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Je ne l'emploie jamais. 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mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT901742_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT901742_0"></i><p> « Ce mot <em>rythme</em> ne m'est pas clair, écrit Paul Valéry dans ses <em>Cahiers</em>. Je ne l'emploie jamais. Ne s'agissant pas de faire une définition de chose, il faudrait regarder quelques phénomènes les plus simples, de ceux qui font venir le mot rythme ; les regarder de près ; isoler et nommer quelques caractères généraux... » Chacun connaît, ou croit reconnaître, ces phénomènes rythmiques simples : j'entends mon cœur qui bat, une goutte d'eau qui tombe, une horloge qui fait tic-tac ; je perçois l'alternance des jours et des nuits, les phases de la lune, le retour des saisons ; j'ai envie de jouer un rythme, de danser sur une musique, de scander un vers avec un geste — et même, comme ici et maintenant, d'écrire selon ce qu'on a coutume d'appeler un « rythme ternaire »... Mais parlons-nous bien de la même chose ? Il est vrai que le mot rythme doit « venir » : le rythme n'est ni une chose, précisément, ni un objet qui se tiendrait là, devant moi, et que je n'aurais plus qu'à saisir, en le nommant ; le rythme surgit dans la création, s'impose à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le monde autour de nous contient des objets potentiellement désirables (comme des fruits), ou parfois dangereux (comme des bris de glace). Reconnaître et distinguer ces différents objets et agir sur eux d’une façon conséquente est essentiel à notre survie. La capacité de bien reconnaître le visage et la voix des personnes que nous rencontrons détermine notre vie sociale. La compréh..." title="Article : PERCEPTION" href="/encyclopedie/perception/">perception</a>, qui le reconstitue, s'exclamant alors : « Voilà le rythme ! », ou mieux : « Voilà <em>du</em> rythme ! », tant le mot semble échapper à tout article défini, voire à toute définition.</p><p>La première question ne peut donc pas être : « Qu'<em>est</em>-ce que le rythme ? », mais bien plutôt : « Qu'<em>appelle</em>-t-on rythme ? » L'étymologie couramment reçue fait venir le mot du grec <em>ruthmos</em>, abstrait du verbe <em>rein</em> signifiant « couler ». Quoi de plus naturel, en effet, que de caractériser le rythme par le mouvement régulier de la mer et des flots ? Mais, depuis les travaux d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ÉMILE BENVENISTE (1902-1976). Émile Benveniste fut l'un des plus grands linguistes contemporains. Ses contributions essentielles concernent les études indo-européennes, la linguistique synchronique et la linguistique théorique. Il fut élu au Collège de France en 1937 et il y enseigna jusqu'à ce que la maladie l'eût contraint à se retirer, en 1970.. Dans le domaine indo-eu..." title="Article : ÉMILE BENVENISTE (1902-1976)" href="/encyclopedie/emile-benveniste/">Émile Benveniste</a> (<em>La Notion de rythme dans son expression linguistique</em>, article de 1951), on sait que le verbe <em>rein</em> s'applique, dans la langue grecque, au cours d'un fleuve ou d'un ruisseau, et non au « rythme » des vagues, qui, elles, ne « coulent » pas. Analysant dans le détail les différentes acceptions du mot chez de nombreux auteurs tels que Leucippe, Démocrite, Hérodote, Xénophon, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PLATON (env. 428-env. 347 av. J.-C.). On a pu écrire que toute l'histoire de la philosophie se résumait à une série de notes en bas de page apposées à l'œuvre de Platon. Si pour certains il a déjà tout dit − l'être travaillé par le négatif et par la différence, la pensée transcendantale et les concepts a priori, la sublimation de l'énergie érotique, la gramma..." title="Article : PLATON (env. 428-env. 347 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/platon/">Platon</a> enfin, le célèbre linguiste en tire la conclusion que <em>ruthmos</em> signifie « forme distinctive, figure proportionnée, disposition », ou encore « arrangement caractéristique des parties dans un tout », « manière particulière de fluer », et, chez Platon, pour la première fois, « forme du mouvement que le corps humain accomplit dans la danse ».</p><p>Force est de reconnaître que ces premières acceptions de <em>ruthmos</em> apparaissent bien éloignées de l'usage contemporain du mot rythme. Ce que nous entendons aujourd'hui par rythme n'est en fin de compte que le résultat d'une série d'extensions à un champ de plus en plus large d'activités humaines ou de propriétés du vivant. Ainsi, comme le fait remarquer Benveniste : « Par-delà l'ordre humain, nous projetons un rythme dans les choses et dans les événements. Cette vaste unification de l'homme et de la nature sous une considération de « temps », d'intervalles et de retours pareils a eu pour condition l'emploi du mot même, la généralisation, dans le vocabulaire de la pensée occidentale moderne, du terme « rythme », qui, à travers le latin, nous vient du grec. » La généralisation linguistique de l'emploi du mot est ici la condition, et non la conséquence, de l'unification rythmique de l'homme et de la nature. C'est l'usage du langage qui modèle nos façons de penser, non l'inverse. Et c'est l'homme qui projette ses schèmes de pensée sur le monde, non le monde qui impose ses « rythmes » à l'homme.</p><p>Si l'on juge cette généralisation abusive, on peut, comme <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de HENRI MESCHONNIC (1932-2009). Linguiste, traducteur et poète français. Né à Paris, Henri Meschonnic suit des études de lettres avant d'enseigner à l'université de Lille (1963-1968) puis à Paris-VIII (1969-1997). La linguistique , l'exercice de la poésie et celui de la traduction constituent pour lui les trois dimensions d'une même réflexion sur le langage, auxquel..." title="Article : HENRI MESCHONNIC (1932-2009)" href="/encyclopedie/henri-meschonnic/">Henri Meschonnic</a>, vouloir opérer une « critique du rythme » : pourquoi un seul et même signifiant recouvrirait-il<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="T901742_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SAUVANET, Pierre"><a title="Auteur : Pierre SAUVANET" rel="author" href="/auteurs/pierre-sauvanet/"><strong>Pierre SAUVANET</strong></a> : diplômé d'études supérieures, élève-professeur à l'École normale supérieure de Fontenay-Saint-Cloud </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : RYTHME" href="/carte-mentale/rythme/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT901742_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Musiques" href="/classification/musiques/"> Musiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Théorie et techniques musicales" href="/classification/musiques/theorie-et-techniques-musicales/"> Théorie et techniques musicales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Théorie musicale"> <a title="Classification : Théorie musicale" href="/classification/musiques/theorie-et-techniques-musicales/theorie-musicale/"> Théorie musicale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT901742_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/ars-nova-p-de-vitry/"> <span class="rg">ARS NOVA </span><span class="rm">(P. de Vitry)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Juliette GARRIGUES</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">308 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le compositeur et théoricien de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La musique !... Qu'est-ce que cela veut dire ?... Il est permis de supposer que Bach aurait su tranquillement trouver la réponse à une telle question, et sans doute aussi Couperin, Lassus, Grégoire le Grand et Aristoxène. Plus près de nous, Rameau et Haydn devaient avoir quelque idée claire de la chose. Pour Mozart, cela est déjà moins sûr. Quant à Beethoven, il commence à s'interroge..." title="Article : MUSIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/musique/">musique</a><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PHILIPPE DE VITRY (1291-1361). Théoricien de la musique , poète et compositeur, le Français Philippe de Vitry naît le 31 octobre 1291, peut-être dans une localité nommée Vitry, en Champagne, peut-être à Paris . Il étudie à la Sorbonne et est ordonné diacre à un très jeune âge. Son premier emploi connu est la charge de notaire de Charles IV le Bel, qu'il obtient ..." title="Article : PHILIPPE DE VITRY (1291-1361)" href="/encyclopedie/philippe-de-vitry/">Philippe de Vitry</a>, qui occupera des charges importantes – notaire royal, maître des requêtes, conseiller... – auprès des rois de France Charles IV le Bel, Philippe VI et Jean II le Bon avant de devenir en 1351 évêque de Meaux, fait paraître vers 1320 un...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/formalisme-russe/#c95529"> <span class="rg">FORMALISME RUSSE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges NIVAT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 400 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : FORMALISME RUSSE" href="/encyclopedie/formalisme-russe/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Eisenstein - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/6/csm_ph991354_863b3dc4ef.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ... L'œuvre d'art est une « somme de procédés », mais l'un d'eux prévaut à la suite d'une confrontation et assume le rôle de « dominante ». Le rythme n'est le plus souvent qu'une dominante, qui s'oppose à la syntaxe « prosaïque ». Brik définit le vers non plus comme un schéma ... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/lyrisme/#c95529"> <span class="rg">LYRISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jamel Eddine BENCHEIKH</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre DIÉNY</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-Michel MAULPOIX</span> , <span rel="author">Vincent MONTEIL</span> et <span rel="author">René SIEFFERT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 728 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : LYRISME" href="/encyclopedie/lyrisme/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Lamartine - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/2/csm_ph991801_bb2a0d0492.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...l'emploi d'une même racine tout en gardant à ses dérivés leur sens propre. « Le moindre vocable s'avance dans l'exubérance de ses complicités sonores. » C'est une arabesque de rythmes qui déroule ses sinuosités vers la rime. Rappelons que celle-ci est unique, quel que soit le nombre des vers. La même... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/henri-meschonnic/"> <span class="rg">MESCHONNIC </span><span class="pc">HENRI </span><span class="rm">(1932-2009)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">524 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Linguiste, traducteur et poète français. Né à Paris, Henri Meschonnic suit des études de lettres avant d'enseigner à l'université de Lille (1963-1968) puis à Paris-VIII (1969-1997). La <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Inséparablement linguiste et anthropologue, Edward Sapir (1884-1939) est né dans une famille juive d'origine lituanienne à Lauenburg, en Allemagne. Émigré avec sa famille aux États-Unis en 1899, il s'est consacré aux sociétés autochtones de l'Amérique du Nord sous l'influence de Franz Boas (1858-1942). La découverte des spécificités phonologiques (il est l'un des fondateurs de cet..." title="Article : LINGUISTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/linguistique-edward-sapir/">linguistique</a>, l'exercice de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La poésie est d'autant plus difficile à définir qu'elle recouvre une pratique très diversifiée, plus qu'un genre particulier. Mais, tout autant que sa diversité, frappe son universalité, qui invite à chercher, par-delà ses multiples variantes linguistiques et historiques, les critères constants qui la distinguent d'autres pratiques littéraires. La forme versifiée a longtemps constitu..." title="Article : POÉSIE" href="/encyclopedie/poesie/">poésie</a> et celui de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot traduction provient du verbe traduire, dont l'origine est le verbe latin traducere : « faire passer ». Le sens le plus courant est : « faire passer un texte d'une langue à une autre ». Dans d'autres langues telles que l'anglais ( translate ) et l'allemand ( übersetzen ), c'est à la notion de déplacement que renvoie l'étymologie. 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