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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Painting, drawing and printmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting,_drawing_and_printmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_the_decorative_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_the_decorative_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture and the decorative arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_the_decorative_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture and the decorative arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_the_decorative_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louis_XVI_style_(1760–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louis_XVI_style_(1760–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Louis XVI style (1760–1789)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louis_XVI_style_(1760–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directoire_style_(1789–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directoire_style_(1789–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Directoire style (1789–1804)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directoire_style_(1789–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire_style_(1804–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_style_(1804–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Empire style (1804–1815)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_style_(1804–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Russia and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>The United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Later Neoclassicism and continuations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later Neoclassicism and continuations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_Deco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Deco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Art Deco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Deco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism_and_Totalitarian_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism_and_Totalitarian_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Neoclassicism and Totalitarian regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism_and_Totalitarian_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Architecture in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neoclassicism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Klassisisme" title="Neo-Klassisisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neo-Klassisisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassizismus" title="Klassizismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klassizismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="الحركة الكلاسيكية الحديثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحركة الكلاسيكية الحديثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclasicismu" title="Neoclasicismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neoclasicismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklassisizm" title="Neoklassisizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neoklassisizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неакласіцызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неакласіцызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нэаклясыцызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэаклясыцызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Неокласицизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неокласицизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicizam" title="Neoklasicizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neoklasicizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicisme" title="Neoclassicisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neoclassicisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-glasuriaeth" title="Neo-glasuriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neo-glasuriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyklassicisme" title="Nyklassicisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nyklassicisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassizismus" title="Klassizismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klassizismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusklassitsism" title="Uusklassitsism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uusklassitsism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νεοκλασικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεοκλασικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclasicismo" title="Neoclasicismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neoclasicismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novklasikismo" title="Novklasikismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novklasikismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasizismo" title="Neoklasizismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neoklasizismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نوکلاسیسیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوکلاسیسیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9o-classicisme" title="Néo-classicisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néo-classicisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklassisisme" title="Neoklassisisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Neoklassisisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nua-Chlasaiceachas" title="Nua-Chlasaiceachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nua-Chlasaiceachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclasicismo" title="Neoclasicismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neoclasicismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="신고전주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신고전주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նեոդասականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեոդասականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicizam" title="Neoklasicizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neoklasicizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasikisme" title="Neoklasikisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neoklasikisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicismo" title="Neoclassicismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neoclassicismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="נאו-קלאסיציזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאו-קלאסיציזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნეოკლასიციზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეოკლასიციზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неоклассицизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неоклассицизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklas%C3%AEzm" title="Neoklasîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neoklasîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неоклассицизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неоклассицизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicismus" title="Neoclassicismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Neoclassicismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicisms" title="Neoklasicisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neoklasicisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicizmas" title="Neoklasicizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neoklasicizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicisme" title="Neoclassicisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neoclassicisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Neoclassicism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasszicizmus" title="Neoklasszicizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neoklasszicizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="നിയോക്ലാസിസിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയോക്ലാസിസിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%87" title="الكلاسيكيه المحدثه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكلاسيكيه المحدثه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicisme" title="Neoclassicisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neoclassicisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新古典主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新古典主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasitsismus" title="Klasitsismus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Klasitsismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyklassisismen" title="Nyklassisismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nyklassisismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicisme" title="Neoclassicisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Neoclassicisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklassitsizm" title="Neoklassitsizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neoklassitsizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਵਕਲਾਸਕੀਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਵਕਲਾਸਕੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نيو کلاسيکيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيو کلاسيکيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasycyzm" title="Neoklasycyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neoklasycyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicismo" title="Neoclassicismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neoclassicismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclasicism" title="Neoclasicism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neoclasicism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Неоклассическое искусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неоклассическое искусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuclassicismu" title="Neuclassicismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Neuclassicismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neoclassicism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="نيو ڪلاسيڪيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيو ڪلاسيڪيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicizem" title="Neoklasicizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neoklasicizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E" title="کلاسیزمی نوێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلاسیزمی نوێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Неокласицизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неокласицизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicizam" title="Neoklasicizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neoklasicizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusklassismi" title="Uusklassismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusklassismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyklassicism" title="Nyklassicism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyklassicism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="ลัทธิคลาสสิกใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิคลาสสิกใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasisizm" title="Neoklasisizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neoklasisizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неокласицизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неокласицизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n" title="Tân cổ điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tân cổ điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicisme" title="Neoclassicisme – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Neoclassicisme" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新古典主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新古典主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新古典主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新古典主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新古典主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新古典主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14378#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Western cultural movement inspired by ancient Greece and Rome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the musical movement, see <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism (music)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss,_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss%2C_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg/290px-Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss%2C_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss%2C_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg/435px-Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss%2C_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss%2C_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg/580px-Psyche_revived_by_cupid%27s_kiss%2C_Paris_2_October_2011_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss" title="Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss">Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>; 1787; marble; 155 cm × 168 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoffani,_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zoffani%2C_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg/290px-Zoffani%2C_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zoffani%2C_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg/435px-Zoffani%2C_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Zoffani%2C_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg/580px-Zoffani%2C_Johann_-_Charles_Towneley_in_his_Sculpture_Gallery_-_1782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption><i>Charles Towneley in his sculpture gallery</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Zoffany" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Zoffany">Johann Zoffany</a>; 1782; oil on canvas; height: 127 cm, width: 102 cm; <a href="/wiki/Towneley_Park" title="Towneley Park">Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museum</a>, Burnley, UK</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Neoclassicism</b>, also spelled <b>Neo-classicism</b>, emerged as a Western <a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">cultural movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> that drew inspiration from the art and culture of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. Neoclassicism was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, largely due to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a> during the rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. Its popularity expanded throughout Europe as a generation of European art students finished their <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> and returned from Italy to their home countries with newly rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baldick_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greene_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, and continued into the early 19th century, eventually competing with <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. In architecture, the style endured throughout the 19th, 20th, and into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European Neoclassicism in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">visual arts</a> began <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span> in opposition to the then-dominant <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style. <a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo architecture</a> emphasizes grace, <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornamentation</a> and asymmetry; Neoclassical architecture is based on the principles of simplicity and symmetry, which were seen as virtues of the arts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Ancient Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greece</a>, and drawn directly from 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance Classicism</a>. Each "neo"-classicism movement selects some models among the range of possible classics that are available to it, and ignores others. Between 1765 and 1830, Neoclassical proponents—writers, speakers, patrons, collectors, artists and sculptors—paid homage to an <i>idea</i> of the artistic generation associated with <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>, but sculpture examples they actually embraced were more likely to be Roman copies of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> sculptures. They ignored both <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek">Archaic Greek</a> art and the works of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. The discovery of ancient <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>'s "Rococo" art through engravings in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Robert Wood</a>'s <i>The Ruins of Palmyra</i> came as a revelation. With Greece largely unexplored and considered a dangerous territory of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Neoclassicists' appreciation of Greek architecture was predominantly mediated through drawings and <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> which were subtly smoothed and regularized, "corrected" and "restored" monuments of Greece, not always consciously. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a>, a second phase of Neoclassicism in architecture and the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, had its cultural centre in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>. Especially in architecture, but also in other fields, Neoclassicism remained a force long after the early 19th century, with periodic waves of revivalism into the 20th and even the 21st centuries, especially in the United States and Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neoclassicism is a revival of the many styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directly from the classical period,<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which coincided and reflected the developments in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and other areas of the Age of Enlightenment, and was initially a reaction against the excesses of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the movement is often described as the opposed counterpart of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, this is a great over-simplification that tends not to be sustainable when specific artists or works are considered. The case of the supposed main champion of late Neoclassicism, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>, demonstrates this especially well.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revival can be traced to the establishment of formal <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_(Anton_von_Maron_1768).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_%28Anton_von_Maron_1768%29.jpg/170px-Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_%28Anton_von_Maron_1768%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_%28Anton_von_Maron_1768%29.jpg/255px-Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_%28Anton_von_Maron_1768%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_%28Anton_von_Maron_1768%29.jpg/340px-Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann_%28Anton_von_Maron_1768%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>, often called "the father of archaeology"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a> were important in shaping this movement in both architecture and the visual arts. His books <i>Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture</i> (1750) and <i>Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums</i> ("History of Ancient Art", 1764) were the first to distinguish sharply between Ancient Greek and Roman art, and define periods within Greek art, tracing a trajectory from growth to maturity and then imitation or decadence that continues to have influence to the present day. Winckelmann believed that art should aim at "noble simplicity and calm grandeur",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and praised the idealism of Greek art, in which he said we find "not only nature at its most beautiful but also something beyond nature, namely certain ideal forms of its beauty, which, as an ancient interpreter of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> teaches us, come from images created by the mind alone". The theory was very far from new in Western art, but his emphasis on close copying of Greek models was: "The only way for us to become great or if this be possible, inimitable, is to imitate the ancients".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> saw global transition of human economy towards more efficient and stable manufacturing processes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was tremendous material advancement and increased prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, a fad of collecting <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquities</a> began that laid the foundations of many great collections spreading a Neoclassical revival throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Neoclassicism" in each art implies a particular canon of a "classical" model. </p><p>In English, the term "Neoclassicism" is used primarily of the visual arts; the similar movement in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, which began considerably earlier, is called <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan literature</a>. This, which had been dominant for several decades, was beginning to decline by the time Neoclassicism in the visual arts became fashionable. Though terms differ, the situation in <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a> was similar. In music, the period saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, and "Neoclassicism" is used of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">20th-century developments</a>. However, the operas of <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> represented a specifically Neoclassical approach, spelt out in his preface to the published score of <i><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Gluck)" title="Alceste (Gluck)">Alceste</a></i> (1769), which aimed to reform opera by removing <a href="/wiki/Ornamentation_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamentation (music)">ornamentation</a>, increasing the role of the chorus in line with <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>, and using simpler unadorned melodic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_(ca._1757).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_%28ca._1757%29.jpg/220px-Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_%28ca._1757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_%28ca._1757%29.jpg/330px-Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_%28ca._1757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_%28ca._1757%29.jpg/440px-Anton_Raphael_Mengs_-_Das_Urteil_des_Paris_%28ca._1757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Paris" title="Judgement of Paris">Judgement of Paris</a></i>; circa 1757; oil on canvas; height: 226 cm, width: 295 cm, bought by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> from the studio; <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Neoclassical" was not invented until the mid-19th century, and at the time the style was described by such terms as "the true style", "reformed" and "revival"; what was regarded as being revived varying considerably. Ancient models were certainly very much involved, but the style could also be regarded as a revival of the Renaissance, and especially in France as a return to the more austere and noble <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> of the age of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, for which a considerable <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> had developed as France's dominant military and political position started a serious decline.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Ingres</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_on_His_Imperial_Throne" title="Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne">coronation portrait of Napoleon</a> even borrowed from Late Antique <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">consular diptychs</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a> revival, to the disapproval of critics. </p><p>Neoclassicism was strongest in <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a>, where classical models in the same medium were relatively numerous and accessible; examples from ancient painting that demonstrated the qualities that Winckelmann's writing found in sculpture were and are lacking. Winckelmann was involved in the dissemination of knowledge of the first large Roman paintings to be discovered, at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and, like most contemporaries except for <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Gavin Hamilton (artist)">Gavin Hamilton</a>, was unimpressed by them, citing <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>'s comments on the decline of painting in his period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for painting, Greek painting was utterly lost: Neoclassicist painters imaginatively revived it, partly through <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and pottery painting, and partly through the examples of painting and decoration of the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s generation, frescos in <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i>, Pompeii and Herculaneum, and through renewed admiration of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>. Much "Neoclassical" painting is more classicizing in subject matter than in anything else. A fierce, but often very badly informed, dispute raged for decades over the relative merits of Greek and Roman art, with Winckelmann and his fellow Hellenists generally being on the winning side.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting,_drawing_and_printmaking"><span id="Painting.2C_drawing_and_printmaking"></span>Painting, drawing and printmaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Painting, drawing and printmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio (art)</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fantasy View with the Pantheon and other Monuments of Ancient Rome; by Giovanni Paolo Panini; 1737; oil on canvas; 98.9 x 137.49 cm; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, US"><img alt="Fantasy View with the Pantheon and other Monuments of Ancient Rome; by Giovanni Paolo Panini; 1737; oil on canvas; 98.9 x 137.49 cm; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg/358px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg/537px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg/715px-Giovanni_Paolo_Panini_-_Fantasy_View_with_the_Pantheon_and_other_Monuments_of_Ancient_Rome_-_61.62_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fantasy View with the Pantheon and other Monuments of Ancient Rome</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Giovanni Paolo Panini</a>; 1737; oil on canvas; 98.9 x 137.49 cm; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._(Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.)_MET_DP827987.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ancient Capitol ascended by approximately one hundred steps . . .; by Giovanni Battista Piranesi; c.1750; etching; size of the entire sheet: 33.5 × 49.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="The ancient Capitol ascended by approximately one hundred steps . . .; by Giovanni Battista Piranesi; c.1750; etching; size of the entire sheet: 33.5 × 49.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._%28Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.%29_MET_DP827987.jpg/341px-The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._%28Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.%29_MET_DP827987.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._%28Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.%29_MET_DP827987.jpg/512px-The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._%28Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.%29_MET_DP827987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._%28Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.%29_MET_DP827987.jpg/682px-The_ancient_Capitol_ascended_by_approximately_one_hundred_steps_._._._%28Campidoglio_antico_a_cui_si_ascendeva_per_circa_cento_gradini_._._.%29_MET_DP827987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The ancient Capitol ascended by approximately one hundred steps . . .</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1750; etching; size of the entire sheet: 33.5 × 49.4 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_of_Derby,_The_Orrery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery; by Joseph Wright of Derby; c.1766; oil on canvas; 1.47 x 2.03 m; Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Derby, England[22]"><img alt="A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery; by Joseph Wright of Derby; c.1766; oil on canvas; 1.47 x 2.03 m; Derby Museum and Art Gallery, Derby, England[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg/364px-Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg/546px-Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg/727px-Wright_of_Derby%2C_The_Orrery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6527" data-file-height="4581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosopher_Lecturing_on_the_Orrery" title="A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery">A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright of Derby</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1766; oil on canvas; 1.47 x 2.03 m; <a href="/wiki/Derby_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Derby Museum and Art Gallery">Derby Museum and Art Gallery</a>, Derby, England<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017275_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017275-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributs_de_la_peinture,_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Attributes of the Arts; by Anne Vallayer-Coster; 1769; oil on canvas; 90 x 121 cm; Louvre[23]"><img alt="The Attributes of the Arts; by Anne Vallayer-Coster; 1769; oil on canvas; 90 x 121 cm; Louvre[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Attributs_de_la_peinture%2C_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg/338px-Attributs_de_la_peinture%2C_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Attributs_de_la_peinture%2C_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg/507px-Attributs_de_la_peinture%2C_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Attributs_de_la_peinture%2C_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg/675px-Attributs_de_la_peinture%2C_de_la_sculpture_et_de_l%27architecture_-_Anne_Vallayer-Coster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Attributes of the Arts</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Vallayer-Coster" title="Anne Vallayer-Coster">Anne Vallayer-Coster</a>; 1769; oil on canvas; 90 x 121 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kauffmann,_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ariadne Abandoned; by Angelica Kauffmann; before 1782; oil on canvas; 88 x 70.5 cm; Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, Germany[24]"><img alt="Ariadne Abandoned; by Angelica Kauffmann; before 1782; oil on canvas; 88 x 70.5 cm; Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, Germany[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kauffmann%2C_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg/197px-Kauffmann%2C_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kauffmann%2C_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg/296px-Kauffmann%2C_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kauffmann%2C_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg/394px-Kauffmann%2C_Angelica_-_Ariadne_von_Theseus_verlassen_-_prior_to_1782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ariadne Abandoned</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelica Kauffmann">Angelica Kauffmann</a>; before 1782; oil on canvas; 88 x 70.5 cm; <a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister" title="Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister">Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister</a>, Dresden, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David,_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oath of the Horatii; by Jacques-Louis David; 1784; oil on canvas; 3.3 x 4.27 m; Louvre[25]"><img alt="Oath of the Horatii; by Jacques-Louis David; 1784; oil on canvas; 3.3 x 4.27 m; Louvre[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/331px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/497px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/662px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii" title="Oath of the Horatii">Oath of the Horatii</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>; 1784; oil on canvas; 3.3 x 4.27 m; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-Portrait with a Harp; by Rose-Adélaïde Ducreux; 1791; oil on canvas; 193 x 128.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Self-Portrait with a Harp; by Rose-Adélaïde Ducreux; 1791; oil on canvas; 193 x 128.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg/171px-Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg/257px-Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg/342px-Self-Portrait_with_a_Harp_MET_DP164843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Self-Portrait with a Harp</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Rose-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Ducreux" title="Rose-Adélaïde Ducreux">Rose-Adélaïde Ducreux</a>; 1791; oil on canvas; 193 x 128.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(27)_Flaxman_Ilias_1795,_Zeichnung_1793,_189_x_284_mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achilles mourning Patrocles; after John Flaxman; 1795; engraving after a drawing; unknown size; unknown location"><img alt="Achilles mourning Patrocles; after John Flaxman; 1795; engraving after a drawing; unknown size; unknown location" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%2827%29_Flaxman_Ilias_1795%2C_Zeichnung_1793%2C_189_x_284_mm.jpg/372px-%2827%29_Flaxman_Ilias_1795%2C_Zeichnung_1793%2C_189_x_284_mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%2827%29_Flaxman_Ilias_1795%2C_Zeichnung_1793%2C_189_x_284_mm.jpg/558px-%2827%29_Flaxman_Ilias_1795%2C_Zeichnung_1793%2C_189_x_284_mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%2827%29_Flaxman_Ilias_1795%2C_Zeichnung_1793%2C_189_x_284_mm.jpg/743px-%2827%29_Flaxman_Ilias_1795%2C_Zeichnung_1793%2C_189_x_284_mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> mourning <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patrocles</a>; after <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>; 1795; engraving after a drawing; unknown size; unknown location</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley,_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Citizen Belley, Ex-Representative of the Colonies; by Anne-Louis Girodet; 1796–1797; oil on canvas; 1.59 x 1.11 m; Palace of Versailles, France[26]"><img alt="Portrait of Citizen Belley, Ex-Representative of the Colonies; by Anne-Louis Girodet; 1796–1797; oil on canvas; 1.59 x 1.11 m; Palace of Versailles, France[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley%2C_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg/183px-Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley%2C_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley%2C_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg/275px-Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley%2C_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley%2C_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg/367px-Anne-Louis_Girodet_De_Roucy-Trioson_-_Portrait_of_J._B._Belley%2C_Deputy_for_Saint-Domingue_-_WGA09508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Belley" title="Jean-Baptiste Belley">Citizen Belley</a>, Ex-Representative of the Colonies</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Anne-Louis Girodet</a>; 1796–1797; oil on canvas; 1.59 x 1.11 m; <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cupid and Psyche; by François Gérard; 1798; oil on canvas; 186 x 132 cm; Louvre[27]"><img alt="Cupid and Psyche; by François Gérard; 1798; oil on canvas; 186 x 132 cm; Louvre[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg/180px-Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg/271px-Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg/361px-Gerard_FrancoisPascalSimon-Cupid_Psyche_end.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3951" data-file-height="5586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche_(G%C3%A9rard)" title="Cupid and Psyche (Gérard)">Cupid and Psyche</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>; 1798; oil on canvas; 186 x 132 cm; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julie Lebrun as Flora; by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun; c.1799; oil on canvas; 129.5 x 97.8 cm; Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida), US"><img alt="Julie Lebrun as Flora; by Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun; c.1799; oil on canvas; 129.5 x 97.8 cm; Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida), US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg/192px-Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg/288px-Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg/384px-Vigee-Lebrun%E2%80%93Julie-Lebrun-as-Flora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Julie Lebrun as <a href="/wiki/Flora_(mythology)" title="Flora (mythology)">Flora</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" title="Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun">Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1799; oil on canvas; 129.5 x 97.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(St._Petersburg,_Florida)" title="Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida)">Museum of Fine Arts (St. Petersburg, Florida)</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a Black Woman, by Marie-Guillemine Benoist; 1800; oil on canvas; 81 x 65 cm; Louvre[28]"><img alt="Portrait of a Black Woman, by Marie-Guillemine Benoist; 1800; oil on canvas; 81 x 65 cm; Louvre[28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg/204px-Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg/306px-Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg/407px-Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_portrait_d%27une_negresse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of a Black Woman</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist" title="Marie-Guillemine Benoist">Marie-Guillemine Benoist</a>; 1800; oil on canvas; 81 x 65 cm; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charpentier,_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melancholy; by Constance Marie Charpentier; 1801; oil on canvas; 130 x 165; Musée de Picardie, Amiens, France[29]"><img alt="Melancholy; by Constance Marie Charpentier; 1801; oil on canvas; 130 x 165; Musée de Picardie, Amiens, France[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Charpentier%2C_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg/323px-Charpentier%2C_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Charpentier%2C_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg/485px-Charpentier%2C_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Charpentier%2C_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg/645px-Charpentier%2C_Constance_Marie_-_Melancholy_-_1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5058" data-file-height="3998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Melancholy</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Constance_Marie_Charpentier" title="Constance Marie Charpentier">Constance Marie Charpentier</a>; 1801; oil on canvas; 130 x 165; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Picardie" title="Musée de Picardie">Musée de Picardie</a>, Amiens, France<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Charlotte du Val d'Ognes; by Marie-Denise Villers; 1801; oil on canvas; 161.3 x 128.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art[30]"><img alt="Portrait of Charlotte du Val d'Ognes; by Marie-Denise Villers; 1801; oil on canvas; 161.3 x 128.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg/205px-Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg/307px-Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg/409px-Villers_Young_Woman_Drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="5921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Charlotte_du_Val_d%27Ognes_(Marie-Denise_Villers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of Charlotte du Val d'Ognes (Marie-Denise Villers)">Portrait of Charlotte du Val d'Ognes</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Denise_Villers" title="Marie-Denise Villers">Marie-Denise Villers</a>; 1801; oil on canvas; 161.3 x 128.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa; by Antoine-Jean Gros; 1804; oil on canvas; 5.2 x 7.2 m; Louvre[31]"><img alt="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa; by Antoine-Jean Gros; 1804; oil on canvas; 5.2 x 7.2 m; Louvre[31]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/357px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/537px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/715px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Visiting_the_Plague_Victims_of_Jaffa" title="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa">Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a>; 1804; oil on canvas; 5.2 x 7.2 m; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Empress Joséphine; by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon; 1805; oil on canvas; 244 x 179 cm; Louvre[32]"><img alt="Portrait of Empress Joséphine; by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon; 1805; oil on canvas; 244 x 179 cm; Louvre[32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg/189px-Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg/284px-Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg/379px-Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Empress Joséphine; by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a>; 1805; oil on canvas; 244 x 179 cm; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne; by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres; 1806; oil on canvas; 2.62 x 1.62 m; Army Museum (Paris)[25]"><img alt="Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne; by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres; 1806; oil on canvas; 2.62 x 1.62 m; Army Museum (Paris)[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/155px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/233px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/310px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="3364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_on_His_Imperial_Throne" title="Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne">Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a>; 1806; oil on canvas; 2.62 x 1.62 m; <a href="/wiki/Army_Museum_(Paris)" title="Army Museum (Paris)">Army Museum (Paris)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Genius of Art; by Karl Briullov; 1819–1821; gray paper, pencil, chalk, charcoal, and pastel; 65.2 x 62.2; Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg"><img alt="The Genius of Art; by Karl Briullov; 1819–1821; gray paper, pencil, chalk, charcoal, and pastel; 65.2 x 62.2; Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/241px-%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/361px-%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/481px-%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Genius of Art; by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Briullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Briullov">Karl Briullov</a>; 1819–1821; gray paper, pencil, chalk, charcoal, and pastel; 65.2 x 62.2; <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tantalus and Sisyphus in Hades; by August Theodor Kaselowsky; c.1850; wall painting; unknown dimensions; on a wall of the Room of the Niobids, Neues Museum, Berlin"><img alt="Tantalus and Sisyphus in Hades; by August Theodor Kaselowsky; c.1850; wall painting; unknown dimensions; on a wall of the Room of the Niobids, Neues Museum, Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg/363px-Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg/545px-Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg/726px-Tantalus-and-sisyphus-in-hades-august-theodor-kaselowsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tantalus and Sisyphus in Hades; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Theodor_Kaselowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Theodor Kaselowsky (page does not exist)">August Theodor Kaselowsky</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1850; wall painting; unknown dimensions; on a wall of the Room of the Niobids, <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a>, Berlin</div> </li> </ul> <p>It is hard to recapture the radical and exciting nature of early Neoclassical painting for contemporary audiences; it now strikes even those writers favourably inclined to it as "insipid" and "almost entirely uninteresting to us"—some of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a>'s comments on <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a>' ambitious <i>Parnassus</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Albani" title="Villa Albani">Villa Albani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the artist whom his friend Winckelmann described as "the greatest artist of his own, and perhaps of later times".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drawings, subsequently turned into <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a>, of <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a> used very simple line drawing (thought to be the purest classical medium<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and figures mostly in profile to depict <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a></i> and other subjects, and once "fired the artistic youth of Europe" but are now "neglected",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history paintings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>, mainly a portraitist, are described as having "an unctuous softness and tediousness" by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Novotny" title="Fritz Novotny">Fritz Novotny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rococo frivolity and Baroque movement had been stripped away but many artists struggled to put anything in their place, and in the absence of ancient examples for history painting, other than the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek pottery">Greek vases</a> used by Flaxman, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> tended to be used as a substitute model, as Winckelmann recommended. </p><p>The work of other artists, who could not easily be described as insipid, combined aspects of Romanticism with a generally Neoclassical style, and form part of the history of both movements. The German-Danish painter <a href="/wiki/Asmus_Jacob_Carstens" title="Asmus Jacob Carstens">Asmus Jacob Carstens</a> finished very few of the large mythological works that he planned, leaving mostly drawings and colour studies which often succeed in approaching Winckelmann's prescription of "noble simplicity and calm grandeur".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Carstens' unrealized schemes, the <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a> were numerous and profitable, and taken back by those making the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> to all parts of Europe. His main subject matter was the buildings and ruins of Rome, and he was more stimulated by the ancient than the modern. The somewhat disquieting atmosphere of many of his <i><a href="/wiki/Veduta" title="Veduta">Vedute</a></i> (views) becomes dominant in his series of 16 prints of <i><a href="/wiki/Carceri_d%27invenzione" title="Carceri d'invenzione">Carceri d'invenzione</a></i> ("Imaginary Prisons") whose "oppressive cyclopean architecture" conveys "dreams of fear and frustration".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss-born <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> spent most of his career in England, and while his fundamental style was based on Neoclassical principles, his subjects and treatment more often reflected the "Gothic" strain of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, and sought to evoke drama and excitement. </p><p>Neoclassicism in painting gained a new sense of direction with the sensational success of <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii" title="Oath of the Horatii">Oath of the Horatii</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Salon">Paris Salon</a> of 1785. Despite its evocation of republican virtues, this was a commission by the royal government, which David insisted on painting in Rome. David managed to combine an idealist style with drama and forcefulness. The central perspective is perpendicular to the picture plane, made more emphatic by the dim arcade behind, against which the heroic figures are disposed as in a <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a>, with a hint of the artificial lighting and staging of <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, and the classical colouring of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>. David rapidly became the leader of French art, and after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> became a politician with control of much government patronage in art. He managed to retain his influence in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> period, turning to frankly propagandistic works, but had to leave France for exile in Brussels at the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David's many students included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a>, who saw himself as a classicist throughout his long career, despite a mature style that has an equivocal relationship with the main current of Neoclassicism, and many later diversions into <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a> that are hard to distinguish from those of his unabashedly Romantic contemporaries, except by the primacy his works always give to drawing. He exhibited at the Salon for over 60 years, from 1802 into the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, but his style, once formed, changed little.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Arch-Rascal (no. 33 in a character head series); by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt; after 1770; alabaster; height: 38 cm; Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna, Austria[42]"><img alt="An Arch-Rascal (no. 33 in a character head series); by Franz Xaver Messerschmidt; after 1770; alabaster; height: 38 cm; Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna, Austria[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg/301px-Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg/452px-Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg/601px-Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt_-_Charakterkopf_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>An Arch-Rascal</i> (no. 33 in a character head series); by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt" title="Franz Xaver Messerschmidt">Franz Xaver Messerschmidt</a>; after 1770; alabaster; height: 38 cm; <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Galerie_Belvedere" title="Österreichische Galerie Belvedere">Österreichische Galerie Belvedere</a>, Vienna, Austria<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_and_Venus,_1804_CE,_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel,_Nationalmuseum,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars and Venus; by Johan Tobias Sergel; c.1775; marble; height: 93 cm; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden[43]"><img alt="Mars and Venus; by Johan Tobias Sergel; c.1775; marble; height: 93 cm; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mars_and_Venus%2C_1804_CE%2C_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel%2C_Nationalmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg/192px-Mars_and_Venus%2C_1804_CE%2C_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel%2C_Nationalmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mars_and_Venus%2C_1804_CE%2C_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel%2C_Nationalmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg/288px-Mars_and_Venus%2C_1804_CE%2C_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel%2C_Nationalmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mars_and_Venus%2C_1804_CE%2C_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel%2C_Nationalmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg/384px-Mars_and_Venus%2C_1804_CE%2C_by_Johan_Tobias_Sergel%2C_Nationalmuseum%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="4405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mars and Venus</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Tobias_Sergel" title="Johan Tobias Sergel">Johan Tobias Sergel</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1775; marble; height: 93 cm; <a href="/wiki/Nationalmuseum" title="Nationalmuseum">Nationalmuseum</a>, Stockholm, Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury or The Trade; by Augustin Pajou; 1780; marble; height: 196 cm; Louvre"><img alt="Mercury or The Trade; by Augustin Pajou; 1780; marble; height: 196 cm; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg/117px-Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg/176px-Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg/234px-Mercury_Pajou_Louvre_RF1624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mercury</i> or <i>The Trade</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pajou" title="Augustin Pajou">Augustin Pajou</a>; 1780; marble; height: 196 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Winter; by Jean-Antoine Houdon; 1783; marble; height: 145 cm; Musée Fabre, Montpellier, France[44]"><img alt="The Winter; by Jean-Antoine Houdon; 1783; marble; height: 145 cm; Musée Fabre, Montpellier, France[44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg/180px-SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg/270px-SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg/360px-SculpturesMus%C3%A9eFabre27b_Houdon_Hiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Winter</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>; 1783; marble; height: 145 cm; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre" title="Musée Fabre">Musée Fabre</a>, Montpellier, France<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Flaxman_(1755-1826)_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_(1789-90)_front,_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery,_Port_Sunlight,_Cheshire,_June_2013_(9103113142).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cephalus and Aurora; by John Flaxman; 1789–1790; probably marble; unknown dimensions; Lady Lever Art Gallery, Merseyside, England"><img alt="Cephalus and Aurora; by John Flaxman; 1789–1790; probably marble; unknown dimensions; Lady Lever Art Gallery, Merseyside, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/John_Flaxman_%281755-1826%29_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_%281789-90%29_front%2C_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery%2C_Port_Sunlight%2C_Cheshire%2C_June_2013_%289103113142%29.png/132px-John_Flaxman_%281755-1826%29_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_%281789-90%29_front%2C_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery%2C_Port_Sunlight%2C_Cheshire%2C_June_2013_%289103113142%29.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/John_Flaxman_%281755-1826%29_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_%281789-90%29_front%2C_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery%2C_Port_Sunlight%2C_Cheshire%2C_June_2013_%289103113142%29.png/198px-John_Flaxman_%281755-1826%29_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_%281789-90%29_front%2C_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery%2C_Port_Sunlight%2C_Cheshire%2C_June_2013_%289103113142%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/John_Flaxman_%281755-1826%29_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_%281789-90%29_front%2C_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery%2C_Port_Sunlight%2C_Cheshire%2C_June_2013_%289103113142%29.png/264px-John_Flaxman_%281755-1826%29_-_Cephalus_and_Aurora_%281789-90%29_front%2C_Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery%2C_Port_Sunlight%2C_Cheshire%2C_June_2013_%289103113142%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cephalus and Aurora</i>; by <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>; 1789–1790; probably marble; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Lady_Lever_Art_Gallery" title="Lady Lever Art Gallery">Lady Lever Art Gallery</a>, Merseyside, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Princesses Louisa and Friderica of Prussia; by Johann Gottfried Schadow; 1795–1797; marble; height: 172 cm; Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany[43]"><img alt="The Princesses Louisa and Friderica of Prussia; by Johann Gottfried Schadow; 1795–1797; marble; height: 172 cm; Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Germany[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg/150px-Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg/225px-Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg/300px-Alte_Nationalgalerie-Schadow-Prinzessinnengruppe_DSC8124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="4595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Princesses Louisa and Friderica of Prussia</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schadow" title="Johann Gottfried Schadow">Johann Gottfried Schadow</a>; 1795–1797; marble; height: 172 cm; <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolina_Borghese_(Canova).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus Victrix; by Antonio Canova; 1804–1808; marble; length: 200 cm; Galleria Borghese, Rome[45]"><img alt="Venus Victrix; by Antonio Canova; 1804–1808; marble; length: 200 cm; Galleria Borghese, Rome[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Paolina_Borghese_%28Canova%29.jpg/404px-Paolina_Borghese_%28Canova%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Paolina_Borghese_%28Canova%29.jpg/606px-Paolina_Borghese_%28Canova%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Paolina_Borghese_%28Canova%29.jpg/807px-Paolina_Borghese_%28Canova%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="4605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Victrix_(Canova)" title="Venus Victrix (Canova)">Venus Victrix</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>; 1804–1808; marble; length: 200 cm; <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a>, Rome<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Madame Récamier; by Joseph Chinard; 1805 or 1806; marble; 80 x 42 x 30 cm; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, France"><img alt="Bust of Madame Récamier; by Joseph Chinard; 1805 or 1806; marble; 80 x 42 x 30 cm; Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg/149px-Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg/224px-Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg/299px-Juliette_R%C3%A9camier_face_A_par_Joseph_Chinard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bust of Madame Récamier</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chinard" title="Joseph Chinard">Joseph Chinard</a>; 1805 or 1806; marble; 80 x 42 x 30 cm; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Lyon" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon">Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canova_-_The_Three_Graces,_between_1813_and_1816,_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Three Graces; by Antonio Canova; 1813–1816; marble; height: 1.82 m; Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia[46]"><img alt="The Three Graces; by Antonio Canova; 1813–1816; marble; height: 1.82 m; Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Canova_-_The_Three_Graces%2C_between_1813_and_1816%2C_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg/152px-Canova_-_The_Three_Graces%2C_between_1813_and_1816%2C_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Canova_-_The_Three_Graces%2C_between_1813_and_1816%2C_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg/228px-Canova_-_The_Three_Graces%2C_between_1813_and_1816%2C_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Canova_-_The_Three_Graces%2C_between_1813_and_1816%2C_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg/304px-Canova_-_The_Three_Graces%2C_between_1813_and_1816%2C_%D0%9D.%D1%81%D0%BA-506.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Canova)" title="The Three Graces (Canova)">The Three Graces</a></i>; by Antonio Canova; 1813–1816; marble; height: 1.82 m; <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, Saint Petersburg, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017278_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017278-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganymede and Jupiter; by Bertel Thorvaldsen; 1817; marble; height: 94 cm; Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark[43]"><img alt="Ganymede and Jupiter; by Bertel Thorvaldsen; 1817; marble; height: 94 cm; Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg/301px-Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg/452px-Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg/601px-Ganymede_Waters_Zeus_as_an_Eagle_by_Thorvaldsen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="2716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ganymede and Jupiter</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>; 1817; marble; height: 94 cm; <a href="/wiki/Thorvaldsen_Museum" title="Thorvaldsen Museum">Thorvaldsen Museum</a>, Copenhagen, Denmark<sup id="cite_ref-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>If Neoclassical painting suffered from a lack of ancient models, Neoclassical sculpture tended to suffer from an excess of them. Although examples of actual Greek sculpture of the "<a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Period</a>" beginning in about 500 BC were then very few; the most highly regarded works were mostly Roman copies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading Neoclassical sculptors enjoyed huge reputations in their own day, but are now less regarded, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>, whose work was mainly portraits, very often as busts, which do not sacrifice a strong impression of the sitter's personality to idealism. His style became more classical as his long career continued, and represents a rather smooth progression from Rococo charm to classical dignity. Unlike some Neoclassical sculptors he did not insist on his sitters wearing Roman dress, or being unclothed. He portrayed most of the notable figures of the Enlightenment, and travelled to America to produce a <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Houdon)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington (Houdon)">statue of George Washington</a>, as well as busts of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and other founders of the new republic.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> and the Dane <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a> were both based in Rome, and as well as portraits produced many ambitious life-size figures and groups; both represented the strongly idealizing tendency in Neoclassical sculpture. Canova has a lightness and grace, where Thorvaldsen is more severe; the difference is exemplified in their respective groups of the <i>Three Graces</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these, and Flaxman, were still active in the 1820s, and Romanticism was slow to impact sculpture, where versions of Neoclassicism remained the dominant style for most of the 19th century. </p><p>An early Neoclassicist in sculpture was the Swede <a href="/wiki/Johan_Tobias_Sergel" title="Johan Tobias Sergel">Johan Tobias Sergel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a> was also, or mainly, a sculptor, mostly producing severely classical reliefs that are comparable in style to his prints; he also designed and modelled Neoclassical ceramics for <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> for several years. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schadow" title="Johann Gottfried Schadow">Johann Gottfried Schadow</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Schadow" title="Rudolph Schadow">Rudolph</a>, one of the few Neoclassical sculptors to die young, were the leading German artists,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_von_Zauner" title="Franz Anton von Zauner">Franz Anton von Zauner</a> in Austria. The late Baroque Austrian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Messerschmidt" title="Franz Xaver Messerschmidt">Franz Xaver Messerschmidt</a> turned to Neoclassicism in mid-career, shortly before he appears to have suffered some kind of mental crisis, after which he retired to the country and devoted himself to the highly distinctive "character heads" of bald figures pulling extreme facial expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Piranesi's <i>Carceri</i>, these enjoyed a great revival of interest during the age of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> in the early 20th century. The Dutch Neoclassical sculptor <a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Kessels" title="Mathieu Kessels">Mathieu Kessels</a> studied with Thorvaldsen and worked almost exclusively in Rome. </p><p>Since prior to the 1830s the United States did not have a sculpture tradition of its own, save in the areas of tombstones, weathervanes and ship figureheads,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the European Neoclassical manner was adopted there, and it was to hold sway for decades and is exemplified in the sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Greenough" title="Horatio Greenough">Horatio Greenough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hosmer" title="Harriet Hosmer">Harriet Hosmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Powers" title="Hiram Powers">Hiram Powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Rogers" title="Randolph Rogers">Randolph Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Rinehart" title="William Henry Rinehart">William Henry Rinehart</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_the_decorative_arts">Architecture and the decorative arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture and the decorative arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG/290px-Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG/435px-Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG/580px-Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_360.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel Gouthière (page does not exist)">Hôtel Gouthière</a>, Rue Pierre-Bullet no. 6, Paris, possibly by J. Métivier, 1780<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg/290px-Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg/435px-Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg/580px-Etrurisches_Zimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>"The <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> room", from <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1840, illustration by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Klose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Klose (page does not exist)">Friedrich Wilhelm Klose</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Neoclassical art was traditional and new, historical and modern, conservative and progressive all at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neoclassicism first gained influence in Britain and France, through a generation of French art students trained in Rome and influenced by the writings of Winckelmann, and it was quickly adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. At first, classicizing decor was grafted onto familiar European forms, as in the interiors for <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>'s lover, Count <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Orlov" title="Grigory Orlov">Grigory Orlov</a>, designed by an Italian architect with a team of Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stuccadori</a></i>: only the isolated oval medallions like cameos and the <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> overdoors hint of Neoclassicism; the furnishings are fully Italian Rococo. </p><p>A second Neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied (through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>) and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic Empire</a>. In France, the first phase of Neoclassicism was expressed in the "<a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>", and the second in the styles called "<a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire</a>. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2013)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the decorative arts, Neoclassicism is exemplified in Empire furniture made in Paris, London, New York, Berlin; in <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> furniture made in Austria; in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>'s museums in Berlin, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> in London and the newly built "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>" in Washington, D.C.; and in <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas reliefs</a> and "black basaltes" <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vases</a>. The style was international; Scots architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cameron_(architect)" title="Charles Cameron (architect)">Charles Cameron</a> created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine the Great, in St. Petersburg, Russia. </p><p>Indoors, Neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s,<sup id="cite_ref-Gontar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gontar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Antichità di Ercolano">Le Antichità di Ercolano</a></i> (<i>The Antiquities of Herculaneum</i>). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, or the most "Roman" rooms of <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a> were based on <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pedimented</a> window frames turned into <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts. The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. </p><p>Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a>-like relief or painted in monotones <i><a href="/wiki/Cama%C3%AFeu" title="Camaïeu">en camaïeu</a></i> ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or <i><a href="/wiki/Bucrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucrania">bucrania</a></i> or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colors. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the <i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i> ("Greek style"), not a court style; when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> acceded to the throne in 1774, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the Louis XVI style to court. However, there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen ... seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg/290px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg/435px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg/580px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>, 1800, room for the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Empress Joséphine</a>, on the cusp between <a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to Neoclassicism, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revival">Greek Revival</a>. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> was a more grandiose wave of Neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> style in the German-speaking lands, <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal style</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Gontar_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gontar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Regency_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency style">Regency style</a> in Britain, and the <i>Napoleon style</i> in Sweden. According to the art historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Hugh Honour</a> "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neoclassical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An earlier phase of the style was called the <a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a> in Great Britain. </p><p>Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a> through the 19th century and beyond—a constant antithesis to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revivals</a> —, although from the late 19th century on it had often been considered anti-modern, or even reactionary, in influential critical circles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2013)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> The centres of several European cities, notably Saint Petersburg and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, came to look much like museums of Neoclassical architecture. </p><p>Gothic revival architecture (often linked with the Romantic cultural movement), a style originating in the 18th century which grew in popularity throughout the 19th century, contrasted Neoclassicism. Whilst Neoclassicism was characterized by Greek and Roman-influenced styles, geometric lines and order, Gothic revival architecture placed an emphasis on medieval-looking buildings, often made to have a rustic, "romantic" appearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louis_XVI_style_(1760–1789)"><span id="Louis_XVI_style_.281760.E2.80.931789.29"></span>Louis XVI style (1760–1789)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Louis XVI style (1760–1789)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central pavilion of the École militaire, Paris, 1752, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel[60]"><img alt="Central pavilion of the École militaire, Paris, 1752, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel[60]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg/150px-%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg/225px-%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg/299px-%C3%89cole_Militaire_Paris_Pavillon_central_depuis_la_cour_d%27honneur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_militaire" title="École militaire">École militaire</a>, Paris, 1752, by <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192511_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192511-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_1,_Paris_May_11,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panthéon, Paris, by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, 1758–1790[61]"><img alt="Panthéon, Paris, by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, 1758–1790[61]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/300px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/451px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/600px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="3432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Rondelet" title="Jean-Baptiste Rondelet">Jean-Baptiste Rondelet</a>, 1758–1790<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014276_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014276-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_(Paris)_(51346237676).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel de la Marine, Paris, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1761-1770[62]"><img alt="Hôtel de la Marine, Paris, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1761-1770[62]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_%28Paris%29_%2851346237676%29.jpg/400px-L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_%28Paris%29_%2851346237676%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_%28Paris%29_%2851346237676%29.jpg/601px-L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_%28Paris%29_%2851346237676%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_%28Paris%29_%2851346237676%29.jpg/800px-L%27H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine_%28Paris%29_%2851346237676%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7389" data-file-height="4156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Marine" title="Hôtel de la Marine">Hôtel de la Marine</a>, Paris, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1761-1770<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192513_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192513-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of the Petit Trianon, Versailles, France, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764[63]"><img alt="Façade of the Petit Trianon, Versailles, France, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/316px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/474px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/631px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, Versailles, France, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014273_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014273-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Petit_Trianon_(23935245609).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staircase of the Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764[63]"><img alt="Staircase of the Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg/337px-The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg/507px-The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg/675px-The_Petit_Trianon_%2823935245609%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Staircase of the Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014273_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014273-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_(23935437909).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764[63]"><img alt="Interior of the Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg/337px-Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg/507px-Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg/675px-Salon_de_Compagnie_-_Petit_Trianon_%2823935437909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Petit Trianon, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, 1764<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014273_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014273-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_(Louvre,_OA_11293).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commode of Madame du Barry; by Martin Carlin (attribution); 1772; oak base veneered with pearwood, rosewood and amaranth, soft-paste Sèvres porcelain, bronze gilt, white marble; 87 x 119 cm; Louvre[64]"><img alt="Commode of Madame du Barry; by Martin Carlin (attribution); 1772; oak base veneered with pearwood, rosewood and amaranth, soft-paste Sèvres porcelain, bronze gilt, white marble; 87 x 119 cm; Louvre[64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11293%29.jpg/300px-Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11293%29.jpg/451px-Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11293%29.jpg/600px-Commode_de_la_comtesse_du_Barry_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commode of <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Carlin" title="Martin Carlin">Martin Carlin</a> (attribution); 1772; oak base veneered with pearwood, rosewood and <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a>, soft-paste <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèvres porcelain">Sèvres porcelain</a>, bronze gilt, white marble; 87 x 119 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel du Châtelet, Paris, unknown architect, 1776[65]"><img alt="Hôtel du Châtelet, Paris, unknown architect, 1776[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg/338px-H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg/507px-H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg/675px-H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet_JP2011_fa%C3%A7ade_cour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Hôtel du Châtelet">Hôtel du Châtelet</a>, Paris, unknown architect, 1776<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairway of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, by Victor Louis, 1777-1780[66]"><img alt="Stairway of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, by Victor Louis, 1777-1780[66]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg/328px-Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg/492px-Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg/655px-Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairway of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Theater of Bordeaux</a>, Bordeaux, France, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a>, 1777-1780<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192517_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192517-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-henri_riesener,_angoliera,_1785_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parisian corner cabinet; by Jean Henri Riesener; 1780–1790; oak, mahogany, marble, and ormolu mounts; 94.3 × 81.3 × 55.9 cm; Art Institute of Chicago, US[67]"><img alt="Parisian corner cabinet; by Jean Henri Riesener; 1780–1790; oak, mahogany, marble, and ormolu mounts; 94.3 × 81.3 × 55.9 cm; Art Institute of Chicago, US[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/189px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/283px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg/377px-Jean-henri_riesener%2C_angoliera%2C_1785_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parisian corner cabinet; by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Riesener" title="Jean Henri Riesener">Jean Henri Riesener</a>; 1780–1790; oak, mahogany, marble, and ormolu mounts; 94.3 × 81.3 × 55.9 cm; <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, US<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_(Louvre,_OA_6627)_2_(cropped_and_fixed_angles).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large vase; 1783; hard porcelain and gilt bronze; height: 2 m, diameter: 0.90 m; Louvre"><img alt="Large vase; 1783; hard porcelain and gilt bronze; height: 2 m, diameter: 0.90 m; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6627%29_2_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg/125px-Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6627%29_2_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6627%29_2_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg/187px-Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6627%29_2_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6627%29_2_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg/249px-Grand_vase_%C3%A0_fond_beau_bleu_%28Louvre%2C_OA_6627%29_2_%28cropped_and_fixed_angles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large vase; 1783; hard porcelain and <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">gilt bronze</a>; height: 2 m, diameter: 0.90 m; Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cabinet Doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by the Rousseau brothers, 1783[68]"><img alt="Cabinet Doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, by the Rousseau brothers, 1783[68]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/151px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/227px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/302px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="4117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cabinet Doré of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, Versailles, France, by the Rousseau brothers, 1783<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192561_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192561-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_(Louvre,_OA_5226).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roll-top desk of Marie-Antoinette; by Jean-Henri Riesener; 1784; oak and pine frame, sycamore, amaranth and rosewood veneer, bronze gilt; 103.6 x 113.4 cm; Louvre[69]"><img alt="Roll-top desk of Marie-Antoinette; by Jean-Henri Riesener; 1784; oak and pine frame, sycamore, amaranth and rosewood veneer, bronze gilt; 103.6 x 113.4 cm; Louvre[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5226%29.jpg/300px-Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5226%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5226%29.jpg/451px-Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5226%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5226%29.jpg/600px-Secr%C3%A9taire_%C3%A0_cylindre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5226%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roll-top desk of Marie-Antoinette; by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Riesener" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Henri Riesener">Jean-Henri Riesener</a>; 1784; oak and pine frame, <a href="/wiki/Sycamore" title="Sycamore">sycamore</a>, amaranth and rosewood veneer, bronze gilt; 103.6 x 113.4 cm; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-Decorative_Art_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decorative_Art-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_(Louvre,_OA_5509).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Writing table of Marie Antoinette; by Adam Weisweiler; 1784; oak, ebony and sycamore veneer, Japanese lacquer, steel, bronze gilt; 73.7 x 81. 2 cm; Louvre[69]"><img alt="Writing table of Marie Antoinette; by Adam Weisweiler; 1784; oak, ebony and sycamore veneer, Japanese lacquer, steel, bronze gilt; 73.7 x 81. 2 cm; Louvre[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5509%29.jpg/169px-Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5509%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5509%29.jpg/253px-Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5509%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5509%29.jpg/337px-Table_%C3%A0_%C3%A9crire_%C3%A0_pupitre_de_Marie-Antoinette_%28Louvre%2C_OA_5509%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Writing table of Marie Antoinette; by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weisweiler" title="Adam Weisweiler">Adam Weisweiler</a>; 1784; oak, ebony and sycamore veneer, Japanese lacquer, steel, bronze gilt; 73.7 x 81. 2 cm; Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-Decorative_Art_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decorative_Art-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ewer; 1784–1785; silver; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Ewer; 1784–1785; silver; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg/180px-Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg/270px-Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg/360px-Ewer_MET_DT236853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ewer; 1784–1785; silver; height: 32.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folding_stool_(pliant)_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DP113122.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folding stool (pliant); 1786; carved and painted beechwood, covered in pink silk; 46.4 × 68.6 × 51.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Folding stool (pliant); 1786; carved and painted beechwood, covered in pink silk; 46.4 × 68.6 × 51.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg/245px-Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg/368px-Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg/490px-Folding_stool_%28pliant%29_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DP113122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3859" data-file-height="3547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folding stool (pliant); 1786; carved and painted beechwood, covered in pink silk; 46.4 × 68.6 × 51.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of vases; 1789; hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, marble; height (each): 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Pair of vases; 1789; hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, marble; height (each): 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg/288px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg/433px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg/576px-Pair_of_vases_MET_DP168509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of vases; 1789; hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze, marble; height (each): 23 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armchair_(fauteuil)_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair (fauteuil) from Louis XVI's Salon des Jeux at Saint-Cloud; 1788; carved and gilded walnut, gold brocaded silk (not original); overall: 100 × 74.9 × 65.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Armchair (fauteuil) from Louis XVI's Salon des Jeux at Saint-Cloud; 1788; carved and gilded walnut, gold brocaded silk (not original); overall: 100 × 74.9 × 65.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Armchair_%28fauteuil%29_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg/218px-Armchair_%28fauteuil%29_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Armchair_%28fauteuil%29_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg/328px-Armchair_%28fauteuil%29_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Armchair_%28fauteuil%29_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg/436px-Armchair_%28fauteuil%29_from_Louis_XVI%27s_Salon_des_Jeux_at_Saint_Cloud_MET_DP113960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair (fauteuil) from Louis XVI's Salon des Jeux at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a>; 1788; carved and gilded walnut, gold brocaded silk (not original); overall: 100 × 74.9 × 65.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> </ul> <p>It marks the transition from <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> to Classicism. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Classicism of Louis XIV</a>, which transformed ornaments into symbols, Louis XVI style represents them as realistic and natural as possible, i.e. laurel branches really are laurel branches, roses the same, and so on. One of the main decorative principles is symmetry. In interiors, the colours used are very bright, including white, light grey, bright blue, pink, yellow, very light lilac, and gold. Excesses of ornamentation are avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return to antiquity is synonymous with above all with a return to the straight lines: strict verticals and horizontals were the order of the day. Serpentine ones were no longer tolerated, save for the occasional half circle or oval. Interior decor also honored this taste for rigor, with the result that flat surfaces and right angles returned to fashion. Ornament was used to mediate this severity, but it never interfered with basic lines and always was disposed symmetrically around a central axis. Even so, <i>ébénistes</i> often canted fore-angles to avoid excessive rigidity.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decorative motifs of Louis XVI style were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, the Louis XIV style, and nature. Characteristic elements of the style: a torch crossed with a sheath with arrows, imbricated disks, <a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">guilloché</a>, double bow-knots, smoking braziers, linear repetitions of small motifs (<a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a>, beads, oves), <a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">trophy</a> or floral medallions hanging from a knotted ribbon, <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Gadrooning" title="Gadrooning">gadrooning</a>, interlace, <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">mascarons</a>, Ancient urns, tripods, perfume burners, dolphins, ram and lion heads, <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimeras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gryphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gryphon">gryphons</a>. Greco-Roman architectural motifs are also heavily used: <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">flutings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> (fluted and unfluted), fluted balusters (twisted and straight), <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Engaged_column" title="Engaged column">engaged</a> and unengaged, sometimes replaced by <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryathids</a>), <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a> <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gutta" title="Gutta">guttae</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Directoire_style_(1789–1804)"><span id="Directoire_style_.281789.E2.80.931804.29"></span>Directoire style (1789–1804)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Directoire style (1789–1804)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_(fixed_angles).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panel win an grotesque in the Hôtel Gouthière, Paris, unknown architect, unknown date"><img alt="Panel win an grotesque in the Hôtel Gouthière, Paris, unknown architect, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg/140px-Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg/210px-Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg/280px-Paris_10e_H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re_60675_%28fixed_angles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="3486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panel win an <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Gouthi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel Gouthière (page does not exist)">Hôtel Gouthière</a>, Paris, unknown architect, unknown date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rue Jacob no. 46, Paris, unknown architect, unknown date"><img alt="Rue Jacob no. 46, Paris, unknown architect, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg/338px-P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg/507px-P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg/675px-P1240239_Paris_VI_rue_Jacob_n46_rwk_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rue Jacob no. 46, Paris, unknown architect, unknown date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astronomical clock; by Philippe-Jacques Corniquet; c.1794; gilt bronze and enamel face; unknown dimensions; Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris[73]"><img alt="Astronomical clock; by Philippe-Jacques Corniquet; c.1794; gilt bronze and enamel face; unknown dimensions; Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris[73]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg/175px-Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg/263px-Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg/350px-Corniquet_-_horloge_%C3%A0_heures_duod%C3%A9cimales_et_d%C3%A9cimales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="4706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Astronomical clock; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe-Jacques_Corniquet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe-Jacques Corniquet (page does not exist)">Philippe-Jacques Corniquet</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1794; gilt bronze and enamel face; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris">Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fan; by Charles Percier, Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine and Antoine Denis Chaudet; c.1797-1799; paper, wood, and bone; 23.5 x 43.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Fan; by Charles Percier, Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine and Antoine Denis Chaudet; c.1797-1799; paper, wood, and bone; 23.5 x 43.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg/300px-Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg/451px-Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg/600px-Fan_MET_DP-314-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fan; by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" title="Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine">Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Denis_Chaudet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Denis Chaudet">Antoine Denis Chaudet</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1797-1799; paper, wood, and bone; 23.5 x 43.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_(Louvre,_OA_11385).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair of the salon of Juliette Récamier; attributed to Jacob Frères; c.1798; various types of wood; 84.5 x 62.2 x 62 cm; Louvre[74]"><img alt="Armchair of the salon of Juliette Récamier; attributed to Jacob Frères; c.1798; various types of wood; 84.5 x 62.2 x 62 cm; Louvre[74]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11385%29.jpg/169px-Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11385%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11385%29.jpg/253px-Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11385%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11385%29.jpg/337px-Salon_de_madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_Berg%C3%A8re_%28Louvre%2C_OA_11385%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair of the salon of <a href="/wiki/Juliette_R%C3%A9camier" title="Juliette Récamier">Juliette Récamier</a>; attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Fr%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Frères (page does not exist)">Jacob Frères</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1798; various types of wood; 84.5 x 62.2 x 62 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Empire_style_(1804–1815)"><span id="Empire_style_.281804.E2.80.931815.29"></span>Empire style (1804–1815)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Empire style (1804–1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffeepot; 1797–1809; silver gilt; height: 33.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Coffeepot; 1797–1809; silver gilt; height: 33.3 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg/170px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg/255px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg/340px-Coffeepot_MET_DP103166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coffeepot; 1797–1809; silver gilt; height: 33.3 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison,_France_(48029730202).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empress Joséphine's Bedroom in Château de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison, France, by Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, 1800-1802[75]"><img alt="Empress Joséphine's Bedroom in Château de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison, France, by Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine, 1800-1802[75]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg/180px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg/270px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg/360px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Joséphine">Empress Joséphine</a>'s Bedroom in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>, Rueil-Malmaison, France, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Percier" title="Charles Percier">Charles Percier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" title="Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine">Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine</a>, 1800-1802<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014275_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014275-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washstand_(ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo)_MET_DP106594.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washstand (athénienne or lavabo); 1800–1814; legs, base and shelf of yew wood, gilt-bronze mounts, iron plate beneath shelf; height: 92.4 cm, width: 49.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Washstand (athénienne or lavabo); 1800–1814; legs, base and shelf of yew wood, gilt-bronze mounts, iron plate beneath shelf; height: 92.4 cm, width: 49.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg/151px-Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg/226px-Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg/302px-Washstand_%28ath%C3%A9nienne_or_lavabo%29_MET_DP106594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="3792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Washstand (athénienne or lavabo); 1800–1814; legs, base and shelf of yew wood, <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">gilt-bronze</a> mounts, iron plate beneath shelf; height: 92.4 cm, width: 49.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Bourbon,_Paris_7e,_NW_View_140402_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portico of the Palais Bourbon, Paris, by Bernard Poyet, 1806-1808[76]"><img alt="Portico of the Palais Bourbon, Paris, by Bernard Poyet, 1806-1808[76]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Palais_Bourbon%2C_Paris_7e%2C_NW_View_140402_1.jpg/180px-Palais_Bourbon%2C_Paris_7e%2C_NW_View_140402_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Palais_Bourbon%2C_Paris_7e%2C_NW_View_140402_1.jpg/270px-Palais_Bourbon%2C_Paris_7e%2C_NW_View_140402_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Palais_Bourbon%2C_Paris_7e%2C_NW_View_140402_1.jpg/360px-Palais_Bourbon%2C_Paris_7e%2C_NW_View_140402_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5993" data-file-height="3592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portico of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Poyet" title="Bernard Poyet">Bernard Poyet</a>, 1806-1808<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madeleine_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Madeleine, Paris, by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon, 1807-1842[76]"><img alt="La Madeleine, Paris, by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon, 1807-1842[76]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Madeleine_Paris.jpg/180px-Madeleine_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Madeleine_Paris.jpg/270px-Madeleine_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Madeleine_Paris.jpg/360px-Madeleine_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4598" data-file-height="3278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine, Paris</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Alexandre_Vignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Alexandre Vignon (page does not exist)">Pierre-Alexandre Vignon</a>, 1807-1842<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_green_vases,_painted_by_Jean_Georget,_mounts_by_Pierre-Philippe_Thomire,_1_of_2,_S%C3%A8vres_porcelain,_1809,_soft-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford,_CT_-_DSC05493.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vase; 1809; hard-paste porcelain and gilded bronze handles; height: 74.9 cm, diameter: 35.6 cm; Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, US[77]"><img alt="Vase; 1809; hard-paste porcelain and gilded bronze handles; height: 74.9 cm, diameter: 35.6 cm; Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut, US[77]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pair_of_green_vases%2C_painted_by_Jean_Georget%2C_mounts_by_Pierre-Philippe_Thomire%2C_1_of_2%2C_S%C3%A8vres_porcelain%2C_1809%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford%2C_CT_-_DSC05493.jpg/114px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pair_of_green_vases%2C_painted_by_Jean_Georget%2C_mounts_by_Pierre-Philippe_Thomire%2C_1_of_2%2C_S%C3%A8vres_porcelain%2C_1809%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford%2C_CT_-_DSC05493.jpg/172px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pair_of_green_vases%2C_painted_by_Jean_Georget%2C_mounts_by_Pierre-Philippe_Thomire%2C_1_of_2%2C_S%C3%A8vres_porcelain%2C_1809%2C_soft-paste_porcelain_-_Wadsworth_Atheneum_-_Hartford%2C_CT_-_DSC05493.jpg/229px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="5038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vase; 1809; hard-paste porcelain and gilded bronze handles; height: 74.9 cm, diameter: 35.6 cm; <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Atheneum" title="Wadsworth Atheneum">Wadsworth Atheneum</a>, Hartford, Connecticut, US<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian Revival coin cabinet; by François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter; 1809–1819; mahogany (probably Swietenia mahagoni), with applied and inlaid silver; 90.2 x 50.2 x 37.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Egyptian Revival coin cabinet; by François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter; 1809–1819; mahogany (probably Swietenia mahagoni), with applied and inlaid silver; 90.2 x 50.2 x 37.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg/170px-Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg/256px-Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg/341px-Coin_cabinet_MET_DP103176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="3791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian Revival coin cabinet; by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Honor%C3%A9-Georges_Jacob-Desmalter" title="François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter">François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter</a>; 1809–1819; <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Swietenia_mahagoni" title="Swietenia mahagoni">Swietenia mahagoni</a>), with applied and inlaid silver; 90.2 x 50.2 x 37.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clock with Mars and Venus; c. 1810; gilded bronze and patina; height: 90 cm; Louvre"><img alt="Clock with Mars and Venus; c. 1810; gilded bronze and patina; height: 90 cm; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg/180px-Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg/270px-Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg/360px-Clock_Thomire_Louvre_OA9511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clock with <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1810</span>; gilded bronze and patina; height: 90 cm; Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_(32936041295).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King of Rome's Cradle; by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Henri Victor Roguier, Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odiot and Pierre-Philippe Thomire; 1811; wood, silver gilt, mother-of-pearl, sheets of copper covered with velvet, silk and tulle, decorated with silver and gold thread; height: 216 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria[78]"><img alt="King of Rome's Cradle; by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Henri Victor Roguier, Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odiot and Pierre-Philippe Thomire; 1811; wood, silver gilt, mother-of-pearl, sheets of copper covered with velvet, silk and tulle, decorated with silver and gold thread; height: 216 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria[78]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_%2832936041295%29.jpg/113px-Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_%2832936041295%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_%2832936041295%29.jpg/170px-Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_%2832936041295%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_%2832936041295%29.jpg/226px-Austria-03324_-_Cradle_of_Napoleon%27s_Son_%2832936041295%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King of Rome's Cradle; by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Paul_Prud%27hon" title="Pierre-Paul Prud'hon">Pierre-Paul Prud'hon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Victor_Roguier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Victor Roguier (page does not exist)">Henri Victor Roguier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Claude_Odiot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odiot">Jean-Baptiste-Claude Odiot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Philippe_Thomire" title="Pierre-Philippe Thomire">Pierre-Philippe Thomire</a>; 1811; wood, silver gilt, <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a>, sheets of copper covered with velvet, silk and tulle, decorated with silver and gold thread; height: 216 cm; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna, Austria<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet; 1814–1830; 309.9 × 246.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Carpet; 1814–1830; 309.9 × 246.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg/135px-Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg/203px-Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg/271px-Carpet_MET_DP360538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3116" data-file-height="3912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carpet; 1814–1830; 309.9 × 246.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> </ul> <p>Neoclassicism was representative for the new French society that exited the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolution</a>, setting the tone in all life fields, including art. The <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_machine" title="Jacquard machine">Jacquard machine</a> was invented during this period (which revolutionised the entire sewing system, manual until then). One of the dominant colours was red, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">gilt bronze</a>. Bright colours were also used, including white, cream, violet, brown, blue, dark red, with little ornaments of gilt bronze. Interior architecture included wood panels decorated with gilt <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> (on a white background or a coloured one). Motifs were placed geometrically. The walls were covered in <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stuccos</a>, wallpaper fabrics. <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">Fireplace mantels</a> were made of white marble, having <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> at their corners, or other elements: <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, winged lions, and so on. Bronze objects were placed on their tops, including <a href="/wiki/French_Empire_mantel_clock" title="French Empire mantel clock">mantel clocks</a>. The doors consisted of simple rectangular panels, decorated with a Pompeian-inspired central figure. Empire fabrics are damasks with a blue or brown background, satins with a green, pink or purple background, velvets of the same colors, brooches broached with gold or silver, and cotton fabrics. All of these were used in interiors for curtains, for covering certain furniture, for cushions or upholstery (leather was also used for upholstery).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Empire ornament is governed by a rigorous spirit of symmetry reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a>. Generally, the motifs on a piece's right and left sides correspond to one another in every detail; when they do not, the individual motifs themselves are entirely <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrical">symmetrical</a> in composition: antique heads with identical tresses falling onto each shoulder, frontal figures of Victory with symmetrically arrayed tunics, identical rosettes or swans flanking a lock plate, etc. Like <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> had a set of emblems unmistakably associated with his rule, most notably the eagle, the bee, stars, and the initials <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> (for <i>Imperator</i>) and <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> (for <i>Napoleon</i>), which were usually inscribed within an imperial laurel crown. Motifs used include: figures of <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Victory</a> bearing palm branches, Greek dancers, nude and draped women, figures of antique chariots, winged <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">mascarons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a>, swans, lions, the heads of oxen, horses and wild beasts, butterflies, claws, winged <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimeras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">bucrania</a>, sea horses, oak wreaths knotted by thin trailing ribbons, climbing grape vines, poppy <a href="/wiki/Rinceaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinceaux">rinceaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a>, palm branches, and laurel. There's a lot of Greco-Roman ones: stiff and flat <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leaves, <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopias</a>, beads, <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a>, tripods, imbricated disks, <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceuses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, vases, helmets, burning torches, winged trumpet players, and ancient musical instruments (tubas, rattles and especially <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyres</a>). Despite their antique derivation, the <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph">triglyphs</a> so prevalent under Louis XVI are abandoned. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_decorative_arts" title="Egyptian Revival decorative arts">Egyptian Revival</a> motifs are especially common at the beginning of the period: <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarabs</a>, lotus <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>, winged disks, obelisks, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a>, figures wearing <a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">nemeses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> <i>en gaine</i> supported by bare feet and with women Egyptian headdresses.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></div> <p>Neoclassical architecture became widespread as a symbol of wealth and power in Germany, mostly in what was then <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a> built many prominent buildings in this style, including the <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in Berlin. While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning, his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center. </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Bauakademie" title="Bauakademie">Bauakademie</a> is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its hithertofore relatively streamlined <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> of the building </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (1788–1791) by Carl Gotthard Langhans"><img alt="Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (1788–1791) by Carl Gotthard Langhans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg/170px-Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg/255px-Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg/340px-Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4963" data-file-height="3309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> in Berlin (1788–1791) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gotthard_Langhans" title="Carl Gotthard Langhans">Carl Gotthard Langhans</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pyramid (1823–1825) and City Church (1807–1816) in Karlsruhe by Friedrich Weinbrenner"><img alt="Pyramid (1823–1825) and City Church (1807–1816) in Karlsruhe by Friedrich Weinbrenner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg/170px-Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg/255px-Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg/340px-Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3940" data-file-height="2614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Pyramid" title="Karlsruhe Pyramid">Pyramid</a> (1823–1825) and City Church (1807–1816) in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Weinbrenner" title="Friedrich Weinbrenner">Friedrich Weinbrenner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Konzerthaus Berlin in Berlin (1818–1821) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel"><img alt="Konzerthaus Berlin in Berlin (1818–1821) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg/170px-150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg/255px-150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg/340px-150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5462" data-file-height="3641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Konzerthaus_Berlin" title="Konzerthaus Berlin">Konzerthaus Berlin</a> in Berlin (1818–1821) by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altes Museum in Berlin (1825–1830) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel"><img alt="Altes Museum in Berlin (1825–1830) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg/170px-Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg/255px-Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg/340px-Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in Berlin (1825–1830) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyptothek in Munich (1816–1830) by Leo von Klenze"><img alt="Glyptothek in Munich (1816–1830) by Leo von Klenze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/170px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/255px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/340px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a> in Munich (1816–1830) by <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walhalla (1830–1842) by Leo von Klenze"><img alt="Walhalla (1830–1842) by Leo von Klenze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg/170px-Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg/255px-Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg/340px-Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walhalla_(memorial)" title="Walhalla (memorial)">Walhalla</a> (1830–1842) by Leo von Klenze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Propylaea (Munich) (1854–1862) by Leo von Klenze"><img alt="Propylaea (Munich) (1854–1862) by Leo von Klenze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/170px-Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/255px-Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/340px-Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Munich)" title="Propylaea (Munich)">Propylaea (Munich)</a> (1854–1862) by Leo von Klenze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin (1862–1876) by Friedrich August Stüler and Heinrich Strack"><img alt="Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin (1862–1876) by Friedrich August Stüler and Heinrich Strack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg/170px-AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg/255px-AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg/340px-AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a> in Berlin (1862–1876) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_St%C3%BCler" title="Friedrich August Stüler">Friedrich August Stüler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Strack" title="Heinrich Strack">Heinrich Strack</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo Grassi, on the Grand Canal in Venice, by Giorgio Massari, 1748–1772"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/240px-Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/360px-Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg/479px-Palazzo_Grassi_Canal_Grande_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="6570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Grassi" title="Palazzo Grassi">Palazzo Grassi</a>, on the Grand Canal in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Massari" title="Giorgio Massari">Giorgio Massari</a>, 1748–1772</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="La Scala Opera House, Milan, by Giuseppe Piermarini, completed in 1778"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG/324px-Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG/486px-Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG/647px-Milano_-_Teatro_la_Scala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3725" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> Opera House, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a>, completed in 1778</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo Belgioioso, Milan, by Giuseppe Piermarini, 1781"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/339px-8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/509px-8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg/678px-8859_-_Milano_-_P.za_Belgiojoso_-_Palazzo_Belgiojoso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_14-Apr-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Belgioioso" title="Palazzo Belgioioso">Palazzo Belgioioso</a>, Milan, by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a>, 1781</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte, Milan, by Leopoldo Pollack, 1790–1796"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg/302px-Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg/453px-Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg/603px-Milano_Villa_Reale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Belgiojoso_Bonaparte" title="Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte">Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte</a>, Milan, by <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Pollack" title="Leopoldo Pollack">Leopoldo Pollack</a>, 1790–1796</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples, unknown architect, 1809–1846"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg/372px-Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg/559px-Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg/744px-Napoli_2010_-Piazza_del_Plebiscito-_by-RaBoe_056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Plebiscito" title="Piazza del Plebiscito">Piazza del Plebiscito</a>, Naples, unknown architect, 1809–1846</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piazza del Popolo (Rome), redesigned between 1811 and 1822, by Giuseppe Valadier"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg/300px-Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg/451px-Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg/600px-Roma_Piazza_del_Popolo_due.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a> (Rome), redesigned between 1811 and 1822, by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Valadier" title="Giuseppe Valadier">Giuseppe Valadier</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Education of the Infant Bacchus; by Niccolò Amastini; first half 19th century; onyx with gold frame; overall (in setting): 6.5 x 4.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Education of the Infant Bacchus; by Niccolò Amastini; first half 19th century; onyx with gold frame; overall (in setting): 6.5 x 4.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg/169px-Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg/253px-Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg/337px-Education_of_the_Infant_Bacchus_MET_DP150925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Education of the Infant Bacchus; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Amastini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niccolò Amastini (page does not exist)">Niccolò Amastini</a>; first half 19th century; onyx with gold frame; overall (in setting): 6.5 x 4.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> </ul> <p>From the second half of the 18th century through the 19th century, Italy went through a great deal of socio-economic changes, several foreign invasions and the turbulent Risorgimento, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> in 1861. Thus, Italian art went through a series of minor and major changes in style. </p><p>Italian Neoclassicism was the earliest manifestation of the general period known as Neoclassicism and lasted more than the other national variants of neoclassicism. It developed in opposition to the Baroque style around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span> and lasted until <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>. Neoclassicism began around the period of the rediscovery of Pompeii and spread all over Europe as a generation of art students returned to their countries from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> in Italy with rediscovered Greco-Roman ideals. It first centred in Rome where artists such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a> and Jacques-Louis David were active in the second half of the 18th century, before moving to Paris. Painters of <a href="/wiki/Veduta" title="Veduta">Vedute</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Giovanni Paolo Panini</a>, also enjoyed a huge success during the Grand Tour. Neoclassical architecture was inspired by the Renaissance works of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> and saw in <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Luigi Vanvitelli</a> the main interpreters of the style. </p><p>Classicist literature had a great impact on the Risorgimento movement: the main figures of the period include <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Parini" title="Giuseppe Parini">Giuseppe Parini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Monti" title="Vincenzo Monti">Vincenzo Monti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> (nephew of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>), who were also influenced by the French Enlightenment and German Romanticism. The virtuoso violinist <a href="/wiki/Paganini" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganini">Paganini</a> and the operas of <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnizetti">Donnizetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a> dominated the scene in Italian classical and romantic music. </p><p>The art of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a> and especially that of the <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a> represented a break with the classical school, which came to an end as Italy unified (see Italian modern and contemporary art). Neoclassicism was the last Italian-born style, after the Renaissance and Baroque, to spread to all Western Art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Round church of Saint Demetrius, Lețcani, unknown architect, 1795[81]"><img alt="Round church of Saint Demetrius, Lețcani, unknown architect, 1795[81]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG/186px-Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG/279px-Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG/371px-Biserica_rotunda_Letcani_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="2665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Round church of Saint Demetrius, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le%C8%9Bcani,_Ia%C8%99i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lețcani, Iași (page does not exist)">Lețcani</a>, unknown architect, 1795<sup id="cite_ref-Clasicismul_în_Arta_Românească_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clasicismul_în_Arta_Românească-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatul_%C8%98tirbei,_Bucuresti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Știrbei Palace (Calea Victoriei no. 107), Bucharest, by Michel Sanjouand, c.1835; with a new level with caryatids added in 1882 by Joseph Hartmann[82]"><img alt="Știrbei Palace (Calea Victoriei no. 107), Bucharest, by Michel Sanjouand, c.1835; with a new level with caryatids added in 1882 by Joseph Hartmann[82]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palatul_%C8%98tirbei%2C_Bucuresti.jpg/360px-Palatul_%C8%98tirbei%2C_Bucuresti.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palatul_%C8%98tirbei%2C_Bucuresti.jpg/540px-Palatul_%C8%98tirbei%2C_Bucuresti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palatul_%C8%98tirbei%2C_Bucuresti.jpg/720px-Palatul_%C8%98tirbei%2C_Bucuresti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Știrbei Palace (Calea Victoriei no. 107), Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Sanjouand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Sanjouand (page does not exist)">Michel Sanjouand</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1835; with a new level with <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> added in 1882 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Hartmann (page does not exist)">Joseph Hartmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_University_Building_of_Bucharest,_circa_1869,_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The old building of the University of Bucharest, designed by Alexandru Orăscu and decorated with sculptures by Karl Storck, 1857–1864, bombarded in April or May 1944 during WW2 and partially destroyed, partially rebuilt during the late 1960s[83]"><img alt="The old building of the University of Bucharest, designed by Alexandru Orăscu and decorated with sculptures by Karl Storck, 1857–1864, bombarded in April or May 1944 during WW2 and partially destroyed, partially rebuilt during the late 1960s[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_University_Building_of_Bucharest%2C_circa_1869%2C_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg/483px-The_University_Building_of_Bucharest%2C_circa_1869%2C_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_University_Building_of_Bucharest%2C_circa_1869%2C_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg/724px-The_University_Building_of_Bucharest%2C_circa_1869%2C_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_University_Building_of_Bucharest%2C_circa_1869%2C_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg/965px-The_University_Building_of_Bucharest%2C_circa_1869%2C_photo_by_Franz_Duschek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The old building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Or%C4%83scu" title="Alexandru Orăscu">Alexandru Orăscu</a> and decorated with sculptures by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Storck" title="Karl Storck">Karl Storck</a>, 1857–1864, bombarded in April or May 1944 during WW2 and partially destroyed, partially rebuilt during the late 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-Oltean_2009_p113_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oltean_2009_p113-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ateneo_Rumano,_Bucarest,_Ruman%C3%ADa,_2016-05-29,_DD_73.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanian Athenaeum on Calea Victoriei, Bucharest, by Albert Galleron, 1886–1895[84]"><img alt="Romanian Athenaeum on Calea Victoriei, Bucharest, by Albert Galleron, 1886–1895[84]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg/319px-Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg/478px-Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg/638px-Ateneo_Rumano%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6592" data-file-height="4963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Athenaeum" title="Romanian Athenaeum">Romanian Athenaeum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Calea Victoriei</a>, Bucharest, by Albert Galleron, 1886–1895<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat201765_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat201765-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3-5_Strada_Icoanei,_Bucharest_(24).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper part of a tiled stove in the principals' house of the Central Girls' School, Bucharest, unknown designer, 1890"><img alt="Upper part of a tiled stove in the principals' house of the Central Girls' School, Bucharest, unknown designer, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2824%29.jpg/265px-3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2824%29.jpg/397px-3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2824%29.jpg/529px-3-5_Strada_Icoanei%2C_Bucharest_%2824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3413" data-file-height="3097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upper part of a tiled stove in the principals' house of the <a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_Central%C4%83_National_College" title="Școala Centrală National College">Central Girls' School</a>, Bucharest, unknown designer, 1890</div> </li> </ul> <p>During the 19th century, the predominant style in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Classicist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist architecture">Classicism</a> which lasted for a long time, until the 20th century, although it coexisted in some short periods with other styles. Foreign architects and engineers were invited here since the first decade of the 19th century. Most of the architects that built during the beginning of the century were foreigners because Romanians did not have yet the instruction needed for designing buildings that were very different compared to the Romanian tradition. Usually using Classicism, they started building together with Romanian artisans, usually prepared in foreign schools or academies. Romanian architects studied in Western European schools as well. One example is <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Or%C4%83scu" title="Alexandru Orăscu">Alexandru Orăscu</a>, one of the representatives of Neoclassicism in Romania. </p><p>Classicism manifested both in religious and secular architecture. A good example of secular architecture is the Știrbei Palace on <a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Calea Victoriei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>), built around the year 1835, after the plans of French architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Sanjouand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Sanjouand (page does not exist)">Michel Sanjouand</a>. It received a new level in 1882, designed by Austrian architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Hartmann (page does not exist)">Joseph Hartmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELăzărescuCristeaLăzărescu197267,_68_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELăzărescuCristeaLăzărescu197267,_68-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia and the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 352.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 350.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ostankino Palace, Moscow, Russia, by Francesco Camporesi, completed in 1798"><img alt="Ostankino Palace, Moscow, Russia, by Francesco Camporesi, completed in 1798" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/526px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="351" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/791px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg/1052px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Palace" title="Ostankino Palace">Ostankino Palace</a>, Moscow, Russia, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Camporesi" title="Francesco Camporesi">Francesco Camporesi</a>, completed in 1798</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arkhangelskoye Estate, Krasnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast, by Jacob Guerne, unknown date"><img alt="Arkhangelskoye Estate, Krasnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast, by Jacob Guerne, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg/338px-Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg/507px-Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg/675px-Arkhangelskoe_Estate_Aug2012_buildings_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelskoye_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkhangelskoye Estate">Arkhangelskoye Estate</a>, Krasnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Guerne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Guerne (page does not exist)">Jacob Guerne</a>, unknown date</div> </li> </ul> <p>In 1905–1914 Russian architecture passed through a brief but influential period of <a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Neoclassical revival</a>; the trend began with recreation of Empire style of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexandrine</a> period and quickly expanded into a variety of neo-Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a> and modernized, yet recognizably classical schools. They were led by architects born in the 1870s, who reached creative peak before World War I, like <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fomin" title="Ivan Fomin">Ivan Fomin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shchuko" title="Vladimir Shchuko">Vladimir Shchuko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zholtovsky" title="Ivan Zholtovsky">Ivan Zholtovsky</a>. When the economy recovered in the 1920s, these architects and their followers continued working in primarily <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernism (architecture)">modernist</a> environment; some (Zholtovsky) strictly followed the classical canon, others (Fomin, Schuko, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Golosov" title="Ilya Golosov">Ilya Golosov</a>) developed their own modernized styles.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the crackdown on architect's independence and official denial of modernism (1932), demonstrated by the international contest for the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Soviets">Palace of Soviets</a>, Neoclassicism was instantly promoted as one of the choices in <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a>, although not the only choice. It coexisted with moderately modernist architecture of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Iofan" title="Boris Iofan">Boris Iofan</a>, bordering with contemporary <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> (Schuko); again, the purest examples of the style were produced by Zholtovsky school that remained an isolated phenomena. The political intervention was a disaster for <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">constructivist</a> leaders yet was sincerely welcomed by architects of the classical schools. </p><p>Neoclassicism was an easy choice for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> since it did not rely on modern construction technologies (<a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel frame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>) and could be reproduced in traditional <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>. Thus the designs of Zholtovsky, Fomin and other old masters were easily replicated in remote towns under strict material <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>. Improvement of construction technology after World War II permitted Stalinist architects to venture into skyscraper construction, although stylistically these skyscrapers (including "exported" architecture of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Culture_and_Science" title="Palace of Culture and Science">Palace of Culture and Science</a>, Warsaw and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> International Convention Centre) share little with the classical models. Neoclassicism and neo-Renaissance persisted in less demanding residential and office projects until 1955, when <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> put an end to expensive Stalinist architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_United_Kingdom">The United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kedleston Hall, Kedleston, Derbyshire, England, by Robert Adam, 1760–1770[88]"><img alt="Kedleston Hall, Kedleston, Derbyshire, England, by Robert Adam, 1760–1770[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg/324px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg/487px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg/648px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kedleston_Hall" title="Kedleston Hall">Kedleston Hall</a>, Kedleston, Derbyshire, England, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, 1760–1770<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014103_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014103-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_(22773780472).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eating Room, Osterley Park, London, by Robert Adam, 1761[89]"><img alt="Eating Room, Osterley Park, London, by Robert Adam, 1761[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_%2822773780472%29.jpg/149px-Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_%2822773780472%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_%2822773780472%29.jpg/225px-Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_%2822773780472%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_%2822773780472%29.jpg/299px-Osterley_House_The_Dinning_Room_%2822773780472%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eating Room, <a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a>, London, by Robert Adam, 1761<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2012226_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2012226-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syon_House_(33741948060).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Syon House, Middlesex, England, by Robert Adam, 1762[88]"><img alt="Syon House, Middlesex, England, by Robert Adam, 1762[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Syon_House_%2833741948060%29.jpg/338px-Syon_House_%2833741948060%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Syon_House_%2833741948060%29.jpg/507px-Syon_House_%2833741948060%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Syon_House_%2833741948060%29.jpg/675px-Syon_House_%2833741948060%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Syon_House" title="Syon House">Syon House</a>, Middlesex, England, by Robert Adam, 1762<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014103_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014103-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osterley_House,_entrance_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hall, Osterley Park, by Robert Adam, 1767[90]"><img alt="The Hall, Osterley Park, by Robert Adam, 1767[90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Osterley_House%2C_entrance_hall.jpg/300px-Osterley_House%2C_entrance_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Osterley_House%2C_entrance_hall.jpg/451px-Osterley_House%2C_entrance_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Osterley_House%2C_entrance_hall.jpg/600px-Osterley_House%2C_entrance_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hall, Osterley Park, by Robert Adam, 1767<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017274_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017274-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet; by Robert Adam; 1770–1780; knotted wool; 505.5 x 473.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City"><img alt="Carpet; by Robert Adam; 1770–1780; knotted wool; 505.5 x 473.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg/240px-Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg/361px-Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg/480px-Carpet_MET_DP299026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carpet; by Robert Adam; 1770–1780; knotted wool; 505.5 x 473.1 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_(c._1776),_Harris_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Apotheosis of Virgil; by John Flaxman; c.1776; jasperware; diameter: 41 cm; Harris Museum, Preston, Lancashire, UK[91]"><img alt="Apotheosis of Virgil; by John Flaxman; c.1776; jasperware; diameter: 41 cm; Harris Museum, Preston, Lancashire, UK[91]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_%28c._1776%29%2C_Harris_Museum.JPG/300px-Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_%28c._1776%29%2C_Harris_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_%28c._1776%29%2C_Harris_Museum.JPG/451px-Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_%28c._1776%29%2C_Harris_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_%28c._1776%29%2C_Harris_Museum.JPG/600px-Jasperware_plaque_by_Wedgwood_%28c._1776%29%2C_Harris_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Apotheosis of Virgil</i>; by <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1776; jasperware; diameter: 41 cm; <a href="/wiki/Harris_Museum" title="Harris Museum">Harris Museum</a>, Preston, Lancashire, UK<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_House_(42160916102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somerset House, London, by William Chambers, 1776-1801[92]"><img alt="Somerset House, London, by William Chambers, 1776-1801[92]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Somerset_House_%2842160916102%29.jpg/338px-Somerset_House_%2842160916102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Somerset_House_%2842160916102%29.jpg/507px-Somerset_House_%2842160916102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Somerset_House_%2842160916102%29.jpg/675px-Somerset_House_%2842160916102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>, London, by <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers</a>, 1776-1801<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014104_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014104-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urn on pedestal; c.1780 with latter additions; by Robert Adam; inlaid mahogany; height: 49.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Urn on pedestal; c.1780 with latter additions; by Robert Adam; inlaid mahogany; height: 49.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg/163px-Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg/245px-Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg/327px-Pair_of_urns_and_pedestals_MET_DP-14204-180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urn on pedestal; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1780 with latter additions; by Robert Adam; inlaid mahogany; height: 49.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Side table with many acanthus leafs and two bucrania; by Robert Adam; c.1780 with later addition; mahogany; overall: 88.6 × 141.3 × 57.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Side table with many acanthus leafs and two bucrania; by Robert Adam; c.1780 with later addition; mahogany; overall: 88.6 × 141.3 × 57.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg/281px-Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg/423px-Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg/563px-Side_table_MET_DP-14204-045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side table with many <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leafs and two <a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">bucrania</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1780 with later addition; mahogany; overall: 88.6 × 141.3 × 57.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedgwood_Factory_(British)_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Covered Wedgwood urn; c.1800; jasper ware with relief decoration; overall: 19.7 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, US[93]"><img alt="Covered Wedgwood urn; c.1800; jasper ware with relief decoration; overall: 19.7 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, US[93]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wedgwood_Factory_%28British%29_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/151px-Wedgwood_Factory_%28British%29_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wedgwood_Factory_%28British%29_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/226px-Wedgwood_Factory_%28British%29_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wedgwood_Factory_%28British%29_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/301px-Wedgwood_Factory_%28British%29_-_Covered_Urn_-_1951.301.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Covered Wedgwood urn; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1800; jasper ware with relief decoration; overall: 19.7 cm; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, Cleveland, Ohio, US<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The Adam style was created by two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(architect)" title="James Adam (architect)">James</a>, who published in 1777 a volume of etchings with interior ornamentation. In the interior decoration made after Robert Adam's drawings, the walls, ceilings, doors, and any other surface, are divided into big panels: rectangular, round, square, with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stuccos</a> and Greco-Roman motifs at the edges. Ornaments used include <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">festoons</a>, pearls, <a href="/wiki/Egg-and-dart" title="Egg-and-dart">egg-and-dart</a> bands, <a href="/wiki/Medallion_(architecture)" title="Medallion (architecture)">medallions</a>, and any other motifs used during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a> ones). Decorative fittings such as urn-shaped stone vases, gilded silverware, lamps, and stauettes all have the same source of inspiration, classical antiquity. The Adam style emphasizes refined rectangular mirrors, framed like paintings (in frames with stylised leafs), or with a <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> above them, supporting an urn or a medallion. Another design of Adam mirrors is shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_window" title="Venetian window">Venetian window</a>, with a big central mirror between two other thinner and longer ones. Another type of mirrors are the oval ones, usually decorated with festoons. The furniture in this style has a similar structure to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_furniture" title="Louis XVI furniture">Louis XVI furniture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the Adam style, when it comes to decorative arts, England is also known for the ceramic manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> (1730–1795), who established a pottery called Etruria. Wedgwood ware is made of a material called <a href="/wiki/Jasperware" title="Jasperware">jasperware</a>, a hard and fine-grained type of <a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a>. Wedgwood vases are usually decorated with reliefs in two colours, in most cases the figures being white and the background blue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_United_States">The United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal style">Federal style</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maple secretary; c. 1790; maple and brass; height: 242.57 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, US"><img alt="Maple secretary; c. 1790; maple and brass; height: 242.57 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg/131px-Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg/196px-Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg/261px-Maple_Secretary_LACMA_60.46.3a-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maple secretary; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1790</span>; maple and brass; height: 242.57 cm; <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Candlestand; 1790–1800; mahogany, birch, and various inlays; 107 x 49.21 x 48.9 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Candlestand; 1790–1800; mahogany, birch, and various inlays; 107 x 49.21 x 48.9 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_%281_of_2%29.jpg/161px-Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_%281_of_2%29.jpg/241px-Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_%281_of_2%29.jpg/321px-Candlestand_LACMA_M.2006.51.13_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Candlestand; 1790–1800; mahogany, birch, and various inlays; 107 x 49.21 x 48.9 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Writing desk; 1790–1810; satinwood, mahogany, tulip poplar, and pine; 153.67 x 90.17 x 51.44 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Writing desk; 1790–1810; satinwood, mahogany, tulip poplar, and pine; 153.67 x 90.17 x 51.44 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg/161px-Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg/241px-Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg/321px-Writing_Desk_LACMA_M.2006.51.24a-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Writing desk; 1790–1810; satinwood, mahogany, tulip poplar, and pine; 153.67 x 90.17 x 51.44 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White House, Washington, D.C., by James Hoban, 1792-1829[95]"><img alt="White House, Washington, D.C., by James Hoban, 1792-1829[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg/197px-White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg/295px-White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg/393px-White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4418" data-file-height="5056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, Washington, D.C., by <a href="/wiki/James_Hoban" title="James Hoban">James Hoban</a>, 1792-1829<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge2019112_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge2019112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Capitol_west_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., 1793–1863, by William Thornton and Thomas Ustick Walter[95]"><img alt="Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., 1793–1863, by William Thornton and Thomas Ustick Walter[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_Capitol_west_side.JPG/435px-US_Capitol_west_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_Capitol_west_side.JPG/654px-US_Capitol_west_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_Capitol_west_side.JPG/870px-US_Capitol_west_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3865" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a>, Washington, D.C., 1793–1863, by <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton" title="William Thornton">William Thornton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ustick_Walter" title="Thomas Ustick Walter">Thomas Ustick Walter</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge2019112_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge2019112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armchair; possibly by Ephraim Haines; 1805–1815; mahogany and cane; height: 84.77 cm, width: 52.07 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Armchair; possibly by Ephraim Haines; 1805–1815; mahogany and cane; height: 84.77 cm, width: 52.07 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg/166px-Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg/249px-Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg/331px-Armchair_LACMA_54.141.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armchair; possibly by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephraim_Haines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephraim Haines (page does not exist)">Ephraim Haines</a>; 1805–1815; mahogany and cane; height: 84.77 cm, width: 52.07 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four-column pedestal card table with pineapple finial; 1815–1820; mahogany, tulip poplar, and pine woods; 74.93 x 92.71 x 46.67 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Four-column pedestal card table with pineapple finial; 1815–1820; mahogany, tulip poplar, and pine woods; 74.93 x 92.71 x 46.67 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg/294px-Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg/441px-Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg/587px-Four-Column_Pedestal_Card_Table_with_Pineapple_Finial_LACMA_M.2006.51.29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four-column pedestal card table with pineapple finial; 1815–1820; mahogany, tulip poplar, and pine woods; 74.93 x 92.71 x 46.67 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia), Charlottesville, Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson, 1822-1826[96]"><img alt="The Rotunda (University of Virginia), Charlottesville, Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson, 1822-1826[96]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg/311px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg/467px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg/622px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda (University of Virginia)</a>, Charlottesville, Virginia, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, 1822-1826<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodge201931_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodge201931-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Carolina State House, Columbia, South Carolina, by John Rudolph Niernsee, 1855"><img alt="South Carolina State House, Columbia, South Carolina, by John Rudolph Niernsee, 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg/338px-SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg/507px-SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg/675px-SC_State_House_at_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a>, Columbia, South Carolina, by <a href="/wiki/John_Rudolph_Niernsee" title="John Rudolph Niernsee">John Rudolph Niernsee</a>, 1855</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brevard-Rice_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brevard-Rice House, Garden District, New Orleans, by James Calrow, 1857[97]"><img alt="Brevard-Rice House, Garden District, New Orleans, by James Calrow, 1857[97]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brevard-Rice_House.jpg/162px-Brevard-Rice_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brevard-Rice_House.jpg/244px-Brevard-Rice_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Brevard-Rice_House.jpg/325px-Brevard-Rice_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="2084" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brevard-Rice House, <a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Garden District, New Orleans">Garden District, New Orleans</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Calrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Calrow (page does not exist)">James Calrow</a>, 1857<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American continent</a>, architecture and interior decoration have been highly influenced by the styles developed in Europe. The French taste has highly marked its presence in the southern states (after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> some emigrants have moved here, and in Canada a big part of the population has French origins). The practical spirit and the material situation of the Americans at that time gave the interiors a typic atmosphere. All the American furniture, carpets, tableware, ceramic, and silverware, with all the European influences, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian art">Asian</a>, were made in conformity with the American norms, taste, and functional requirements. There have existed in the US a period of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture#American_Queen_Anne" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne style</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale" title="Thomas Chippendale">Chippendale</a> one. A style of its own, the Federal style, has developed completely in the 18th and early 19th centuries, which has flourished being influenced by Britannic taste. Under the impulse of Neoclassicism, architecture, interiors, and furniture have been created. The style, although it has numerous characteristics which differ from state to state, is unitary. The structures of architecture, interiors, and furniture are Classicist, and incorporate <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> influences. The shapes used include rectangles, ovals, and crescents. <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">Stucco</a> or wooden panels on walls and ceilings reproduce Classicist motifs. Furniture tend to be decorated with floral <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> and bronze or brass inlays (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardens">Gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan literature</a> had a direct parallel with the Augustan style of landscape design. The links are clearly seen in the work of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>. The best surviving examples of Neoclassical English gardens are <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stowe_House" title="Stowe House">Stowe House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stourhead" title="Stourhead">Stourhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion">Fashion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Palmyra.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="James Dawkins and Robert Wood Discovering the Ruins of Palmyra, by Gavin Hamilton, 1758"><img alt="James Dawkins and Robert Wood Discovering the Ruins of Palmyra, by Gavin Hamilton, 1758" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hamilton_Palmyra.JPG/288px-Hamilton_Palmyra.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hamilton_Palmyra.JPG/433px-Hamilton_Palmyra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Hamilton_Palmyra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/James_Dawkins_(1722-1757)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Dawkins (1722-1757)">James Dawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Robert Wood</a> Discovering the Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Gavin Hamilton (artist)">Gavin Hamilton</a>, 1758</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallery_of_Fashion,_vol._I-_April_1,_1794-_March_1,_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dresses from the Gallery of Fashion, 1794–1802"><img alt="Dresses from the Gallery of Fashion, 1794–1802" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gallery_of_Fashion%2C_vol._I-_April_1%2C_1794-_March_1%2C_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg/180px-Gallery_of_Fashion%2C_vol._I-_April_1%2C_1794-_March_1%2C_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gallery_of_Fashion%2C_vol._I-_April_1%2C_1794-_March_1%2C_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg/270px-Gallery_of_Fashion%2C_vol._I-_April_1%2C_1794-_March_1%2C_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gallery_of_Fashion%2C_vol._I-_April_1%2C_1794-_March_1%2C_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg/360px-Gallery_of_Fashion%2C_vol._I-_April_1%2C_1794-_March_1%2C_1795_Met_DP889224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dresses from the <i><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Fashion" title="Gallery of Fashion">Gallery of Fashion</a></i>, 1794–1802</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford in a Bedford Crop, by William Grimaldi after John Hoppner, early 19th century, based on a work of 1796–1797"><img alt="Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford in a Bedford Crop, by William Grimaldi after John Hoppner, early 19th century, based on a work of 1796–1797" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png/179px-5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png/270px-5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png/359px-5th_Duke_of_Bedford.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_5th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford">Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Crop">Bedford Crop</a>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Grimaldi" title="William Grimaldi">William Grimaldi</a> after <a href="/wiki/John_Hoppner" title="John Hoppner">John Hoppner</a>, early 19th century, based on a work of 1796–1797</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madame Raymond de Verninac by Jacques-Louis David, with clothes and chair in Directoire style. "Year 7": that is, 1798–1799"><img alt="Madame Raymond de Verninac by Jacques-Louis David, with clothes and chair in Directoire style. "Year 7": that is, 1798–1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg/177px-Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg/265px-Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg/353px-Jacques-Louis_David_Henriette_de_Verninac_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="4321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Raymond_de_Verninac" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Raymond de Verninac">Madame Raymond de Verninac</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>, with clothes and chair in <a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a>. "Year 7": that is, 1798–1799</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_(San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Revolutionary socialite Thérésa Tallien, by Marie-Guillemine Benoist, c.1799"><img alt="Revolutionary socialite Thérésa Tallien, by Marie-Guillemine Benoist, c.1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg/181px-Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg/272px-Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg/363px-Marie-Guillemine_Benoist_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28San_Diego_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="4802" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Revolutionary socialite <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Guillemine_Benoist" title="Marie-Guillemine Benoist">Marie-Guillemine Benoist</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1799</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Madame Récamier, by Jacques-Louis David, 1800"><img alt="Portrait of Madame Récamier, by Jacques-Louis David, 1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg/330px-Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg/495px-Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg/659px-Jacques-Louis_David_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_R%C3%A9camier" title="Portrait of Madame Récamier">Portrait of Madame Récamier</a></i>, by Jacques-Louis David, 1800</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_Fouler,_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henriette Victoire Elisabeth d’Avrange, comtesse de Relingue, with a coiffure à la Titus, by Louis-Léopold Boilly, 1810"><img alt="Henriette Victoire Elisabeth d’Avrange, comtesse de Relingue, with a coiffure à la Titus, by Louis-Léopold Boilly, 1810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Madame_Fouler%2C_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg/165px-Madame_Fouler%2C_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Madame_Fouler%2C_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg/248px-Madame_Fouler%2C_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Madame_Fouler%2C_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg/330px-Madame_Fouler%2C_comtesse_de_Relingue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Henriette Victoire Elisabeth d’Avrange, comtesse de Relingue, with a <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_haircut" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus haircut">coiffure à la Titus</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly" title="Louis-Léopold Boilly">Louis-Léopold Boilly</a>, 1810</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Point de Convention, by Louis-Léopold Boilly, c.1801"><img alt="Point de Convention, by Louis-Léopold Boilly, c.1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg/282px-Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg/424px-Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg/565px-Boilly-Point-de-Convention-ca1797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Point de Convention</i>, by Louis-Léopold Boilly, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1801</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Volant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration showing women playing badminton, hand-colored etching from the series Le Bon Genre, by François Joseph Bosio, 1801"><img alt="Illustration showing women playing badminton, hand-colored etching from the series Le Bon Genre, by François Joseph Bosio, 1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Le_Volant.jpg/284px-Le_Volant.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Le_Volant.jpg/427px-Le_Volant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Le_Volant.jpg/569px-Le_Volant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration showing women playing <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, hand-colored etching from the series <i>Le Bon Genre</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Bosio" title="François Joseph Bosio">François Joseph Bosio</a>, 1801</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Juliette Récamier, by François Gérard, 1802"><img alt="Portrait of Juliette Récamier, by François Gérard, 1802" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg/152px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg/228px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg/304px-Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard_-_Madame_R%C3%A9camier_-_WGA08597.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="4993" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Juliette_R%C3%A9camier" title="Portrait of Juliette Récamier">Portrait of Juliette Récamier</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard" title="François Gérard">François Gérard</a>, 1802</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June,_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde,_unknown_illustrator,_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kensington Garden dresses for June, fashion plate from Le Beau Monde, 1808"><img alt="Kensington Garden dresses for June, fashion plate from Le Beau Monde, 1808" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June%2C_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde%2C_unknown_illustrator%2C_1808.jpg/140px-Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June%2C_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde%2C_unknown_illustrator%2C_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June%2C_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde%2C_unknown_illustrator%2C_1808.jpg/210px-Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June%2C_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde%2C_unknown_illustrator%2C_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June%2C_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde%2C_unknown_illustrator%2C_1808.jpg/280px-Kensington_Garden_dresses_for_June%2C_fashion_plate_from_Le_Beau_Monde%2C_unknown_illustrator%2C_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kensington Garden dresses for June, fashion plate from Le Beau Monde, 1808</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>In fashion, Neoclassicism influenced the much greater simplicity of women's dresses, and the long-lasting fashion for white, from well before the French Revolution, but it was not until after it that thorough-going attempts to imitate ancient styles became fashionable in France, at least for women. Classical costumes had long been worn by fashionable ladies posing as some figure from Greek or Roman myth in a portrait (in particular there was a rash of such portraits of the young model <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma, Lady Hamilton</a> from the 1780s), but such costumes were only worn for the portrait sitting and <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade balls</a> until the Revolutionary period, and perhaps, like other exotic styles, as undress at home. But the styles worn in portraits by <a href="/wiki/Juliette_R%C3%A9camier" title="Juliette Récamier">Juliette Récamier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a> and other Parisian trend-setters were for going-out in public as well. Seeing Mme Tallien at the opera, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> quipped that: "<i>Il n'est pas possible de s'exposer plus somptueusement!</i>" ("One could not be more sumptuously undressed"). In 1788, just before the Revolution, the court portraitist <a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun">Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun</a> had held a Greek supper where the ladies wore plain white Grecian tunics.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shorter classical hairstyles, where possible with curls, were less controversial and very widely adopted, and hair was now uncovered even outdoors; except for evening dress, <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">bonnets</a> or other coverings had typically been worn even indoors before. Thin Greek-style ribbons or fillets were used to tie or decorate the hair instead. </p><p>Very light and loose dresses, usually white and often with shockingly bare arms, rose sheer from the ankle to just below the bodice, where there was a strongly emphasized thin hem or tie round the body, often in a different colour. The shape is now often known as the <a href="/wiki/Empire_silhouette" title="Empire silhouette">Empire silhouette</a> although it predates the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> of Napoleon, but his first Empress <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> was influential in spreading it around Europe. A long rectangular shawl or wrap, very often plain red but with a decorated border in portraits, helped in colder weather, and was apparently laid around the midriff when seated—for which sprawling semi-recumbent postures were favoured.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the 19th century, such styles had spread widely across Europe. </p><p>Neoclassical fashion for men was far more problematic, and never really took off other than for hair, where it played an important role in the shorter styles that finally despatched the use of wigs, and then white hair-powder, for younger men. The trouser had been the symbol of the barbarian to the Greeks and Romans, but outside the painter's or, especially, the sculptor's studio, few men were prepared to abandon it. Indeed, the period saw the triumph of the pure trouser, or <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">pantaloon</a>, over the <i>culotte</i> or <a href="/wiki/Knee-breeches" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee-breeches">knee-breeches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>. Even when David designed a new French "national costume" at the request of the government during the height of the Revolutionary enthusiasm for changing everything in 1792, it included fairly tight leggings under a coat that stopped above the knee. A high proportion of well-to-do young men spent much of the key period in military service because of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, and military uniform, which began to emphasize jackets that were short at the front, giving a full view of tight-fitting trousers, was often worn when not on duty, and influenced civilian male styles. </p><p>The trouser-problem had been recognised by artists as a barrier to creating contemporary <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history paintings</a>; like other elements of contemporary dress they were seen as irredeemably ugly and unheroic by many artists and critics. Various stratagems were used to avoid depicting them in modern scenes. In <i><a href="/wiki/James_Dawkins_(antiquarian)" title="James Dawkins (antiquarian)">James Dawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Robert Wood</a> Discovering the Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></i> (1758) by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton_(artist)" title="Gavin Hamilton (artist)">Gavin Hamilton</a>, the two gentleman antiquaries are shown in <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>-like Arab robes. In <i><a href="/wiki/Watson_and_the_Shark" title="Watson and the Shark">Watson and the Shark</a></i> (1778) by <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a>, the main figure could plausibly be shown nude, and the composition is such that of the eight other men shown, only one shows a single <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeched</a> leg prominently. However the Americans Copley and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> led the artists who successfully showed that trousers could be used in heroic scenes, with works like West's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe" title="The Death of General Wolfe">The Death of General Wolfe</a></i> (1770) and Copley's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Major_Peirson,_6_January_1781" title="The Death of Major Peirson, 6 January 1781">The Death of Major Peirson, 6 January 1781</a></i> (1783), although the trouser was still being carefully avoided in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Raft_of_the_Medusa" title="The Raft of the Medusa">The Raft of the Medusa</a></i>, completed in 1819. </p><p>Classically inspired male hairstyles included the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Crop">Bedford Crop</a>, arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles, which was invented by the radical politician <a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_5th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford">Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford</a> as a protest against a <a href="/wiki/Duty_on_Hair_Powder_Act_1795" title="Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795">tax on hair powder</a>; he encouraged his friends to adopt it by betting them they would not. Another influential style (or group of styles) was named by the French "<a href="/wiki/Coiffure_%C3%A0_la_Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coiffure à la Titus">coiffure à la Titus</a>" after <a href="/wiki/Titus_Junius_Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Junius Brutus">Titus Junius Brutus</a> (not in fact the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> as often assumed), with hair short and layered but somewhat piled up on the crown, often with restrained quiffs or locks hanging down; variants are familiar from the hair of both <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> of the United Kingdom. The style was supposed to have been introduced by the actor <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Talma" title="François-Joseph Talma">François-Joseph Talma</a>, who upstaged his wigged co-actors when appearing in productions of works such as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Brutus_(tragedy)" title="Brutus (tragedy)">Brutus</a></i> (about <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, who orders the execution of his son Titus). In 1799 a Parisian fashion magazine reported that even bald men were adopting Titus wigs,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the style was also worn by women, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_Paris" title="Journal de Paris">Journal de Paris</a></i></span> reporting in 1802 that "more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig <i>à la Titus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism in music</a> is a 20th-century movement; in this case it is the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> musical styles of the 17th and 18th centuries, with their fondness for Greek and Roman themes, that were being revived, not the music of the ancient world itself. (The early 20th century had not yet distinguished the Baroque period in music, on which Neoclassical composers mainly drew, from what we now call the Classical period.) The movement was a reaction in the first part of the 20th century to the disintegrating chromaticism of late-<a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionism</a>, emerging in parallel with musical Modernism, which sought to abandon key tonality altogether. It manifested a desire for cleanness and simplicity of style, which allowed for quite dissonant paraphrasing of classical procedures, but sought to blow away the cobwebs of Romanticism and the twilit glimmerings of Impressionism in favour of bold rhythms, assertive harmony and clean-cut sectional forms, coinciding with the vogue for reconstructed "classical" dancing and costume in <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>. </p><p>The 17th–18th century dance suite had had a minor revival before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but the Neoclassicists were not altogether happy with unmodified diatonicism, and tended to emphasise the bright dissonance of suspensions and ornaments, the angular qualities of 17th-century modal harmony and the energetic lines of countrapuntal part-writing. <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>'s <i>Ancient Airs and Dances</i> (1917) led the way for the sort of sound to which the Neoclassicists aspired. Although the practice of borrowing musical styles from the past has not been uncommon throughout musical history, art musics have gone through periods where musicians used modern techniques coupled with older forms or harmonies to create new kinds of works. Notable compositional characteristics are: referencing diatonic tonality, conventional forms (dance suites, concerti grossi, sonata forms, etc.), the idea of absolute music untramelled by descriptive or emotive associations, the use of light musical textures, and a conciseness of musical expression. In classical music, this was most notably perceived between the 1920s and the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> is the best-known composer using this style; he effectively began the musical revolution with his Bach-like <a href="/wiki/Octet_(Stravinsky)" title="Octet (Stravinsky)">Octet for Wind Instruments</a> (1923). A particular individual work that represents this style well is <a href="/wiki/Prokofiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Classical_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Symphony">Classical Symphony</a> No. 1 in D, which is reminiscent of the symphonic style of <a href="/wiki/Haydn" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn">Haydn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_ballet" title="Neoclassical ballet">Neoclassical ballet</a> as innovated by <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a> de-cluttered the Russian Imperial style in terms of costume, steps and narrative, while also introducing technical innovations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations">Later Neoclassicism and continuations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later Neoclassicism and continuations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux-Arts - Exterior of the Palais Garnier, Paris, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[104]"><img alt="Beaux-Arts - Exterior of the Palais Garnier, Paris, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg/398px-Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg/598px-Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg/796px-Paris_Palais_Garnier_2010-04-06_16.55.07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> - Exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, Paris, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architect)" title="Charles Garnier (architect)">Charles Garnier</a>, 1860–1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014296_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014296-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux-Arts - Grand stairs of the Palais Garnier, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[104]"><img alt="Beaux-Arts - Grand stairs of the Palais Garnier, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg/282px-Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg/424px-Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg/564px-Opera_Garnier_Grand_Escalier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux-Arts - Grand stairs of the Palais Garnier, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014296_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014296-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux-Arts - Grand Central Terminal, New York City, by Reed and Stem and Warren and Wetmore, 1903[105]"><img alt="Beaux-Arts - Grand Central Terminal, New York City, by Reed and Stem and Warren and Wetmore, 1903[105]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg/280px-Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg/420px-Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg/559px-Image-Grand_central_Station_Outside_Night_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4726" data-file-height="3805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux-Arts - <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>, New York City, by <a href="/wiki/Reed_and_Stem" title="Reed and Stem">Reed and Stem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_and_Wetmore" title="Warren and Wetmore">Warren and Wetmore</a>, 1903<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014135_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014135-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux-Arts - Hôtel Roxoroid de Belfort, Paris, 1911, by André Arfvidson"><img alt="Beaux-Arts - Hôtel Roxoroid de Belfort, Paris, 1911, by André Arfvidson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg/169px-29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg/253px-29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg/337px-29_avenue_Bugeaud_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaux-Arts - Hôtel Roxoroid de Belfort, Paris, 1911, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Arfvidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Arfvidson (page does not exist)">André Arfvidson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Neoclassical - The West building of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., US, by John Russell Pope, 1941"><img alt="Late Neoclassical - The West building of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., US, by John Russell Pope, 1941" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg/374px-National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg/561px-National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg/747px-National-Gallery-of-Art-West-Building-John-Russell-Pope-National-Mall-Washington-DC-04-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Neoclassical - The West building of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C., US, by <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Pope" title="John Russell Pope">John Russell Pope</a>, 1941</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Classicism" title="Category:Classicism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg/120px-History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg/180px-History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg/240px-History_of_Art_for_Beginners_Vol_3_Architecture_045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a></li> <li>Classical education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_in_the_Western_world" title="Classical education in the Western world">Classical education in the Western world</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_education_in_the_Eastern_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical education in the Eastern world (page does not exist)">Classical education in the Eastern world</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">Language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Physics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> 20th-century neoclassicism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Later_Neoclassicism_and_continuations">Between World War I and II</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_ballet" title="Neoclassical ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great books">Philosophy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classicism" title="Template:Classicism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classicism" title="Template talk:Classicism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classicism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classicism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the middle of the 19th century, Neoclassicism starts to no longer be the main style, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">Eclecticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical styles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> in Paris is a good example of this, since despite being predominantly Neoclassical, it features elements and ornaments taken from <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>. This practice was frequent in late 19th and early 20th century architecture, before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Besides Neoclassicism, the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_de_Paris" title="Beaux-Arts de Paris">Beaux-Arts de Paris</a></span></span> well known for this eclecticism of Classical styles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> experimented with classicizing motifs in the years immediately following World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMETRIA_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMETRIA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In American architecture, Neoclassicism was one expression of the <a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a> movement, <i>ca.</i> 1890–1917; its last manifestation was in <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a>, and its final large public projects were the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> (highly criticized at the time), the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> in Washington, D.C. (also heavily criticized by the architectural community as being backward thinking and old fashioned in its design), and the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">Roosevelt Memorial</a>. These were considered stylistic anachronisms when they were finished. In the British Raj, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>' monumental city planning for <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> marks the sunset of Neoclassicism. World War II was to shatter most longing for (and imitation of) a mythical time. </p><p>There was an entire 20th-century movement in the non-visual arts which was also called Neoclassicism. It encompassed at least music, philosophy and literature. It was between the end of World War I and the end of World War II. (For information on the musical aspects, see <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music#Neoclassicism" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism in music</a>. For information on the philosophical aspects, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Books">Great Books</a>.) </p><p>This literary Neoclassical movement rejected the extreme romanticism of (for example) <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>, in favour of restraint, religion (specifically Christianity) and a reactionary political program. Although the foundations for this movement in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> were laid by <a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">T. E. Hulme</a>, the most famous Neoclassicists were <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a>. In Russia, the movement crystallized as early as 1910 under the name of <a href="/wiki/Acmeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Acmeism">Acmeism</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelshtam" class="mw-redirect" title="Osip Mandelshtam">Osip Mandelshtam</a> as the leading representatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Deco">Art Deco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Art Deco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re,_comodino,_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chest of drawers, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style; by Clément Mère; 1910; maple, ebony, leather and ivory; 87.5 x 96 x 37 cm; Musée d'Orsay, Paris[107]"><img alt="Chest of drawers, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style; by Clément Mère; 1910; maple, ebony, leather and ivory; 87.5 x 96 x 37 cm; Musée d'Orsay, Paris[107]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re%2C_comodino%2C_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG/343px-Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re%2C_comodino%2C_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="229" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re%2C_comodino%2C_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG/515px-Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re%2C_comodino%2C_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re%2C_comodino%2C_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG/685px-Cl%C3%A9ment_m%C3%A8re%2C_comodino%2C_francia_1910_ca._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chest of drawers, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A9ment_M%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clément Mère (page does not exist)">Clément Mère</a>; 1910; maple, ebony, leather and ivory; 87.5 x 96 x 37 cm; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Deco_dressing_table_(1919-20).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dressing table and chair, a reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style; by Paul Follot; 1919; marble and encrusted, lacquered, and gilded wood; unknown dimensions; Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris"><img alt="Dressing table and chair, a reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style; by Paul Follot; 1919; marble and encrusted, lacquered, and gilded wood; unknown dimensions; Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Art_Deco_dressing_table_%281919-20%29.jpg/363px-Art_Deco_dressing_table_%281919-20%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Art_Deco_dressing_table_%281919-20%29.jpg/546px-Art_Deco_dressing_table_%281919-20%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Art_Deco_dressing_table_%281919-20%29.jpg/727px-Art_Deco_dressing_table_%281919-20%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dressing table and chair, a reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style; by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Follot" title="Paul Follot">Paul Follot</a>; 1919; marble and encrusted, lacquered, and gilded wood; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_Paris" title="Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris">Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gulbenkian_Museum_(40658606370).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hommage à Jean Goujon; by Alfred Janniot; 1919–1924; limestone partially coloured; 220 x 235 x 129 cm; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon, Portugal[108]"><img alt="Hommage à Jean Goujon; by Alfred Janniot; 1919–1924; limestone partially coloured; 220 x 235 x 129 cm; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon, Portugal[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Gulbenkian_Museum_%2840658606370%29.jpg/311px-The_Gulbenkian_Museum_%2840658606370%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Gulbenkian_Museum_%2840658606370%29.jpg/467px-The_Gulbenkian_Museum_%2840658606370%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_Gulbenkian_Museum_%2840658606370%29.jpg/622px-The_Gulbenkian_Museum_%2840658606370%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="3577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hommage à Jean Goujon</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Janniot" title="Alfred Janniot">Alfred Janniot</a>; 1919–1924; limestone partially coloured; 220 x 235 x 129 cm; <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Museum" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Museum">Calouste Gulbenkian Museum</a>, Lisbon, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_from_the_collection_of_projects_Architectures_by_Louis_S%C3%BCe_and_Andr%C3%A9_Mare,_1921,_prefaced_by_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry%27s_text_Eupalions_ou_l%27architecte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate with design for an interior from the collection of projects Architectures, by Louis Süe and André Mare, 1921"><img alt="Plate with design for an interior from the collection of projects Architectures, by Louis Süe and André Mare, 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Plate_from_the_collection_of_projects_Architectures_by_Louis_S%C3%BCe_and_Andr%C3%A9_Mare%2C_1921%2C_prefaced_by_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry%27s_text_Eupalions_ou_l%27architecte.jpg/423px-Plate_from_the_collection_of_projects_Architectures_by_Louis_S%C3%BCe_and_Andr%C3%A9_Mare%2C_1921%2C_prefaced_by_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry%27s_text_Eupalions_ou_l%27architecte.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Plate_from_the_collection_of_projects_Architectures_by_Louis_S%C3%BCe_and_Andr%C3%A9_Mare%2C_1921%2C_prefaced_by_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry%27s_text_Eupalions_ou_l%27architecte.jpg/635px-Plate_from_the_collection_of_projects_Architectures_by_Louis_S%C3%BCe_and_Andr%C3%A9_Mare%2C_1921%2C_prefaced_by_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry%27s_text_Eupalions_ou_l%27architecte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Plate_from_the_collection_of_projects_Architectures_by_Louis_S%C3%BCe_and_Andr%C3%A9_Mare%2C_1921%2C_prefaced_by_Paul_Val%C3%A9ry%27s_text_Eupalions_ou_l%27architecte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plate with design for an interior from the collection of projects <i>Architectures</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_S%C3%BCe" title="Louis Süe">Louis Süe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mare" title="André Mare">André Mare</a>, 1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur,_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition,_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boudoir from the Hôtel du Collectionneur, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style, at the 1925 Paris Exhibition, by Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann"><img alt="Boudoir from the Hôtel du Collectionneur, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style, at the 1925 Paris Exhibition, by Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg/206px-Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg/309px-Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg/412px-Boudoir_from_the_H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur%2C_at_the_1925_Paris_Exhibition%2C_by_%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_du_Collectionneur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel du Collectionneur (page does not exist)">Hôtel du Collectionneur</a>, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts" title="International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts">1925 Paris Exhibition</a>, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann" title="Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann">Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Little Horses" dress; by Madeleine Vionnet; 1925; rayon crepe, black and gold seed beads; Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, New York"><img alt=""Little Horses" dress; by Madeleine Vionnet; 1925; rayon crepe, black and gold seed beads; Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg/171px-1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg/257px-1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg/342px-1925_unlicensed_copy_of_Madeleine_Vionnet%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CLittle_Horses%E2%80%9D_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Little Horses" dress; by <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Vionnet" title="Madeleine Vionnet">Madeleine Vionnet</a>; 1925; rayon crepe, black and gold seed beads; <a href="/wiki/Museum_at_the_Fashion_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology">Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology</a>, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_de_Tokyo,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palais de Tokyo, Paris, by André Aubert and Marcel Dastugue, 1937"><img alt="Palais de Tokyo, Paris, by André Aubert and Marcel Dastugue, 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Palais_de_Tokyo%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg/428px-Palais_de_Tokyo%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Palais_de_Tokyo%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg/642px-Palais_de_Tokyo%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Palais_de_Tokyo%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg/855px-Palais_de_Tokyo%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_Moderne_de_la_Ville_de_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Tokyo" title="Palais de Tokyo">Palais de Tokyo</a>, Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Aubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Aubert (page does not exist)">André Aubert</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Dastugue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Dastugue (page does not exist)">Marcel Dastugue</a>, 1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_(31092842098).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of France, Belgrade, Serbia, by Roger-Henri Expert with Josif Najman as assistant, designed in 1926, built in 1939[109][110]"><img alt="Embassy of France, Belgrade, Serbia, by Roger-Henri Expert with Josif Najman as assistant, designed in 1926, built in 1939[109][110]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_%2831092842098%29.jpg/428px-Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_%2831092842098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_%2831092842098%29.jpg/642px-Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_%2831092842098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_%2831092842098%29.jpg/855px-Beograd_-_Ambasada_Francuske_u_Srbiji_%2831092842098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_France,_Belgrade" title="Embassy of France, Belgrade">Embassy of France, Belgrade</a>, Serbia, by <a href="/wiki/Roger-Henri_Expert" title="Roger-Henri Expert">Roger-Henri Expert</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josif_Najman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josif Najman (page does not exist)">Josif Najman</a> as assistant, designed in 1926, built in 1939<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 287.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 285.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_(50_sur_102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Sept-Saulx, Grand Est, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style, France, by Louis Süe, 1928-1929[111]"><img alt="Château de Sept-Saulx, Grand Est, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style, France, by Louis Süe, 1928-1929[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo_%2850_sur_102%29.jpg/428px-Photo_%2850_sur_102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo_%2850_sur_102%29.jpg/642px-Photo_%2850_sur_102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Photo_%2850_sur_102%29.jpg/855px-Photo_%2850_sur_102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sept-Saulx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château de Sept-Saulx (page does not exist)">Château de Sept-Saulx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>, a highly simplified reinterpretation of the Louis XVI style, France, by Louis Süe, 1928-1929<sup id="cite_ref-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daily_Telegraph_Building_(24438959395).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daily Telegraph Building, London, by Charles Ernest Elcock, after consulting with Thomas S. Tait, 1928[112]"><img alt="Daily Telegraph Building, London, by Charles Ernest Elcock, after consulting with Thomas S. Tait, 1928[112]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Daily_Telegraph_Building_%2824438959395%29.jpg/284px-Daily_Telegraph_Building_%2824438959395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Daily_Telegraph_Building_%2824438959395%29.jpg/427px-Daily_Telegraph_Building_%2824438959395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Daily_Telegraph_Building_%2824438959395%29.jpg/568px-Daily_Telegraph_Building_%2824438959395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5387" data-file-height="5405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph_Building" title="Daily Telegraph Building">Daily Telegraph Building</a>, London, by Charles Ernest Elcock, after consulting with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Tait" title="Thomas S. Tait">Thomas S. Tait</a>, 1928<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 497.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 495.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_(39638807102).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design for Severance Hall grand foyer of the Severance Hall, Cleveland, US, by Walker and Weeks, c.1930"><img alt="Design for Severance Hall grand foyer of the Severance Hall, Cleveland, US, by Walker and Weeks, c.1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_%2839638807102%29.jpg/743px-Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_%2839638807102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="496" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_%2839638807102%29.jpg/1116px-Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_%2839638807102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_%2839638807102%29.jpg/1486px-Design_for_Severance_Hall_grand_foyer_-_Walker_and_Weeks_%2839638807102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Design for Severance Hall grand foyer of the <a href="/wiki/Severance_Hall" title="Severance Hall">Severance Hall</a>, Cleveland, US, by <a href="/wiki/Walker_and_Weeks" title="Walker and Weeks">Walker and Weeks</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:73_Bulevardul_Dacia,_Bucharest_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dumitru Săvulescu House (Bulevardul Dacia no. 73), Bucharest, Romania, by Gheorghe Negoescu, 1933[113]"><img alt="Dumitru Săvulescu House (Bulevardul Dacia no. 73), Bucharest, Romania, by Gheorghe Negoescu, 1933[113]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/73_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/359px-73_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/73_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/539px-73_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/73_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/717px-73_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dumitru Săvulescu House (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulevardul_Dacia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulevardul Dacia (page does not exist)">Bulevardul Dacia</a> no. 73), <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Negoescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Negoescu (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Negoescu</a>, 1933<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest,_Romania_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grave of the Străjescu Family, Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest, by George Cristinel, 1934[106]"><img alt="Grave of the Străjescu Family, Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest, by George Cristinel, 1934[106]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2804%29.jpg/338px-Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2804%29.jpg/507px-Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2804%29.jpg/676px-Grave_of_the_colonel_Paul_Str%C4%83jescu_Family_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest%2C_Romania_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2971" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grave of the Străjescu Family, <a href="/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery" title="Bellu Cemetery">Bellu Cemetery</a>, Bucharest, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Cristinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Cristinel (page does not exist)">George Cristinel</a>, 1934<sup id="cite_ref-SIMETRIA_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMETRIA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avenue Foch no. 53, Paris, by Charles Abella, 1939[111]"><img alt="Avenue Foch no. 53, Paris, by Charles Abella, 1939[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg/214px-53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg/321px-53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg/427px-53_avenue_Foch_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a> no. 53, Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Abella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Abella (page does not exist)">Charles Abella</a>, 1939<sup id="cite_ref-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Although it started to be seen as 'dated' after WW1, principles, proportions and other Neoclassical elements were not abandoned yet. <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> was the dominant style during the interwar period, and it corresponds with the taste of a bourgeois elite for high class French styles of the past, including the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directorie_style&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directorie style (page does not exist)">Directoire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire</a> (the period styles of French Neoclassicism). At the same time, the French elite was equally capable of appreciating <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a>, like the works of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>. The result of this situation is the early Art Deco style, which uses both new and old elements. The <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Tokyo" title="Palais de Tokyo">Palais de Tokyo</a> from 1937 in Paris, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Aubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Aubert (page does not exist)">André Aubert</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Dastugue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Dastugue (page does not exist)">Marcel Dastugue</a>, is a good example of this. Although ornaments are not used here, the facade being decorated only with <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>, the way columns are present here is a strong reminiscence of Neoclassicism. Art Deco design often drew on Neoclassical motifs without expressing them overtly: severe, blocky <a href="/wiki/Commode" title="Commode">commodes</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann" title="Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann">Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann</a> or <a href="/wiki/Louis_S%C3%BCe" title="Louis Süe">Louis Süe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mare" title="André Mare">André Mare</a>; crisp, extremely low-relief friezes of damsels and gazelles in every medium; fashionable dresses that were draped or cut on the bias to recreate Grecian lines; the art dance of <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>. Conservative <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> architects such as <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a> in France kept the rhythms and spacing of columnar architecture even in factory buildings. </p><p>The oscillation of Art Deco between the use of historic elements, shapes and proportions, and the appetite for 'new', for Modernism, is the result of multiple factors. One of them is <b><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclecticism</a></b>. The complexity and heterogeneity of Art Deco is largely due to the eclectic spirit. Stylized elements from repertoire of Beaux-Arts, Neoclassicism, or of cultures distant in time and space (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian Americas">Pre-Columbian Americas</a>, or Sub-Saharian <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a>) are put together with references to Modernist avant-guard artists of the early 20th century (<a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>). The Art Deco phenomenon owes to academic eclecticism and Neoclassicism mainly the existence of a specific architecture. Without the contribution of the Beaux-Arts trained architects, Art Deco architecture would have remained, with the exception of residential buildings, a collection of decorative objects magnified to an urban scale, like the pavilions of the <a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts" title="International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts">International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts</a> from 1925, controversial at their time. Another reason for the swinging between historical elements and modernism was <b>consumer culture</b>. Objects and buildings in the puritan <a href="/wiki/International_style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International style (architecture)">International style</a>, devoid of any ornamentation or citation of the past, were too radical for the general public. In interwar France and England, the spirit of the public and much architectural criticism could not conceive a style totally deprived of ornament, like the International style. </p><p>The use of historic styles as sources of inspiration for Art Deco starts as far back as the years before WW1, through the efforts of decorators like <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dufr%C3%AAne" title="Maurice Dufrêne">Maurice Dufrêne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Follot" title="Paul Follot">Paul Follot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Iribe" title="Paul Iribe">Paul Iribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Groult" title="André Groult">André Groult</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Jallot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léon Jallot (page does not exist)">Léon Jallot</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Jacques_Ruhlmann" title="Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann">Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann</a>, who relate to the prestigious French artistic and handicraft tradition of the late 18th and early 19th centuries (the Louis XVI, Directoire and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe</a>), and who want to bring a new approach to these styles. The neo-Louis XVI style was really popular in France and Romania in the years before WW1, around 1910, and it heavily influenced multiple early Art Deco designs and buildings. A good example of this is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sept-Saulx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château de Sept-Saulx (page does not exist)">Château de Sept-Saulx</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_S%C3%BCe" title="Louis Süe">Louis Süe</a>, 1928–1929.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassicism_and_Totalitarian_regimes">Neoclassicism and Totalitarian regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neoclassicism and Totalitarian regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism (architecture)</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist Realist - Lenin State Library, Moscow, Russia, by Vladimir Shchuko and Vladimir Helfreich, 1928-1941[115]"><img alt="Socialist Realist - Lenin State Library, Moscow, Russia, by Vladimir Shchuko and Vladimir Helfreich, 1928-1941[115]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg/238px-Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg/357px-Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg/476px-Moscow_RussianStateLibrary_0987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="3477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realist</a> - <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Library" title="Russian State Library">Lenin State Library</a>, Moscow, Russia, by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shchuko" title="Vladimir Shchuko">Vladimir Shchuko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Helfreich" title="Vladimir Helfreich">Vladimir Helfreich</a>, 1928-1941<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist Realist - Assembly of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Chaired by Kliment Voroshilov; by Isaak Brodsky; 1929; oil on canvas; 95.5 x 129.5 cm; private collection[116]"><img alt="Socialist Realist - Assembly of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Chaired by Kliment Voroshilov; by Isaak Brodsky; 1929; oil on canvas; 95.5 x 129.5 cm; private collection[116]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/307px-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/461px-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/613px-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Socialist Realist - <i>Assembly of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Chaired by Kliment Voroshilov</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Brodsky" title="Isaak Brodsky">Isaak Brodsky</a>; 1929; oil on canvas; 95.5 x 129.5 cm; private collection<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucuresti,_Romania,_Facultatea_de_Drept,_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti,_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fascist - University Rectorate and Law Faculty Building in Bucharest (Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu no. 36–46), Bucharest, Romania, by Petre Antonescu, 1933-1935[117]"><img alt="Fascist - University Rectorate and Law Faculty Building in Bucharest (Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu no. 36–46), Bucharest, Romania, by Petre Antonescu, 1933-1935[117]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Facultatea_de_Drept%2C_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti%2C_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG/323px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Facultatea_de_Drept%2C_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti%2C_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Facultatea_de_Drept%2C_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti%2C_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG/485px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Facultatea_de_Drept%2C_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti%2C_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Facultatea_de_Drept%2C_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti%2C_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG/645px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_Facultatea_de_Drept%2C_UNIVRSITATEA_Bucuresti%2C_B-II-m-A-19003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="2416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fascist - University Rectorate and Law Faculty Building in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulevardul_Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu (page does not exist)">Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> no. 36–46), <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania, by <a href="/wiki/Petre_Antonescu" title="Petre Antonescu">Petre Antonescu</a>, 1933-1935<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat201772_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat201772-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak,_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nazi - Familie (The Family); by Josef Thorak; c.1937; probably bronze; unknown dimensions; exhibited at the 1937 Paris World Fair"><img alt="Nazi - Familie (The Family); by Josef Thorak; c.1937; probably bronze; unknown dimensions; exhibited at the 1937 Paris World Fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg/163px-Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg/245px-Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg/326px-Voorzijde_van_het_Duitse_paviljoen_met_een_beeldengroep_van_Josef_Thorak%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-2672.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nazi - <i>Familie</i> (The Family); by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Thorak" title="Josef Thorak">Josef Thorak</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1937; probably bronze; unknown dimensions; exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Internationale_des_Arts_et_Techniques_dans_la_Vie_Moderne" title="Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne">1937 Paris World Fair</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708,_Berlin,_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nazi - New Reich Chancellery, Berlin, by Albert Speer, 1938-1939[118]"><img alt="Nazi - New Reich Chancellery, Berlin, by Albert Speer, 1938-1939[118]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg/331px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg/496px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg/661px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R89708%2C_Berlin%2C_Neue_Reichskanzlei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nazi - <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery#New_Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">New Reich Chancellery</a>, Berlin, by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, 1938-1939<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014175_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014175-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_(EUR,_Rome)_(5904657870).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fascist - Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, Rome, by Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto La Padula, and Mario Romano, 1939-1942[119]"><img alt="Fascist - Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, Rome, by Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto La Padula, and Mario Romano, 1939-1942[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg/338px-Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg/507px-Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg/675px-Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fascist - <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a>, Rome, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Guerrini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Guerrini (page does not exist)">Giovanni Guerrini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_La_Padula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesto La Padula (page does not exist)">Ernesto La Padula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Romano">Mario Romano</a>, 1939-1942<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist Realist - Lomonosov University, Moscow, by Lev Rudnev, 1947-1952[119]"><img alt="Socialist Realist - Lomonosov University, Moscow, by Lev Rudnev, 1947-1952[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/394px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/592px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg/788px-Moscow_State_University_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Socialist Realist - <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Lomonosov University</a>, Moscow, by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Rudnev" title="Lev Rudnev">Lev Rudnev</a>, 1947-1952<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri,_Bucharest_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist Realist - Colonels' Quarter (Șoseaua Panduri no. 60–62), Bucharest, by I.Novițchi, C.Ionescu, C.Hacker and A.Șerbescu, 1950–1960[120]"><img alt="Socialist Realist - Colonels' Quarter (Șoseaua Panduri no. 60–62), Bucharest, by I.Novițchi, C.Ionescu, C.Hacker and A.Șerbescu, 1950–1960[120]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/136px-60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/205px-60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg/273px-60-62_%C8%98oseaua_Panduri%2C_Bucharest_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Socialist Realist - Colonels' Quarter (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98oseaua_Panduri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șoseaua Panduri (page does not exist)">Șoseaua Panduri</a> no. 60–62), Bucharest, by I.Novițchi, C.Ionescu, C.Hacker and A.Șerbescu, 1950–1960<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017181_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017181-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Omagiu,_by_Constantin_Nitescu,_circa_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Socialist Realist - Homage; by Constantin Nitescu; c.1980; unknown technique; unknown dimensions; Romania"><img alt="Socialist Realist - Homage; by Constantin Nitescu; c.1980; unknown technique; unknown dimensions; Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Omagiu%2C_by_Constantin_Nitescu%2C_circa_1980.jpg/225px-Omagiu%2C_by_Constantin_Nitescu%2C_circa_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Omagiu%2C_by_Constantin_Nitescu%2C_circa_1980.jpg/338px-Omagiu%2C_by_Constantin_Nitescu%2C_circa_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Omagiu%2C_by_Constantin_Nitescu%2C_circa_1980.jpg/450px-Omagiu%2C_by_Constantin_Nitescu%2C_circa_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1019" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Socialist Realist - <i>Homage</i>; by Constantin Nitescu; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1980; unknown technique; unknown dimensions; Romania</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Romania under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, during the 1920s and 1930s, totalitarian regimes chose Neoclassicism for state buildings and art. Architecture was central to totalitarian regimes' expression of their permanence (despite their obvious novelty). The way totalitarian regimes drew from Classicism took many forms. When it comes to state buildings in Italy and Romania, architects attempted to fuse a modern sensibility with abstract classical forms. Two good examples of this are the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a> in Rome, and the University Rectorate and Law Faculty Building in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulevardul_Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu (page does not exist)">Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> no. 36–46). In contrast, the Classicism of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a>, was bombastic, overloaded with ornaments and architectural sculptures, as an attempt to be in contrast with the simplicity of 'Capitalist' or 'bourgeois' styles like <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Lomonosov University</a> in Moscow is a good example of this. <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, the Soviet leader that succeeded Stalin, did not like this pompous Socialist Realist architecture from the reign of his predecessor. Because of the low speed and cost of these Neoclassical buildings, he stated that 'they spent people's money on beauty that no one needs, instead of building simpler, but more'. </p><p>In the Soviet Union, Neoclassicism was embraced as a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and Modernism, which the Communists saw as being too 'bourgeois' and 'capitalist'. This Communist Neoclassical style is known as Socialist Realism, and it was popular during the reign of Joseph Stalin (1924–1953). In <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>. Generally, it manifested through deeply idealized representations of wiry workers, shown as heroes in collective farms or industrialized cities, political assemblies, achievements of Soviet technology, and through depictions happy children staying around <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> or Stalin. Both subject matter and representation were carefully monitored. Artistic merit was determined by the degree to which a work contributed to the building of socialism. All artists had to join the state-controlled Union of Soviet Artists and produce work in the accepted style. The three guiding principles of Socialist Realism were party loyalty, presentation of correct ideology and accessibility. Realism, more easily understood by the masses, was the style of choice. At the beginning, in the Soviet Union, multiple competing <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movements were present, notably <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>. However, as Stalin consolidated his power towards the end of the 1920s, avant-garde art and architecture were suppressed and eventually outlawed and official state styles were established. After <a href="/wiki/Boris_Iofan" title="Boris Iofan">Boris Iofan</a> won the competition for the design of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Soviets" title="Palace of the Soviets">Palace of the Soviets</a> with a stepped classical tower, surmounted by a giant statue of Lenin, architecture soon reverted to pre-Revolutionary styles of art and architecture, untainted by Constructivism's perceived Western influence.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Socialist Realism in architecture ended more or less with the death of Stalin and the rise of Nikita Khrushchev, paintings in this style continued to be produced, especially in countries where there was a strong <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> of the leader in power, like in the case of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s Romania. </p><p>The Nazis suppressed Germany's vibrant <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> culture once they gained control of the government in 1933. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> was set as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s architectural advisor in 1934, and he tried to create an architecture that would both reflect the perceived unity of the German people and act as backdrop to the Nazis' expressions of power. The Nazis' approach to architecture was riffled with contradictions: while Hitler and Speer's plans for reordering Berlin aspired to imitate imperial Rome, in rural contexts Nazi buildings took inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">local vernaculars</a>, trying to channel an 'authentic' German spirit. When it come to fine art, the Nazis created the term '<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a>' for <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a>, a kind of art which to them was 'un-German', 'Jewish' or 'Communist'. The Nazis hated modern art and linked it to '<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a>', the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> that art (or culture broadly) was controlled by a leftist Jewish cabal seeking to destroy the aryan race. Hitler's war on Modern art mostly consisted of an exhibition that tried to discredit Modern artists, called the '<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_Art_exhibition" title="Degenerate Art exhibition">Degenerate Art exhibition</a>' (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Die Ausstellung "Entartete Kunst"</i>). This exhibition was displayed next to the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Deutsche_Kunstausstellung" title="Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung">Great Exhibition of German Art</a>, which consisted of artworks that the Nazis approved of. This way, the visitors of both exhibitions could compare the art labeled by the regime as 'good' and 'bad'. With a similar atitude, the regime closed in 1931 the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, an avant-garde art school in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a> that was extremely influential post-war. It reopened in Berlin in 1932, but was closed again in 1933. </p><p>Compared to Germany and the Soviet Union, in Italy the avant-garde contributed to state architecture. Classical architecture was also an influence, echoing <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s far cruder attempts to create links between his Fascist regime and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. Some Italian architects tried to create fusions between <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classicism</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Terragni" title="Giuseppe Terragni">Giuseppe Terragni</a> with <a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Fascio_(Como)" title="Casa del Fascio (Como)">Casa del Fascio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014174,_175,_176_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014174,_175,_176-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Romania, towards the late 1930s, influenced by the Autocratic tendency of King <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a>, multiple state buildings were erected. They were Neoclassical, many very similar with what was popular in the same years in Fascist Italy. Examples in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> include the University Rectorate and Law Faculty Building (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulevardul_Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu (page does not exist)">Bulevardul Mihail Kogălniceanu</a> no. 36–46), the Kretzulescu Apartment Building (<a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Calea Victoriei</a> no. 45), the CFR Building (Bulevardul Dinicu Golescu no. 38) or the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Palace" title="Victoria Palace">Victoria Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Bucharest" title="Victory Square, Bucharest">Piața Victoriei</a> no. 1). The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Bucharest" title="Royal Palace of Bucharest">Royal Palace</a>, whose interiors are mostly done in a neo-<a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a>, stands out by being more decorated, a little closer to the architecture before World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Postmodernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California, US, by the partnership of Langdon and Wilson with Edward Genter as the project architect and archaeological advice from Dr Norman Neuerberg, 1970-1975[123]"><img alt="J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California, US, by the partnership of Langdon and Wilson with Edward Genter as the project architect and archaeological advice from Dr Norman Neuerberg, 1970-1975[123]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg/340px-060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg/511px-060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg/680px-060807-002-GettyVilla001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>, Malibu, California, US, by the partnership of Langdon and Wilson with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Genter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Genter (page does not exist)">Edward Genter</a> as the project architect and archaeological advice from Dr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Neuerberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Neuerberg (page does not exist)">Norman Neuerberg</a>, 1970-1975<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior courtyard of Les Arcades du Lac, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France, by Ricardo Bofill, 1975-1981[124]"><img alt="Interior courtyard of Les Arcades du Lac, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France, by Ricardo Bofill, 1975-1981[124]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg/340px-Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg/511px-Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg/680px-Les_Arcades_du_Lac_interior_courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3876" data-file-height="2907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Les_Arcades_du_Lac" title="Les Arcades du Lac">Les Arcades du Lac</a>, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France, by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill" title="Ricardo Bofill">Ricardo Bofill</a>, 1975-1981<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans), US, by Charles Moore, 1978"><img alt="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans), US, by Charles Moore, 1978" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg/435px-PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg/653px-PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg/869px-PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Italia_(New_Orleans)" title="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans)">Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans)</a>, US, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(architect)" title="Charles Moore (architect)">Charles Moore</a>, 1978</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.,_sedia_sheraton_(mod._664),_1979-83_(1984-90).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheraton chair with applied decoration; by Robert Venturi for Knoll; 1978–1984, bent laminated wood; unknown dimensions; Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, USA[125]"><img alt="Sheraton chair with applied decoration; by Robert Venturi for Knoll; 1978–1984, bent laminated wood; unknown dimensions; Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee, USA[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg/176px-Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg/264px-Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg/352px-Robert_venturi_e_denise_scott_brown_per_knoll_international_inc.%2C_sedia_sheraton_%28mod._664%29%2C_1979-83_%281984-90%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheraton chair with applied decoration; by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Knoll,_Inc." title="Knoll, Inc.">Knoll</a>; 1978–1984, bent laminated wood; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a>, Milwaukee, USA<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_(3402685900).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apartment buildings on Bulevardul Unirii, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architects, 1980s"><img alt="Apartment buildings on Bulevardul Unirii, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architects, 1980s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_%283402685900%29.jpg/383px-Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_%283402685900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_%283402685900%29.jpg/575px-Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_%283402685900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_%283402685900%29.jpg/765px-Bucure%C5%9Fti_June_1996_%283402685900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apartment buildings on <a href="/wiki/Bulevardul_Unirii" title="Bulevardul Unirii">Bulevardul Unirii</a>, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architects, 1980s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers,_comodino_louis_xvi,_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XVI, lowboy; by Robert Venturi for Arc International; c.1985; laminated wood; unknown dimensions; Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA[126]"><img alt="Louis XVI, lowboy; by Robert Venturi for Arc International; c.1985; laminated wood; unknown dimensions; Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA[126]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/278px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/418px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg/556px-Robert_venturi_per_paul_downs_cabinetmakers%2C_comodino_louis_xvi%2C_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis XVI, lowboy; by Robert Venturi for Arc International; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1985; laminated wood; unknown dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a>, Indianapolis, USA<sup id="cite_ref-Postmodern_Design_Complete_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postmodern_Design_Complete-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainsbury Wing, National Gallery, London, by Robert Venturi, 1987-1991[127]"><img alt="Sainsbury Wing, National Gallery, London, by Robert Venturi, 1987-1991[127]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg/328px-National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg/493px-National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg/657px-National_Gallery_London_Sainsbury_Wing_2006-04-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sainsbury_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainsbury Wing">Sainsbury Wing</a>, National Gallery, London, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a>, 1987-1991<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pumping_station,_Stewart_Street_(geograph_4678320).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isle of Dogs Pumping Station, London, John Outram, 1988[126]"><img alt="Isle of Dogs Pumping Station, London, John Outram, 1988[126]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg/228px-Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg/343px-Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg/457px-Pumping_station%2C_Stewart_Street_%28geograph_4678320%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs_Pumping_Station" title="Isle of Dogs Pumping Station">Isle of Dogs Pumping Station</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/John_Outram" title="John Outram">John Outram</a>, 1988<sup id="cite_ref-Postmodern_Design_Complete_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postmodern_Design_Complete-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="77 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, US, by Ricardo Bofill, 1990-1992[128]"><img alt="77 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, US, by Ricardo Bofill, 1990-1992[128]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_%282%29.jpg/170px-77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_%282%29.jpg/255px-77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_%282%29.jpg/340px-77_West_Wacker_Drive_May_2016_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/77_West_Wacker_Drive" title="77 West Wacker Drive">77 West Wacker Drive</a>, Chicago, US, by Ricardo Bofill, 1990-1992<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_(51574883428).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Washington Library, Chicago, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991[129]"><img alt="Harold Washington Library, Chicago, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991[129]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_%2851574883428%29.jpg/255px-Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_%2851574883428%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_%2851574883428%29.jpg/383px-Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_%2851574883428%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_%2851574883428%29.jpg/510px-Harold_Washington_Library_-_Chicago_Public_Library_%2851574883428%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4739" data-file-height="4739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington_Library" title="Harold Washington Library">Harold Washington Library</a>, Chicago, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Beeby" title="Thomas H. Beeby">Hammond, Beeby & Babka</a>, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Public_Library_(CPL)_(14756610392).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance era of the Harold Washington Library, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991[129]"><img alt="Entrance era of the Harold Washington Library, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991[129]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chicago_Public_Library_%28CPL%29_%2814756610392%29.jpg/171px-Chicago_Public_Library_%28CPL%29_%2814756610392%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chicago_Public_Library_%28CPL%29_%2814756610392%29.jpg/256px-Chicago_Public_Library_%28CPL%29_%2814756610392%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chicago_Public_Library_%28CPL%29_%2814756610392%29.jpg/341px-Chicago_Public_Library_%28CPL%29_%2814756610392%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance era of the Harold Washington Library, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_(%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="M2 Building, Tokyo, Japan, by Kengo Kuma, 1991[130]"><img alt="M2 Building, Tokyo, Japan, by Kengo Kuma, 1991[130]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_%28%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA%29.jpeg/340px-M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_%28%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_%28%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA%29.jpeg/511px-M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_%28%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_%28%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA%29.jpeg/680px-M2%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB_%28%E4%B8%96%E7%94%B0%E8%B0%B7%E5%8C%BA%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">M2 Building, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan, by <a href="/wiki/Kengo_Kuma" title="Kengo Kuma">Kengo Kuma</a>, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montpellier,_France_-_panoramio_(210).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antigone, Montpellier, France, by Ricardo Bofill, completed in 1992"><img alt="Antigone, Montpellier, France, by Ricardo Bofill, completed in 1992" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Montpellier%2C_France_-_panoramio_%28210%29.jpg/383px-Montpellier%2C_France_-_panoramio_%28210%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Montpellier%2C_France_-_panoramio_%28210%29.jpg/575px-Montpellier%2C_France_-_panoramio_%28210%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Montpellier%2C_France_-_panoramio_%28210%29.jpg/765px-Montpellier%2C_France_-_panoramio_%28210%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antigone,_Montpellier" title="Antigone, Montpellier">Antigone, Montpellier</a>, France, by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill" title="Ricardo Bofill">Ricardo Bofill</a>, completed in 1992</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Children's Museum of Houston, Houston, US, by Robert Venturi, 1992[131]"><img alt="Children's Museum of Houston, Houston, US, by Robert Venturi, 1992[131]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG/340px-HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG/511px-HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG/680px-HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Houston" title="Children's Museum of Houston">Children's Museum of Houston</a>, Houston, US, by Robert Venturi, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_of_the_Gods,_Caesars_Palace_(Las_Vegas)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forum Shops in Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, US, by Marnell Corrao Associates, 1992[132]"><img alt="Forum Shops in Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, US, by Marnell Corrao Associates, 1992[132]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fountain_of_the_Gods%2C_Caesars_Palace_%28Las_Vegas%29_%282%29.jpg/384px-Fountain_of_the_Gods%2C_Caesars_Palace_%28Las_Vegas%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fountain_of_the_Gods%2C_Caesars_Palace_%28Las_Vegas%29_%282%29.jpg/576px-Fountain_of_the_Gods%2C_Caesars_Palace_%28Las_Vegas%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Fountain_of_the_Gods%2C_Caesars_Palace_%28Las_Vegas%29_%282%29.jpg/767px-Fountain_of_the_Gods%2C_Caesars_Palace_%28Las_Vegas%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Forum Shops in <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a>, Las Vegas, US, by <a href="/wiki/Marnell_Corrao_Associates" title="Marnell Corrao Associates">Marnell Corrao Associates</a>, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafford_Centre,_May_2013_(20).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of the Trafford Centre, Manchester, UK, designed by Chapman Taylor and Leach Rhodes Walker, with sculptures by Colin Spofforth, 1998[133]"><img alt="Exterior of the Trafford Centre, Manchester, UK, designed by Chapman Taylor and Leach Rhodes Walker, with sculptures by Colin Spofforth, 1998[133]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Trafford_Centre%2C_May_2013_%2820%29.JPG/340px-Trafford_Centre%2C_May_2013_%2820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Trafford_Centre%2C_May_2013_%2820%29.JPG/511px-Trafford_Centre%2C_May_2013_%2820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Trafford_Centre%2C_May_2013_%2820%29.JPG/680px-Trafford_Centre%2C_May_2013_%2820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a>, Manchester, UK, designed by <a href="/wiki/Chapman_Taylor" title="Chapman Taylor">Chapman Taylor</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leach_Rhodes_Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leach Rhodes Walker (page does not exist)">Leach Rhodes Walker</a>, with sculptures by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Spofforth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Spofforth (page does not exist)">Colin Spofforth</a>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-Sunway_University_Press_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunway_University_Press-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Trafford Centre, by Chapman Taylor and Leach Rhodes Walker, 1998[133]"><img alt="Interior of the Trafford Centre, by Chapman Taylor and Leach Rhodes Walker, 1998[133]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg/198px-Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg/297px-Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg/396px-Trafford_Centre_escalators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Trafford Centre, by Chapman Taylor and Leach Rhodes Walker, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-Sunway_University_Press_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunway_University_Press-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa,_poltrona_masters,_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis Ghost, a simplified reinterpretation of armchairs in the Louis XVI style; by Philippe Starck; 2009; polycarbonate; height: 94 cm; various locations[134]"><img alt="Louis Ghost, a simplified reinterpretation of armchairs in the Louis XVI style; by Philippe Starck; 2009; polycarbonate; height: 94 cm; various locations[134]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg/173px-Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg/260px-Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg/347px-Philippe_starck_per_kartell_spa%2C_poltrona_masters%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Louis Ghost, a simplified reinterpretation of armchairs in the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Starck" title="Philippe Starck">Philippe Starck</a>; 2009; <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>; height: 94 cm; various locations<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Strada_Arthur_Verona,_Bucharest_(27).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postmodern table with different legs, some of which are reminiscent of Neoclassical furniture; unknown designer; c.2010; painted wood; unknown dimensions; Cărturești Verona (Strada Arthur Verona no. 15), Bucharest, Romania"><img alt="Postmodern table with different legs, some of which are reminiscent of Neoclassical furniture; unknown designer; c.2010; painted wood; unknown dimensions; Cărturești Verona (Strada Arthur Verona no. 15), Bucharest, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/15_Strada_Arthur_Verona%2C_Bucharest_%2827%29.jpg/190px-15_Strada_Arthur_Verona%2C_Bucharest_%2827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/15_Strada_Arthur_Verona%2C_Bucharest_%2827%29.jpg/286px-15_Strada_Arthur_Verona%2C_Bucharest_%2827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/15_Strada_Arthur_Verona%2C_Bucharest_%2827%29.jpg/380px-15_Strada_Arthur_Verona%2C_Bucharest_%2827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="3959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodern</a> table with different legs, some of which are reminiscent of Neoclassical furniture; unknown designer; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>2010; painted wood; unknown dimensions; Cărturești Verona (Strada Arthur Verona no. 15), <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</div> </li> </ul> <p>An early text questioning <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> was by architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a>, <i>Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture</i> (1966), in which he recommended a revival of the 'presence of the past' in architectural design. He tried to include in his own buildings qualities that he described as 'inclusion, inconsistency, compromise, accommodation, adaptation, superadjacency, equivalence, multiple focus, juxtaposition, or good and bad space.'<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Venturi's work reflected the broader counter-cultural mood of the 1960s which saw younger generations begin to question and challenge the political, social and racial realities with which they found themselves confronted. This rejection of Modernism is known as <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>. Robert Venturi parodies <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>'s well-known maxim '<a href="/wiki/Less_is_more_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Less is more (architecture)">less is more</a>' with 'less is a bore'. During the 1980s and 1990s, some <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a> architects found a refuge in a sort of Neo-Neoclassicism. Their use of Classicism was not limited only to ornaments, using more or less proportions and other principles too. Post-Modern Classicism had been variously described by some people as 'camp' or '<a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>'. An architect who has been remarked through Post-Modern Classicism is <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill" title="Ricardo Bofill">Ricardo Bofill</a>. His work includes two housing projects of titanic scale near Paris, known as <a href="/wiki/Les_Arcades_du_Lac" title="Les Arcades du Lac">Les Arcades du Lac</a> from 1975 to 1981, and <a href="/wiki/Les_Espaces_d%27Abraxas" title="Les Espaces d'Abraxas">Les Espaces d'Abraxas</a> from 1978 to 1983. A building that stands out through its revivalism is the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Malibu,_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu, California</a>, from 1970 to 1975, inspired by the ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a> at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. The J. Paul Getty Museum is far closer to 19th century Neoclassicism, like the <a href="/wiki/Pompejanum" title="Pompejanum">Pompejanum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a>, Germany, than to Post-Modern Classicism of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_in_the_21st_century">Architecture in the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Architecture in the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="New Classical Architecture">New Classical Architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery,_Buckingham_Palace_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, London, by John Simpson, 2000-2002[137]"><img alt="Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, London, by John Simpson, 2000-2002[137]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery%2C_Buckingham_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery%2C_Buckingham_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery%2C_Buckingham_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery%2C_Buckingham_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery%2C_Buckingham_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Entrance_of_Queen%27s_Gallery%2C_Buckingham_Palace_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallery">Queen's Gallery</a>, Buckingham Palace, London, by <a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(architect)" title="John Simpson (architect)">John Simpson</a>, 2000-2002<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schermerhorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schermerhorn Symphony Center, Nashville, Tennessee, US, by Earl Swensson Associates, David M. Schwarz Architects, and Hastings Architecture Associates, 2006"><img alt="Schermerhorn Symphony Center, Nashville, Tennessee, US, by Earl Swensson Associates, David M. Schwarz Architects, and Hastings Architecture Associates, 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Schermerhorn.jpg/400px-Schermerhorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Schermerhorn.jpg/600px-Schermerhorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Schermerhorn.jpg/800px-Schermerhorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schermerhorn_Symphony_Center" title="Schermerhorn Symphony Center">Schermerhorn Symphony Center</a>, Nashville, Tennessee, US, by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Swensson" title="Earl Swensson">Earl Swensson</a> Associates, <a href="/wiki/David_M._Schwarz" title="David M. Schwarz">David M. Schwarz</a> Architects, and Hastings Architecture Associates, 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 402px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Simon Gallery, entrance of the Neues Museum, Berlin, by David Chipperfield, 2009–2018"><img alt="James Simon Gallery, entrance of the Neues Museum, Berlin, by David Chipperfield, 2009–2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg/600px-Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg/900px-Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg/1200px-Berlin_James-Simon-Galerie_asv2019-07_img2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7734" data-file-height="3867" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Simon_Gallery" title="James Simon Gallery">James Simon Gallery</a>, entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a>, Berlin, by <a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield</a>, 2009–2018</div> </li> </ul> <p>After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), Neoclassicism has seen something of a resurgence. </p><p>As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary Neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="New Classical Architecture">New Classical Architecture</a>. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism or Traditionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a number of pieces of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern architecture</a> draw inspiration from and include explicit references to Neoclassicism, <a href="/wiki/Antigone_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone District">Antigone District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre of Catalonia">National Theatre of Catalonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> among them. <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a> occasionally includes historical elements, like columns, capitals or the tympanum. </p><p>For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Traditional Architecture</a> (or vernacular) is mostly used. The <a href="/wiki/Driehaus_Architecture_Prize" title="Driehaus Architecture Prize">Driehaus Architecture Prize</a> is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, various contemporary public buildings are built in Neoclassical style, with the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Schermerhorn_Symphony_Center" title="Schermerhorn Symphony Center">Schermerhorn Symphony Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> being an example. </p><p>In Britain, a number of architects are active in the Neoclassical style. Examples of their work include two university libraries: <a href="/wiki/Quinlan_Terry" title="Quinlan Terry">Quinlan Terry</a>'s Maitland Robinson Library at <a href="/wiki/Downing_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Downing College">Downing College</a> and Robert Adam Architects' <a href="/wiki/Sackler_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackler Library">Sackler Library</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion" title="1795–1820 in Western fashion">1795–1820 in Western fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Empire_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Empire (style)">American Empire (style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquization" title="Antiquization">Antiquization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a>, the late Greek-Revival style</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje_2014" title="Skopje 2014">Skopje 2014</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Angus (2010-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1189"><i>Oxford Dictionary of English</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199571123" title="Special:BookSources/9780199571123"><bdi>9780199571123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.isbn=9780199571123&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanecAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohle2006" class="citation web cs1">Kohle, Hubertu. (August 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/978/">"The road from Rome to Paris. The birth of a modern Neoclassicism"</a>. Jacques Louis David. New perspectives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+road+from+Rome+to+Paris.+The+birth+of+a+modern+Neoclassicism&rft.pub=Jacques+Louis+David.+New+perspectives&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.aulast=Kohle&rft.aufirst=Hubertu.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fartdok%2F978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldick-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baldick_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Baldick" title="Chris Baldick">Baldick, Chris</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443-e-110?rskey=gCA8Zd&result=782">"Neoclassicism"</a>. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(Online Version)</span> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191783234" title="Special:BookSources/9780191783234"><bdi>9780191783234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoclassicism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780191783234&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198715443.001.0001%2Facref-9780198715443-e-110%3Frskey%3DgCA8Zd%26result%3D782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greene_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Greene" title="Roland Greene">Greene, Roland</a>; et al., eds. (2012). "Neoclassical poetics". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i></a> (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6"><bdi>978-0-691-15491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+poetics&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15491-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKiC6IeFR2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassical-architecture">"Neoclassical architecture | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2023-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+architecture+%7C+Definition%2C+Characteristics%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FNeoclassical-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/classical-classical-revival-neo-classical">"Classical / Classical Revival / Neo-Classical: an architectural style guide"</a>. <i>www.architecture.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.architecture.com&rft.atitle=Classical+%2F+Classical+Revival+%2F+Neo-Classical%3A+an+architectural+style+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecture.com%2Fknowledge-and-resources%2Fknowledge-landing-page%2Fclassical-classical-revival-neo-classical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1997" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, David G. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neoclassicism0000irwi"><i>Neoclassicism A&I (Art and Ideas)</i></a></span>. Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-3369-9"><bdi>978-0-7148-3369-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoclassicism+A%26I+%28Art+and+Ideas%29&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-3369-9&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneoclassicism0000irwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 17–25; Novotny, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A recurring theme in Clark: 19–23, 58–62, 69, 97–98 (on Ingres); Honour, 187–190; Novotny, 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lingo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lingo_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingo2007" class="citation book cs1">Lingo, Estelle Cecile (2007). <i>François Duquesnoy and the Greek ideal</i>. Yale University Press; First Edition. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlq67ikF0OEC&dq=Winckelmann+Neoclassicism&pg=PA161">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12483-5"><bdi>978-0-300-12483-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Duquesnoy+and+the+Greek+ideal&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%3B+First+Edition&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12483-5&rft.aulast=Lingo&rft.aufirst=Estelle+Cecile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbott1995" class="citation book cs1">Talbott, Page (1995). <i>Classical Savannah: fine & decorative arts, 1800-1840</i>. University of Georgia Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1793-9"><bdi>978-0-8203-1793-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Savannah%3A+fine+%26+decorative+arts%2C+1800-1840&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1793-9&rft.aulast=Talbott&rft.aufirst=Page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_Reich2009" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Reich, Lawrence S., John J. (2009). <i>Culture and values: a survey of the humanities</i>. Wadsworth Publishing; 7 edition. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56877-3"><bdi>978-0-495-56877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+values%3A+a+survey+of+the+humanities&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing%3B+7+edition&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-56877-3&rft.aulast=Cunningham%2C+Reich&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.%2C+John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 57–62, 61 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both quotes from the first pages of "Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries">"Industrial History of European Countries"</a>. <i>European Route of Industrial Heritage</i>. Council of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Route+of+Industrial+Heritage&rft.atitle=Industrial+History+of+European+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erih.net%2Fhow-it-started%2Findustrial-history-of-european-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthThomas1977" class="citation journal cs1">North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (May 1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595144">"The First Economic Revolution"</a></span>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>30</b> (2). Wiley on behalf of the Economic History Society: 229–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2595144">10.2307/2595144</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2595144">2595144</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+Economic+Revolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-230&rft.date=1977-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2595144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2595144%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Douglass+C.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Robert+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2595144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2006" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Stephen L. (2006). <i>In Pursuit of Ancient Pasts: A History of Classical Archaeology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i>. Yale University Press. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11097-5"><bdi>978-0-300-11097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+Ancient+Pasts%3A+A+History+of+Classical+Archaeology+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11097-5&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 11, 23–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 44–46; Novotny, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 43–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017275-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017275_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. Phaidon. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+Artists&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. Phaidon. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+Artists&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017276_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2022" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Hutton (2022). <i>The History of Art - From Prehistory to Presentday - A Global View</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02236-8"><bdi>978-0-500-02236-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Art+-+From+Prehistory+to+Presentday+-+A+Global+View&rft.pages=993&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02236-8&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Hutton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2023" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Graham-Dixon (2023). <i>art - The Definitive Visual History</i>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1"><bdi>978-0-2416-2903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=art+-+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-2416-2903-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Graham-Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. Phaidon. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+Artists&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. Phaidon. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+Artists&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrill, Rebecca (2019). <i>Great Women Artists</i>. Phaidon. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7877-5"><bdi>978-0-7148-7877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+Artists&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7877-5&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2023" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Graham-Dixon (2023). <i>art - The Definitive Visual History</i>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1"><bdi>978-0-2416-2903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=art+-+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-2416-2903-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Graham-Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2023" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Graham-Dixon (2023). <i>art - The Definitive Visual History</i>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1"><bdi>978-0-2416-2903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=art+-+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-2416-2903-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Graham-Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 20 (quoted); Honour, 14; <a href="/wiki/File:Mengs_Parnasus.jpg" title="File:Mengs Parnasus.jpg">image of the painting</a> (in fairness, other works by Mengs are more successful)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 31–32 (31 quoted)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 113–114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 51–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 45–58 (47–48 quoted); Honour, 50–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 34–37; Clark, 21–26; Novotny, 19–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 39–47; Clark, 97–145; Honour, 187–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ART ● Architecture ● Painting ● Sculpture ● Graphics ● Design</i>. Gardners Books. 2011. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4454-5585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4454-5585-3"><bdi>978-1-4454-5585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ART+%E2%97%8F+Architecture+%E2%97%8F+Painting+%E2%97%8F+Sculpture+%E2%97%8F+Graphics+%E2%97%8F+Design&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Gardners+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4454-5585-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_-_The_Definitive_Visual_History_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2023" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Graham-Dixon (2023). <i>art - The Definitive Visual History</i>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2416-2903-1"><bdi>978-0-2416-2903-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=art+-+The+Definitive+Visual+History&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-2416-2903-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Graham-Dixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneyrie-Dagen2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laneyrie-Dagen, Nadeije (2021). <i>Historie de l'art pour tous</i> (in French). Hazan. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-1230-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-1230-7"><bdi>978-2-7541-1230-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historie+de+l%27art+pour+tous&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Hazan&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-1230-7&rft.aulast=Laneyrie-Dagen&rft.aufirst=Nadeije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneyrie-Dagen2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laneyrie-Dagen, Nadeije (2021). <i>Historie de l'art pour tous</i> (in French). Hazan. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-1230-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-1230-7"><bdi>978-2-7541-1230-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historie+de+l%27art+pour+tous&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Hazan&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-1230-7&rft.aulast=Laneyrie-Dagen&rft.aufirst=Nadeije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017278-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortenberry2017278_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortenberry2017">Fortenberry 2017</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 378–379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinard, Gilbert, ed., <i>Houdon in America</i> Arno PressNy, 1979, a reprint of a book published by Johns Hopkins University, 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 379–384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 384–385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 388–389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, 390–392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerdts, William H., <i>American Neo-Classic Sculpture: The Marble Resurrection</i>, Viking Press, New York, 1973 p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarbodière2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larbodière, Jean-Marc (2015). <i>L'Architecture de Paris des Origins à Aujourd'hui</i> (in French). Massin. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7072-0915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7072-0915-3"><bdi>978-2-7072-0915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Architecture+de+Paris+des+Origins+%C3%A0+Aujourd%27hui&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Massin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7072-0915-3&rft.aulast=Larbodi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alisson Lee. <i>Historical dictionary of neoclassical art and architecture</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+neoclassical+art+and+architecture.&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alisson+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gontar-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gontar_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gontar_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gontar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 110–111, 110 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 171–184, 171 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192511-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192511_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Martin1925">de Martin 1925</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014276-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014276_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192513-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192513_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Martin1925">de Martin 1925</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014273-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014273_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014273_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014273_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquemart2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacquemart, Albert (2012). <i>Decorative Art</i>. Parkstone. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7"><bdi>978-1-84484-899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorative+Art&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Parkstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84484-899-7&rft.aulast=Jacquemart&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarbodière2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larbodière, Jean-Marc (2015). <i>L'Architecture de Paris des Origins à Aujourd'hui</i> (in French). Massin. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7072-0915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7072-0915-3"><bdi>978-2-7072-0915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Architecture+de+Paris+des+Origins+%C3%A0+Aujourd%27hui&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Massin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7072-0915-3&rft.aulast=Larbodi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192517-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192517_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Martin1925">de Martin 1925</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/96539/corner-cabinet">"Corner Cabinet - The Art Institute of Chicago"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corner+Cabinet+-+The+Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartworks%2F96539%2Fcorner-cabinet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192561-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Martin192561_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Martin1925">de Martin 1925</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decorative_Art-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decorative_Art_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decorative_Art_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquemart2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacquemart, Albert (2012). <i>Decorative Art</i>. Parkstone. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84484-899-7"><bdi>978-1-84484-899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorative+Art&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Parkstone&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84484-899-7&rft.aulast=Jacquemart&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraur1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graur, Neaga (1970). <i>Stiluri în arta decorativă</i> (in Romanian). Cerces. pp. 200, 201 & 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stiluri+%C3%AEn+arta+decorativ%C4%83&rft.pages=200%2C+201+%26+202&rft.pub=Cerces&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Graur&rft.aufirst=Neaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvie2001" class="citation book cs1">Sylvie, Chadenet (2001). <i>French Furniture • From Louis XIII to Art Deco</i>. Little, Brown and Company. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Furniture+%E2%80%A2+From+Louis+XIII+to+Art+Deco&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sylvie&rft.aufirst=Chadenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylvie2001" class="citation book cs1">Sylvie, Chadenet (2001). <i>French Furniture • From Louis XIII to Art Deco</i>. Little, Brown and Company. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Furniture+%E2%80%A2+From+Louis+XIII+to+Art+Deco&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sylvie&rft.aufirst=Chadenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madparis.fr/~period/article-fiche-local4114en.html">"ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK"</a>. <i>madparis.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madparis.fr&rft.atitle=ASTRONOMICAL+CLOCK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadparis.fr%2F~period%2Farticle-fiche-local4114en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010116204">"Bergère du salon de Madame Récamier (OA 11384 à 11391), d'une paire avec OA 11386"</a>. <i>collections.louvre.fr</i>. 1799<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Berg%C3%A8re+du+salon+de+Madame+R%C3%A9camier+%28OA+11384+%C3%A0+11391%29%2C+d%27une+paire+avec+OA+11386&rft.date=1799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010116204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2014275-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2014275_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014111_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdile2007" class="citation book cs1">Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). <i>Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800-1815</i>. 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SIMETRIA. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2"><bdi>978-973-1872-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Deco+sau+Modernismul+Bine+Temperat+%E2%80%93+Art+Deco+or+Well-Tempered+Modernism&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=SIMETRIA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-973-1872-03-2&rft.aulast=Criticos&rft.aufirst=Mihaela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/oeuvres/commode-deux-vantaux-cabinet-de-milieu-163331">"Commode à deux vantaux, cabinet de milieu"</a>. <i>musee-orsay.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulbenkian.pt&rft.atitle=A+Primavera%3A+Homenagem+a+Jean+Goujon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulbenkian.pt%2Fmuseu%2Fworks_museu%2Fa-primavera-homenagem-a-jean-goujon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadijevic" class="citation journal cs1">Kadijevic, Aleksandar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21221965">"Arhitekt Josif Najman (1890-1951), Moment 18, Beograd 1990, 100-106"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arhitekt+Josif+Najman+%281890-1951%29%2C+Moment+18%2C+Beograd+1990%2C+100-106&rft.aulast=Kadijevic&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F21221965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriticos2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Criticos, Mihaela (2009). <i>Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism</i> (in Romanian and English). SIMETRIA. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2"><bdi>978-973-1872-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Deco+sau+Modernismul+Bine+Temperat+-+Art+Deco+or+Well-Tempered+Modernism&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=SIMETRIA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-973-1872-03-2&rft.aulast=Criticos&rft.aufirst=Mihaela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art_Deco_sau_Modernismul_Bine_Tempe_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriticos2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Criticos, Mihaela (2009). <i>Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism</i> (in Romanian and English). SIMETRIA. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2"><bdi>978-973-1872-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Deco+sau+Modernismul+Bine+Temperat+-+Art+Deco+or+Well-Tempered+Modernism&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=SIMETRIA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-973-1872-03-2&rft.aulast=Criticos&rft.aufirst=Mihaela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl2013" class="citation book cs1">Curl, James Stevens (2013). <i>The Egyptian Revival: Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West</i>. Routledge. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-23467-7"><bdi>978-1-134-23467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Revival%3A+Ancient+Egypt+as+the+Inspiration+for+Design+Motifs+in+the+West&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-23467-7&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoinaroski2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woinaroski, Cristina (2013). <i>Istorie urbană, Lotizarea și Parcul Ioanid din București în context european</i> (in Romanian). SIMETRIA. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-30-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-30-8"><bdi>978-973-1872-30-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorie+urban%C4%83%2C+Lotizarea+%C8%99i+Parcul+Ioanid+din+Bucure%C8%99ti+%C3%AEn+context+european&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=SIMETRIA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-973-1872-30-8&rft.aulast=Woinaroski&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriticos2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Criticos, Mihaela (2009). <i>Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat – Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism</i> (in Romanian and English). SIMETRIA. pp. 29, 31, 40, 79, 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-03-2"><bdi>978-973-1872-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+Deco+sau+Modernismul+Bine+Temperat+%E2%80%93+Art+Deco+or+Well-Tempered+Modernism&rft.pages=29%2C+31%2C+40%2C+79%2C+91&rft.pub=SIMETRIA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-973-1872-03-2&rft.aulast=Criticos&rft.aufirst=Mihaela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2018" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, Amy (2018). <i>Modern Art</i>. Thamed & Hudson. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29322-5"><bdi>978-0-500-29322-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Art&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Thamed+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29322-5&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat201772-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat201772_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017">Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014175-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014175_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014176_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017181-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017181_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017">Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2018" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, Amy (2018). <i>Modern Art</i>. Thamed & Hudson. pp. 92, 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29322-5"><bdi>978-0-500-29322-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Art&rft.pages=92%2C+93&rft.pub=Thamed+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29322-5&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014174,_175,_176-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2014174,_175,_176_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2014">Hopkins 2014</a>, p. 174, 175, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. pp. 663, 664. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=663%2C+664&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 663. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=663&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2017" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Judith (2017). <i>Postmodern Design Complete</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1"><bdi>978-0-500-51914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Design+Complete&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51914-1&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postmodern_Design_Complete-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Postmodern_Design_Complete_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Postmodern_Design_Complete_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2017" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Judith (2017). <i>Postmodern Design Complete</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1"><bdi>978-0-500-51914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Design+Complete&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51914-1&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=665&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.are.na/block/14220675">"77 West Wacker Drive Interior (1992)"</a>. <i>are.na</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=are.na&rft.atitle=77+West+Wacker+Drive+Interior+%281992%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.are.na%2Fblock%2F14220675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2017" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Judith (2017). <i>Postmodern Design Complete</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1"><bdi>978-0-500-51914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Design+Complete&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51914-1&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2017" class="citation book cs1">Gura, Judith (2017). <i>Postmodern Design Complete</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1"><bdi>978-0-500-51914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Design+Complete&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51914-1&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Gibson2018" class="citation web cs1">Eleanor Gibson (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/19/robert-venturi-best-postmodern-architecture-projects/">"Seven of Robert Venturi's best postmodern projects"</a>. <i>dezeen.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dezeen.com&rft.atitle=Seven+of+Robert+Venturi%27s+best+postmodern+projects&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.au=Eleanor+Gibson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2018%2F09%2F19%2Frobert-venturi-best-postmodern-architecture-projects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.are.na/block/14220899">"The Forum Shops at Caesars Palace (1992)"</a>. <i>are.na</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=are.na&rft.atitle=The+Forum+Shops+at+Caesars+Palace+%281992%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.are.na%2Fblock%2F14220899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunway_University_Press-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunway_University_Press_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunway_University_Press_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2022" class="citation book cs1">Gray, George T. (2022). <i>An Introduction to the History of Architecture, Art & Design</i>. Sunway University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5492-24-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5492-24-2"><bdi>978-967-5492-24-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Architecture%2C+Art+%26+Design&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Sunway+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-967-5492-24-2&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smow.com/philippe-starck/louis-ghost.html">"Philippe Starck, a pair of 'Louis Ghost' armchairs, Kartell. - Bukowskis"</a>. <i>smow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smow.com&rft.atitle=Philippe+Starck%2C+a+pair+of+%27Louis+Ghost%27+armchairs%2C+Kartell.+-+Bukowskis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smow.com%2Fphilippe-starck%2Flouis-ghost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 660. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=660&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. pp. 660, 661, 663. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=660%2C+661%2C+663&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2022). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Laurence King. p. 673. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-030-2"><bdi>978-1-52942-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pages=673&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-52942-030-2&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arch-tour.blogspot.com/2009/03/neo-classicist-architecture.html">"Neo-classicist Architecture. Traditionalism. Historicism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neo-classicist+Architecture.+Traditionalism.+Historicism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farch-tour.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F03%2Fneo-classicist-architecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architecture.nd.edu/about/driehaus-prize/">Driehaus Prize for New Classical Architecture at Notre Dame SoA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210100930/http://architecture.nd.edu/about/driehaus-prize/">Archived</a> 2017-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i>Together, the $200,000 Driehaus Prize and the $50,000 Reed Award represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the contemporary built environment.</i>; retained March 7, 2014</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelacCarabelaMarcu-Lapadat2017" class="citation book cs1">Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). <i>Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide</i>. Order of Architects of Romania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6"><bdi>978-973-0-23884-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bucharest+Architecture+%E2%80%93+an+annotated+guide&rft.pub=Order+of+Architects+of+Romania&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-973-0-23884-6&rft.aulast=Celac&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Carabela%2C+Octavian&rft.au=Marcu-Lapadat%2C+Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a> (1976). <i>The Romantic Rebellion: Romantic versus Classic Art</i>. Omega. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86007-718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86007-718-7"><bdi>0-86007-718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+Rebellion%3A+Romantic+versus+Classic+Art&rft.pub=Omega&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-86007-718-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Martin1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Martin, Henry (1925). <i>Le Style Louis XVI</i> (in French). Flammarion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Style+Louis+XVI&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=de+Martin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2017" class="citation book cs1">Fortenberry, Diane (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ"><i>The Art Museum</i></a> (Revised ed.). London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=YsxDswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsxDswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGontar2003" class="citation web cs1">Gontar, Cybele (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/neoc_1/hd_neoc_1.htm">"Neoclassicism"</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neoclassicism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Gontar&rft.aufirst=Cybele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fneoc_1%2Fhd_neoc_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2019" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2019). <i>The Short Story of Architecture</i>. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3"><bdi>978-1-7862-7370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Architecture&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7862-7370-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2014" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Owen (2014). <i>Architectural Styles: A Visual Guide</i>. Laurence King. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-178067-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-178067-163-5"><bdi>978-178067-163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Styles%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-178067-163-5&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonour1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Honour, Hugh</a> (1968). <i>Neo-classicism. Style and Civilisation</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-classicism.+Style+and+Civilisation&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Honour&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span>. Reprinted 1977.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1998" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Lynn (1998). "Freedom of Dress in Revolutionary France". In Melzer, Sara E.; Norberg, Kathryn (eds.). <i>From the Royal to the Republican Body: Incorporating the Political in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century France</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520208070" title="Special:BookSources/9780520208070"><bdi>9780520208070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Dress+in+Revolutionary+France&rft.btitle=From+the+Royal+to+the+Republican+Body%3A+Incorporating+the+Political+in+Seventeenth-+and+Eighteenth-Century+France&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520208070&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Denna, ed. (2014). <i>Architecture The Whole Story</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-29148-1"><bdi>978-0-500-29148-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+The+Whole+Story&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-29148-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLăzărescuCristeaLăzărescu1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lăzărescu, Cezar; Cristea, Gabriel; Lăzărescu, Elena (1972). <i>Arhitectura Românească în Imagini</i> (in Romanian). Editura Meridiane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arhitectura+Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83+%C3%AEn+Imagini&rft.pub=Editura+Meridiane&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu&rft.aufirst=Cezar&rft.au=Cristea%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=L%C4%83z%C4%83rescu%2C+Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovotny" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Novotny" title="Fritz Novotny">Novotny, Fritz</a>. <i>Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 1780–1880</i> (2nd (reprinted 1980) ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+and+Sculpture+in+Europe%2C+1780%E2%80%931880&rft.edition=2nd+%28reprinted+1980%29&rft.aulast=Novotny&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifelj2010" class="citation book cs1">Rifelj, Carol De Dobay (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdBoGMJktgC"><i>Coiffures: Hair in Nineteenth-Century French Literature and Culture</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874130997" title="Special:BookSources/9780874130997"><bdi>9780874130997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coiffures%3A+Hair+in+Nineteenth-Century+French+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780874130997&rft.aulast=Rifelj&rft.aufirst=Carol+De+Dobay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFdBoGMJktgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassicism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Kevin (2017). <i>Artist and Patrons: Court Art and Revolution in Brussels at the end of the Ancien Regime</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03096564.2017.1299964">Dutch Crossing, Taylor and Francis</a></li> <li>Eriksen, Svend. <i>Early Neoclassicism in France</i> (1974)</li> <li>Friedlaender, Walter (1952). <i>David to Delacroix</i> (originally published in German; reprinted 1980)</li> <li>Gromort, Georges, with introductory essay by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sammons" title="Richard Sammons">Richard Sammons</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.books-by-isbn.com/0-393/0393730514-The-Elements-of-Classical-Architecture-Georges-Gromort-Henry-Hope-Reed-0-393-73051-4.html"><i>The Elements of Classical Architecture</i> (Classical America Series in Art and Architecture)</a></li> <li>Harrison, Charles; Paul Wood and Jason Gaiger (eds) (2000; repr. 2003). <i>Art in Theory 1648–1815: An Anthology of Changing Ideas</i></li> <li>Hartop, Christopher, with foreword by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Knox" title="Tim Knox">Tim Knox</a> (2010).</li> <li><i>The Classical Ideal: English Silver, 1760–1840</i>, exh. cat. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)" title="John Adamson (publisher)">John Adamson</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9524322-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9524322-9-6">978-0-9524322-9-6</a>.</li> <li>Irwin, David (1966). <i>English Neoclassical Art: Studies in Inspiration and Taste</i></li> <li>Johnson, James William. “What Was Neo-Classicism?” <i>Journal of British Studies</i>, vol. 9, no. 1, 1969, pp. 49–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/175167">online</a></li> <li>Rosenblum, Robert (1967). <i>Transformations in Late Eighteenth-Century Art</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassicism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revivals" title="Template:Revivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revivals" title="Template talk:Revivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> in architecture and decorative arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_provincial_architecture" title="French provincial architecture">French Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque" title="Châteauesque">Châteauesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">Palazzo style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li>Second Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_Europe" title="Second Empire architecture in Europe">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">North American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">Swiss chalet style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_style" title="Henry II style">Henry II style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_style" title="Henry IV style">Henry IV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XV">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany, Austria-Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adamesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture_in_the_British_Isles" title="Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a> <ul><li>British India</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Palladian">Neo-Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish Baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stile_Umbertino" title="Stile Umbertino">Stile Umbertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragestil" title="Dragestil">Dragon style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_style" title="Gustavian style">Gustavian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Empire and USSR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Neoclassical Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco_Deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco Deco">Greco Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cathedral_style" title="Polish cathedral style">Polish cathedral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14378#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14378#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14378#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577351">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="neoklasicismus (umění)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123231&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563185105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011184">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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