficking scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="WWE in Saudi Arabia">WWE–Saudi Arabia relationship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_attendance_records" title="List of professional wrestling attendance records">Attendance records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_championships_by_promotion" title="Category:Professional wrestling championships by promotion">Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_matches_rated_5_or_more_stars_by_Dave_Meltzer" title="List of professional wrestling matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer">Matches rated 5 or more stars by Dave Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_moves" title="Category:Professional wrestling moves">Moves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_promotions" title="List of professional wrestling promotions">Promotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_rivalries" title="Category:Professional wrestling rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_professional_wrestling_personnel" title="Lists of professional wrestling personnel">Rosters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_television_series" title="List of professional wrestling television series">TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_wrestling_families" title="Category:Professional wrestling families">Wrestling families</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #3633FF; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">Combat sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_professional_wrestling_and_mixed_martial_arts" title="Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts">Comparison of professional wrestling and mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_combat" title="Mock combat">Mock combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport wrestling">Sport wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">Amateur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">Shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Professional_wrestling_sidebar" title="Template:Professional wrestling sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_wrestling_sidebar" title="Template talk:Professional wrestling sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Professional_wrestling_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Professional wrestling sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By 1840 the phrase "catch as catch can"<sup id="cite_ref-Longstreet,_Augustus_Baldwin_1840,_pp._53-64_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longstreet,_Augustus_Baldwin_1840,_pp._53-64-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was being used in America to describe their <a href="/wiki/Rough_and_tumble_fighting" title="Rough and tumble fighting">Rough and tumble fighting</a> found in the frontier which was characterized by its lack of strict rules and the use of any and all tactics to achieve victory. </p><p>The phrase "catch as catch can" reflected the improvisational nature of the style, where wrestlers utilized whatever holds they could "catch" on their opponent with the primary goal being to make the opponent verbally quit by using grappling techniques including holds and dirty moves associated with the American style at the time. </p><p>In 1871 (31 years later), <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Chambers" title="John Graham Chambers">John Graham Chambers</a>, of aquatic and pedestrian fame, and sometime editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Water" title="Land and Water">Land and Water</a></i>, endeavoured to introduce and promote a new system of <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> at Little Bridge Grounds, <a href="/wiki/West_Brompton" title="West Brompton">West Brompton</a>, which he denominated, "the catch-as-catch-can style; first down to lose".<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the new idea met with little support at the time, and a few years afterward Chambers was induced to adopt the objectionable fashion of allowing the competitors to <a href="/wiki/Wrestle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestle">wrestle</a> on all fours on the ground. This new departure was the forerunner of the total abolition of the sport at that athletic, and within a short period the <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, as an item in the programme.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Various promoters of the exercise, notably J. Wannop, of New Cross, attempted to bring the new system prominently before the public, with the view of amalgamating the three English styles viz. the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_wrestling" title="Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling">Cumberland and Westmorland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Wrestling">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devon_wrestling" title="Devon wrestling">Devon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sudden development of the Cumberland and Westmorland <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Wrestling">Amateur Wrestling</a> Society brought the new style prominently to the front, and special prizes were given for competition in that class at the society's first annual midsummer gathering at the <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Recreation_Ground" title="Paddington Recreation Ground">Paddington Recreation Ground</a>, which was attended by Lord Mayor Whitehead and <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a> in state. </p><p>Wrestling on the "catch-as-catch-can" principle was new to many spectators, but it was generally approved of as a great step in advance of the loose-hold system, which includes struggling on the ground and sundry objectionable tactics, such as catching hold of the legs, twisting arms, dislocating fingers, and other items of attack and defence peculiar to <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire wrestling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catch wrestling drew from international influences, most notably Indian <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a> wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-Manilla_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manilla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nauright_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nauright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cannon_(wrestler)" title="Tom Cannon (wrestler)">Tom Cannon</a>, an early practitioner of catch wrestling, visited <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in 1892, where he was defeated by 21 year-old pehlwani wrestler Kareem Buksh. This led to Indian pehlwani wrestlers being invited to compete in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, including Indian champions such as <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Baksh_Pahalwan" title="Imam Baksh Pahalwan">Imam Baksh Pahalwan</a>, influencing the development of catch wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-Nauright_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nauright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When catch wrestling reached the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it became extremely popular with the wrestlers of the <a href="/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">carnivals</a>. The carnivals' wrestlers challenged the locals as part of the carnival's "athletic show" and the locals had their chance to win a cash reward if they could defeat the carnival's <a href="/wiki/Strongman_(circus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongman (circus)">strongman</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Pin_(wrestling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin (wrestling)">pin</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Submission_(combat_sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission (combat sport)">submission</a>. Eventually, the carnivals' wrestlers began preparing for the worst kind of unarmed <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a> and aiming to end the wrestling match with any tough local quickly and decisively via submission. A <i>hook</i> was a technical submission which could end a match within seconds. As carnival wrestlers travelled, they met with a variety of people, learning and using techniques from various other <a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk wrestling</a> disciplines, especially <a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">Irish collar-and-elbow</a>, many of which were accessible due to a huge influx of immigrants in the United States during this era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Catch wrestling contests also became immensely popular in Europe involving the likes of the Indian heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Great_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Gama">Great Gama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Baksh_Pahalwan" title="Imam Baksh Pahalwan">Imam Baksh Pahalwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulam" title="Gulam">Gulam</a>, Bulgarian heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Dan_Kolov" title="Dan Kolov">Dan Kolov</a>, Swiss champion John Lemm, Americans <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jenkins_(wrestler)" title="Tom Jenkins (wrestler)">Tom Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ad_Santel" title="Ad Santel">Ad Santel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Ed Lewis (wrestler)">Ed Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Thesz" title="Lou Thesz">Lou Thesz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Roller" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Roller">Benjamin Roller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsuyo_Maeda" title="Mitsuyo Maeda">Mitsuyo Maeda</a> from Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Hackenschmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Hackenschmidt">Georg Hackenschmidt</a> from Estonia. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg/248px-Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg/372px-Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg/496px-Wrestling_match_during_1904_Summer_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Catch (or <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle</a> retroactively) wrestling at the <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wrestling made a return at the <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, US, but different from previous editions, wrestling was disputed under catch-as-catch-can rules due the popularity of this particular style in the United States. The competition doubled as the United States <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> (AAU) wrestling championships, which introduced new rules: it was single elimination tournament, with bouts being six minutes in duration plus an extra three minutes for overtime; in the case that no pinfall was registered, a judge would render the final decision. Six weight classes were introduced and all submission holds were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-FILAFreestylesite_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FILAFreestylesite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_Luttes_Associ%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées">Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées</a> (FILA)—current United World Wrestling—was founded in order to better organize Olympic wrestling. In 1921, FILA set the "rules of the game" which regulated and codified a new ruleset derived from catch; the new name chosen was "<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>", which appears to have been a translation of the French <i>lutte libre</i>, which itself is the French translation of catch-as-catch-can. The name was chosen to distance itself from catch wrestling, which had lost reputation due the rise of <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FILAFreestylesite_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FILAFreestylesite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 the AAU followed suit and adopted the new freestyle rule-set while abandoning catch-as-catch-can for their amateur competitions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1920s, most catch wrestling competitions started to become predetermined professional wrestling. As interest in professional matches started to wane, wrestlers began choreographing some of their matches to make the matches less physically taxing, shorter in duration, with better flow, more entertaining—giving emphasis on readable and more impressive moves—and with bigger focus on the personal charisma of the wrestlers, with the introduction of "<a href="/wiki/Gimmick_(professional_wrestling)" title="Gimmick (professional wrestling)">gimmicks</a>" (in-ring personas) and dramatic storylines surrounding the matches.<sup id="cite_ref-Backl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Gold_Dust_Trio" title="Gold Dust Trio">Gold Dust Trio</a>", formed by heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Ed Lewis (wrestler)">Ed "Strangler" Lewis</a>, his manager <a href="/wiki/Billy_Sandow" title="Billy Sandow">Billy Sandow</a> and his fellow wrestler <a href="/wiki/Toots_Mondt" title="Toots Mondt">Joseph "Toots" Mondt</a>, are credited with pivoting professional wrestling into a pseudo-competitive exhibition, by introducing the modern form of choreographed action-packed wrestling which they dubbed "slam-bang Western-style wrestling", and a new business model where the trio would promote large shows around the country and maintain wrestlers under long-term contracts, leading to the success of the partnership. Soon other promoters followed suit and the industry was fundamentally changed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, professional wrestling is regarded as being, by definition, prearranged entertainment and is legally classed as such by legislatures such as New York (19 CRR-NY 213.2) It is nonetheless still feasible to hold catch wrestling competitions with all the rules and trappings of professional wrestling (roped elevated quadrilateral ring, submission and three count pinfall as equal goals, etc.). A rules system for such competition was devised by professional wrestling champion and catch wrestling coach <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gotch" title="Karl Gotch">Karl Gotch</a> for fellow catch wrestler Jake Shannon's "King of Catch" tournaments<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similar rules were employed for a 2018 tournament in memory of professional wrestling champion and catch wrestling coach <a href="/wiki/Billy_Robinson" title="Billy Robinson">Billy Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English term "catch as catch can" is generally understood to mean "catch (a hold) anywhere you can". As this implies, the rules of catch wrestling were more open than the earlier folk styles it was based on, as well as its French Greco-Roman counterpart, which did not allow holds below the waist. Catch wrestlers can win a match by either submission or pin, and most matches are contested as the best two of three falls, with a maximum length of an hour. Often, but not always, the <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokehold</a> was barred. Other fouls like <a href="/wiki/Fish-hooking" title="Fish-hooking">fish-hooking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging" title="Eye-gouging">eye-gouging</a> (which were called "rips" or "ripping") were always forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pins were the predominant way to win, to the point some matches didn't even include submissions as an additional way; submission holds (also called "punishment holds")<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were instead exclusively for control and to force the opponent into a pin under the threat of pain and injury. According to Tommy Heyes, student of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Riley" title="Billy Riley">Billy Riley</a>, there are no registers of a single classical catch wrestler winning by submission.<sup id="cite_ref-Slack2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slack2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the reason why <a href="/wiki/Leglock" title="Leglock">leglocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neck_crank" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck crank">neck cranks</a> were emphasized as valid techniques, as while they are difficult to use as finishing moves without a good base, they can be used to force movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Slack2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slack2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, just as today "tapping out" signifies a concession as does shouting out "Uncle!", back in the heyday of catch wrestling rolling to one's back could also signify defeat, as it would mean a pin. Catch-as-catch-can toeholds typically only exert force if the opponent sits still;<sup id="cite_ref-Slack2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slack2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a> won many matches by forcing his opponent to roll over onto their back with the threat of his signature toehold.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg/170px-Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg/255px-Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Frank_Gotch_vs_Georg_Hackenschmidt_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional match</a> between <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a>, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>A "hook" can be defined as an undefined move that stretches, spreads, twists, or compresses any joint or limb. Therefore, another name for a catch wrestler was a "hooker," with the similar term "shooter" being relegated to specially skilled hookers.<sup id="cite_ref-Backl_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catch wrestling techniques may include, but are not limited to: the <a href="/wiki/Armlock" title="Armlock">arm bar</a>, Japanese arm bar, straight arm bar, hammerlock, bar hammerlock, <a href="/wiki/Wristlock" title="Wristlock">wrist lock</a>, top wrist lock, double wrist lock (this hold is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Armlock#Double_wristlock_(Gyaku_ude-garami)" title="Armlock">Kimura</a> in <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a>, or the reverse Ude-Garami in judo), coil lock (this hold is also known as an <a href="/wiki/Armlock#Omoplata_(sankaku-garami)" title="Armlock">Omoplata</a> in <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a>), head scissors, body scissors, chest lock, abdominal lock, abdominal stretch, <a href="/wiki/Leglock" title="Leglock">leg lock</a>, knee bar, ankle lock, heel hook, toe hold, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_hold" title="Nelson hold">half Nelson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Full_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Full Nelson">full Nelson</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rules of catch wrestling would change from venue to venue. Matches contested with side-bets at the coal mines or logging camps favoured submission wins where there was absolutely no doubt as to who the winner was. Meanwhile, professionally booked matches and amateur contests favoured pins that catered to the broader and more gentle paying fan-base. The impact of catch wrestling on modern-day <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">amateur wrestling</a> is also well established. In the film <i>Catch: The Hold Not Taken</i>, US Olympic gold medallist Dan Gable talks of how when he learned to wrestle as an amateur the style was known locally, in <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa" title="Waterloo, Iowa">Waterloo, Iowa</a>, as catch-as-catch-can. The wrestling tradition of Iowa is rooted in catch wrestling as <a href="/wiki/Farmer_Burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer Burns">Farmer Burns</a> and his student Frank Gotch are known as the grandfathers of wrestling in Iowa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martial_arts">Martial arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judo">Judo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A notable match in 1914 was between two prime representatives of their respective crafts: the German-American catch wrestler <a href="/wiki/Ad_Santel" title="Ad Santel">Ad Santel</a> was the world light heavyweight champion in catch wrestling, while <a href="/wiki/Tokugoro_Ito" title="Tokugoro Ito">Tokugoro Ito</a>, a fifth-degree black belt in judo, claimed to be the world judo champion. Santel defeated Ito and proclaimed himself world judo champion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The response from <a href="/wiki/Jigoro_Kano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigoro Kano">Jigoro Kano</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kodokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan">Kodokan</a> was swift and came in the form of another challenger, fourth-degree black belt Daisuke Sakai. Santel, however, still defeated the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan_Judo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan Judo">Kodokan Judo</a> representative. The Kodokan tried to stop the hooker by sending men like fifth-degree black belt Reijiro Nagata (who Santel defeated by TKO). Santel also drew with fifth-degree black belt Hikoo Shoji. The challenge matches stopped after Santel gave up on the claim of being the world judo champion in 1921 in order to pursue a career in full-time <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>. Although Tokugoro Ito avenged his loss to Santel with a <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">choke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> official Kodokan representatives proved unable to imitate Ito's success. Just as Ito was the only Japanese <a href="/wiki/Judoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Judoka">judoka</a> to overcome Santel, Santel was the only Western catch-wrestler on record as having a win over Ito, who also regularly challenged other <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a> styles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_martial_arts">Mixed martial arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mixed martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gotch" title="Karl Gotch">Karl Gotch</a> was a catch wrestler and a student of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Riley" title="Billy Riley">Billy Riley</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Snake_Pit_(Wigan)" title="The Snake Pit (Wigan)">Snake Pit</a>" gym in <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. Gotch started to teach catch wrestling to Japanese professional wrestlers in the 1960s and continued to do so for many years. He first trained the likes of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Inoki" title="Antonio Inoki">Antonio Inoki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatsumi_Fujinami" title="Tatsumi Fujinami">Tatsumi Fujinami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiro_Matsuda" title="Hiro Matsuda">Hiro Matsuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Kido" title="Osamu Kido">Osamu Kido</a>, then others including <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Sayama" title="Satoru Sayama">Satoru Sayama</a> (Tiger Mask), <a href="/wiki/Akira_Maeda" title="Akira Maeda">Akira Maeda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Fujiwara" title="Yoshiaki Fujiwara">Yoshiaki Fujiwara</a>. Starting from 1976, one of these professional wrestlers, Inoki, hosted a series of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> bouts against the champions of other disciplines, including a <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(professional_wrestling)" title="Shoot (professional wrestling)">legitimate</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_vs._Antonio_Inoki" title="Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki">mixed-rules match against boxer Muhammad Ali</a>. This resulted in unprecedented popularity of the clash-of-styles bouts in Japan. His matches showcased catch wrestling moves like the sleeper hold, cross arm breaker, seated armbar, Indian deathlock and keylock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gotch's students formed the original <a href="/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Japan)" title="Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan)">Universal Wrestling Federation (Japan)</a> in 1984 with <a href="/wiki/Akira_Maeda" title="Akira Maeda">Akira Maeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Sayama" title="Satoru Sayama">Satoru Sayama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Fujiwara" title="Yoshiaki Fujiwara">Yoshiaki Fujiwara</a> as the top grapplers showcasing <a href="/wiki/Shoot-style" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoot-style">shoot-style</a> matches. The UWF movement was led by catch wrestlers and gave rise to the mixed martial arts boom in Japan. Wigan stand-out <a href="/wiki/Billy_Robinson" title="Billy Robinson">Billy Robinson</a> soon thereafter began training MMA veteran <a href="/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba" title="Kazushi Sakuraba">Kazushi Sakuraba</a>. Lou Thesz trained MMA veteran <a href="/wiki/Kiyoshi_Tamura" title="Kiyoshi Tamura">Kiyoshi Tamura</a>. Catch wrestling forms the base of Japan's martial art of shoot wrestling. Japanese professional wrestling and a majority of the Japanese fighters from <a href="/wiki/Pancrase" title="Pancrase">Pancrase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a> and the now defunct <a href="/wiki/RINGS" class="mw-redirect" title="RINGS">RINGS</a> bear links to catch wrestling. <a href="/wiki/Randy_Couture" title="Randy Couture">Randy Couture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba" title="Kazushi Sakuraba">Kazushi Sakuraba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Shalorus" title="Kamal Shalorus">Kamal Shalorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masakatsu_Funaki" title="Masakatsu Funaki">Masakatsu Funaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takanori_Gomi" title="Takanori Gomi">Takanori Gomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Aoki" title="Shinya Aoki">Shinya Aoki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Barnett" title="Josh Barnett">Josh Barnett</a>, among other mixed martial artists, study catch wrestling as their primary submission style.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>no holds barred</i> was used originally to describe the wrestling method prevalent in catch wrestling tournaments during the late 19th century wherein no wrestling holds were banned from the competition, regardless of how dangerous they might be. The term was later applied to mixed martial arts matches, especially at the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chain_wrestling">Chain wrestling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chain wrestling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chain wrestling, also called chain wrestling sequences, is a sequence of traditional grappling moves usually employed near the start of a match. More common in Japan, the UK and Mexico than in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chain wrestling also shares components with <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_in_India" title="Wrestling in India">Indian leg wrestling</a> and barefoot wrestling, in the sense of seamless transitions between holds and the movement of both competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_practitioners">Notable practitioners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable practitioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For practitioners of catch wrestling, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Catch_wrestlers" title="Category:Catch wrestlers">Category:Catch wrestlers</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Anderson_(wrestler)" title="Gene Anderson (wrestler)">Gene Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinya_Aoki" title="Shinya Aoki">Shinya Aoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Backlund" title="Bob Backlund">Bob Backlund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Barnett" title="Josh Barnett">Josh Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayna_Baszler" title="Shayna Baszler">Shayna Baszler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burns" title="Martin Burns">Farmer Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caraway" title="Bryan Caraway">Bryan Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokor_Chivichyan" title="Gokor Chivichyan">Gokor Chivichyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Coage" title="Allen Coage">Allen Coage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Couture" title="Randy Couture">Randy Couture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Fujiwara" title="Yoshiaki Fujiwara">Yoshiaki Fujiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakatsu_Funaki" title="Masakatsu Funaki">Masakatsu Funaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Imanari" title="Masakazu Imanari">Masakazu Imanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verne_Gagne" title="Verne Gagne">Verne Gagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Jack_Gallagher" title="Gentleman Jack Gallagher">Jack Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gotch" title="Frank Gotch">Frank Gotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gotch" title="Karl Gotch">Karl Gotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hallman" title="Dennis Hallman">Dennis Hallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stu_Hart" title="Stu Hart">Stu Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hasdell" title="Lee Hasdell">Lee Hasdell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Hodge" title="Danny Hodge">Danny Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Inoki" title="Antonio Inoki">Antonio Inoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrious_Johnson_(fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrious Johnson (fighter)">Demetrious Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Jones" title="Marty Jones">Marty Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Kalmikoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Kalmikoff">Karol Kalmikoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Koloff" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Koloff">Dan Koloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_LeBell" title="Gene LeBell">Gene LeBell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Ed Lewis (wrestler)">Ed "Strangler" Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Lewis_(wrestler)" title="Evan Lewis (wrestler)">Evan Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Melanson" title="Neil Melanson">Neil Melanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeo_Miyato" title="Shigeo Miyato">Shigeo Miyato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Paulson" title="Erik Paulson">Erik Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pesek" title="John Pesek">John Pesek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Regal" title="William Regal">William Regal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Riley" title="Billy Riley">Billy Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Robinson" title="Billy Robinson">Billy Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba" title="Kazushi Sakuraba">Kazushi Sakuraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Santel" title="Ad Santel">Ad Santel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Shamrock" title="Frank Shamrock">Frank Shamrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Shamrock" title="Ken Shamrock">Ken Shamrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Shikat" title="Dick Shikat">Dick Shikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davey_Boy_Smith_Jr." title="Davey Boy Smith Jr.">Davey Boy Smith Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Stecher" title="Joe Stecher">Joe Stecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sauer" title="Peter Sauer">Ray Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Suzuki" title="Hideki Suzuki">Hideki Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoru_Suzuki" title="Minoru Suzuki">Minoru Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyoshi_Tamura" title="Kiyoshi Tamura">Kiyoshi Tamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Thesz" title="Lou Thesz">Lou Thesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Zbyszko" title="Stanislaus Zbyszko">Stanislaus Zbyszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladek_Zbyszko" title="Wladek Zbyszko">Wladek Zbyszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite_Kid" title="Dynamite Kid">Dynamite Kid</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_wrestling" title="Styles of wrestling">Styles of wrestling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manilla-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manilla_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manilla_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manilla_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112202050/www.manilatimes.net/2014/03/08/sports/pitting-catch-wrestling-against-brazilian-jiu-jitsu/81103/">"Pitting catch wrestling against Brazilian jiu-jitsu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Manila_Times" title="The Manila Times">The Manila Times</a></i>. 8 March 2014. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2014/03/08/sports/pitting-catch-wrestling-against-brazilian-jiu-jitsu/81103/81103/">the original</a></span> on 12 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Pitting+catch+wrestling+against+Brazilian+jiu-jitsu&rft.date=2014-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2014%2F03%2F08%2Fsports%2Fpitting-catch-wrestling-against-brazilian-jiu-jitsu%2F81103%2F81103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nauright-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nauright_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nauright_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nauright_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nauright_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaurightZipp2020" class="citation book cs1">Nauright, John; Zipp, Sarah (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htTHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT192"><i>Routledge Handbook of Global Sport</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50047-6"><bdi>978-1-317-50047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Global+Sport&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50047-6&rft.aulast=Nauright&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Zipp%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtTHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspullsub-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aspullsub_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050407011923/http://www.aspullolympicwrestlingclub.co.uk/international.htm">"Submission Wrestling"</a>. <i>aspullolympicwrestlingclub.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspullolympicwrestlingclub.co.uk/international.htm">the original</a> on 7 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Georgia Scenes. 1840, pp. 53-64. Quoted in Parramore's article, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlack2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Slack" title="Jack Slack">Slack, Jack</a> (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightland.vice.com/blog/kayfabe-time-capsule-the-real-techniques-of-professional-wrestling">"Kayfabe Time Capsule: The Real Techniques of Professional Wrestling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fightland" title="Fightland">Fightland</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121035/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/kayfabe-time-capsule-the-real-techniques-of-professional-wrestling">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fightland&rft.atitle=Kayfabe+Time+Capsule%3A+The+Real+Techniques+of+Professional+Wrestling&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Slack&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightland.vice.com%2Fblog%2Fkayfabe-time-capsule-the-real-techniques-of-professional-wrestling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/le-grand-bain/le-grand-bain-09-mars-2013">"Catch : l'histoire d'un sport spectacle marié avec la télé du 09 mars 2013"</a>. <i>France Inter</i> (in French). 9 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fila-official.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=75">the original</a> on 11 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freestyle+Wrestling&rft.pub=FILA&rft.au=International+Federation+of+Associated+Wrestling+Styles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fila-official.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D33%26Itemid%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2012" class="citation web cs1">Nash, John S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloody+Elbow&rft.atitle=The+Olympic+History+of+Catch+Wrestling&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloodyelbow.com%2F2012%2F8%2F13%2F3238285%2Fmartial-chronicles-olympics-history-catch-wrestling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaurightZipp2020" class="citation book cs1">Nauright, John; Zipp, Sarah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htTHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT179"><i>Routledge Handbook of Global Sport</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50047-6"><bdi>978-1-317-50047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Global+Sport&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50047-6&rft.aulast=Nauright&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Zipp%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtTHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backl-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Backl_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Backl_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Backlund" title="Bob Backlund">Bob Backlund</a>, Robert H. Miller, <i>Backlund: From All-American Boy to Professional Wrestling's World Champion</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2010" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Brian (15 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrFWKBBQzAAC&q=gold+dust+trio&pg=PA16"><i>WWE Legends</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451604504" title="Special:BookSources/9781451604504"><bdi>9781451604504</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WWE+Legends&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.isbn=9781451604504&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrFWKBBQzAAC%26q%3Dgold%2Bdust%2Btrio%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Say Uncle! Catch-as-Catch-Can" Jake Shannon, ECW Press 2011, p201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnake_Pit_U.S.A._Catch_Wrestling_Association2018" class="citation web cs1">Snake Pit U.S.A. Catch Wrestling Association (21 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdrjep51uNY">"Curran Jacobs vs. Erik Hammer: 2018 Catch Wrestling World Championship/Snake Pit U.S.A."</a> <i>YouTube</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Curran+Jacobs+vs.+Erik+Hammer%3A+2018+Catch+Wrestling+World+Championship%2FSnake+Pit+U.S.A.&rft.date=2018-07-21&rft.au=Snake+Pit+U.S.A.+Catch+Wrestling+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dgdrjep51uNY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chuck Hustmyre, <i>Twisted Technique: Catch-as-Catch-Can Wrestling Descended from the Original No Holds Barred Fighting Art</i>, December 2003, <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt magazine">Black Belt magazine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slack2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slack2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slack2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slack2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Slack2016" class="citation web cs1">Jack Slack (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightland.vice.com/blog/the-continued-catch-wrestling-adventures-of-minoru-suzuki">"The Continued Catch Wrestling Adventures of Minoru Suzuki"</a>. <i>Fightland</i>. Vice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fightland&rft.atitle=The+Continued+Catch+Wrestling+Adventures+of+Minoru+Suzuki&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft.au=Jack+Slack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightland.vice.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-continued-catch-wrestling-adventures-of-minoru-suzuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Gotch: World's Greatest Wrestler, Publisher: William s Hein & Co (January 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89941-751-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89941-751-5">0-89941-751-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Smallman, <i>I'm Sorry, I Love You: A History of Professional Wrestling</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ito threw Santell (sic) around the ring like a bag of sawdust… When Ad gasped for air, the Japanese pounced upon him like a leopard and applied the strangle hold. Santell gave a couple of gurgles, turned black in the face and thumped the floor, signifying he had enough." -- Howard Angus, Los Angeles Times, 1 February 1917</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_David_Smith2010" class="citation web cs1">Michael David Smith (20 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmafighting.com/2010/01/20/randy-couture-moving-away-from-a-jiu-jitsu-mentality/">"Randy Couture 'Moving Away From a Jiu Jitsu Mentality'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MMA_Fighting" title="MMA Fighting">MMA Fighting</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Randy+Couture+%27Moving+Away+From+a+Jiu+Jitsu+Mentality%27&rft.pub=MMA+Fighting&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.au=Michael+David+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmafighting.com%2F2010%2F01%2F20%2Frandy-couture-moving-away-from-a-jiu-jitsu-mentality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155608/http://www.riverhorse.tv/originalindex.php?page=22">"catch: the hold not taken"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverhorse.tv/originalindex.php?page%3D22">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=catch%3A+the+hold+not+taken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riverhorse.tv%2Foriginalindex.php%3Fpage%253D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span> Catch: the hold not taken documentary <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemaker2014" class="citation web cs1">Shoemaker, David (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grantland.com/features/grantland-dictionary-pro-wrestling-edition/">"Grantland Dictionary: Pro Wrestling Edition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grantland" title="Grantland">Grantland</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grantland&rft.atitle=Grantland+Dictionary%3A+Pro+Wrestling+Edition&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.aulast=Shoemaker&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrantland.com%2Ffeatures%2Fgrantland-dictionary-pro-wrestling-edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanaticwrestling.com/blogs/news/chain-wrestling?srsltid=AfmBOopidUT2NNim70YeyC-RTw0c2Ux4mcUCPFewEJMyMrxNAkqePupR">"Chain Wrestling"</a>. <i>fanaticwrestling.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fanaticwrestling.com&rft.atitle=Chain+Wrestling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanaticwrestling.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fchain-wrestling%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOopidUT2NNim70YeyC-RTw0c2Ux4mcUCPFewEJMyMrxNAkqePupR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatch+wrestling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snakepitwigan.com/">The Snake Pit</a> – internationally regarded as the home of catch wrestling, based in <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a>, England.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Alysh" title="Alysh">Alysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wrestling" title="Kazakh wrestling">Kazakh wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_traditional_wrestling" title="Khmer traditional wrestling">Khmer traditional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuresh" title="Khuresh">Khuresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naban" title="Naban">Naban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_in_Iran" title="Wrestling in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlavani</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inbuan_wrestling" title="Inbuan wrestling">Inbuan wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukna" title="Mukna">Mukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatta_gusthi" title="Gatta gusthi">Gatta gusthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kene" title="Kene">Kene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra-mushti" title="Vajra-mushti">Vajra-mushti</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegumi" title="Tegumi">Tegumi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bultong" title="Bultong">Bultong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buno_(wrestling)" title="Buno (wrestling)">Buno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumog" title="Dumog">Dumog</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glima" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Greek wrestling</a></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar-and-elbow" title="Collar-and-elbow">Collar-and-elbow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khridoli" title="Khridoli">Khridoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodno_rvanje" title="Narodno rvanje">Narodno rvanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranggeln" title="Ranggeln">Ranggeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringen" title="Ringen">Ringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwingen" title="Schwingen">Schwingen</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_wrestling" title="Canarian wrestling">Canarian wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_wrestling" title="Leonese wrestling">Leonese wrestling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_in_Turkey" title="Wrestling in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">Oil wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakucak" title="Karakucak">Karakucak</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catch wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_wrestling" title="Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling">Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_wrestling" title="Devon wrestling">Devon wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_wrestling" title="Lancashire wrestling">Lancashire wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Backhold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Backhold">Scottish Backhold</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wrestling" title="History of wrestling">History of wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_World_Wrestling" title="United World Wrestling">United World Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>A </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&oldid=1256758083">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catch_wrestling&oldid=1256758083</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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