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id="toc-Formation_of_the_European_patriciates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_European_patriciates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation of the European patriciates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_European_patriciates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformations_within_patriciates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformations_within_patriciates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transformations within patriciates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformations_within_patriciates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment_to_patriciates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment_to_patriciates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recruitment to patriciates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment_to_patriciates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_cities_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_cities_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>German cities of the Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_cities_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patricianship_in_the_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patricianship_in_the_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Patricianship in the Netherlands</span> </div> </a> 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id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrician (post-Roman Europe)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizier" title="Patrizier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Patrizier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriciado_urbano" title="Patriciado urbano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patriciado urbano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricien_(Moyen_%C3%82ge_et_Temps_modernes)" title="Patricien (Moyen Âge et Temps modernes) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patricien (Moyen Âge et Temps modernes)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizio_(titolo)" title="Patrizio (titolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patrizio (titolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Патрициат (орта ғасырлар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патрициат (орта ғасырлар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriciaat" title="Patriciaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Patriciaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrycjat_(%C5%9Bredniowiecze_i_nowo%C5%BCytno%C5%9B%C4%87)" title="Patrycjat (średniowiecze i nowożytność) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patrycjat (średniowiecze i nowożytność)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Патрициат (Средние века) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патрициат (Средние века)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Post-Roman European social class</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg/220px-Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg/330px-Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg/440px-Thomas_Mann_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning author <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> belonged to a Hanseatic patrician family (the <a href="/wiki/Mann_family" title="Mann family">Mann family</a>) and portrayed the patriciate in his 1901 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Buddenbrooks" title="Buddenbrooks">Buddenbrooks</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohannHinrichGossler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/JohannHinrichGossler.jpg/220px-JohannHinrichGossler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/JohannHinrichGossler.jpg/330px-JohannHinrichGossler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/JohannHinrichGossler.jpg/440px-JohannHinrichGossler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>The German banker <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hinrich_Gossler" title="Johann Hinrich Gossler">Johann Hinrich Gossler</a> married <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> patrician heiress <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Berenberg" title="Elisabeth Berenberg">Elisabeth Berenberg</a>, and became owner of <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_Bank" title="Berenberg Bank">Berenberg Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berenberg_family" title="Berenberg family">His descendants</a> reached the highest positions in the "aristocratic republic", including as <a href="/wiki/Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator">senators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Patricianship</b>, the quality of belonging to a <b>patriciate</b>, began in the ancient world, where cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> families, whose members were initially the only people allowed to exercise many political functions. In the rise of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> towns in the 12th and 13th centuries, the patriciate, a limited group of families with a special constitutional position, in <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Henri Pirenne</a>'s view,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the motive force. In 19th century <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, the term had become synonymous with the upper <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> and cannot be interchanged with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> patriciate in Central Europe. In the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers#Europe" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German-speaking parts of Europe</a>, the patricians were as a matter of fact the ruling body of the medieval town. Particularly in Italy, they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. </p><p>With the establishment of the medieval towns, <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> and maritime republics, the patriciate was a formally-defined social class of governing wealthy families. They were found in the Italian city-states and maritime republics, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a>. They were also found in many of the <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and many more. </p><p>As in Ancient Rome, patrician status could generally only be inherited. However, membership in the patriciate could be passed on through the <a href="/wiki/Female_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Female line">female line</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, if the union was approved by her parents, the husband of a patrician daughter was granted membership in the patrician society <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zum_S%C3%BCnfzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zum Sünfzen (page does not exist)">Zum Sünfzen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zum_S%C3%BCnfzen" class="extiw" title="de:Zum Sünfzen">de</a>]</span> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City">Imperial Free City</a> of Lindau as a matter of right, on the same terms as the younger son of a patrician male (i.e., upon payment of a nominal fee), even if the husband was otherwise deemed socially ineligible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Accession to a patriciate through this mechanism was referred to as "erweibern."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="In Italy, too? (January 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In any case, only male patricians could hold, or participate in elections for, most political offices. Often, as in Venice, non-patricians had almost no political rights. Lists were maintained of who had the status, of which the most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Libro_d%27Oro" title="Libro d'Oro">Libro d'Oro</a> (<i>Golden Book</i>) of the Venetian Republic. </p><p>From the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> (1268), city-republics increasingly became principalities, like the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Verona" title="Lords of Verona">Lordship of Verona</a>. The smaller ones were swallowed up by monarchical states or sometimes other republics, like Pisa and Siena by Florence. Following these developments, any special role for the local patricians was restricted to municipal affairs. </p><p>The few remaining patrician constitutions, notably those of Venice and Genoa, were swept away by the conquering French armies of the period after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, although many patrician families remained socially and politically important, as some do to this day. </p><p>In the modern era the term "patrician" is also used broadly for the higher <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> (not to be equated with aristocracy) in many countries; in some countries it vaguely refers to the non-noble upper class, especially before the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_patricius_in_Late_Antiquity_and_the_Early_Middle_Ages">The <i>patricius</i> in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The patricius in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></div> <p>There was an intermediate period under the Late Roman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> when the title was given to governors in the Western parts of the Empire, such as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>— <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Aetius</a> and other 5th-century <i>magistri militari</i> usefully exemplify the role and scope of the <i>patricius</i> at this point. Later the role, like that of the <a href="/wiki/Giudicati" class="mw-redirect" title="Giudicati">Giudicati</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, acquired a judicial overtone, and was used by rulers who were often <i>de facto</i> independent of Imperial control, like <a href="/wiki/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto" title="Alberic II of Spoleto">Alberic II of Spoleto</a>, "Patrician of Rome" from 932 to 954. </p><p>In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Byzantine emperors strategically used the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i> to gain the support of the native princes of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> in the contest with the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> for control of the region. The allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a> was bought in 887 by investing <a href="/wiki/Guaimar_I_of_Salerno" title="Guaimar I of Salerno">Prince Guaimar I</a>, and again in 955 from <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_I_of_Salerno" title="Gisulf I of Salerno">Gisulf I</a>. In 909 the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Prince of Benevento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landulf_I_of_Benevento" title="Landulf I of Benevento">Landulf I</a>, personally sought and received the title in Constantinople for both himself and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Atenulf_II_of_Benevento" title="Atenulf II of Benevento">Atenulf II</a>. In forging the alliance that won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Garigliano" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Garigliano">Battle of the Garigliano</a> in 915, the Byzantine <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Picingli" title="Nicholas Picingli">Nicholas Picingli</a> granted the title to <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Gaeta" title="John I of Gaeta">John I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Docibilis_II_of_Gaeta" title="Docibilis II of Gaeta">Docibilis II of Gaeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_IV_of_Naples" title="Gregory IV of Naples">Gregory IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Naples" title="John II of Naples">John II of Naples</a>. </p><p>At this time there was usually only one "Patrician" for a particular city or territory at a time; in several cities in Sicily, like <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, a one-man office of patrician was part of municipal government for much longer. <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Amalfi" title="Duke of Amalfi">a series of Patricians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastalus_II_of_Amalfi" title="Mastalus II of Amalfi">the last of whom</a> was elected Duke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_European_patriciates">Formation of the European patriciates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation of the European patriciates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg/220px-Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg/330px-Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg/440px-Franz_Rudolf_Frisching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>The Swiss patrician <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rudolf_Frisching" title="Franz Rudolf Frisching">Franz Rudolf Frisching</a> in the uniform of an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bernese</a> Huntsmen Corps with his <a href="/wiki/Berner_Laufhund" class="mw-redirect" title="Berner Laufhund">Berner Laufhund</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Preudhomme" title="Jean Preudhomme">Jean Preudhomme</a> in 1785.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though often mistakenly so described, patrician families of Italian cities were not in their origins members of the territorial <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, but members of the minor landowners, the bailiffs and stewards of the lords and bishops, against whose residual powers they led the struggles in establishing the urban <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communes</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> the earliest records of trading partnerships are in documents of the early 11th century; there the typical sleeping partner is a member of the local <a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">petty nobility</a> with some capital to invest, and in the expansion of trade leading roles were taken by men who already held profitable positions in the feudal order, who received revenues from rents or customs tolls or market dues. Then in the 12th and 13th centuries, to this first patrician class were added the families who had risen through trade, the <a href="/wiki/Doria_(family)" title="Doria (family)">Doria</a>, Cigala and Lercari.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, the earliest consuls were chosen from among the <i><a href="/wiki/Vavasour" title="Vavasour">valvasores</a></i>, <i>capitanei</i> and <i>cives</i>. H. Sapori found the first patriaciates of Italian towns to usurp the public and financial functions of the overlord to have been drawn from such petty <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a>, holders of heritable tenancies and rentiers who farmed out the agricultural labours of their holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a certain point it was necessary to obtain recognition of the independence of the city, and often its constitution, from either the Pope or the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> - "free" cities in the Empire continued to owe allegiance to the Emperor, but without any intermediate rulers. </p><p>In the late Middle Ages and early modern period patricians also acquired noble titles, sometimes simply by acquiring domains in the surrounding <i>contado</i> that carried a heritable <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>. However, in practice the status and wealth of the patrician families of the great republics was higher than that of most nobles, as <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">money economy</a> spread and the profitability and prerogatives of land-holding eroded, and they were accepted as of similar status. The Republic of Genoa had a separate class, much smaller, of nobility, originating with rural magnates who joined their interests with the fledgling city-state. Some cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, which had never been republics in post-Classical times, also had patrician classes, though most holders also had noble titles. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> was ruled by a strict patriciate that was formally established in 1332, which was subsequently modified only once, following the <a href="/wiki/1667_Dubrovnik_earthquake" title="1667 Dubrovnik earthquake">1667 Dubrovnik earthquake</a>. </p><p>Subsequently, "patrician" became a vaguer term used for <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrats</a> and elite <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> in many countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transformations_within_patriciates">Transformations within patriciates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transformations within patriciates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Loredan_(1656_-_1715),_Venetian_diplomat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Francesco_Loredan_%281656_-_1715%29%2C_Venetian_diplomat.jpg/220px-Francesco_Loredan_%281656_-_1715%29%2C_Venetian_diplomat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Francesco_Loredan_%281656_-_1715%29%2C_Venetian_diplomat.jpg/330px-Francesco_Loredan_%281656_-_1715%29%2C_Venetian_diplomat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Francesco_Loredan_%281656_-_1715%29%2C_Venetian_diplomat.jpg/440px-Francesco_Loredan_%281656_-_1715%29%2C_Venetian_diplomat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Loredan_(ambassador)" title="Francesco Loredan (ambassador)">Francesco Loredan</a> (1665 - 1715), Venetian nobleman and magnate, head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Loredan-Santo_Stefano" title="House of Loredan-Santo Stefano">Santo Stefano branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Loredan" title="House of Loredan">House of Loredan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In some Italian cities an early patriciate drawn from the minor nobles and feudal officials took a direct interest in trade, notably the textile trade and the long-distance trade in spices and luxuries as it expanded, and were transformed in the process. In others, the inflexibility of the patriciate would build up powerful forces excluded from its ranks, and in an urban coup the great mercantile interests would overthrow the <i>grandi</i>, without overthrowing the urban order, but simply filling its formal bodies with members drawn from the new ranks, or rewriting the constitution to allow more power to the "populo". Florence, in 1244, came rather late in the peak period of these transformations, which was between 1197, when <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> followed this route, and 1257, when Genoa adopted similar changes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Florence was to have other upheavals, reducing the power of the patrician class, in the movement leading to the <a href="/wiki/Ordinances_of_Justice" title="Ordinances of Justice">Ordinances of Justice</a> in 1293, and the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Ciompi" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Ciompi">Revolt of the Ciompi</a> in 1378. </p><p>Of the major republics, only <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> managed to retain an exclusively patrician government, which survived until <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. In Venice, where the exclusive patriciate reserved to itself all power of directing the <i>Serenissima Repubblica</i> and erected legal barriers to protect the state increased its scrutiny over the composition of its patriciate in the generation after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chioggia" title="Battle of Chioggia">Battle of Chioggia</a>. Venetians with a disputed claim to the patriciate were required to present to the <i><a href="/wiki/Avogadoria_de_Com%C3%B9n" title="Avogadoria de Comùn">avogadori di comun</a></i> established to adjudicate such claims a genealogy called a <i>prova di nobiltà</i>, a "test of nobility". This was particularly required of Venetian colonial elite in outlying regions of the <a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Venetian thalassocracy</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Crete</a>, a key Venetian colony 1211–1669, and a frontier between Venetian and Byzantine, then Ottoman, zones of power. For Venetians in Venice, the <i>prova di nobiltà</i> was simply a <i>pro forma</i> rite of passage to adulthood, attested by family and neighbours; for the colonial Venetian elite in Crete the political and economic privileges weighed with the social ones, and for the Republic, a local patriciate in Crete with loyalty ties to Venice expressed through connective lineages was of paramount importance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recruitment_to_patriciates">Recruitment to patriciates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recruitment to patriciates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Active recruitment of rich new blood was also a character of some more flexible patriciates, which drew in members of the mercantile elite, through <i>ad hoc</i> partnerships in ventures, which became more permanently cemented by marriage alliances. "In such cases an upper group, part feudal-aristocratic, part mercantile would arise, a group of mixed nature like the 'magnates' of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, formed of nobles made <i>bourgeois</i> by business, and <i>bourgeois</i> ennobled by city decree, both fused together in law."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like Venice, tightly restricted membership, which was closed in 1297, though some families, the "case nuove" or "new houses" were allowed to join in the 14th century, after which membership was frozen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_cities_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire">German cities of the Holy Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German cities of the Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 11th century, a privileged class which much later came to be called <i>Patrizier</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed in the German-speaking free <a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">imperial cities</a>. Besides wealthy merchant <a href="/wiki/Grand_Burgher" title="Grand Burgher">Grand Burghers</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Großbürger</i>), they were recruited from the ranks of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Knight" title="Imperial Knight">imperial knights</a>, administrators and <a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">ministeriales</a>; the latter two groups were accepted even when they were not freemen. </p><p>Members of a patrician society entered into oaths of loyalty to one another and directly with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. </p><p>German medieval patricians, Patrician (post-Roman Europe) did not refer to themselves as such. Instead, they organized themselves into closed societies (i.e., Gesellschaften)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and would point to their belonging to certain families or "houses" (i.e., Geschlechter), as documented for Imperial Free Cities of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Dance_Statute" title="Dance Statute">Dance Statute</a> of 1521 is an example of such closed identification. The use of the word <i>Patrizier</i> to refer to the most privileged segment of urban society dates back not to the Middle Ages but to the Renaissance. In 1516 the Nuremberg councillor and jurist Christoph Scheuerl (1481–1542) was commissioned by Johann Staupitz, the vicar general of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Augustine">order of St. Augustine</a>, to draft a précis of the Nuremberg constitution, presented on 15 December 1516 in the form of a letter. Because the letter was composed in Latin, Scheuerl referred to the Nuremberg "houses" as "patricii", making ready use of the obvious analogy to the constitution of ancient Rome. His contemporaries soon turned this into the loan words <i>Patriziat</i> and <i>Patrizier</i> for patricianship and patricians. However, this usage did not become common until the 17th and 18th centuries. </p><p>The <i>Patrizier</i> filled the seats of town councils and appropriated other important civic offices to themselves. For this purpose they assembled in patrician societies and asserted a hereditary claim to the coveted offices. In Frankfurt the Patrizier societies began to bar admittance of new families in the second half of the 16th century. The industrious <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt#The_Fall_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Calvinist refugees from the southern Netherlands</a> made substantial contributions to the city's commerce. But their advancement was largely limited to the material sphere. At the time this was summed up as </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> have the churches, the <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> have the power, and the <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a> have the money.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were in any case never even considered for membership in patricians' societies. Unlike non-Lutheran Christians and until their partial emancipation brought on by <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Napoleonic occupation</a>, however, other avenues to advancement in society were also closed to them. </p><p>As in the Italian republics, this was opposed by the craftsmen who were organized in guilds of their own (<i>Zünfte</i>). In the 13th century they began to challenge the prerogatives of the patricians and their guilds. Most of the time the guilds succeeded in achieving representation on a town's council. However, these gains were reversed in most Imperial Free Cities through the reforms in 1551–1553 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> (of the Holy Roman Empire, 1519–1556) and patricians consolidated their exclusive right to city counsel seats and associated offices, making the patriciate the only families eligible for election to the city council. </p><p>During the formative years of a patrician <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">junker</a>, it was common to pursue international apprenticeships and academic qualification. During their careers patricians often achieved high military and civil service positions in the service of their cities and the emperor. It was also common for patricians to gain wealth as shareholders of corporations which traded commodities across Europe. </p><p>In the territories of the former Holy Roman Empire, patricians were considered the equal of the feudal nobility (the "landed gentry").<sup id="cite_ref-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, many patrician societies such as the Suenfzen of Lindau, referred to their members as "noble" and themselves as a "noble" or even "high noble" societies. Some patrician societies such as that of Bern, officially granted their members the right to use noble predicates whereas other patricians chose to use the noble predicate "von" in connection with their original name or a country estate, see e.g., the Lindau patrician families Heider von Gitzenweiler (also von Heider), Funk von Senftenau, Seutter von Loetzen (also von Seutter), Halder von Moellenberg (also von Halder), Curtabatt (also von Curtabat or de Curtabat). In 1696 and 1697 Emperor Leopold affirmed the noble quality (i.e., ebenburtigkeit") of Nuremberg Patrizier and their right to elevate new families to their society.<sup id="cite_ref-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notwithstanding that membership in a patrician society (or eligibility there for, i.e., "Ratsfähigkeit") was <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_se" class="extiw" title="wikt:per se">per se</a></i> evidence of belonging to the highest of social classes of the Holy Roman Empire, patricians always had the option to have their noble status confirmed by a <a href="/wiki/Patent_of_nobility" title="Patent of nobility">patent of nobility</a> from the Holy Roman Emperor which was granted as a matter course upon the payment of fee.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, when travelling to other parts of Europe for example to the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, members of the patrician societies of imperial free cities were recognized as noble courtiers as documented in the autobiography of Lindau <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Suenfzenjunker</a> Rudolf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curtabatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curtabatt (page does not exist)">Curtabatt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist in 1806. Although not the arbiter of who belongs to the historical German patriciate, the modern <i>Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels</i> (= <i>Genealogical Handbook of Nobility</i>) following appropriate review by the fourth chamber of the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelsrechtsausschu%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelsrechtsausschuß (page does not exist)">Adelsrechtsausschuß</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Adelsrechtsausschu%C3%9F" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Adelsrechtsausschuß">de</a>]</span> or Noble Law Committee, will include families even without a title of nobility affirmed by the Emperor, when there is proof that their progenitors belonged to hereditary "council houses" in German imperial cities. To the extent patricians and their descendants chose to avail themselves of a noble predicate after 1806 and, therefore, without imperial affirmation, such titles and predicates would also be accepted by the German Adelsrechtsausschuß if acquired through a legal mechanism akin to <a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">adverse possession</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Usucaption" title="Usucaption">Ersitzung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, in the Netherlands (see below) and many Hanseatic cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, patricians scoffed at the notion of ennoblement<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Senckenberg" title="Johann Christian Senckenberg">Johann Christian Senckenberg</a>, the famous naturalist, commented, "An honest man is worth more than all the nobility and all the Barons. If anyone were to make me a <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>, I would call him a [female canine organ] or equally well a Baron. This is how much I care for any title."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1816, Frankfurt's new constitution abolished the privilege of heritable office for the patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nuremberg, successive reforms first curtailed the patricians privileges (1794) and then effectively abolished them (1808), although they retained some vestiges of power until 1848. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patricianship_in_the_Netherlands">Patricianship in the Netherlands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Patricianship in the Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_de_Graeff_(painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy)_1636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cornelis_de_Graeff_%28painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy%29_1636.jpg/220px-Cornelis_de_Graeff_%28painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy%29_1636.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cornelis_de_Graeff_%28painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy%29_1636.jpg/330px-Cornelis_de_Graeff_%28painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy%29_1636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cornelis_de_Graeff_%28painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy%29_1636.jpg/440px-Cornelis_de_Graeff_%28painted_portrait_by_Nicolaes_Eliaszoon_Pickenoy%29_1636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Graeff" title="Cornelis de Graeff">Cornelis de Graeff</a> (1599-1664), regent and burgomaster of Amsterdam, painted by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Pickenoy" title="Nicolaes Pickenoy">Pickenoy</a> (1636)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_patrician_families" title="List of Dutch patrician families">List of Dutch patrician families</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> also has a patriciate. These are registered in <a href="/wiki/Nederland%27s_Patriciaat" title="Nederland's Patriciaat">Nederland's Patriciaat</a>, colloquially called <i>The Blue Book</i> (s<i>ee <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_patrician_families" title="List of Dutch patrician families">List of Dutch patrician families</a></i>). To be eligible for entry, families must have played an active and important role in <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, fulfilling high positions in the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, in prestigious commissions and in other prominent public posts for over six generations or 150 years. </p><p>The longer a family has been listed in the Blue Book, the higher its esteem. The earliest entries are often families seen as co-equal to the lower <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonkheer" title="Jonkheer">Jonkheers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>), because they are the younger branches of the same family or have continuously married members of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_nobility" title="Dutch nobility">Dutch nobility</a> over a long period of time. </p><p>There are "<a href="/wiki/Regenten" title="Regenten">regentenfamilies</a>", whose forefathers were active in the administration of town councils, counties or the country itself during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. Some of these families declined ennoblement because they did not keep a <a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">title</a> in such high regard. At the end of the 19th century, they still proudly called themselves "patriciërs". Other families belong to the patriciate because they are held in the same regard and respect as the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> but for certain reasons never were ennobled. Even within the same important families there can be branches with and without noble titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_patriciate" title="Norwegian patriciate">Norwegian patriciate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenburg2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/220px-Altenburg2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/330px-Altenburg2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/440px-Altenburg2.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Members of the patriciate of <a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a>; the Altenburg/Paus families (late 1810s). To the right: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s mother <a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen Altenburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the term "patriciate" came to denote, mainly from the 19th century, the non-noble upper class, including the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants">civil servants</a> and generally members of elite professions such as lawyers. The Danish series <i>Danske Patriciske Slægter</i> (later <i>Patriciske Slægter</i> and <i>Danske patricierslægter</i>) was published in six volumes between 1891 and 1979 and extensively described Danish patrician families.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was used similarly in Norway from the 19th century, based on the Danish model; notably <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> described his own family background as patrician.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jørgen Haave defines the patriciate in the Norwegian context as a broad collective term for the civil servants (embetsmenn) and the <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgher (title)">burghers</a> in the cities who were often merchants or ship's captains, i.e. the non-noble upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bourgeoisie frequently intermarried with the families of higher civil servants and the nobility; the boundaries between the groups were not sharp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy (class)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_of_Brussels" title="Bourgeois of Brussels">Bourgeois of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daig_(Switzerland)" title="Daig (Switzerland)">Daig (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Burgher" title="Grand Burgher">Grand Burgher</a> (German <i>Großbürger</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten (class)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="La Distinction">La Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobile_(aristocracy)" title="Nobile (aristocracy)">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Principalía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Noble_Houses_of_Brussels" title="Seven Noble Houses of Brussels">Seven Noble Houses of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Neider, <i>The stature of Thomas Mann</i>, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Beutin, <i>A history of German literature: from the beginnings to the present day</i>, Routledge, 1993, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06034-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06034-6">0-415-06034-6</a>, p. 433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirenne, <i>Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade</i> (1927) offers a late, developed view of the "Pirenne thesis" with origins in articles on the origins of urban constitutions in 1895: see <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne#Pirenne_Thesis" title="Henri Pirenne">Henri Pirenne#Pirenne Thesis</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Otto Stolze, <i>Der Sünfzen zu Lindau. Das Patriziat einer schwäbischen Reichsstadt</i> (Bernhard Zeller, Lindau/Konstanz, 1956) discusses this mechanism for accession to the Patriciate; "Wenn die Tochter eines Sünfzen Genossen sich mit Willen ihrer Eltern vermählte, so wurde der Ehemann aufgenommen, "der gleich der Sünfzen sonnst nit fähig wäre" gegen zwei Gulden, bzw. wie ein jüngerer Sohn"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. K. Derry, <i>A History of Scandinavia</i>, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1979, p. 193, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-948004-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-948004-9">0-04-948004-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1953" class="citation journal cs1">Hibbert, A. B. (1953). "The Origins of the Medieval Town Patriciate". <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 15–27 [p. 18]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F3.1.15">10.1093/past/3.1.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650033">650033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Medieval+Town+Patriciate&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15-27+p.+18&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F3.1.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrician+%28post-Roman+Europe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Sapori, article in <i>International Historical Congress</i> 1950, noted by Hibbert 1953 note 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/francesco-loredan_res-9c4a8df7-87ee-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"LOREDAN, Francesco in "Dizionario Biografico"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=LOREDAN%2C+Francesco+in+%22Dizionario+Biografico%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Ffrancesco-loredan_res-9c4a8df7-87ee-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrician+%28post-Roman+Europe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(urbanist)" title="Peter Hall (urbanist)">Hall, Peter</a> (1999). <i>Cities in Civilization</i>. London: Phoenix. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-0815-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-0815-3"><bdi>0-7538-0815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7538-0815-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrician+%28post-Roman+Europe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell, Monique (2004). "The Venetian Patriciate in the Mediterranean: Legal Identity and Lineage in Fifteenth-Century Venetian Crete". <i><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Quarterly">Renaissance Quarterly</a></i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">466–</span>493. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1261723">1261723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Venetian+Patriciate+in+the+Mediterranean%3A+Legal+Identity+and+Lineage+in+Fifteenth-Century+Venetian+Crete&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E466-%3C%2Fspan%3E493&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1261723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrician+%28post-Roman+Europe%29" class="Z3988"></span> Stanley Chojnacki has also studied the Venetian patriciate in a number of articles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert 1953:19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This word is used for both the singular and plural form.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Körner, p. XIII. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> refugees flocking to Frankfurt following the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a> by French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> in 1685 proved similarly valuable additions to the city's economy, but they too found membership in the <i>Patrizier</i> societies elusive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endres,_Rudolf_p._72_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Endres, Rudolf. Adel in der frühen Neuzeit. Enzyklopaedie Deutscher Geschichte, Band 18, Oldenbourg, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Der Titel "von" beruht also nur auf den Adelsbriefen, die man sich mit Geld erwerben konnte. Die eine Familie legte Wert darauf, sich den Titel 'von' beizulegen, und die andere nicht. Stolze, Alfred O., Der Suenfzen zu Lindau, Das Patriziat einer Schwaebischen Reichsstadt, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das Leben des Lindauer Bürgermeisters Rudolf Curtabatt. Hrsg. von Franz Joetze, Sch.V.G.B. 35 S. 355 FF</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelsrecht.de/Arbeit_ARA.pdf">"Discussion relating the IV. Kammer of the ARA and to non-objection of noble status for descendants of Patrizier and Ersitzung of a noble predicate on pages 6-7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.adelsrecht.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adelsrecht.de&rft.atitle=Discussion+relating+the+IV.+Kammer+of+the+ARA+and+to+non-objection+of+noble+status+for+descendants+of+Patrizier+and+Ersitzung+of+a+noble+predicate+on+pages+6-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelsrecht.de%2FArbeit_ARA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrician+%28post-Roman+Europe%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in August de Bary's biography of Senckenberg, 2004 reprint of 1947 edition, p. 162: "<i>Ein ehrlicher Mann ist mehr als aller Adel und Baron. Wenn mich einer zum Baron machte, ich wollte ihn einen Hundsfott oder auch einen Baron schelten. So lieb sind mir alle Titel.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankfurt.frblog.de/frankfurt-lexikon/die-macht-der-patrizier">Die Macht der Patrizier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919150839/http://www.frankfurt.frblog.de/frankfurt-lexikon/die-macht-der-patrizier">Archived</a> 19 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Frankfurter Rundschau Online</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sofus Elvius and Hans Rudolf Hiort-Lorenzen (eds.), <i>Danske Patriciske Slægter</i>, Copenhagen, 1891</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor Hauch-Fausbøll and H. R. Hiort-Lorenzen (eds.), <i>Patriciske Slægter</i>, 3. vols., 1911–1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm von Antoniewitz, <i>Danske patricierslægter: ny række</i>, 2. vols., 1956–1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haave-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jørgen Haave, <i>Familien Ibsen</i>, Museumsforlaget, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788283050455" title="Special:BookSources/9788283050455">9788283050455</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hans Körner: <i>Frankfurter Patrizier. Historisch-Genealogisches Handbuch der Adeligen Ganerbschaft des Hauses Alten-Limpurg zu Frankfurt am Main</i>. Ernst Vögel (publishers), Munich, 1971. [ISBN unspecified] <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>J. Dronkers and H. Schijf (2004): "Huwelijken tussen adel en patriciaat: een middeel om hun eliteposities in een moderne samenleving in stand te houden?" <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></li> <li>CBG. "Het Nederlands Patriciaat" <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></li> <li>Alfred Otto Stolze: <i>Der Sünfzen zu Lindau. Das Patriziat einer schwäbischen Reichsstadt</i>. Bernhard Zeller, Lindau/Konstanz 1956.</li> <li>Christoph Heiermann: <i>Die Spitze der Sozialstruktur: Organisation städtischer Eliten im Bodenseeraum</i>. In Matthias Meinhardt und Andreas Ranft (Hrsg.): <i>Die Sozialstruktur und Sozialtopographie vorindustrieller Städte</i>. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2005.</li> <li>Wolfgang Reinhard: <i>Oligarchische Verflechtung und Konfession in oberdeutschen Städten</i>. In Antoni Mączak (Hrsg.): <i>Klientelsysteme im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit</i>. Oldenbourg, München 1988</li> <li><i>Das Leben des Lindauer Bürgermeisters Rudolf Curtabatt</i>. Hrsg. von Franz Joetze, Sch.V.G.B. 35 S. 355 FF.</li> <li><i>Ewige Quelle : Das Lebensbuch d. Anna Stolze von Pfister</i>. 1–3. Tsd., Speer-Stolze, Clara, Heilbronn, Salzer, 1937.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li>The section <a href="/wiki/Patricianship#German_cities_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricianship">German cities of the Holy Roman Empire</a> above is based in part on <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizier#Deutsche_Reichsst.C3.A4dte_des_Mittelalters" class="extiw" title="de:Patrizier">Patrizier</a> on the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptseite" class="extiw" title="de:Hauptseite">German Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919150839/http://www.frankfurt.frblog.de/frankfurt-lexikon/die-macht-der-patrizier">Die Macht der Patrizier</a>, <i>Frankfurter Rundschau Online</i> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=SHOW&db=patriziat&recno=0">Rootsweb Projekt: Süddeutsche Patrizier</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clay, Agnes Muriel; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Patricians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Patricians">"Patricians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">931–</span>933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patricians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E931-%3C%2Fspan%3E933&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Muriel&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APatrician+%28post-Roman+Europe%29" class="Z3988"></span> (section II)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a 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