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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervna_cijev" title="Nervna cijev – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nervna cijev" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub_neural" title="Tub neural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tub neural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neur%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_trubice" title="Neurální trubice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neurální trubice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralrohr" title="Neuralrohr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuralrohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraaltoru" title="Neuraaltoru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neuraaltoru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_neural" title="Tubo neural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tubo neural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%ADra_tubo" title="Neŭra tubo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neŭra tubo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لوله عصبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوله عصبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_neural" title="Tube neural – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tube neural" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_neural" title="Tubo neural – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tubo neural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD%EA%B4%80" title="신경관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_neurale" title="Tubo neurale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tubo neurale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_neuralis" title="Tuba neuralis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tuba neuralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurale_buis" title="Neurale buis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neurale buis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E7%AE%A1" title="神経管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cewa_nerwowa" title="Cewa nerwowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cewa nerwowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubo_neural" title="Tubo neural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tubo neural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Нервная трубка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нервная трубка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervov%C3%A1_trubica" title="Nervová trubica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nervová trubica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="لوولەی پەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوولەی پەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Нервна цев – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нервна цев" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neural_tube" title="Special:EditPage/Neural tube">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Neural+tube%22">"Neural tube"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Neural+tube%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Neural+tube%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Neural+tube%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Neural+tube%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Neural+tube%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:thistle">Neural tube</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray19_with_color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/300px-Gray19_with_color.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/450px-Gray19_with_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/600px-Gray19_with_color.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="228" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Planes" title="Anatomical terms of location">Transverse</a> section of half of a chick embryo of forty-five hours' incubation. The dorsal (back) surface of the embryo is toward the top of this page, while the ventral (front) surface is toward the bottom. (Neural tube is in green.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray18.png/300px-Gray18.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray18.png 1.5x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="652" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chick embryo of thirty-three hours' incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect (30x magnification)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_stages" title="Carnegie stages">Carnegie stage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genex.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Databases/HumanAnatomy/new/carnegie10.shtml">10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neural_groove" title="Neural groove">Neural groove</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Gives rise to</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>tubus neuralis, tuba neuralis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D054259">D054259</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Embryologica" title="Terminologia Embryologica">TE</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/THE/TE2010V1.pdf#page=101?note=Linked_from_Neural">tube_by_E5.14.1.0.0.0.1 E5.14.1.0.0.0.1 </a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127402" class="extiw" title="d:Q1127402">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the developing <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>), the <b>neural tube</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, which is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Neural_groove" title="Neural groove">neural groove</a> gradually deepens as the <a href="/wiki/Neural_fold" title="Neural fold">neural folds</a> become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into the closed neural tube. In humans, neural tube closure usually occurs by the fourth week of pregnancy (the 28th day after conception). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neural_crest.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Neural_crest.svg/220px-Neural_crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Neural_crest.svg/330px-Neural_crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Neural_crest.svg/440px-Neural_crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Stages of neural tube formation.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">Neurulation</a></div> <p>The neural tube develops in two ways: <a href="/wiki/Primary_neurulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary neurulation">primary neurulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_neurulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary neurulation">secondary neurulation</a>. </p><p>Primary neurulation divides the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> into three cell types: </p> <ul><li>The internally located neural tube</li> <li>The externally located epidermis</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a> cells, which develop in the region between the neural tube and epidermis but then migrate to new locations</li></ul> <ol><li>Primary neurulation begins after the neural plate forms. The edges of the neural plate start to thicken and lift upward, forming the neural folds. The center of the neural plate remains grounded, allowing a U-shaped neural groove to form. This neural groove sets the boundary between the right and left sides of the embryo. The neural folds pinch in towards the midline of the embryo and fuse together to form the neural tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In secondary neurulation, the cells of the neural plate form a cord-like structure that migrates inside the embryo and hollows to form the tube.</li></ol> <p>Each organism uses primary and secondary neurulation to varying degrees. </p> <ul><li>Neurulation in <i><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></i> proceeds only via the secondary form.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a></i> species, the posterior regions of the tube develop using secondary neurulation and the anterior regions develop by primary neurulation.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a></i>, secondary neurulation begins around the 35th <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somite</a>.</li></ul> <p>Mammalian neural tubes close in the head in the opposite order that they close in the trunk. </p> <ul><li>In the head:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ol><li>Neural crest cells migrate</li> <li>Neural tube closes</li> <li>Overlying ectoderm closes</li></ol></dd></dl> <ul><li>In the trunk:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ol><li>Overlying ectoderm closes</li> <li>Neural tube closes</li> <li>Neural crest cells migrate</li></ol></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg/500px-1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg/750px-1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg/1000px-1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Stages of development of the <a href="/wiki/Brain_vesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain vesicles">brain vesicles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Four neural tube subdivisions each eventually develop into distinct regions of the central nervous system by the division of <a href="/wiki/Neuroepithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroepithelial cells">neuroepithelial cells</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a> (prosencephalon), the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> (mesencephalon), the <a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">hindbrain</a> (rhombencephalon) and the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <i>prosencephalon</i> further goes on to develop into the <a href="/wiki/Telencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencephalon">telencephalon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Optic_vesicle" title="Optic vesicle">optic vesicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>).</li> <li>The <i>mesencephalon</i> stays as the midbrain.</li> <li>The <i>rhombencephalon</i> develops into the <a href="/wiki/Metencephalon" title="Metencephalon">metencephalon</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Myelencephalon" title="Myelencephalon">myelencephalon</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>).</li></ul> <p>For a short time, the neural tube is open both <a href="/wiki/Cranially" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranially">cranially</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caudally" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudally">caudally</a>. These openings, called <a href="/wiki/Neuropore" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropore">neuropores</a>, close during the fourth week in humans. Improper closure of the neuropores can result in <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tube defects">neural tube defects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">anencephaly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> part of the neural tube contains the <a href="/wiki/Alar_plate" title="Alar plate">alar plate</a>, which is associated primarily with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation" class="extiw" title="wikt:sensation">sensation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> part of the neural tube contains the <a href="/wiki/Basal_plate_(neural_tube)" title="Basal plate (neural tube)">basal plate</a>, which is primarily associated with motor (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>) control. </p><p>The spinal cord develops from the posterior neural tube. As the spinal cord develops, the cells making up the wall of the neural tube proliferate and differentiate into the neurons and glia of the spinal cord. The dorsal tissues will be associated with sensory functions, and the ventral tissues will be associated with motor functions. <sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dorsal-ventral_patterning">Dorsal-ventral patterning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dorsal-ventral patterning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The neural tube patterns along the dorsal-ventral axis to establish defined compartments of neural progenitor cells that lead to distinct classes of neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessell,_TM._2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessell,_TM._2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/French_flag_model" title="French flag model">French flag model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>, this patterning occurs early in development and results from the activity of several secreted signaling molecules. <a href="/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">Sonic hedgehog</a> (Shh) is a key player in patterning the ventral axis, while bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and Wnt family members play an important role in patterning the dorsal axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulloa,_F_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulloa,_F_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors shown to provide positional information to the neural progenitor cells include fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and <a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid" title="Retinoic acid">retinoic acid</a>. Retinoic acid is required ventrally along with Shh to induce <a href="/wiki/Pax6" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax6">Pax6</a> and Olig2 during differentiation of motor neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Duester_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duester-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three main ventral cell types are established during early neural tube development: the <i><a href="/wiki/Floor_plate_(biology)" title="Floor plate (biology)">floor plate</a> cells</i>, which form at the ventral midline during the neural fold stage; as well as the more dorsally located <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jessell,_TM._2000_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessell,_TM._2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cell types are specified by the secretion of the Shh from the notochord (located ventrally to the neural tube), and later from the floor plate cells.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shh acts as a morphogen, meaning that it acts in a concentration-dependent manner to specify cell types as it moves further from its source.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is a proposed mechanism for how Shh patterns the ventral neural tube: A gradient of Shh that controls the expression of a group of homeodomain (HD) and basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors is created. These transcription factors are grouped into two protein classes based on how Shh affects them. Class I is inhibited by Shh, whereas Class II is activated by Shh. These two classes of proteins then cross-regulate each other to create more defined boundaries of expression. The different combinations of expression of these transcription factors along the dorsal-ventral axis of the neural tube are responsible for creating the identity of the neuronal progenitor cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulloa,_F_2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulloa,_F_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five molecularly distinct groups of ventral neurons form from these neuronal progenitor cells in vitro. Also, the position at which these neuronal groups are generated <i>in vivo</i> can be predicted by the concentration of Shh required for their induction in vitro.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that neural progenitors can evoke different responses based on the length of exposure to Shh, with a longer exposure time resulting in more ventral cell types.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the dorsal end of the neural tube, BMPs are responsible for neuronal patterning. BMP is initially secreted from the overlying ectoderm. A secondary signaling center is then established in the roof plate, the dorsal most structure of the neural tube.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP from the dorsal end of the neural tube seems to act in the same concentration-dependent manner as Shh in the ventral end.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was shown using zebrafish mutants that had varying amounts of BMP signaling activity. Researchers observed changes in dorsal-ventral patterning, for example, zebrafish deficient in certain BMPs showed a loss of dorsal sensory neurons and an expansion of interneurons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shh_gradient_in_the_neural_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shh_gradient_in_the_neural_tube.jpg/220px-Shh_gradient_in_the_neural_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Shh_gradient_in_the_neural_tube.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Shh secreted from the floor plate creates a gradient along the ventral neural tube. Shh functions in a concentration-dependent manner to specify ventral neuronal fates. V0-V3 represent four different classes of ventral interneurons, and MN indicates motor neurons.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_fold" title="Neural fold">Neural fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_plate" title="Neural plate">Neural plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">Neurulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tube defects">Neural tube defects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdx_protein_family" title="Cdx protein family">Cdx protein family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">List of human cell types derived from the germ layers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/50/mode/2up">page 50</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Scott F. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development&rft.atitle=Dorsal+and+intermediate+neuronal+cell+types+of+the+spinal+cord+are+established+by+a+BMP+signaling+pathway&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1209-%3C%2Fspan%3E1220&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdev.127.6.1209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10683174&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=VH&rft.au=Trout%2C+J&rft.au=Connors%2C+SA&rft.au=Andermann%2C+P&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+E&rft.au=Mullins%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fdev.127.6.1209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeural+tube" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neural_tube&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Swiss embryology</a> (from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">UL</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berne">UB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">UF</a>) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/iperiodembry/carnegie03.html">iperiodembry/carnegie03</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">Embryology at UNSW</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_5.htm">Notes/week3_5</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505142927/http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/images/neuron/image_002.gif">Diagram at embryology.med.unsw.edu.au</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522010559/http://www.brainviews.com/abFiles/DrwNeurtube.htm">Diagram at brainviews.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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