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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title data-react-helmet="true">Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=5, viewport-fit=cover"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:site_name" content="scite.ai"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:site" content="@scite"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="title" content="Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="twitter:title" content="Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="http://image.thum.io/get/ogImage/https://scite.ai/reports/multidimensional-functional-and-structural-evaluation-aXvWvvx?bannerClosed=true&onboardingOff=true&paywallOff=true&v=2"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="twitter:image" content="http://image.thum.io/get/ogImage/https://scite.ai/reports/multidimensional-functional-and-structural-evaluation-aXvWvvx?bannerClosed=true&onboardingOff=true&paywallOff=true&v=2"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="Supporting: 7, Contrasting: 2, Mentioning: 78 - PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="Supporting: 7, Contrasting: 2, Mentioning: 78 - PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="twitter:description" content="Supporting: 7, Contrasting: 2, Mentioning: 78 - PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://scite.ai/reports/multidimensional-functional-and-structural-evaluation-aXvWvvx"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_title" content="Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_doi" content="10.1167/iovs.17-21863"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Joltikov, Katherine A."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Castro, Vinícius Monteiro de"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Dávila, José"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Anand, Rohit"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Khan, Sami M."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Farbman, Neil"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Jackson, Gregory R."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Johnson, Chris A."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_author" content="Gardner, Thomas W."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_year" content="2017"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_journal_title" content="Investigative Opthalmology &Amp; Visual Science"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_volume" content="58"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_issue" content="6"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_abstract" content="PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="citation_public_url" content="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-21863"/> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.scite.ai" crossorigin="true"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin="true"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/images/favicon.ico"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet preload prefetch" as="style" href="https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/css/line-awesome-font-awesome.min.css?v=2"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preload" as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:wght@200;300;400;500;600&display=swap"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="stylesheet" as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:wght@200;300;400;500;600&display=swap" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://scite.ai/reports/multidimensional-functional-and-structural-evaluation-aXvWvvx"/> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LcnMGsqAAAAAJLHdGuust5QwzLk-asKPW5MWbAx"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@graph":[{"@id":"#issue","@type":"PublicationIssue","issueNumber":"6","datePublished":2017,"isPartOf":{"@id":"#periodical","@type":["PublicationVolume","Periodical"],"name":"Investigative Opthalmology &Amp; Visual Science","issn":["1552-5783"],"volumeNumber":"58","publisher":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)"}},{"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","isPartOf":"#issue","description":"PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies.","abstract":"PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies.","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-21863","pagination":"BIO277","name":"Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy","headline":"Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy","author":["Katherine A. Joltikov","Vinícius Monteiro de Castro","José Dávila","Rohit Anand","Sami M. Khan","Neil Farbman","Gregory R. Jackson","Chris A. Johnson","Thomas W. Gardner"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)"},"datePublished":2017}]}</script> <link data-chunk="main" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/dist/main.2a4a881c9257077826c8.css"> <link data-chunk="Report" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/dist/6901.00ffb5a62514ad11206f.css"> <link data-chunk="Report" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/dist/6392.ee3f7fe674ceac954f77.css"> </head> <body><div id="scite-app"><!--$--><div class="ReportApp__layout___ljMuO"><div><nav class="NavBar__navBarContainer___skQfv"><div class="NavBar__navBar___ELwVq NavBar__notStatic___bzily" style="transform:translate3d(0,0%,0)"><div class="NavBar__navContents___X2u7r"><a class="NavBar__logo___aYKoi" href="/"><img alt="scite logo" width="115px" height="38px" class="NavBar__logoDesktop___Cwo_2" style="filter:contrast(2.15)" src="https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/images/logo-blue.svg"/><img alt="scite logo" 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Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.</a></span></div></span><span class="Reference__pubYear___BW5ev"> <!-- -->2017<!-- --> </span><div class="Reference__doiContainer___kZXiq"><span>DOI: <!-- -->10.1167/iovs.17-21863</span><div class="Reference__tooltip___Nu3gD Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="copy fa fa-copy fa-lg"></i></div><span> |</span><a class="Reference__fullTextLink___p92ic Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Reference__fullTextLink___p92ic" href="https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-21863" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">View full text</a><span> |</span><a class="Reference__fullTextLink___p92ic Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Reference__fullTextLink___p92ic" tabindex="0" role="button">Cite</a></div></span></span><div class="TitlePaper__widgetContainer___xNQUF"><div class="TitlePaper__delimiter___FdQmc">|</div><div class="Notification__notificationContainer___N06uS " style="opacity:1;pointer-events:auto"><div role="button" class="Notification__notification___rIkeZ" tabindex="0"><div class="Notification__bellIcon___IKprf fa fa-bell"></div><div class="Notification__tooltip___DjoOa Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><span class="Notification__setNotification___dsjeh">Sign up to set email alerts</span></div></div></div><span> |</span><div class="SharingWidget__container___UnD9v"><a class="SocialIcon__socialIcon___gm1fE SharingWidget__icon___Rek8d Link__link___plGt2 SocialIcon__socialIcon___gm1fE SharingWidget__icon___Rek8d" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=scite%20Report%20-%20Multidimensional%20Functional%20and%20Structural%20Evaluation%20Reveals%20Neuroretinal%20Impairment%20in%20Early%20Diabetic%20Retinopathy&url=" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="https://twitter.com/scite"><i class="icon icon-twitter-new"></i></a><a class="SocialIcon__socialIcon___gm1fE SharingWidget__icon___Rek8d Link__link___plGt2 SocialIcon__socialIcon___gm1fE SharingWidget__icon___Rek8d" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="https://facebook.com/sciteai"><i class="icon icon-facebook-new"></i></a><a class="SocialIcon__socialIcon___gm1fE SharingWidget__icon___Rek8d Link__link___plGt2 SocialIcon__socialIcon___gm1fE SharingWidget__icon___Rek8d" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="https://www.linkedin.com/company/sciteai/"><i class="icon icon-linkedin-new"></i></a></div></div><div class="TitlePaper__paperTitle___zucih"><span><h1 class="Header__h1___YjMd5 TitlePaper__paperTitleHeader___p1alj">Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy</h1></span></div><div class="Authors__authors___uWMEz"><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/katherine-a-joltikov-38L6zZ"><span>Katherine A. Joltikov</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">1</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/vinicius-monteiro-de-castro-k8gg5E"><span>Vinícius Monteiro de Castro</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/michigan-united-PQmNQ">2</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/jose-davila-wbwgWr"><span>José Dávila</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">3</a></sup></div><span> </span></div><span class="Authors__link___k07oy">et al.</span></div><div class="TitlePaper__abstractWrapper___S7D_F"><span><h2 class="Header__h2___MuBOH TitlePaper__abstract___GrSZl"><strong>Abstract:</strong> <!-- --> <!-- --> <span>PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD…</span><span class="TitlePaper__expandAbstract___O_45M" role="button" tabindex="0"> <!-- --> <!-- -->Show more</span></h2></span></div><a 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d="M4.516 7.548c0.436-0.446 1.043-0.481 1.576 0l3.908 3.747 3.908-3.747c0.533-0.481 1.141-0.446 1.574 0 0.436 0.445 0.408 1.197 0 1.615-0.406 0.418-4.695 4.502-4.695 4.502-0.217 0.223-0.502 0.335-0.787 0.335s-0.57-0.112-0.789-0.335c0 0-4.287-4.084-4.695-4.502s-0.436-1.17 0-1.615z"></path></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="CheckRowCount__sectionRow___vyiE6"><label class="CheckRow__checkRow___Wumpa"><input class="fa fa-lg fa-check Checkbox__checkbox___dGd5x " type="checkbox"/><span class="CheckRow__checkRowLabel___ax_ST">Methods</span></label><span><span>2</span></span></div><div class="CheckRowCount__sectionRow___vyiE6"><label class="CheckRow__checkRow___Wumpa"><input class="fa fa-lg fa-check Checkbox__checkbox___dGd5x " type="checkbox"/><span class="CheckRow__checkRowLabel___ax_ST">Visual Acuity</span></label><span><span>1</span></span></div><div class="CheckRowCount__sectionRow___vyiE6"><label class="CheckRow__checkRow___Wumpa"><input class="fa fa-lg fa-check Checkbox__checkbox___dGd5x " type="checkbox"/><span class="CheckRow__checkRowLabel___ax_ST">Hemodynamic Changes</span></label><span><span>1</span></span></div><div class="CheckRowCount__sectionRow___vyiE6"><label class="CheckRow__checkRow___Wumpa"><input class="fa fa-lg fa-check Checkbox__checkbox___dGd5x " type="checkbox"/><span class="CheckRow__checkRowLabel___ax_ST">Introduction</span></label><span><span>1</span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="FilterCard__filterCard___bZEVP"><div class="FilterCard__noInput___lsgWM"><div class="FilterCard__filterCardHeader___puB2k" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Expand Citation Types"><div class="FilterCard__tooltip___q395i Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><p class="FilterCard__header___dRl1u Paragraph__body____m5FY Paragraph__bold___PhFOq">Citation Types<!-- --> </p><i class="FilterCard__icon___iqNMr fa fa-info-circle"></i></div></div><div class=""><div class="Classification__row___s1V6w"><div 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The minimum contrast threshold of the 5° diameter stimulus was measured at each of 55 test locations (Joltikov et al.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Methods</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->97%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="PaperCard__expandingWrapper___JmHu_" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:fit-content"><div class="Citation__citation___I7BGj Citation__citationGrid___yNzom"><div class="Citation__rightCol___rqdSW"><div class="Citation__snippetLayout___VCTXv"><div class="Snippet__snippetWrapper___pL8c1"><span><span><div>“…The minimum contrast threshold of the 5° diameter stimulus was measured at each of 55 test locations (Joltikov et al. <cite class="target" data-doi="10.1167/iovs.17-21863"></cite>). The testing time was approximately 5 min per eye.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Methods</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->99%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="PaperCard__expandCard___m8Yf4" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="OpenerIcon__folder___jiKx6 false undefined"><i class="OpenerIcon__angleDown___QHC0i icon icon-down-carret"></i></div>See 1 more Smart Citation</span><div class="PaperCard__grid___NMQAD"><div class="PaperCard__abstractWrapper___Yq394"><div class="Paper__paper___CWi0y"><a class="Paper__title___WkJQP Link__link___plGt2 Link__bold___JGJNO Paper__title___WkJQP" href="https://scite.ai/reports/reading-deficits-in-diabetic-patients-4LR43Ql" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><h3 class="Paper__title___WkJQP">Reading deficits in diabetic patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation and good visual acuity</h3></a><div class="Paper__referenceLine___quVTP"><div class="Authors__authors___uWMEz Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/amro-omari-zLAg2Q"><span>Omari</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">1</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/leslie-m-niziol-MkDLbk"><span>Niziol</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">2</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/thomas-w-gardner-lZ9jnk"><span>Gardner</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">3</a></sup></div><span> </span></div><span> <!-- -->2019</span></div><span class="Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><span class="Reference__reference___AIzFu"><span><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__underline___K1Y7j" tabindex="0" href="/journals/acta-ophthalmologica-jMrGM"><em>Acta Ophthalmologica</em></a></span></span></span></div><div class="Paper__tallyLayout___k19c4"><a class="HorizontalTally__horizontalTally___gMrpx" href="/reports/reading-deficits-in-diabetic-patients-4LR43Ql"><div class="HorizontalTally__inner___AzKR8"><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--publications___MBaqU icon-publications"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">6</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--supporting___ru3vm icon-supporting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">1</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--contradicting___BpYwd icon-contradicting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div></div></a></div><div class="Paper__linksLayout___Ql9Qd"><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14097" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">View full text</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Add to dashboard</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Cite</a></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:auto"><p class="Abstract__abstract___V8wNr PaperCard__abstract___lR5RS Paragraph__body____m5FY"><span><span>Purpose Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) can have abnormal visual functioning that may be missed by Snellen visual acuity alone. We investigated reading deficits in patients treated with PRP for PDR using the Minnesota reading (MNREAD) test. Methods Thirty patients treated with PRP and 15 controls underwent best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the MNREAD, frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and fundus photography. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)‐treated subjects were compared to controls on MNREAD results by two‐sample t‐tests and Wilcoxon tests and Pearson correlations were used to assess the association between performance on MNREAD and other central visual function tests within PRP subjects. Results Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)‐treated patients had reduced MNREAD acuity (p < 0.0001) and increased critical print size (p = 0.01) compared to controls but not a significantly reduced maximum reading speed (p = 0.06). Logmar MNREAD acuity was strongly positive correlated with logMAR BCVA (r = 0.58, p = 0.0098) and strongly negatively correlated with FDP foveal threshold (r = −0.63, p = 0.0030). Maximum reading speed was positively correlated with FDP foveal threshold (r = 0.57, p = 0.0143) and FDP mean deviation (r = 0.51, p = 0.0432). Visual acuity did not correlate with the sensitivities on the FDP. Conclusion The MNREAD test reveals that PRP reduces reading ability and other aspects of macular function, and thus provides new understanding of how vision‐related quality of life is impaired. These findings may lead to improved means to evaluate and enhance vision following treatment for PDR.</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__menu___wXkM0"><a class="PaperCard__textButton___ncs_Z" tabindex="0">show abstract</a><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div><div class="PapersList__paywalledCites___XIuJQ"><div class="PapersList__paperCardsLayout___dtzN9"><div class="PaperCard__paperCard___Tkx_L PaperCard__card___rYfBl"><div><div><div class="Citation__citation___I7BGj Citation__citationGrid___yNzom"><div class="Citation__rightCol___rqdSW"><div class="Citation__snippetLayout___VCTXv"><div class="Snippet__snippetWrapper___pL8c1"><span><span><div>“…<cite data-doi="10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.01.006"></cite>; Joltikov et al. <cite class="target" data-doi="10.1167/iovs.17-21863"></cite>). The minimum contrast threshold of the 5° diameter stimulus was measured at each of 55 test locations (Joltikov et al.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Methods</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->97%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div><div class="Citation__citation___I7BGj Citation__citationGrid___yNzom"><div class="Citation__rightCol___rqdSW"><div class="Citation__snippetLayout___VCTXv"><div class="Snippet__snippetWrapper___pL8c1"><span><span><div>“…The minimum contrast threshold of the 5° diameter stimulus was measured at each of 55 test locations (Joltikov et al. <cite class="target" data-doi="10.1167/iovs.17-21863"></cite>). The testing time was approximately 5 min per eye.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Methods</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->99%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="PaperCard__expandingWrapper___JmHu_" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:fit-content"></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__grid___NMQAD"><div class="PaperCard__abstractWrapper___Yq394"><div class="Paper__paper___CWi0y"><a class="Paper__title___WkJQP Link__link___plGt2 Link__bold___JGJNO Paper__title___WkJQP" href="https://scite.ai/reports/reading-deficits-in-diabetic-patients-4LR43Ql" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><h3 class="Paper__title___WkJQP">Reading deficits in diabetic patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation and good visual acuity</h3></a><div class="Paper__referenceLine___quVTP"><div class="Authors__authors___uWMEz Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/amro-omari-zLAg2Q"><span>Omari</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">1</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/leslie-m-niziol-MkDLbk"><span>Niziol</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">2</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/thomas-w-gardner-lZ9jnk"><span>Gardner</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91">3</a></sup></div><span> </span></div><span> <!-- -->2019</span></div><span class="Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><span class="Reference__reference___AIzFu"><span><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__underline___K1Y7j" tabindex="0" href="/journals/acta-ophthalmologica-jMrGM"><em>Acta Ophthalmologica</em></a></span></span></span></div><div class="Paper__tallyLayout___k19c4"><a class="HorizontalTally__horizontalTally___gMrpx" href="/reports/reading-deficits-in-diabetic-patients-4LR43Ql"><div class="HorizontalTally__inner___AzKR8"><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--publications___MBaqU icon-publications"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">6</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--supporting___ru3vm icon-supporting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">1</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--contradicting___BpYwd icon-contradicting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div></div></a></div><div class="Paper__linksLayout___Ql9Qd"><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14097" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">View full text</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Add to dashboard</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Cite</a></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:auto"><p class="Abstract__abstract___V8wNr PaperCard__abstract___lR5RS Paragraph__body____m5FY"><span><span>Purpose Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) can have abnormal visual functioning that may be missed by Snellen visual acuity alone. We investigated reading deficits in patients treated with PRP for PDR using the Minnesota reading (MNREAD) test. Methods Thirty patients treated with PRP and 15 controls underwent best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the MNREAD, frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and fundus photography. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)‐treated subjects were compared to controls on MNREAD results by two‐sample t‐tests and Wilcoxon tests and Pearson correlations were used to assess the association between performance on MNREAD and other central visual function tests within PRP subjects. Results Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)‐treated patients had reduced MNREAD acuity (p < 0.0001) and increased critical print size (p = 0.01) compared to controls but not a significantly reduced maximum reading speed (p = 0.06). Logmar MNREAD acuity was strongly positive correlated with logMAR BCVA (r = 0.58, p = 0.0098) and strongly negatively correlated with FDP foveal threshold (r = −0.63, p = 0.0030). Maximum reading speed was positively correlated with FDP foveal threshold (r = 0.57, p = 0.0143) and FDP mean deviation (r = 0.51, p = 0.0432). Visual acuity did not correlate with the sensitivities on the FDP. Conclusion The MNREAD test reveals that PRP reduces reading ability and other aspects of macular function, and thus provides new understanding of how vision‐related quality of life is impaired. These findings may lead to improved means to evaluate and enhance vision following treatment for PDR.</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__menu___wXkM0"><a class="PaperCard__textButton___ncs_Z" tabindex="0">show abstract</a><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__paperCard___Tkx_L PaperCard__card___rYfBl"><div><div><div class="Citation__citation___I7BGj Citation__citationGrid___yNzom"><div class="Citation__rightCol___rqdSW"><div class="Citation__snippetLayout___VCTXv"><div class="Snippet__snippetWrapper___pL8c1"><span><span><div>“…Moreover, besides VA tests, some experts suggested that psychophysical tests, such as visual field and contrast sensitivity test, should also be evaluated in DR patients with optic nerve complication. They found that those examinations were more sensitive than VA test only <cite class="target" data-doi="10.1167/iovs.17-21863">[13]</cite>.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Visual Acuity</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->98%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div><div class="Citation__citation___I7BGj Citation__citationGrid___yNzom"><div class="Citation__rightCol___rqdSW"><div class="Citation__snippetLayout___VCTXv"><div class="Snippet__snippetWrapper___pL8c1"><span><span><div>“…Chronic hyperglycemia damages the retinal blood vessels and causes pericyte loss due to elevated sorbitol level. These result in involution of the vascular changes in microcirculation and loss of normal capillary exchange <cite data-doi="10.1111/aos.13733">[12]</cite><cite class="target" data-doi="10.1167/iovs.17-21863">[13]</cite><cite data-doi="10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309641">[14]</cite>. Microvascular anomalies and chronic inflammation may develop dysfunctional barriers permitting leakage of inflammatory molecules and immune cells from systemic circulation and cause further deterioration of the tissue <cite data-doi="10.1111/aos.13733">[12,</cite><cite data-doi="10.1016/j.visres.2017.03.003">41]</cite>.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Hemodynamic Changes</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->99%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="PaperCard__expandingWrapper___JmHu_" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:fit-content"><div class="Citation__citation___I7BGj Citation__citationGrid___yNzom"><div class="Citation__rightCol___rqdSW"><div class="Citation__snippetLayout___VCTXv"><div class="Snippet__snippetWrapper___pL8c1"><span><span><div>“…Such processes are metabolic alteration, oxidative stress, and ischemia <cite data-doi="10.1007/s10072-006-0704-x">[10]</cite>. These changes could be detected via modalities such as visual evoked potential, biomicroscopy, and fundus photography <cite data-doi="10.4103/0301-4738.100542">[11]</cite><cite data-doi="10.1111/aos.13733">[12]</cite><cite class="target" data-doi="10.1167/iovs.17-21863">[13]</cite>. These changes usually occur after persistent metabolic alterations, which may lead to late detection <cite data-doi="10.2147/opth.s140110">[2,</cite><cite data-doi="10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309641">14]</cite>.…”</div></span></span></div></div><div class="Citation__citeInfo___v24kU"><span class="Citation__section___YjAW3"><b>Section</b>: <!-- -->Introduction</span><span class="Citation__typeInfo___s7iNF"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="Citation__citationType___LuRbr">mentioning</span><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><div class="Citation__classificationDetails___xRtK5"><span class="Citation__classificationDetail___vPtBx">confidence: <!-- -->99%</span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="Citation__actions___STMoF"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="CopyButton__copyButton___I1ybw fa fa-copy" role="button" tabindex="0"></i></div><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="PaperCard__expandCard___m8Yf4" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="OpenerIcon__folder___jiKx6 false undefined"><i class="OpenerIcon__angleDown___QHC0i icon icon-down-carret"></i></div>See 1 more Smart Citation</span><div class="PaperCard__grid___NMQAD"><div class="PaperCard__abstractWrapper___Yq394"><div class="Paper__paper___CWi0y"><a class="Paper__title___WkJQP Link__link___plGt2 Link__bold___JGJNO Paper__title___WkJQP" href="https://scite.ai/reports/optic-nerve-changes-in-diabetic-aXl4bpb" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><h3 class="Paper__title___WkJQP">Optic Nerve Changes in Diabetic Retinopathy</h3></a><div class="Paper__referenceLine___quVTP"><div class="Authors__authors___uWMEz Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/andi-arus-victor-WGR6Qd"><span>Victor</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/university-of-indonesia-6M3g">1</a></sup></div><span> </span></div><span> <!-- -->2019</span></div><span class="Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><span class="Reference__reference___AIzFu"><span><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__underline___K1Y7j" tabindex="0" role="button"><em>Optic Nerve</em></a></span></span></span></div><div class="Paper__tallyLayout___k19c4"><a class="HorizontalTally__horizontalTally___gMrpx" href="/reports/optic-nerve-changes-in-diabetic-aXl4bpb"><div class="HorizontalTally__inner___AzKR8"><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--publications___MBaqU icon-publications"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">7</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--supporting___ru3vm icon-supporting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">10</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--contradicting___BpYwd icon-contradicting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div></div></a></div><div class="Paper__linksLayout___Ql9Qd"><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" href="https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81221" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">View full text</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Add to dashboard</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Cite</a></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:auto"><p class="Abstract__abstract___V8wNr PaperCard__abstract___lR5RS Paragraph__body____m5FY"><span><span>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a devastating sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Besides damaging the vascular system of the retina, DM will also destruct the tissue surrounding the retina, including the optic nerve. DR impairs the optic nerve by damaging its conduction and integrity. There are few clinical manifestations of optic nerve changes in DR such as diabetic papillopathy, neovascularization of optic disc, and optic nerve atrophy. These involve metabolic alterations related to DM, production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and hemodynamic changes. Diagnostic tests including visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can detect functional and structural changes. This finding is important as it may reflect the early loss of retinal ganglion cell axons. As the neuronal loss is irreversible, it is pivotal to be able to screen these nervous system changes in the early stage of DR and prevent further deterioration.</span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__menu___wXkM0"><a class="PaperCard__textButton___ncs_Z" tabindex="0">show abstract</a><div class=""><i class="fa fa-2x fa-ellipsis-h DropdownMenu__dropdownMenuIcon___LGAcI"></i></div></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__paperCard___Tkx_L PaperCard__card___rYfBl"><div><div></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="PaperCard__expandingWrapper___JmHu_" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:fit-content"></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__grid___NMQAD"><div class="PaperCard__abstractWrapper___Yq394"><div class="Paper__paper___CWi0y"><a class="Paper__title___WkJQP Link__link___plGt2 Link__bold___JGJNO Paper__title___WkJQP" href="https://scite.ai/reports/correlation-of-central-retinal-thickness-3ndmrgb" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><h3 class="Paper__title___WkJQP">Correlation of Central Retinal Thickness and Visual Acuity in Diabetic Macular Edema</h3></a><div class="Paper__referenceLine___quVTP"><div class="Authors__authors___uWMEz Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/gabor-deak-0GJ8jA"><span>Deak</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/medical-university-of-vienna-abN1">1</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/ursula-schmidt-erfurth-lZLDkv"><span>Schmidt‐Erfurth</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/medical-university-of-vienna-abN1">2</a></sup></div><span>, </span></div><div class="Authors__author___TTnHS"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/authors/lee-m-jampol-Rr0EJO"><span>Jampol</span></a><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><sup class="Authors__affiliationSup___Vvflj"><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_" tabindex="0" href="/affiliations/northwestern-university-Y0NE">3</a></sup></div><span> </span></div><span> <!-- -->2018</span></div><span class="Paper__lineItem___FXrg7"><span class="Reference__reference___AIzFu"><span><a class="Link__link___plGt2 Link__underline___K1Y7j" tabindex="0" href="/journals/jama-ophthalmology-9OLKG"><em>JAMA Ophthalmol</em></a></span></span></span></div><div class="Paper__tallyLayout___k19c4"><a class="HorizontalTally__horizontalTally___gMrpx" href="/reports/correlation-of-central-retinal-thickness-3ndmrgb"><div class="HorizontalTally__inner___AzKR8"><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--publications___MBaqU icon-publications"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">47</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--supporting___ru3vm icon-supporting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">0</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--mentioning___zHr8j icon-mentioning"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">36</span></div></div><div class="HorizontalTally__column___d6ltY"><div class="Tooltip__reference___hgPSY"><i class="undefined TypeIcon__typeIcon___USGCh icon TypeIcon__typeIcon--contradicting___BpYwd icon-contradicting"></i><span class="HorizontalTally__count___ZuxQA">1</span></div></div></div></a></div><div class="Paper__linksLayout___Ql9Qd"><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.3848" tabindex="0" role="link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">View full text</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Add to dashboard</a><a class="Paper__link___YsYPi Link__link___plGt2 Link__blueLink___BhE5_ Link__underline___K1Y7j Paper__link___YsYPi" tabindex="0" role="button">Cite</a></div></div><div aria-hidden="true" style="overflow:hidden;height:0;opacity:0"><div style="width:auto"><p class="Abstract__abstract___V8wNr Abstract__noAbstract___b7A9r PaperCard__abstract___lR5RS Paragraph__body____m5FY">No abstract</p></div></div></div><div class="PaperCard__menu___wXkM0"><div 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The minimum contrast threshold of the 5° diameter stimulus was measured at each of 55 test locations (Joltikov et al.","lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9200000166893005","refLocation":"aos14097-bib-0011\u002F1","memberId":311,"selfCites":[],"snippetHidden":false},{"id":1925048058,"source":"10.1111\u002Faos.14097","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","negative":0.004686823859810829,"positive":0.003650373313575983,"neutral":1,"section":"methods","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1,"snippet":"The minimum contrast threshold of the 5° diameter stimulus was measured at each of 55 test locations (Joltikov et al. \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E). The testing time was approximately 5 min per eye.","lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9700000286102295","refLocation":"aos14097-bib-0011\u002F2","memberId":311,"selfCites":[],"snippetHidden":false},{"id":2011723287,"source":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","negative":0.07099728137254714,"positive":0.04617051035165787,"neutral":0.9841315031051636,"section":"visual acuity","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.9841315031051636,"snippet":"Moreover, besides VA tests, some experts suggested that psychophysical tests, such as visual field and contrast sensitivity test, should also be evaluated in DR patients with optic nerve complication. They found that those examinations were more sensitive than VA test only \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863\"\u003E[13]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E.","lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9700000286102295","refLocation":"b12\u002F3","memberId":3774,"selfCites":[],"snippetHidden":false},{"id":2011723198,"source":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","negative":0.03402041047811508,"positive":0.02813742309808731,"neutral":1,"section":"hemodynamic changes","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1,"snippet":"Chronic hyperglycemia damages the retinal blood vessels and causes pericyte loss due to elevated sorbitol level. These result in involution of the vascular changes in microcirculation and loss of normal capillary exchange \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1111\u002Faos.13733\"\u003E[12]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E\u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863\"\u003E[13]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E\u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1136\u002Fbjophthalmol-2016-309641\"\u003E[14]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E. Microvascular anomalies and chronic inflammation may develop dysfunctional barriers permitting leakage of inflammatory molecules and immune cells from systemic circulation and cause further deterioration of the tissue \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1111\u002Faos.13733\"\u003E[12,\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E\u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1016\u002Fj.visres.2017.03.003\"\u003E41]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E.","lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8100000023841858","refLocation":"b12\u002F2","memberId":3774,"selfCites":[],"snippetHidden":false},{"id":2011723162,"source":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","negative":0.029836756736040113,"positive":0.02846771851181984,"neutral":1,"section":"introduction","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1,"snippet":"Such processes are metabolic alteration, oxidative stress, and ischemia \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1007\u002Fs10072-006-0704-x\"\u003E[10]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E. These changes could be detected via modalities such as visual evoked potential, biomicroscopy, and fundus photography \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.4103\u002F0301-4738.100542\"\u003E[11]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E\u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1111\u002Faos.13733\"\u003E[12]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E\u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863\"\u003E[13]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E. These changes usually occur after persistent metabolic alterations, which may lead to late detection \u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.2147\u002Fopth.s140110\"\u003E[2,\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E\u003Ccite data-doi=\"10.1136\u002Fbjophthalmol-2016-309641\"\u003E14]\u003C\u002Fcite\u003E.","lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8700000047683716","refLocation":"b12\u002F1","memberId":3774,"selfCites":[],"snippetHidden":false},{"source":"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2018.3848","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","selfCites":[],"dataSource":"CR"},{"source":"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2024.3877","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","selfCites":[],"dataSource":"CR"},{"source":"10.1002\u002Fsdtp.15032","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","selfCites":[],"dataSource":"KALA"},{"source":"10.1007\u002F978-3-031-25779-7_18","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","selfCites":[],"dataSource":"CR"},{"source":"10.1007\u002Fs00125-023-05899-3","target":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","selfCites":[{"type":"SHAREDAUTHOR","family":"Gardner","given":"Thomas W."}],"dataSource":"CR"}],"citationTallies":{"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221":{"total":10,"supporting":0,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":10,"unclassified":0,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221","citingPublications":7},"10.1111\u002Faos.14097":{"total":2,"supporting":0,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":1,"unclassified":1,"doi":"10.1111\u002Faos.14097","citingPublications":6},"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2018.3848":{"total":38,"supporting":0,"contradicting":1,"mentioning":36,"unclassified":1,"doi":"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2018.3848","citingPublications":47},"10.1002\u002Fsdtp.15032":{"total":0,"supporting":0,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":0,"unclassified":0,"doi":"10.1002\u002Fsdtp.15032","citingPublications":0},"10.1007\u002Fs00125-023-05899-3":{"total":2,"supporting":0,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":2,"unclassified":0,"doi":"10.1007\u002Fs00125-023-05899-3","citingPublications":20},"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2024.3877":{"total":0,"supporting":0,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":0,"unclassified":0,"doi":"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2024.3877","citingPublications":0},"10.1007\u002F978-3-031-25779-7_18":{"total":0,"supporting":0,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":0,"unclassified":0,"doi":"10.1007\u002F978-3-031-25779-7_18","citingPublications":0}},"metadata":{"totalCitationCount":96,"restrictedCitationCount":5,"distinctSourceCount":85},"papers":{"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221":{"id":247133883,"doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.81221","slug":"optic-nerve-changes-in-diabetic-aXl4bpb","type":"book-chapter","title":"Optic Nerve Changes in Diabetic Retinopathy","abstract":"Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a devastating sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Besides damaging the vascular system of the retina, DM will also destruct the tissue surrounding the retina, including the optic nerve. DR impairs the optic nerve by damaging its conduction and integrity. There are few clinical manifestations of optic nerve changes in DR such as diabetic papillopathy, neovascularization of optic disc, and optic nerve atrophy. These involve metabolic alterations related to DM, production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and hemodynamic changes. Diagnostic tests including visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can detect functional and structural changes. This finding is important as it may reflect the early loss of retinal ganglion cell axons. As the neuronal loss is irreversible, it is pivotal to be able to screen these nervous system changes in the early stage of DR and prevent further deterioration.","authors":[{"family":"Victor","given":"Andi Arus","affiliation":"University of Indonesia","authorSlug":"andi-arus-victor-WGR6Qd","authorName":"Andi Arus Victor","authorID":"9391548","authorSequenceNumber":1,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-indonesia-6M3g","affiliationID":"5154"}],"keywords":["diabetes mellitus","diabetic papillopathy","diabetic retinopathy","neovascularization of optic disc","optical coherence tomography","optic nerve","optic atrophy","visual evoked potential"],"year":2019,"publisher":"IntechOpen","retracted":false,"memberId":3774,"issns":[],"editorialNotices":[],"journal":"Optic Nerve","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"normalizedTypes":["book"]},"10.1111\u002Faos.14097":{"id":248842886,"doi":"10.1111\u002Faos.14097","slug":"reading-deficits-in-diabetic-patients-4LR43Ql","type":"journal-article","title":"Reading deficits in diabetic patients treated with panretinal photocoagulation and good visual acuity","abstract":"Purpose\nPatients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) can have abnormal visual functioning that may be missed by Snellen visual acuity alone. We investigated reading deficits in patients treated with PRP for PDR using the Minnesota reading (MNREAD) test.\nMethods\nThirty patients treated with PRP and 15 controls underwent best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the MNREAD, frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and fundus photography. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)‐treated subjects were compared to controls on MNREAD results by two‐sample t‐tests and Wilcoxon tests and Pearson correlations were used to assess the association between performance on MNREAD and other central visual function tests within PRP subjects.\nResults\nPanretinal photocoagulation (PRP)‐treated patients had reduced MNREAD acuity (p \u003C 0.0001) and increased critical print size (p = 0.01) compared to controls but not a significantly reduced maximum reading speed (p = 0.06). Logmar MNREAD acuity was strongly positive correlated with logMAR BCVA (r = 0.58, p = 0.0098) and strongly negatively correlated with FDP foveal threshold (r = −0.63, p = 0.0030). Maximum reading speed was positively correlated with FDP foveal threshold (r = 0.57, p = 0.0143) and FDP mean deviation (r = 0.51, p = 0.0432). Visual acuity did not correlate with the sensitivities on the FDP.\nConclusion\nThe MNREAD test reveals that PRP reduces reading ability and other aspects of macular function, and thus provides new understanding of how vision‐related quality of life is impaired. These findings may lead to improved means to evaluate and enhance vision following treatment for PDR.","authors":[{"family":"Omari","given":"Amro","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"amro-omari-zLAg2Q","authorName":"Amro Omari","authorID":"12654250","authorSequenceNumber":1,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Niziol","given":"Leslie M.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"leslie-m-niziol-MkDLbk","authorName":"Leslie M. Niziol","authorID":"136854952","authorSequenceNumber":2,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Gardner","given":"Thomas W.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"thomas-w-gardner-lZ9jnk","authorName":"Thomas W. Gardner","authorID":"5983280","authorSequenceNumber":3,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"}],"keywords":["diabetes","diabetic retinopathy","minnesota reading test","panretinal photocoagulation"],"year":2019,"shortJournal":"Acta Ophthalmologica","publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","volume":"97","retracted":false,"memberId":311,"issns":["1755-375X","1755-3768"],"editorialNotices":[],"journalSlug":"acta-ophthalmologica-jMrGM","journal":"Acta Ophthalmologica","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"normalizedTypes":["article"]},"10.1002\u002Fsdtp.15032":{"id":11436065062,"doi":"10.1002\u002Fsdtp.15032","slug":"5-4-the-effects-of-0-01-dvZzNMky","type":"journal-article","title":"5.4: The Effects of 0.01% Atropine on Adult Myopes' Contrast Sensitivity","abstract":"Purpose: Atropine at a low concentration is considered a safe and effective treatment to mitigate myopia progression. However, the potential unwanted side effects of administering atropine at a low dose on visual functions other than best corrected visual acuity has not been investigated. In this study, we investigate the short‐term (12, 16, and 20 h) and long‐term (1, 2, and 4 weeks) effects of 0.01% atropine (i.e., 0.1 mg\u002Fml) on contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients with myopia.Methods: Thirty adults (23.33 ± 2.93 years old) with myopia between −1.00 and −6.00 diopters (D), astigmatism of −1.50 D or less, and anisometropia of 1.00 D or less, participated in this prospective, masked, placebo‐controlled, randomized study. The participants were randomly assigned to receive 0.01% atropine or polyvinyl alcohol eye drops once nightly to both eyes for four weeks. CS was measured binocularly at baseline and 12, 16, 20 h, 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the first use of the eye drops.Results: There was no statistically significant differences of CS found between atropine and placebo‐controlled groups in both short‐term and long‐term. There was no statistically significant interaction effect found between the time and group.Conclusion: We demonstrated no significant deleterious effect of 0.01% atropine on adult myopes' CS.","authors":[{"family":"Cheng","given":"Ziyun","affiliation":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","authorSlug":"ziyun-cheng-eDEdAm","authorName":"Ziyun Cheng","authorID":"17434099","authorSequenceNumber":1,"affiliationSlug":"affiliated-eye-hospital-of-wenzhou-0XNX9","affiliationID":"273112"},{"family":"Mei","given":"Jianhui","affiliation":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","authorSlug":"jianhui-mei-jzkwKO","authorName":"Jianhui Mei","authorID":"19659137","authorSequenceNumber":2,"affiliationSlug":"affiliated-eye-hospital-of-wenzhou-0XNX9","affiliationID":"273112"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Suqi","affiliation":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","authorSlug":"suqi-cao-pGkKY","authorName":"Suqi Cao","authorID":"3452874","authorSequenceNumber":3,"affiliationSlug":"affiliated-eye-hospital-of-wenzhou-0XNX9","affiliationID":"273112"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ran","affiliation":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","authorSlug":"ran-zhang-2WLzpZ","authorName":"Ran Zhang","authorID":"7563332","authorSequenceNumber":4,"affiliationSlug":"affiliated-eye-hospital-of-wenzhou-0XNX9","affiliationID":"273112"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jiawei","affiliation":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","authorSlug":"jiawei-zhou-gZgPen","authorName":"Jiawei Zhou","authorID":"7138658","authorSequenceNumber":5,"affiliationSlug":"affiliated-eye-hospital-of-wenzhou-0XNX9","affiliationID":"273112"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuwen","affiliation":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","authorSlug":"yuwen-wang-nkZlLd","authorName":"Yuwen Wang","authorID":"141427277","authorSequenceNumber":6,"affiliationSlug":"affiliated-eye-hospital-of-wenzhou-0XNX9","affiliationID":"273112"}],"year":2021,"shortJournal":"Symp Digest of Tech Papers","publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","volume":"52","page":"104-111","memberId":311,"issns":["0097-966X","2168-0159"],"editorialNotices":[],"journalSlug":"sid-symposium-digest-of-technical-ejdVO","journal":"SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"normalizedTypes":["article"]},"10.1007\u002Fs00125-023-05899-3":{"id":11638935996,"doi":"10.1007\u002Fs00125-023-05899-3","slug":"the-effect-of-surgical-weight-MVOL9NlX","type":"journal-article","title":"The effect of surgical weight loss on diabetes complications in individuals with class II\u002FIII obesity","abstract":"Aims\u002Fhypothesis The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bariatric surgery on diabetes complications in individuals with class II\u002FIII obesity (BMI \u003E 35 kg\u002Fm 2 ). Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of participants with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery. At baseline and 2 years following surgery, participants underwent metabolic phenotyping and diabetes complication assessments. The primary outcomes for peripheral neuropathy (PN) were a change in intra-epidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD, units = fibres\u002Fmm) at the distal leg and proximal thigh, the primary outcome for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) was a change in the expiration\u002Finspiration (E\u002FI) ratio, and the primary outcome for retinopathy was a change in the mean deviation on frequency doubling technology testing. Results Among 127 baseline participants, 79 completed in-person follow-up (age 46.0 ± 11.3 years [mean ± SD], 73.4% female). Participants lost a mean of 31.0 kg (SD 18.4), and all metabolic risk factors improved except for BP and total cholesterol. Following bariatric surgery, one of the primary PN outcomes improved (IENFD proximal thigh, +3.4 ± 7.8, p\u003C0.01), and CAN (E\u002FI ratio −0.01 ± 0.1, p=0.89) and retinopathy (deviation −0.2 ± 3.0, p=0.52) were stable. Linear regression revealed that a greater reduction in fasting glucose was associated with improvements in retinopathy (mean deviation point estimate −0.7, 95% CI −1.3, −0.1). Conclusions\u002Finterpretation Bariatric surgery may be an effective approach to reverse PN in individuals with obesity. The observed stability of CAN and retinopathy may be an improvement compared with the natural progression of these conditions; however, controlled trials are needed.","authors":[{"family":"Reynolds","given":"Evan L.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"evan-l-reynolds-lX6jeE","authorName":"Evan L. Reynolds","authorID":"7943336","authorSequenceNumber":1,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Watanabe","given":"Maya","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"maya-watanabe-NrgJOz","authorName":"Maya Watanabe","authorID":"140039271","authorSequenceNumber":2,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Banerjee","given":"Mousumi","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"mousumi-banerjee-PNaXPQ","authorName":"Mousumi Banerjee","authorID":"135668545","authorSequenceNumber":3,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Chant","given":"Ericka","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"ericka-chant-jXGMwy","authorName":"Ericka Chant","authorID":"12951437","authorSequenceNumber":4,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Villegas‐Umana","given":"Emily","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"emily-villegas-umana-Xe98gE","authorName":"Emily Villegas‐Umana","authorID":"10715941","authorSequenceNumber":5,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Elafros","given":"Melissa A.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"melissa-a-elafros-KWWk1p","authorName":"Melissa A. Elafros","authorID":"7695035","authorSequenceNumber":6,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Gardner","given":"Thomas W.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"thomas-w-gardner-lZ9jnk","authorName":"Thomas W. Gardner","authorID":"5983280","authorSequenceNumber":7,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Pop‐Busui","given":"Rodica","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"rodica-pop-busui-xX3GGA","authorName":"Rodica Pop‐Busui","authorID":"4948622","authorSequenceNumber":8,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Pennathur","given":"Subramaniam","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"subramaniam-pennathur-8GQ4Dx","authorName":"Subramaniam Pennathur","authorID":"4914121","authorSequenceNumber":9,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Feldman","given":"Eva L.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"eva-l-feldman-lZnjeM","authorName":"Eva L. Feldman","authorID":"5728536","authorSequenceNumber":10,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Callaghan","given":"Brian C.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"brian-c-callaghan-4L4ZKw","authorName":"Brian C. 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Jampol","authorID":"135639870","authorSequenceNumber":3,"affiliationSlug":"northwestern-university-Y0NE","affiliationID":"17807"}],"keywords":[],"year":2018,"shortJournal":"JAMA Ophthalmol","publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","volume":"136","page":"1215","retracted":false,"memberId":10,"issns":["2168-6165"],"editorialNotices":[],"journalSlug":"jama-ophthalmology-9OLKG","journal":"JAMA Ophthalmology","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"normalizedTypes":["article"]},"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2024.3877":{"id":12408468253,"doi":"10.1001\u002Fjamaophthalmol.2024.3877","slug":"diabetic-retinopathy-in-youths-a-potentially-vJbw0lzZ","type":"journal-article","title":"Diabetic Retinopathy in Youths—A Potentially Unappreciated Public Health Catastrophe","abstract":"This Viewpoint discusses the prevalence of youth-onset diabetes and the associated rates of diabetic retinopathy and addresses the need for surveillance of patients with youth-onset diabetes.","authors":[{"family":"Rosenthal","given":"Julie","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"julie-rosenthal-5GkZdZ","authorName":"Julie Rosenthal","authorID":"6066025","authorSequenceNumber":1,"affiliationSlug":"university-of-michigan-ann-arbor-WG91","affiliationID":"5792"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jennifer K.","affiliation":"Harvard University","authorSlug":"jennifer-k-sun-r6RPP6","authorName":"Jennifer K. Sun","authorID":"4980273","authorSequenceNumber":2,"affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","affiliationID":"14927"},{"family":"Wolf","given":"Risa M.","affiliation":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","authorSlug":"risa-m-wolf-yZVjAr","authorName":"Risa M. Wolf","authorID":"8135364","authorSequenceNumber":3,"affiliationSlug":"johns-hopkins-medicine-a8zx","affiliationID":"8139"}],"keywords":[],"year":2024,"shortJournal":"JAMA Ophthalmol","publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","volume":"142","page":"995","memberId":10,"issns":["2168-6165"],"editorialNotices":[],"journalSlug":"jama-ophthalmology-9OLKG","journal":"JAMA Ophthalmology","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"normalizedTypes":["article"]},"10.1007\u002F978-3-031-25779-7_18":{"id":11688497139,"doi":"10.1007\u002F978-3-031-25779-7_18","slug":"diabetes-mellitus-associated-progressive-neurovascular-aXEOR0Ov","type":"book-chapter","title":"Diabetes Mellitus Associated Progressive Neurovascular Retinal Injury","authors":[{"family":"Sinclair","given":"Stephen H.","affiliation":"Salus University","authorSlug":"stephen-h-sinclair-ORKxv6","authorName":"Stephen H. Sinclair","authorID":"136379778","authorSequenceNumber":1,"affiliationSlug":"salus-university-K3A2","affiliationID":"23435"}],"year":2023,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","page":"309-340","memberId":297,"issns":[],"editorialNotices":[],"journal":"Retina Lasers in Ophthalmology","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"normalizedTypes":["book"]},"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863":{"id":207870783,"doi":"10.1167\u002Fiovs.17-21863","slug":"multidimensional-functional-and-structural-evaluation-aXvWvvx","type":"journal-article","title":"Multidimensional Functional and Structural Evaluation Reveals Neuroretinal Impairment in Early Diabetic Retinopathy","abstract":"PurposeTo test whether quantitative functional tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-defined structure can serve as effective tools to diagnose and monitor early diabetic neuroretinal disease.MethodsFifty-seven subjects with diabetes (23 without diabetic retinopathy [no DR], 19 with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy [mild NPDR], 15 with moderate to severe [moderate NPDR]), and 18 controls underwent full ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), e-ETDRS (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) acuity, and the quick contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) method. Perimetry testing included short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency doubling perimetry (FDP), and rarebit perimetry (RBP).ResultsETDRS acuity and RBP were not sensitive for functional differences among subjects with diabetes. AULCSF, a metric of qCSF, was reduced in diabetics with moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.03), and in subjects with no DR compared to controls (P = 0.04). SWAP and SAP mean deviation (MD) and foveal threshold (FT) were reduced in moderate compared to mild NPDR (SWAP, MD P = 0.002, FT P = 0.0006; SAP, MD P = 0.02, FT P = 0.007). FDP 10-2 showed reduced MD in moderate compared to mild NPDR (P = 0.02), and FDP 24-2 revealed reduced pattern standard deviation (PSD) in mild NPDR compared to no DR (P = 0.02). Structural analysis revealed thinning of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL+IPL) of moderate NPDR subjects compared to controls. The thinner GCL+IPL correlated with impaired retinal function.ConclusionsThis multimodal testing analysis reveals insights into disruption of the neuroretina in diabetes and may accelerate the testing of novel therapies.","authors":[{"family":"Joltikov","given":"Katherine A.","affiliation":"University of Michigan–Ann Arbor","authorSlug":"katherine-a-joltikov-38L6zZ","authorName":"Katherine A. 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