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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporazum_iz_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6a" title="Sporazum iz Björköa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sporazum iz Björköa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smlouva_z_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Smlouva z Björkö – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smlouva z Björkö" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Vertrag von Björkö – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Björkö" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacte_de_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Pacte de Björkö – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pacte de Björkö" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Trattato di Björkö – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Björkö" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Бьерк шарты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бьерк шарты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%C5%91i_szerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Björkői szerződés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Björkői szerződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6traktaten" title="Björkötraktaten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Björkötraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_z_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Układ z Björkö – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ z Björkö" 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href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/150px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/225px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg/300px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany_-_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3508" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg/150px-%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg/225px-%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg/300px-%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2222" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Kaiser Wilhelm II</small> </td> <td><small>Tsar Nicholas II</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg/150px-Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg/225px-Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg/300px-Heinrich_Leonhard_von_Tschirschky_LOC_01127u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="5032" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexei_Birilev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alexei_Birilev.jpg/150px-Alexei_Birilev.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alexei_Birilev.jpg/225px-Alexei_Birilev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alexei_Birilev.jpg/300px-Alexei_Birilev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><small>Heinrich von Tchirschky</small> </td> <td><small>Aleksei Birilev</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Treaty of Björkö</b>, also known as the <b>Treaty of Koivisto</b>, was a secret mutual defence agreement signed on 24 July 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Beryozovye_Islands" title="Beryozovye Islands">Björkö</a> between <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a>. Although Wilhelm was the chief author, he acted without consulting his ministers. The treaty was quickly repudiated and never took effect.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secret_meeting">Secret meeting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Secret meeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohenzollern,_leaving_the_harbor,_Venice,_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hohenzollern%2C_leaving_the_harbor%2C_Venice%2C_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg/250px-Hohenzollern%2C_leaving_the_harbor%2C_Venice%2C_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hohenzollern%2C_leaving_the_harbor%2C_Venice%2C_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg/375px-Hohenzollern%2C_leaving_the_harbor%2C_Venice%2C_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hohenzollern%2C_leaving_the_harbor%2C_Venice%2C_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg/500px-Hohenzollern%2C_leaving_the_harbor%2C_Venice%2C_Italy-LCCN2001701060.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>The Kaiser's yacht <i>Hohenzollern</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg/250px-PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg/375px-PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg/500px-PolyarnayaZvezda1888-1970Copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>The Tsar's yacht <i> Polyarnaya Zvezda</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg/220px-Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg/330px-Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg/440px-Vertrag_von_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Treaty of Björkö</figcaption></figure> <p>The mutual defence treaty was signed in secret at a meeting arranged by Wilhelm II only four days prior. On the evening of Sunday 23 July 1905, the Kaiser arrived at <a href="/wiki/Koivisto_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Koivisto Sound">Koivisto Sound</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Bay" title="Vyborg Bay">Viipuri Bay</a> in his yacht, the <i><a href="/wiki/SMY_Hohenzollern#SMY_Hohenzollern_II" title="SMY Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></i>. The yacht then dropped anchor near Tsar Nicholas' yacht, the <i>Polyarnaya Zvezda</i> <i>(Polar Star)</i>. Proof of the meeting's occurrence is provided by the telegrams they exchanged, known as the <a href="/wiki/Willy%E2%80%93Nicky_correspondence" title="Willy–Nicky correspondence">Willy–Nicky correspondence</a>, which was made public in 1917 by the new revolutionary government in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty">Treaty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defence treaty consisted of four articles and was signed by Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II. It was countersigned by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Tschirschky" title="Heinrich von Tschirschky">Heinrich von Tschirschky</a>, head of the German Foreign Office, and Naval Minister <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Birilev" title="Aleksei Birilev">Aleksei Birilev</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Their Majesties the Emperors of all the Russias and Germany, in order to ensure the continuance of peace in Europe have decreed the following Articles of a Defensive Alliance Treaty.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_I">Article I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Article I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>In case one of the two Empires is attacked by a European Power, his ally will help it in Europe with all its land and sea forces.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_II">Article II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Article II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>High Contracting Parties undertake not to conclude separate peace with any common adversary.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_III">Article III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Article III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The present Treaty shall enter into force as soon as peace between Russia and Japan is concluded and shall remain valid as long as it is not denounced a year in advance.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_IV">Article IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Article IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Emperor of all the Russias, after the entry into force of this treaty, will take the necessary steps to initiate France to this agreement and engage it to join as an ally.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signature">Signature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Signature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilhelm I.R.     Nicolas </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Tschirschky" title="Heinrich von Tschirschky">Von Tschirschky und Brogendorff</a>     <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Birilev" title="Aleksei Birilev">Birilev</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty needed to be ratified by both the German and Russian governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German motive for the treaty was to weaken the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> and enhance Germany's position towards Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Röhl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Röhl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was initially designed as a global mutual defence agreement, but Wilhelm's addition of the words "in Europe" in the first article limited its scope to Europe. This amendment caused a disagreement between the Kaiser and the German Reich Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a>, who was not informed of the late change.<sup id="cite_ref-Röhl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Röhl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bülow believed that Russia's assistance would be necessary regarding the British presence in India. However, Wilhelm argued that such operations would lead Germany into a futile war in that region, jeopardising Germany's position in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Röhl_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Röhl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bülow's disagreement even led him to threaten resignation, prompting a melodramatic letter from the Kaiser that ended with the words, "if a letter of resignation arrived from you, the next morning would find the Kaiser no longer alive! Think of my poor wife and children!"<sup id="cite_ref-Röhl_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Röhl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bülow offered to compromise, but the Russian government rejected the agreement before the issue could be resolved on the German side.<sup id="cite_ref-Röhl_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Röhl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Tsar Nicholas had signed the treaty, his government did not ratify it due to the preexisting <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a>. Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Witte" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Witte">Sergey Witte</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lambsdorff" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lambsdorff">Vladimir Lambsdorff</a> were not present at the signing nor consulted beforehand. They insisted that the treaty should not come into effect unless it was approved and signed by France. Lambsdorff informed the Tsar that it was unacceptable to make the same promise to two governments with opposing interests.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar yielded to their pressure, causing consternation for the Kaiser, who rebuked his cousin: "We joined hands and signed <i>before God</i>, who heard our vows!... What is signed, is signed! and God is our testator!"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm's chancellor, Count <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a>, also refused to sign the treaty because the Kaiser had added an amendment to the draft. This amendment, which limited the treaty to Europe, was added against the advice of the Foreign Office.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roderick R. McLean ,"Dreams of a German Europe: Wilhelm II and the Treaty of Björkö of 1905." in <i>The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II’s Role in Imperial Germany</i> (2003): 119-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fay, p. 48, citing from A. A. Knopf's work (ed. Herman Bernstein), <i>The Willy-Nicky Correspondence</i> (January 1918). "Nobody has the slightest idea of meeting. The faces of my guests will be worth seeing when they suddenly behold your yacht. A fine lark. Tableaux. Which dress for the meeting? Willy." (Original text, in English).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 1871-1914</i>, Vol.19, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Röhl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Röhl_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRöhl2008" class="citation book cs1">Röhl, John C G (2008). <i>Wilhelm II Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900-1941</i> (4th printing 2015 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 354–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107544192" title="Special:BookSources/9781107544192"><bdi>9781107544192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+II+Into+the+Abyss+of+War+and+Exile%2C+1900-1941&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=354-380&rft.edition=4th+printing+2015&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781107544192&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=John+C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cecil, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p. 193</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cecil, Lamar. <i>Wilhelm II</i>. UNC Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2283-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2283-3">0-8078-2283-3</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Christopher. <i>Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Life in Power</i>. Penguin, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141039930" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141039930">978-0141039930</a></li> <li>Fay, Sidney B. <i>The Kaiser's Secret Negotiations with the Tsar, 1904-1905</i>. <i>American Historical Review</i> 24#1 (1918), pp. 48–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1835392">online</a></li> <li>McLean, Roderick R. "Dreams of a German Europe: Wilhelm II and the Treaty of Björkö of 1905." in <i>The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II’s Role in Imperial Germany</i> (2003): 119-141.</li> <li>Reynolds, David. <i>Summits. Six Meetings That Shaped the World</i>. Basic Books, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06904-0">978-0-465-06904-0</a></li> <li><i>Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 1871-1914,</i> Vol.19, "Chapter 138: Der Vertrag von Björkoe" (pp. 433–528), 1927; primary sources (in German).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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