encyclopaedia (reference work) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia

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sid="_31982" title="The nature of encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31982/The-nature-of-encyclopaedias">The nature of encyclopaedias</option>The nature of encyclopaedias<option id="_31983" sid="_31982" title="Historical significance" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31982/The-nature-of-encyclopaedias#toc31983"> - Historical significance</option>Historical significance<option id="_31984" sid="_31984" title="Greek and Roman concepts" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31984/Greek-and-Roman-concepts"> - Greek and Roman concepts</option>Greek and Roman concepts<option id="_31985" sid="_31985" title="Content arrangement" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31985/Content-arrangement"> - Content arrangement</option>Content arrangement<option id="_31986" sid="_31986" title="Encyclopaedias in general" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31986/Encyclopaedias-in-general">Encyclopaedias in general</option>Encyclopaedias in general<option id="_31987" sid="_31986" title="The role of encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31986/Encyclopaedias-in-general#toc31987"> - The role of encyclopaedias</option>The role of encyclopaedias<option id="_31988" sid="_31988" title="Interrelations" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31988/Interrelations"> - - Interrelations</option>Interrelations<option id="_31989" sid="_31989" title="Readership" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31989/Readership"> - - Readership</option>Readership<option id="_31990" sid="_31990" title="Contributors" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31990/Contributors"> - - Contributors</option>Contributors<option id="_31991" sid="_31991" title="Language" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31991/Language"> - - Language</option>Language<option id="_31992" sid="_31992" title="The contemporary world" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31992/The-contemporary-world"> - - The contemporary world</option>The contemporary world<option id="_31993" sid="_31993" title="Encyclopaedias and politics" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31993/Encyclopaedias-and-politics"> - - Encyclopaedias and politics</option>Encyclopaedias and politics<option id="_31994" sid="_31994" title="The reader’s needs" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31994/The-readers-needs"> - - The reader’s needs</option>The reader’s needs<option id="_31995" sid="_31995" title="Royalty and encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31995/Royalty-and-encyclopaedias"> - - Royalty and encyclopaedias</option>Royalty and encyclopaedias<option id="_31996" sid="_31996" title="Contents and authority" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31996/Contents-and-authority"> - - Contents and authority</option>Contents and authority<option id="_31997" sid="_31997" title="Editing and publishing" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31997/Editing-and-publishing"> - Editing and publishing</option>Editing and publishing<option id="_31998" sid="_31997" title="The length of encyclopaedias and encyclopaedic articles" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31997/Editing-and-publishing#toc31998"> - - The length of encyclopaedias and en...</option>The length of encyclopaedias and encyclopaedic articles<option id="_31999" sid="_31999" title="Authorship" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31999/Authorship"> - - Authorship</option>Authorship<option id="_32000" sid="_32000" title="Encyclopaedia adjuncts" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts"> - - Encyclopaedia adjuncts</option>Encyclopaedia adjuncts<option id="_32001" sid="_32000" title="Cross-references and bibliographies" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts#toc32001"> - - - Cross-references and bibliographi...</option>Cross-references and bibliographies<option id="_32002" sid="_32000" title="Indexes" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts#toc32002"> - - - Indexes</option>Indexes<option id="_32003" sid="_32000" title="Illustrative material" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts#toc32003"> - - - Illustrative material</option>Illustrative material<option id="_32004" sid="_32004" title="The level of writing" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32004/The-level-of-writing"> - - The level of writing</option>The level of writing<option id="_32005" sid="_32005" title="Supplementary material" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32005/Supplementary-material"> - - Supplementary material</option>Supplementary material<option id="_32006" sid="_32006" title="Problems of encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias"> - - Problems of encyclopaedias</option>Problems of encyclopaedias<option id="_32007" sid="_32006" title="Authorship" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32007"> - - - Authorship</option>Authorship<option id="_32008" sid="_32006" title="Length restrictions" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32008"> - - - Length restrictions</option>Length restrictions<option id="_32009" sid="_32006" title="Revision and updating" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32009"> - - - Revision and updating</option>Revision and updating<option id="_32010" sid="_32006" title="Controversy and bias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32010"> - - - Controversy and bias</option>Controversy and bias<option id="_32011" sid="_32011" title="The kinds of encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32011/The-kinds-of-encyclopaedias">The kinds of encyclopaedias</option>The kinds of encyclopaedias<option id="_32012" sid="_32011" title="General encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32011/The-kinds-of-encyclopaedias#toc32012"> - General encyclopaedias</option>General encyclopaedias<option id="_32013" sid="_32011" title="Influence of printing" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32011/The-kinds-of-encyclopaedias#toc32013"> - - Influence of printing</option>Influence of printing<option id="_32014" sid="_32014" title="Three stages of development" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32014/Three-stages-of-development"> - - Three stages of development</option>Three stages of development<option id="_32015" sid="_32015" title="Encyclopaedic dictionaries" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32015/Encyclopaedic-dictionaries"> - Encyclopaedic dictionaries</option>Encyclopaedic dictionaries<option id="_32016" sid="_32016" title="The modern encyclopaedia" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32016/The-modern-encyclopaedia"> - The modern encyclopaedia</option>The modern encyclopaedia<option id="_32017" sid="_32017" title="Children’s encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32017/Childrens-encyclopaedias"> - Children’s encyclopaedias</option>Children’s encyclopaedias<option id="_32018" sid="_32018" title="Specialized encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32018/Specialized-encyclopaedias"> - Specialized encyclopaedias</option>Specialized encyclopaedias<option id="_32019" sid="_32018" title="Special interests" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32018/Specialized-encyclopaedias#toc32019"> - - Special interests</option>Special interests<option id="_32020" sid="_32020" title="Historical development of topical works" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32020/Historical-development-of-topical-works"> - - Historical development of topical w...</option>Historical development of topical works<option id="_32021" sid="_32021" title="Biography" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32021/Biography"> - - Biography</option>Biography<option id="_32022" sid="_32022" title="Chemistry, music, and philosophy" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32022/Chemistry-music-and-philosophy"> - - Chemistry, music, and philosophy</option>Chemistry, music, and philosophy<option id="_32023" sid="_32023" title="Other topics" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32023/Other-topics"> - - Other topics</option>Other topics<option id="_32024" sid="_32024" title="Encyclopaedias of countries and regions" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32024/Encyclopaedias-of-countries-and-regions"> - Encyclopaedias of countries and regio...</option>Encyclopaedias of countries and regions<option id="_32025" sid="_32025" title="Electronic encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32025/Electronic-encyclopaedias"> - Electronic encyclopaedias</option>Electronic encyclopaedias<option id="_32026" sid="_32026" title="CD-ROM encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32026/CD-ROM-encyclopaedias"> - - CD-ROM encyclopaedias</option>CD-ROM encyclopaedias<option id="_32027" sid="_32027" title="Online encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32027/Online-encyclopaedias"> - - Online encyclopaedias</option>Online encyclopaedias<option id="_32028" sid="_32028" title="History of encyclopaedias" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32028/History-of-encyclopaedias">History of encyclopaedias</option>History of encyclopaedias<option id="_32029" sid="_32028" title="Encyclopaedias in the West" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32028/History-of-encyclopaedias#toc32029"> - Encyclopaedias in the West</option>Encyclopaedias in the West<option id="_32030" sid="_32028" title="Early development" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32028/History-of-encyclopaedias#toc32030"> - - Early development</option>Early development<option id="_32031" sid="_32031" title="The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries)" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32031/The-development-of-the-modern-encyclopaedia-17th-18th-centuries"> - - The development of the modern encyc...</option>The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries)<option id="_32032" sid="_32032" title="The 19th century" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32032/The-19th-century"> - - The 19th century</option>The 19th century<option id="_32033" sid="_32033" title="The 20th century and beyond" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32033/The-20th-century-and-beyond"> - - The 20th century and beyond</option>The 20th century and beyond<option id="_32034" sid="_32034" title="Encyclopaedias in the East" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32034/Encyclopaedias-in-the-East"> - Encyclopaedias in the East</option>Encyclopaedias in the East<option id="_32035" sid="_32034" title="China" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32034/Encyclopaedias-in-the-East#toc32035"> - - China</option>China<option id="_32036" sid="_32036" title="Japan" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32036/Japan"> - - Japan</option>Japan<option id="_32037" sid="_32037" title="The Arab world" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32037/The-Arab-world"> - - The Arab world</option>The Arab world<option id="_32039" sid="_32039" title="Additional Reading" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading">Additional Reading</option>Additional Reading<option id="_32040" sid="_32039" title="General works" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading#toc32040"> - General works</option>General works<option id="_32041" sid="_32039" title="History and philosophy" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading#toc32041"> - History and philosophy</option>History and philosophy<option id="_32042" sid="_32039" title="Evaluative studies" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading#toc32042"> - Evaluative studies</option>Evaluative studies<option id="_186603rellinks" sid="_186603rellinks" title="Related Articles" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/186603rellinks/Related-Links">Related Articles</option>Related Articles<option id="_186603websites" sid="_186603websites" title="External Web sites" value="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/186603websites/External-Web-sites">External Web sites</option>External Web sites<option id="_186603Citations" sid="_186603Citations" title="Citations" citations="true" value="#toc186603Citations"> Citations </option></select><ul class="bps-toc-list"> <li> <a title="Article" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">Article</a> </li> <li> <a title="The nature of encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31982/The-nature-of-encyclopaedias">The nature of encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Historical significance" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31982/The-nature-of-encyclopaedias#toc31983">Historical significance</a> </li> <li> <a title="Greek and Roman concepts" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31984/Greek-and-Roman-concepts">Greek and Roman concepts</a> </li> <li> <a title="Content arrangement" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31985/Content-arrangement">Content arrangement</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedias in general" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31986/Encyclopaedias-in-general">Encyclopaedias in general</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="The role of encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31986/Encyclopaedias-in-general#toc31987">The role of encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Interrelations" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31988/Interrelations">Interrelations</a> </li> <li> <a title="Readership" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31989/Readership">Readership</a> </li> <li> <a title="Contributors" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31990/Contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a title="Language" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31991/Language">Language</a> </li> <li> <a title="The contemporary world" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31992/The-contemporary-world">The contemporary world</a> </li> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedias and politics" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31993/Encyclopaedias-and-politics">Encyclopaedias and politics</a> </li> <li> <a title="The reader’s needs" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31994/The-readers-needs">The reader’s needs</a> </li> <li> <a title="Royalty and encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31995/Royalty-and-encyclopaedias">Royalty and encyclopaedias</a> </li> <li> <a title="Contents and authority" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31996/Contents-and-authority">Contents and authority</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="Editing and publishing" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31997/Editing-and-publishing">Editing and publishing</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="The length of encyclopaedias and encyclopaedic articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31997/Editing-and-publishing#toc31998">The length of encyclopaedias and encyclopaedic articles</a> </li> <li> <a title="Authorship" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31999/Authorship">Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedia adjuncts" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts">Encyclopaedia adjuncts</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Cross-references and bibliographies" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts#toc32001">Cross-references and bibliographies</a> </li> <li> <a title="Indexes" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts#toc32002">Indexes</a> </li> <li> <a title="Illustrative material" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32000/Encyclopaedia-adjuncts#toc32003">Illustrative material</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="The level of writing" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32004/The-level-of-writing">The level of writing</a> </li> <li> <a title="Supplementary material" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32005/Supplementary-material">Supplementary material</a> </li> <li> <a title="Problems of encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias">Problems of encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Authorship" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32007">Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a title="Length restrictions" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32008">Length restrictions</a> </li> <li> <a title="Revision and updating" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32009">Revision and updating</a> </li> <li> <a title="Controversy and bias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32006/Problems-of-encyclopaedias#toc32010">Controversy and bias</a> </li> </ul> </ul> </ul> <li> <a title="The kinds of encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32011/The-kinds-of-encyclopaedias">The kinds of encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="General encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32011/The-kinds-of-encyclopaedias#toc32012">General encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Influence of printing" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32011/The-kinds-of-encyclopaedias#toc32013">Influence of printing</a> </li> <li> <a title="Three stages of development" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32014/Three-stages-of-development">Three stages of development</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedic dictionaries" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32015/Encyclopaedic-dictionaries">Encyclopaedic dictionaries</a> </li> <li> <a title="The modern encyclopaedia" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32016/The-modern-encyclopaedia">The modern encyclopaedia</a> </li> <li> <a title="Children’s encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32017/Childrens-encyclopaedias">Children’s encyclopaedias</a> </li> <li> <a title="Specialized encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32018/Specialized-encyclopaedias">Specialized encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Special interests" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32018/Specialized-encyclopaedias#toc32019">Special interests</a> </li> <li> <a title="Historical development of topical works" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32020/Historical-development-of-topical-works">Historical development of topical works</a> </li> <li> <a title="Biography" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32021/Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li> <a title="Chemistry, music, and philosophy" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32022/Chemistry-music-and-philosophy">Chemistry, music, and philosophy</a> </li> <li> <a title="Other topics" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32023/Other-topics">Other topics</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedias of countries and regions" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32024/Encyclopaedias-of-countries-and-regions">Encyclopaedias of countries and regions</a> </li> <li> <a title="Electronic encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32025/Electronic-encyclopaedias">Electronic encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="CD-ROM encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32026/CD-ROM-encyclopaedias">CD-ROM encyclopaedias</a> </li> <li> <a title="Online encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32027/Online-encyclopaedias">Online encyclopaedias</a> </li> </ul> </ul> <li> <a title="History of encyclopaedias" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32028/History-of-encyclopaedias">History of encyclopaedias</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedias in the West" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32028/History-of-encyclopaedias#toc32029">Encyclopaedias in the West</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="Early development" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32028/History-of-encyclopaedias#toc32030">Early development</a> </li> <li> <a title="The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32031/The-development-of-the-modern-encyclopaedia-17th-18th-centuries">The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries)</a> </li> <li> <a title="The 19th century" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32032/The-19th-century">The 19th century</a> </li> <li> <a title="The 20th century and beyond" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32033/The-20th-century-and-beyond">The 20th century and beyond</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="Encyclopaedias in the East" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32034/Encyclopaedias-in-the-East">Encyclopaedias in the East</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="China" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32034/Encyclopaedias-in-the-East#toc32035">China</a> </li> <li> <a title="Japan" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32036/Japan">Japan</a> </li> <li> <a title="The Arab world" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32037/The-Arab-world">The Arab world</a> </li> </ul> </ul> <li> <a title="Additional Reading" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading">Additional Reading</a> </li> <ul> <li> <a title="General works" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading#toc32040">General works</a> </li> <li> <a title="History and philosophy" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading#toc32041">History and philosophy</a> </li> <li> <a title="Evaluative studies" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/32039/Additional-Reading#toc32042">Evaluative studies</a> </li> </ul> <li> <a title="Related Articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/186603rellinks/Related-Links">Related Articles</a> </li> <li> <a title="External Web sites" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/186603websites/External-Web-sites">External Web sites</a> </li> <li> <a title="Citations" href="#toc186603Citations"> Citations </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="bps-middle"> <div id="bps-left-article-wrapper" settings=" { sessionId: '847815FAA5B3362A60A5BFAF09216C7E' } "> <div class="bps-content-panel">  <span bps-owner="" class="owner " type="INSERT"> <div id="bps-content-panel-body" class="bps-content-panel-body" settings=" { url : "/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia", title : "encyclopaedia (reference work)", topicId : "186603", topicTitle: "encyclopaedia", editBySections: "yes", sectionId: "", sectionTitle: "", isStub: false } "> <div id="bps-header-ad-container"> <span style="width:729px; height:90px" class="bps-advertisement bps-advertisement-leaderboard bps-advertisement-placeholder" config=" { vendor: 'adtech', pid: 1371308, cid: 225, ifw: 728, ifh: 90, kvsource: 'technology', kvtopicid: '186603', kvchannel: 'HISTORY' } "></span> </div> <div class="bps-article-contributors">Primary Contributors: <a href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/user-profile?userId=599">Robert L. Collison</a>, <a href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/user-profile?userId=2368">Warren E. Preece</a></div> <div id="toc186603overview" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder bps-content-panel-section-loaded"><div class="bps-content-divider "> <div class="bps-content-type-left"></div> <div class="bps-content-type">ARTICLE</div> <div class="bps-content-type-separator"></div> <div class="bps-content-type-title"> <div class="bps-content-type-title-from">from</div> <div class="bps-content-type-title-name">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia</div> </div> <div class="bps-content-type-right"></div> </div><div class="bps-content-panel-section-body"> <span id="1-RA" class="bps-ad-wrapper bps-advertisement-right bps-advertisement-rectangle-wrapper"><span style="width:300px; height:251px;" class="bps-advertisement bps-advertisement-rectangle bps-advertisement-placeholder" config=" { vendor: 'adtech', testVersion: 'C', pid: 1371309, cid: 170, ifw: 300, ifh: 250, kvsource: 'technology', kvtopicid: '186603', kvchannel: 'HISTORY' } "></span></span><a class="bps-assembly-image" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/186603/1585/Engraved-title-page-from-the-first-edition-of-Francis-Bacons"></a><span class="bps-assembly-container bps-assembly-left bps-mag"><a class="bps-assembly-image" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/186603/1585/Engraved-title-page-from-the-first-edition-of-Francis-Bacons"><span class="bps-add" title="Save to My Workspace"></span><img class="bps-asset-img " alt="Engraved title page from the first edition of Francis Bacon’s Instauratio magna, published … [Credit: Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, R.B. Fleming & Co.]" title="Engraved title page from the first edition of Francis Bacon’s Instauratio magna, published … [Credit: Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, R.B. Fleming & Co.]" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/76/59076-003-CE5F5814.gif" width="100" height="150" settings=" { objectId : '1585', type : 'eb_image', title : 'encyclopaedia', description : 'Engraved title page from the first edition of Francis Bacon’s Instauratio magna, published …', thumbnail : 'http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/76/59076-003-CE5F5814.gif', source : '/EBchecked/topic-art/186603/1585/Engraved-title-page-from-the-first-edition-of-Francis-Bacons', credit: 'Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, R.B. Fleming & Co.' } "></a></span> <p> <b></b> also spelled <span class="alternate">encyclopedia</span>, Reference work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or that treats a particular branch of knowledge comprehensively.</p> <p> It is self-contained and explains subjects in greater detail than a <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162272/dictionary" title="dictionary"><span>dictionary</span></a>. It differs from an <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16730/almanac" title="almanac"><span>almanac</span></a> in that it is not an annual publication that provides information about a particular year, and it differs from pedagogical texts in its attempt to be easy to consult and to be readily understood by the layperson. Though generally written in the form of many separate articles, encyclopaedias vary greatly in format and content. The prototype of modern encyclopaedias is usually acknowledged to be Ephraim Chambers’s <em>Cyclopaedia</em> (1728). The first modern encyclopaedia was the French <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186659/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopédie"><span><em>Encyclopédie</em></span></a> (1751–65). The oldest general encyclopaedia in English is the <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186618/Encyclopaedia-Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica"><span><em>Encyclopædia Britannica</em></span></a>.</p> </div> </div> <div id="toc186603main" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/186603main" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder"></div> <div id="toc31982" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder bps-content-panel-section-second-toc bps-content-panel-section-loaded" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31982"> <h2>The nature of encyclopaedias</h2> <div class="KonaBody"></div> </div> <div id="toc31983" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31982" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder bps-content-panel-section-loaded"> <h3>Historical significance</h3> <div class="KonaBody"> <p>In the <em><a name="ref193951" id="ref193951" class="bps-ref-anchor"><span style="display: none;"></span></a><a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/559009/Speculum-majus" title="Speculum majus"><span>Speculum majus</span></a></em> (“The Greater Mirror”; completed 1244), one of the most important of all encyclopaedias, the French medieval scholar <a name="ref193952" id="ref193952" class="bps-ref-anchor"><span style="display: none;"></span></a><a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629359/Vincent-of-Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais"><span>Vincent of Beauvais</span></a> maintained not only that his work should be perused but that the ideas it recorded should be taken to heart and imitated. Alluding to a secondary sense of the word <em>speculum</em> (“mirror”), he implied that his book showed the world what it is and what it should become. This theme, that encyclopaedias can contribute significantly to the improvement of humankind, recurs constantly throughout their long history. A Catalan ecclesiastic and Scholastic philosopher, <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345233/Ramon-Llull" title="Ramon Llull"><span>Ramon Llull</span></a>, regarded the 13th-century encyclopaedias, together with language and grammar, as instruments for the pursuit of truth. Domenico Bandini, an Italian humanist, planned his <em>Fons memorabilium universi</em> (“The Source of Noteworthy Facts of the Universe”) at the beginning of the 15th century to provide accurate information on any subject to educated men who lacked books and to give edifying lessons to guide them in their lives. <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48126/Francis-Bacon-Viscount-Saint-Alban-Baron-of-Verulam" title="Francis Bacon"><span>Francis Bacon</span></a> believed that the intellect of the 17th-century individual could be refined by contact with the intellect of the ideal man. Another Englishman, the poet and critic <a name="ref193953" id="ref193953" class="bps-ref-anchor"><span style="display: none;"></span></a><a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125261/Samuel-Taylor-Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge"><span>Samuel Taylor Coleridge</span></a>, was well aware of this point of view and said in his <em><a name="ref193954" id="ref193954" class="bps-ref-anchor"><span style="display: none;"></span></a>Preliminary Treatise on Method</em> (1817) that in the <em><a name="ref193955" id="ref193955" class="bps-ref-anchor"><span style="display: none;"></span></a><a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186645/Encyclopaedia-Metropolitana" title="Encyclopædia Metropolitana"><span>Encyclopædia Metropolitana</span></a></em>, which he was proposing to create,<div class="bps-article-qt"> <p>our great objects are to exhibit the Arts and Sciences in their Philosophical harmony; to teach Philosophy in union with Morals; and to sustain Morality by Revealed Religion.</p> </div> </p> <p>He added that he intended to convey methodically “the pure and unsophisticated knowledge of the past…to aid the progress of the future.” The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge declared in <em>The Penny Cyclopædia</em> (1833–43) that, although most encyclopaedias attempted to form systems of knowledge, their own would in addition endeavour to<div class="bps-article-qt"> <p>give such general views of all great branches of knowledge, as may help to the formation of just ideas on their extent and relative importance, and to point out the best sources of complete information.</p> </div> </p> <p>In <em>De disciplinis</em> (1531; “On the Disciplines”) the Spanish humanist <a class="bps-event-selector bps-topic-link" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631418/Juan-Luis-Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives"><span>Juan Luis Vives</span></a> emphasized the encyclopaedia’s role in the pursuit of truth. In Germany of the early 19th century the encyclopaedia was expected to provide the right or necessary knowledge for good society. Probably the boldest claim was that of Alexander Aitchison, who said that his new <em>Encyclopædia Perthensis</em> (1796–1806) was intended to supersede the use of all other English books of reference.</p> </div> </div> <div id="toc31984" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31984" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder"></div> <div id="toc31985" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31985" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder"></div> <div id="toc31986" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31986"></div> <div id="toc31988" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31988" class="bps-content-panel-segment bps-content-panel-section bps_content_panel_section_placeholder"></div> <div id="toc31989" href="/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia/31989" 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class="bps-topic-citation"> <p class="bps-topic-citation-mla"> <a class="bps-topic-citation-style" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/citations"> MLA Style:</a> <div id="bps-topic-citation-mla-content" class="bps-topic-citation-text"> "<strong>encyclopaedia</strong>." <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Dec. 2010 <<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia</a>>. </div> </p> <p class="bps-topic-citation-apa"> <a class="bps-topic-citation-style" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/citations"> APA Style:</a> <div id="bps-topic-citation-apa-content" class="bps-topic-citation-text"> <strong>encyclopaedia</strong>. (2010). In <em>Encyclopædia Britannica</em>. 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Fleming & Co.]" width="100" height="105" src="/web/20101216021641im_/https://www.britannica.com/static/bps-static-content/20101116-1537/images/darwin/shared/spacer_htc.gif"></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/186603/117639/Engraved-plate-depicting-a-ship-from-the-first-edition-of" rel="http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/62/116962-003-CD52D919.gif"><img id="image_3" class="bps-js-required" title="Engraved plate depicting a ship, from the first edition of Encyclopædia … [Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" alt="Engraved plate depicting a ship, from the first edition of Encyclopædia … [Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" width="100" height="81" src="/web/20101216021641im_/https://www.britannica.com/static/bps-static-content/20101116-1537/images/darwin/shared/spacer_htc.gif"></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/186603/1586/Title-page-of-volume-one-of-the-first-edition-of" rel="http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/75/59075-003-E42A35DD.gif"><img id="image_4" class="bps-js-required" title="Title page of volume one of the first edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, … [Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" alt="Title page of volume one of the first edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, … [Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" width="100" height="130" src="/web/20101216021641im_/https://www.britannica.com/static/bps-static-content/20101116-1537/images/darwin/shared/spacer_htc.gif"></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/186603/54232/Title-page-of-volume-1-of-the-1922-edition-of" rel="http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/14/65014-003-A49227AE.gif"><img id="image_5" class="bps-js-required" title="Title page of volume 1 of the 1922 edition of Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia. [Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" alt="Title page of volume 1 of the 1922 edition of Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia. [Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" width="100" height="144" src="/web/20101216021641im_/https://www.britannica.com/static/bps-static-content/20101116-1537/images/darwin/shared/spacer_htc.gif"></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="bps-sidebar-related-topics-tool" class="tool-rt"> <div> <ul class="UI-Tabs-container"> <li id="rt-tab-index"> <a href="#">REFERENCED IN</a> </li> <li id="rt-tab-imars"> <a href="#">RELATED TO</a> </li> </ul> </div><div class="bps-related-topics-list"> <div id="rt-content-index" class="UI-Tab-content"> <div class="bps-no-tool-content"></div> <div class="ac-ref-nopadding">Aspects of the topic "encyclopaedia" are discussed in the following places at Britannica</div> <div class="bps-index-entry-umbrella"> <h3>Assorted References</h3> <ul> <li> <strong>binding</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73566/bookbinding?anchor=ref62959"> bookbinding (publishing)</a>) </li> <li> <strong>derivation of name</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/438425/paideia?anchor=ref74790"> paideia (education)</a>) </li> </ul> </div> <div class="bps-index-entry-umbrella"> <h3>Chinese</h3> <ul> <li> <strong>Daoist</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/582972/Daoism/42151/Daoism-under-the-Song-and-Yuan-dynasties?anchor=ref299925"> Daoism (Chinese philosophy and religion): Literary developments</a>) </li> <li> <strong>Lü Buwei</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350249/Lu-Buwei?anchor=ref284674"> Lü Buwei (Chinese statesman)</a>) </li> <li> <strong>Ming dynasty</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179408/education/47528/The-Ming-period-1368-1644?anchor=ref302781"> education: The Ming period (1368–1644)</a>) </li> <li> <strong>Song dynasty</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179408/education/47526/The-Song-960-1279?anchor=ref302775"> education: The Song (960–1279)</a>) </li> </ul> </div> <div class="bps-index-entry-umbrella"> <h3>European</h3> <ul> <li> <strong>Bartholomaeus Anglicus</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54345/Bartholomaeus-Anglicus?anchor=ref238945"> Bartholomaeus Anglicus (Franciscan encyclopaedist)</a>) </li> <li> <strong>Bayle</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58395/The-proto-Enlightenment?anchor=ref310907"> history of Europe: The proto-Enlightenment</a>) </li> <li> <strong>Diderot</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162433/Denis-Diderot/1818/The-Encyclopedie?anchor=ref133036"> Denis Diderot (French philosopher): The Encyclopédie</a>) </li> <li> <strong>Pliny the Elder</strong> (<em>in </em><a class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464822/Pliny-the-Elder?anchor=ref274974"> Pliny the Elder (Roman scholar)</a>) </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="bps-related-topics-list"> <div id="rt-content-imars" class="UI-Tab-content"> <h3>People</h3> <div class="ac-ref-nopadding">The following are some people associated with "encyclopaedia"</div> <div class="bps-index-entry-umbrella"> <ul> <li> <a title="Abraham bar Hiyya (Spanish-Jewish philosopher and scientist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1572/Abraham-bar-Hiyya" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Abraham bar Hiyya (Spanish-Jewish philosopher and scientist)</a> </li> <li> <a title="ad-Damīrī (Muslim theologian)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150543/ad-Damiri" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">ad-Damīrī (Muslim theologian)</a> </li> <li> <a title="al-Hamdānī (Arab author)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/253286/al-Hamdani" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">al-Hamdānī (Arab author)</a> </li> <li> <a title="ʿAlī Pasha Mubārak (Egyptian administrator and author)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1357324/Ali-Pasha-Mubarak" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">ʿAlī Pasha Mubārak (Egyptian administrator and author)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Avicenna (Persian philosopher and scientist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Avicenna (Persian philosopher and scientist)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Bar Hebraeus (Syrian philosopher)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52468/Bar-Hebraeus" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Bar Hebraeus (Syrian philosopher)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Bartholomaeus Anglicus (Franciscan encyclopaedist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/54345/Bartholomaeus-Anglicus" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Bartholomaeus Anglicus (Franciscan encyclopaedist)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Brunetto Latini (Italian author)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/331978/Brunetto-Latini" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Brunetto Latini (Italian author)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Buṭrus al-Bustānī (Lebanese scholar)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86362/Butrus-al-Bustani" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Buṭrus al-Bustānī (Lebanese scholar)</a> </li> <li> <a title="David L. Sills (American sociologist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/544636/David-L-Sills" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">David L. Sills (American sociologist)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Denis Diderot (French philosopher)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162433/Denis-Diderot" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Denis Diderot (French philosopher)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Ephraim Chambers (British author)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104982/Ephraim-Chambers" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Ephraim Chambers (British author)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Frank Moore Colby (American writer and editor)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124965/Frank-Moore-Colby" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Frank Moore Colby (American writer and editor)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (German publisher)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80650/Friedrich-Arnold-Brockhaus" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (German publisher)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Giovanni Gentile (Italian philosopher)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229340/Giovanni-Gentile" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Giovanni Gentile (Italian philosopher)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Hugh of Saint-Victor (French theologian)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/274885/Hugh-of-Saint-Victor" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Hugh of Saint-Victor (French theologian)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Ibn al-ʿArabī (Muslim mystic)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/280684/Ibn-al-Arabi" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Ibn al-ʿArabī (Muslim mystic)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Jean Leclerc (encyclopaedist and biblical scholar)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/334368/Jean-Leclerc" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Jean Leclerc (encyclopaedist and biblical scholar)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Jimmy Wales (American entrepreneur)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192821/Jimmy-Wales" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Jimmy Wales (American entrepreneur)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Johann Jakob Herzog (German theologian)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264034/Johann-Jakob-Herzog" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Johann Jakob Herzog (German theologian)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Joseph Jacobs (English scholar)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299078/Joseph-Jacobs" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Joseph Jacobs (English scholar)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Liberty Hyde Bailey (American botanist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/49261/Liberty-Hyde-Bailey" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Liberty Hyde Bailey (American botanist)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Lucien Paul Victor Febvre (French historian)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203280/Lucien-Paul-Victor-Febvre" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Lucien Paul Victor Febvre (French historian)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Marcus Terentius Varro (Roman author)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623569/Marcus-Terentius-Varro" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Marcus Terentius Varro (Roman author)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Paul Of Aegina (Greek physician)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447009/Paul-of-Aegina" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Paul Of Aegina (Greek physician)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Pliny the Elder (Roman scholar)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464822/Pliny-the-Elder" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Pliny the Elder (Roman scholar)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Roger Bacon (English philosopher and scientist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48177/Roger-Bacon" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Roger Bacon (English philosopher and scientist)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Saint Isidore of Sevilla (Spanish theologian)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295415/Saint-Isidore-of-Sevilla" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Saint Isidore of Sevilla (Spanish theologian)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Thierry de Chartres (French theologian)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592072/Thierry-de-Chartres" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Thierry de Chartres (French theologian)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Vincent Of Beauvais (French scholar)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629359/Vincent-of-Beauvais" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Vincent Of Beauvais (French scholar)</a> </li> <li> <a title="William Smellie (Scottish publisher and scientist)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549524/William-Smellie" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">William Smellie (Scottish publisher and scientist)</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h3>Other</h3> <div class="ac-ref-nopadding">The following is a selection of items (artistic styles or groups, constructions, events, fictional characters, organizations, publications) associated with "encyclopaedia"</div> <div class="bps-index-entry-umbrella"> <ul> <li> <a title="Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste (German encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/16320/Allgemeine-Enzyklopadie-der-Wissenschaften-und-Kunste" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste (German encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya (Soviet encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/72269/Bolshaya-Sovetskaya-Entsiklopediya" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya (Soviet encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (German encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80653/Brockhaus-Enzyklopadie" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (German encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Buritanika Kokusai Daihyakka-jiten (Japanese encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/85351/Buritanika-Kokusai-Daihyakka-jiten" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Buritanika Kokusai Daihyakka-jiten (Japanese encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (American English dictionary)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102958/Century-Dictionary-and-Cyclopedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (American English dictionary)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Chambers’s Encyclopaedia (British encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105004/Chamberss-Encyclopaedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Chambers’s Encyclopaedia (British encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Collier’s Encyclopedia (American encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125748/Colliers-Encyclopedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Collier’s Encyclopedia (American encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Columbia Encyclopedia" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/126960/Columbia-Encyclopedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Columbia Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li> <a title="Compton’s Encyclopedia and Fact-Index" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/130392/Comptons-Encyclopedia-and-Fact-Index" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Compton’s Encyclopedia and Fact-Index</a> </li> <li> <a title="Concise Encyclopædia Britannica (Chinese encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/131190/Concise-Encyclopaedia-Britannica" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Concise Encyclopædia Britannica (Chinese encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Cyclopædia (work edited by Chambers)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/148090/Cyclopaedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Cyclopædia (work edited by Chambers)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Dai hyakkajiten (Japanese encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149797/Dai-hyakkajiten" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Dai hyakkajiten (Japanese encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti (Italian encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186504/Enciclopedia-italiana-di-scienze-lettere-ed-arti" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti (Italian encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeoamericana (Spanish encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186508/Enciclopedia-universal-ilustrada-europeoamericana" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeoamericana (Spanish encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="encyclopaedia (reference work)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">encyclopaedia (reference work)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Encyclopædia Britannica (English language reference work)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186618/Encyclopaedia-Britannica" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Encyclopædia Britannica (English language reference work)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Encyclopédie (French reference work)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186659/Encyclopedie" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Encyclopédie (French reference work)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Grand Dictionnaire encyclopédique Larousse (French encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241247/Grand-Dictionnaire-encyclopedique-Larousse" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Grand Dictionnaire encyclopédique Larousse (French encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira (Portuguese encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241542/Grande-Enciclopedia-Portuguesa-e-Brasileira" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira (Portuguese encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon (German encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/246715/Grosses-vollstandiges-Universal-Lexicon" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon (German encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Konversationslexikon (German encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/321943/Konversationslexikon" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Konversationslexikon (German encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="La Grande Encyclopédie (French encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241543/La-Grande-Encyclopedie" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">La Grande Encyclopédie (French encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Larousse (French publishing company)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/330682/Larousse" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Larousse (French publishing company)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon (German encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379512/Meyers-Enzyklopadisches-Lexikon" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon (German encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="The Australian Encyclopaedia" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43974/The-Australian-Encyclopaedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">The Australian Encyclopaedia</a> </li> <li> <a title="The Encyclopedia Americana (American reference work)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186656/The-Encyclopedia-Americana" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">The Encyclopedia Americana (American reference work)</a> </li> <li> <a title="The World Book Encyclopedia" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648225/The-World-Book-Encyclopedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">The World Book Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li> <a title="Wikipedia (encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192818/Wikipedia" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Wikipedia (encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Winkler Prins Encyclopedie (Dutch encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645439/Winkler-Prins-Encyclopedie" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Winkler Prins Encyclopedie (Dutch encyclopaedia)</a> </li> <li> <a title="Yongle dadian (Chinese encyclopaedia)" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/654973/Yongle-dadian" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector">Yongle dadian (Chinese encyclopaedia)</a> </li> </ul> </div> <h3>Quick Facts</h3> <div class="ac-ref-nopadding">The following are quick facts associated with "encyclopaedia"</div> <div class="bps-index-entry-umbrella"> <ul> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Bartholomaeus Anglicus, as discussed in Bartholomaeus Anglicus (Franciscan encyclopaedist):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/238945/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-Bartholomaeus-Anglicus-Franciscan-encyclopaedist" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Bartholomaeus Anglicus, as discussed in Bartholomaeus Anglicus (Franciscan encyclopaedist):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Bayle, as discussed in history of Europe: The proto-Enlightenment:" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/310907/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-history-of-Europe" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Bayle, as discussed in history of Europe: The proto-Enlightenment:</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Daoist, as discussed in Daoism (Chinese philosophy and religion): Literary developments:" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/299925/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-Daoism-Chinese-philosophy-and-religion" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Daoist, as discussed in Daoism (Chinese philosophy and religion): Literary developments:</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Diderot, as discussed in Denis Diderot (French philosopher): The Encyclopédie:" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/133036/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-Denis-Diderot-French-philosopher" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Diderot, as discussed in Denis Diderot (French philosopher): The Encyclopédie:</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Lü Buwei, as discussed in Lü Buwei (Chinese statesman):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/284674/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-Lü-Buwei-Chinese-statesman" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Lü Buwei, as discussed in Lü Buwei (Chinese statesman):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Ming dynasty, as discussed in education: The Ming period (1368–1644):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/302781/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-education" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Ming dynasty, as discussed in education: The Ming period (1368–1644):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Pliny the Elder, as discussed in Pliny the Elder (Roman scholar):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/274974/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-Pliny-the-Elder-Roman-scholar" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Pliny the Elder, as discussed in Pliny the Elder (Roman scholar):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: Song dynasty, as discussed in education: The Song (960–1279):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/302775/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-education" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: Song dynasty, as discussed in education: The Song (960–1279):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: binding, as discussed in bookbinding (publishing):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/62959/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-bookbinding-publishing" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: binding, as discussed in bookbinding (publishing):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopaedia: derivation of name, as discussed in paideia (education):" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/74790/encyclopaedia-as-discussed-in-paideia-education" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopaedia: derivation of name, as discussed in paideia (education):</a> </li> <li> <a title="Facts about encyclopedia: major reference, as discussed in Britannica Compton's Encyclopedia reference resources: Encyclopedias:" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/facts/11/1032832/encyclopedia-as-discussed-in-reference-resources" class="bps-index-entry-link bps-event-selector" target="_blank">Facts about encyclopedia: major reference, as discussed in Britannica Compton's Encyclopedia reference resources: Encyclopedias:</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bps-sidebar-websites-tool" class="tool-rt" settings=" { url: '/bps/iguide/topic/186603/encyclopaedia'}"></div> <div id="bps-sidebar-additional-content-tool" class="tool-rt"> <div id="ac-content"> <ul class="bps-additional-content-list"> <li class="ac-item-header">Magazines<br><span class="ac-item-header-text">The following search results contain the keyword 'encyclopaedia':</span></li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/43749307/The-London-Encyclopaedia"> The London Encyclopaedia. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Contemporary Review, 2009</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/44574841/Internet-Encyclopedias-in-Flux"> Internet Encyclopedias in Flux. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Tech Directions, September 2009</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/47782369/Information-integration-may-not-be-enough"> Information integration may not be enough. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Research Information, December 2009</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/31453148/QIA-launches-Excellence-Gateway-website-for-FE-workers"> QIA launches Excellence Gateway website for FE workers. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Education, March 21, 2008</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/32197018/Acquisitions"> Acquisitions. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Cinema Journal, 2008</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/47875734/The-Lovejovian-Roots-of-Adlers-Philosophy-of-History-Authority-Democracy-Irony-and-Paradox-in-Britannicas-Great-Books-of-the-Western-World"> The Lovejovian Roots of Adler's Philosophy of History: Authority, Democracy, Irony, and Paradox in Britannica's Great Books of the Western World. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Journal of the History of Ideas, January 2010</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/35067257/Evolution-of-Rhinology"> Evolution of Rhinology. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Indian Journal of Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery, April 2008</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/32044615/Privileged-Noble-High-Schools-and-the-Formation-of-Russian-National-Elites-in-the-First-Part-of-the-19th-Century"> Privileged Noble High Schools and the Formation of Russian National Elites in the First Part of the 19th Century. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Historical Social Research, 2008</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/44109730/Encyclopaedia-of-US-First-Amendment-goes-online"> Encyclopaedia of US First Amendment goes online. </a> <span class="ac-ref">Research Information, August 2009</span> </li> <li class="ac-content-item"> <div class="bps-icon-magazine"></div> <a class="ac-magazine" title="Magazine articles" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/52007866/The-Olympic-Textbook-of-Science-in-Sport-The-Encyclopaedia-of-Sports-Medicine"> The Olympic Textbook of Science in Sport (The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine). </a> <span class="ac-ref">Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, December 2009</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="bps-sidebar-widgets-tool" class="tool-rt" settings=" { url: '/bps/widget-tool?topicId=186603'}"></div> <div 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href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/u">U</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-eb-item"><a class="az_v" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/v">V</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-eb-item"><a class="az_w" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/w">W</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-eb-item"><a class="az_x" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/x">X</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-eb-item"><a class="az_y" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/y">Y</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-eb-item"><a class="az_z" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/z">Z</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-eb-item"><a class="az_0-9" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/alpha/0-9">0-9</a></li> </ul> <h5>Magazines</h5> <ul class="bps-browse-menu-a-z"> <li class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_a" 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class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_u" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/magazine/alpha/u">U</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_v" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/magazine/alpha/v">V</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_w" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/magazine/alpha/w">W</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_x" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/magazine/alpha/x">X</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_y" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/magazine/alpha/y">Y</a></li> <li class="bps-browse-magazine-item"><a class="az_z" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/magazine/alpha/z">Z</a></li> </ul> <h5>Quick Facts</h5> <ul class="bps-browse-menu-a-z"> <li><a class="az_a" 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href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/j">J</a></li> <li><a class="az_k" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/k">K</a></li> <li><a class="az_l" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/l">L</a></li> <li><a class="az_m" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/m">M</a></li> <li><a class="az_n" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/n">N</a></li> <li><a class="az_o" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/o">O</a></li> <li><a class="az_p" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/p">P</a></li> <li><a class="az_q" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/q">Q</a></li> <li><a class="az_r" href="/web/20101216021641/https://www.britannica.com/bps/browse/facts/r">R</a></li> <li><a class="az_s" 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